# AstroSat

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Space observatory

AstroSat Mission type Space telescope Operator ISRO COSPAR ID 2015-052A SATCAT no. 40930 Website astrosat.iucaa.in Mission duration Planned: 5 years Elapsed : 10 years, 8 months, 28 days Spacecraft properties Spacecraft AstroSat Launch mass 1,513 kg (3,336 lb) Start of mission Launch date September 28, 2015 (2015-09-28)[1][2] Rocket PSLV-C30 Launch site Satish Dhawan Space Centre First Launch Pad Contractor ISRO Orbital parameters Reference system Geocentric Regime Near-equatorial Semi-major axis 7020 km Perigee altitude 643.5 km Apogee altitude 654.9 km Inclination 6.0° Period 97.6 min Main telescope Wavelengths Far Ultraviolet to hard X-ray Instruments UVIT SXT LAXPC CZTI SSM CPM AstroSat-2 →

***AstroSat*** is India's first dedicated multi-wavelength [space telescope](/source/Space_telescope). It was launched on a [PSLV-XL](/source/Polar_Satellite_Launch_Vehicle#PSLV-XL) on 28 September 2015.[1][2] With the success of this satellite, [ISRO](/source/ISRO) has proposed launching *[AstroSat-2](/source/AstroSat-2)* as a successor for *AstroSat*.[3]

## Overview

After the success of the satellite-borne [Indian X-ray Astronomy Experiment](/source/Indian_X-ray_Astronomy_Experiment) (IXAE), which was launched in 1996, the [Indian Space Research Organisation](/source/ISRO) (ISRO) approved further development for a full-fledged astronomy satellite, *AstroSat*, in 2004.[4]

A number of astronomy research institutions in India, and abroad have jointly built instruments for the satellite. Important areas requiring coverage include studies of [astrophysical](/source/Astrophysics) objects ranging from nearby [Solar System](/source/Solar_System) objects to distant stars and objects at [cosmological](/source/Cosmology) distances; timing studies of variables ranging from pulsations of hot [white dwarfs](/source/White_dwarf) to those of [active galactic nuclei](/source/Active_galactic_nucleus) can be conducted with *AstroSat* as well, with time scales ranging from milliseconds to days.

*AstroSat* is a multi-[wavelength](/source/Wavelength) astronomy mission on an IRS-class satellite into a near-Earth, [equatorial orbit](/source/Equatorial_orbit). The five instruments on board cover the [visible](/source/Visible_spectrum) (320–530 nm), [near UV](/source/Ultraviolet) (180–300 nm), [far UV](/source/Ultraviolet) (130–180 nm), [soft X-ray](/source/Soft_X-ray) (0.3–8 keV and 2–10 keV) and [hard X-ray](/source/Hard_X-ray) (3–80 keV and 10–150 keV) regions of the [electromagnetic spectrum](/source/Electromagnetic_spectrum).

The sanctioned cost of Astrosat was ₹177.85 crore (equivalent to about 20 million USD as of March 2025).[5] *Astrosat* was successfully launched on 28 September 2015 from the [Satish Dhawan Space Centre](/source/Satish_Dhawan_Space_Centre) on board a [PSLV-XL](/source/Polar_Satellite_Launch_Vehicle) vehicle at 10:00AM.

## Mission

Artist's conception of a binary star system with one black hole and one main sequence star

Tilted view of Astrosat

*AstroSat* is a proposal-driven general purpose observatory, with main scientific focus on:

- Simultaneous multi-wavelength monitoring of intensity variations in a broad range of cosmic sources

- Monitoring the X-ray sky for new transients

- Sky surveys in the hard X-ray and UV bands

- Broadband spectroscopic studies of X-ray binaries, [AGN](/source/Active_galactic_nucleus), [SNRs](/source/Supernova_remnant), clusters of galaxies, and stellar coronae

- Studies of periodic and non-periodic variability of X-ray sources

*AstroSat* performs multi-wavelength observations covering spectral bands from radio, optical, IR, UV, and X-ray wavelengths. Both individual studies of specific sources of interest and [surveys](/source/Astronomical_survey) are undertaken. While radio, optical, and IR observations would be coordinated through ground-based telescopes, the high energy regions, i.e., UV, X-ray and visible wavelength, would be covered by the dedicated satellite-borne instrumentation of *AstroSat*.[6]

The mission would also study near simultaneous multi-wavelength data from different variable sources. In a [binary system](/source/Binary_system), for example, regions near the compact object emit predominantly in the [X-ray](/source/X-ray), with the [accretion disc](/source/Accretion_disc) emitting most of its light in the UV/optical waveband, whereas the mass of the donating star is brightest in the optical band.

The observatory will also carry out:

- Low- to moderate-resolution [spectroscopy](/source/Spectroscopy) over a wide energy band with the primary emphasis on studies of X-ray-emitting objects

- Timing studies of periodic and aperiodic phenomena in X-ray binaries

- Studies of pulsations in [X-ray pulsars](/source/X-ray_pulsar)

- [Quasi-periodic oscillations](/source/Quasi-periodic_oscillations), flickering, flaring, and other variations in X-ray binaries

- Short- and long-term intensity variations in [active galactic nuclei](/source/Active_galactic_nucleus)

- Time-lag studies in low/hard X-rays and UV/optical radiation

- Detection and study of X-ray transients.[7]

In particular, the mission will train its instruments at active galactic nuclei, which are believed to contain super-massive black holes.[8]

## Payloads

The scientific payload contains six instruments.

- The **Ultra Violet Imaging Telescope (UVIT)** performs imaging simultaneously in three channels: 130–180 nm, 180–300 nm, and 320–530 nm. The three detectors are vacuum image intensifiers manufactured by [Photek, UK](/source/Photek_Ltd).[9] The FUV detector consists of a [CsI](/source/Caesium_iodide) [photocathode](/source/Photocathode) with a [MgF2](/source/Magnesium_fluoride) input optic, the NUV detector consists of CsTe [photocathode](/source/Photocathode) with a [fused-silica](/source/Fused_quartz) input optic and the visible detector consists of an alkali-antimonide [photocathode](/source/Photocathode) with a [fused-silica](/source/Fused_quartz) input optic. The field of view is a circle of ~28′ diameter and the angular resolution is 1.8" for the ultraviolet channels and 2.5″ for the visible channel. In each of the three channels a spectral band can be selected through a set of filters mounted on a wheel; in addition, for the two ultraviolet channels a grating can be selected in the wheel to do slitless spectroscopy with a resolution of ~100. The primary mirror diameter of the telescope is 40 cm.[10]

- The **Soft X-ray imaging Telescope (SXT)** employs focusing optics and a deep depletion CCD camera at the focal plane to perform X-ray imaging in the 0.3–8.0 keV band. The optics will consist of 41 concentric shells of gold-coated conical foil mirrors in an approximate Wolter-I configuration (the effective area of 120 cm2). The focal plane CCD camera will be very similar to that flown on SWIFT XRT. The CCD will be operated at a temperature of about −80 °C by thermoelectric cooling.[10]

- The **Large Area X-ray Proportional Counter (LAXPC)** covers X-ray timing and low-resolution spectral studies over a broad energy band (3–80 keV), *Astrosat* will use a cluster of 3 co-aligned identical Large Area X-ray Proportional Counters (LAXPCs), each with a multi-wire-multi-layer configuration and a Field of View of 1° × 1°. These detectors are designed to achieve (I) wide energy band of 3–80 keV, (II) high detection efficiency over the entire energy band, (III) narrow field of view to minimize source confusion, (IV) moderate [energy resolution](/source/Energy_resolution), (V) small internal background and (VI) long lifetime in space. The effective area of the telescope is 6000 cm2.[10]

- The **Cadmium Zinc Telluride Imager (CZTI)** is a hard X-ray imager. It will consist of a Pixellated Cadmium-Zinc-Telluride detector array of 500 cm2 effective area and the energy range from 10 to 150 kev.[10] The detectors have a detection efficiency close to 100% up to 100 keV, and have a superior energy resolution (~2% at 60 keV) compared to scintillation and proportional counters. Their small pixel size also facilitates medium resolution imaging in hard x-rays. The CZTI will be fitted with a two dimensional [coded mask](/source/Coded_aperture), for imaging purposes. The sky brightness distribution will be obtained by applying a deconvolution procedure to the shadow pattern of the coded mask recorded by the detector. Apart from spectroscopic studies, CZTI would be able to do sensitive polarization measurements for bright galactic X-ray sources in 100–300 keV.[11]

- The **Scanning Sky Monitor (SSM)** consists of three position sensitive proportional counters, each with a one-dimensional coded mask, very similar in design to the All Sky Monitor on NASA's [RXTE satellite](/source/Rossi_X-ray_Timing_Explorer). The gas-filled proportional counter will have resistive wires as anodes. The ratio of the output charge on either ends of the wire will provide the position of the X-ray interaction, providing an imaging plane at the detector. The coded mask, consisting of a series of slits, will cast a shadow on the detector, from which the sky brightness distribution will be derived.

- The **Charged Particle Monitor (CPM)** will be included as a part of *Astrosat* payloads to control the operation of the LAXPC, SXT and SSM. Even though the orbital inclination of the satellite will be 8 deg or less, in about 2/3 of the orbits, the satellite will spend a considerable time (15–20 minutes) in the [South Atlantic Anomaly](/source/South_Atlantic_Anomaly) (SAA) region which has high fluxes of low energy protons and electrons. The high voltage will be lowered or put off using data from CPM when the satellite enters the SAA region to prevent damage to the detectors as well as to minimize ageing effect in the Proportional Counters.

## Ground support

The Ground Command and Control Center for *Astrosat* is the ISRO Telemetry, Tracking and Command Network (ISTRAC) at Bangalore, India. Command and control of the spacecraft, and scientific data downloads is possible during every visible pass over Bangalore. 10 out of 14 orbits per day are visible to the ground station.[12] The satellite is capable of gathering 420 gigabits of data every day that can be downloaded during the 10 visible orbits by the Tracking and Data receiving center of ISRO in Bangalore. A third 11-meter antenna at the [Indian Deep Space Network](/source/Indian_Deep_Space_Network) (IDSN) became operational in July 2009 to track *Astrosat*.

## AstroSat support cell

ISRO has set up a support cell for AstroSat at [IUCAA](/source/Inter-University_Centre_for_Astronomy_and_Astrophysics), [Pune](/source/Pune). A [MoU](/source/Memorandum_of_understanding) was signed between ISRO and IUCAA in May 2016. The support cell has been set up to give opportunity to the scientific community in making proposals on processing and usage of AstroSat data. The support cell will provide necessary resource materials, tools, training and help to the guest observers.[13]

## Participants

The *Astrosat* project is a collaborative effort of many different research institutions. The participants are:

- [Indian Space Research Organisation](/source/ISRO)

- [Tata Institute of Fundamental Research](/source/Tata_Institute_of_Fundamental_Research), [Mumbai](/source/Mumbai)

- [Indian Institute of Astrophysics](/source/Indian_Institute_of_Astrophysics), [Bangalore](/source/Bangalore)

- [Raman Research Institute](/source/Raman_Research_Institute), [Bangalore](/source/Bangalore)

- [Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics](/source/Inter-University_Centre_for_Astronomy_and_Astrophysics), [Pune](/source/Pune)

- [Physical Research Laboratory](/source/Physical_Research_Laboratory), [Ahmedabad](/source/Ahmedabad)

- [Bhabha Atomic Research Centre](/source/Bhabha_Atomic_Research_Centre), [Mumbai](/source/Mumbai)

- [S.N. Bose National Centre for Basic Sciences](/source/S.N._Bose_National_Centre_for_Basic_Sciences), [Kolkata](/source/Kolkata)

- [Presidency University, Kolkata](/source/Presidency_University%2C_Kolkata)

- [Canadian Space Agency](/source/Canadian_Space_Agency)

- [University of Leicester](/source/University_of_Leicester)[14]

## Timeline

This image of [NGC 2336](/source/NGC_2336) was one of the first images takes by Astrosat-1, The Near-UV (200-300 nm) and Far-UV (130-180 nm) images were captured by Ultra-Violet Imaging Telescope(UVIT)

- April 2009 : Scientists from [Tata Institute of Fundamental Research](/source/Tata_Institute_of_Fundamental_Research) (TIFR) have completed the developmental phase of complex science payloads and have begun integrating them before delivery of the 1,650 kg satellite *Astrosat*. The challenges in the design of payloads and [Attitude Control System](/source/Attitude_control_system) have been overcome and in a recent review committee meeting, it was decided that the delivery of the payload to the ISRO Satellite Centre will begin from the middle of 2009 and continue until early 2010 to enable the launch of ASTROSAT in 2010 using ISRO workhorse PSLV-C34.[15]

- May 2015 : The integration of *Astrosat* is complete and final tests are under way. ISRO issued a press release stating that "The satellite is planned to be launched during the second half of 2015 by PSLV C-34 to a 650 km near equatorial orbit around the Earth."[16]

- 24 July 2015: Thermovac completed. Solar panels attached. Start of final vibration tests.[10]

- 10 Aug 2015: All tests passed. Pre-shipment review successfully completed.[10]

- 28 Sep 2015: ASTROSAT has been successfully launched into orbit.[17]

- 15 April 2016: The satellite has completed its performance verification and started its operations.[18]

- 29 Sep 2018: The satellite has completed 3 years since its launch in 2015. It has observed over 750 sources and resulted in close to 100 publications in peer-reviewed journals.[19]

- 29 Sep 2020: The satellite completed its mission life of 5 years and will continue to remain operational for many years.[20]

- 29 September 2025 : The Satellite completed 10 years in orbit.[21] URSC hosted a conference to commomorate the decadal survey of satellite data in Bengaluru.[22]

## Results

A [gamma-ray burst](/source/Gamma-ray_burst) was detected by *Astrosat* on 5 January 2017. There was a confusion whether this event was related to the gravitational wave signal detected by [LIGO](/source/LIGO) from the black hole merger event [GW170104](/source/GW170104) on 4 January 2017.[23] *Astrosat* helped in distinguishing between the two events. The gamma-ray burst from 4 January 2017 was identified as a distinct supernova explosion that would form a black hole.[23]

*Astrosat* also captured the rare phenomenon of a 6 billion year old small star or [blue straggler](/source/Blue_straggler) feeding off and sucking out the mass and energy of a bigger companion star.[24]

On 31 May 2017, *Astrosat*, [Chandra X-ray Observatory](/source/Chandra_X-ray_Observatory) and [Hubble Space Telescope](/source/Hubble_Space_Telescope) simultaneously detected a [coronal](/source/Stellar_corona) explosion on the nearest planet-hosting star [Proxima Centauri](/source/Proxima_Centauri)[25][26]

On 6 November 2017 *[Nature Astronomy](/source/Nature_(journal))* published a paper from Indian astronomers measuring the variations of X-ray polarisation of the Crab Pulsar in the Taurus constellation.[27][28] This study was a project conducted by scientists from [Tata Institute of Fundamental Research](/source/Tata_Institute_of_Fundamental_Research), Mumbai; the [Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre](/source/Vikram_Sarabhai_Space_Centre), Thiruvananthapuram; [ISRO Satellite Centre](/source/ISRO_Satellite_Centre) Bengaluru; the [Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics](/source/Inter-University_Centre_for_Astronomy_and_Astrophysics), Pune; and the [Physical Research Laboratory](/source/Physical_Research_Laboratory), Ahmedabad.[28]

In July 2018, *Astrosat* has captured an image of a special galaxy cluster that is more than 800 million light years away from Earth. Named abell 2256 the galaxy cluster is made of three separate cluster of galaxy that are all merging with one another to eventually form a single massive cluster in the future. The three massive cluster contain more than 500 galaxies and the cluster is almost 100 times larger and more than 1500 times massive as our own galaxy.[29]

On 26 September 2018, the archival data of AstroSat was publicly released.[30] As of 28 September 2018, data from AstroSat has been cited in around 100 publications in refereed journals. This figure is expected to rise after the public release of data from AstroSat.[31]

In 2019 AstroSat observed a very rare X-ray outburst in a [Be/X-ray binary](/source/Be%2FX-ray_binary) system RX J0209.6-7427. Only a couple of rare outbursts have been observed from this source hosting a neutron star. The last outburst was detected in 2019 after about 26 years. The accreting neutron star in this Be/X-ray binary system was found to be an ultraluminous X-ray Pulsar (ULXP) making it the second closest ULXP and the first ULXP in our neighbouring Galaxy in the [Magellanic Clouds](/source/Magellanic_Clouds). This source is the first ULX pulsar discovered with the AstroSat mission and only the eight known ULX pulsar.[32][33][34]

In August 2020, *AstroSat* had detected extreme-UV light from a galaxy located 9.3 billion light-years away from Earth. The galaxy called AUDFs01 was discovered by a team of Astronomers led by Kanak Saha from the [Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics](/source/Inter-University_Centre_for_Astronomy_and_Astrophysics), Pune.[35][36]

In August 2025, researchers from ISRO, [Haifa University](/source/University_of_Haifa) , [URSC](/source/U._R._Rao_Satellite_Centre) & [IIT-Guwahati](/source/IIT_Guwahati) observed the origins of X-ray flickering on a black hole named GRS 1915+105 and discovered that it's X-ray brightness alternated between bright and dim phases, each lasting several hundred seconds.This discovery will provide critical insights into how black holes interact with surrounding matter and release energy.[37]

## In popular culture

In 2019 a documentary titled *Indian Space Dreams* on the developmental journey of Astrosat, and directed by Sue Sudbury, was released.[38]

## Gallery

		- FUV Images of the [NGC-1851](/source/NGC_1851) cluster

		- [Messier 74](/source/Messier_74) captured by astrosat

## See also

- [Spaceflight portal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Spaceflight)

- [AstroSat-2](/source/AstroSat-2)

- [Indian Astronomical Observatory](/source/Indian_Astronomical_Observatory)

- [Indian Space Research Organisation](/source/Indian_Space_Research_Organisation)

- [List of space telescopes](/source/List_of_space_telescopes)

- [Ultraviolet astronomy](/source/Ultraviolet_astronomy)

- [X-ray astronomy](/source/X-ray_astronomy)

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1. **[^](#cite_ref-27)** Vadawale, S. V.; Chattopadhyay, T.; Mithun, N. P. S.; Rao, A. R.; Bhattacharya, D.; Vibhute, A.; Bhalerao, V. B.; Dewangan, G. C.; Misra, R.; Paul, B.; Basu, A.; Joshi, B. C.; Sreekumar, S.; Samuel, E.; Priya, P.; Vinod, P.; Seetha, S. (2017). ["Phase-resolved X-ray polarimetry of the Crab pulsar with the AstroSat CZT Imager"](https://www.nature.com/articles/s41550-017-0293-z). *Nature Astronomy*. **2**: 50–55. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1038/s41550-017-0293-z](https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41550-017-0293-z). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [256708500](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:256708500).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-TOI201711_28-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-TOI201711_28-1) [India's space observatory accomplishes X-ray polarisation](https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/science/indias-space-observatory-accomplishes-x-ray-polarisation/articleshow/61535714.cms) Times of India 6 November 2017

1. **[^](#cite_ref-29)** ["Isro's Astrosat captures image of galaxy cluster 800 million light years away – Times of India"](https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/science/isros-astrosat-captures-image-of-galaxy-cluster-800-million-light-years-away/articleshow/64836364.cms). *[The Times of India](/source/The_Times_of_India)*. 3 July 2018.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-30)** ["Archival Data of AstroSat released – ISRO"](https://web.archive.org/web/20220715184540/https://www.isro.gov.in/update/26-sep-2018/archival-data-of-astrosat-released). *www.isro.gov.in*. Archived from [the original](https://www.isro.gov.in/update/26-sep-2018/archival-data-of-astrosat-released) on 15 July 2022. Retrieved 3 August 2019.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-31)** ["Three years of AstroSat – ISRO"](https://web.archive.org/web/20190830213436/http://isro.gov.in/update/28-sep-2018/three-years-of-astrosat). *www.isro.gov.in*. Archived from [the original](https://www.isro.gov.in/update/28-sep-2018/three-years-of-astrosat) on 30 August 2019. Retrieved 3 August 2019.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-32)** Chandra, A. D.; Roy, J.; Agrawal, P. C.; Choudhury, M. (2020). ["Study of recent outburst in the Be/X-ray binary RX J0209.6−7427 with AstroSat: a new ultraluminous X-ray pulsar in the Magellanic Bridge?"](https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmnras%2Fstaa1041). *Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society*. **495** (3): 2664–2672. [arXiv](/source/ArXiv_(identifier)):[2004.04930](https://arxiv.org/abs/2004.04930). [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[2020MNRAS.495.2664C](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020MNRAS.495.2664C). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1093/mnras/staa1041](https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmnras%2Fstaa1041). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [215737137](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:215737137).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-33)** ["Ultra-bright X-ray source awakens near a galaxy not so far away"](https://ras.ac.uk/news-and-press/research-highlights/ultra-bright-x-ray-source-awakens-near-galaxy-not-so-far-away). *Royal Astronomical Society*. June 2020.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-34)** ["Ultra-Bright Pulsar Awakens Next Door To The Milky Way After 26-Year Slumber"](https://www.iflscience.com/space/ultrabright-pulsar-awakens-next-door-to-the-milky-way-after-26year-slumber/). *Alfredo Carpineti*. June 2020.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-35)** ["Global team of scientists discovers one of the earliest galaxies using India's AstroSat"](https://indianexpress.com/article/technology/science/global-team-led-by-iucaa-scientists-marks-a-major-breakthrough-6568281/). *The Indian Express*.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-36)** Saha, K, Tandon, S N, Simmonds, C, et al. (24 August 2020). ["AstroSat detection of Lyman continuum emission from a z = 1.42 galaxy"](https://www.nature.com/articles/s41550-020-1173-5%20#citeas). *Nature Astronomy*. **4** (12): 1185. [arXiv](/source/ArXiv_(identifier)):[2008.11394](https://arxiv.org/abs/2008.11394). [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[2020NatAs...4.1185S](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020NatAs...4.1185S). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1038/s41550-020-1173-5](https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41550-020-1173-5). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [221319445](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:221319445). Retrieved 6 November 2020.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-37)** ["IIT Guwahati and ISRO uncover mysterious X-ray flickers from distant black hole"](https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/news/story/iit-guwahati-and-isro-decode-rapid-x-ray-flickering-from-black-hole-grs-1915105-2772783-2025-08-18). *India Today*. 18 August 2025. Retrieved 19 August 2025.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-38)** [*Indian Space Dreams*](https://www.imdb.com/title/tt11178478/), retrieved 27 January 2020

## External links

- [*Astrosat*](http://astrosat.iucaa.in/)

- [ISRO](http://www.isro.org/)

- [AstroSat: From Inception to Realization and Launch](https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12036-017-9449-6)

v t e Indian space programme Department of Space (DoS) Organisations ISRO Antrix Corporation Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology (IIST) Indian Institute of Remote Sensing (IIRS) National Atmospheric Research Laboratory (NARL) NewSpace India Limited (NSIL) Physical Research Laboratory (PRL) Development and Educational Communication Unit (DECU) Integrated Space Cell Defence Space Agency Indian National Space Promotion and Authorisation Centre (IN–SPACe) Programmes Bhaskara GAGAN GSAT INSAT IRNSS IRS Cartosat RISAT Rohini SROSS Chandrayaan Human Spaceflight Programme Satellites APPLE Aryabhata HAMSAT IMS-1 Megha-Tropiques NISAR SARAL South Asia Satellite Kalpana-1 Space observatories Astrosat Aditya-L1 XPoSat AstroSat-2 (proposed) Lunar and planetary spacecraft Chandrayaan-1 Moon Impact Probe Chandrayaan-2 Vikram lander Pragyan rover Chandrayaan-3 Vikram lander Pragyan rover Chandrayaan-4 (upcoming) Lunar Polar Exploration Mission (upcoming) Mars Orbiter Mission Mars Lander Mission (upcoming) Venus Orbiter Mission (upcoming) Human spaceflight Indian Human Spaceflight Programme SRE-1 SRE-II Gaganyaan CARE Bharatiya Antariksh Station (upcoming) Launch vehicles Active Orbital PSLV Launches GSLV Launches LVM3 Launches SSLV Launches Suborbital Rohini ATV In development RLV NGLV Retired SLV ASLV Engines Active CE-7.5 CE-20 Vikas In development SE-2000 Spaceports Satish Dhawan Space Centre Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching Station SSLV Launch Complex under construction Research facilities Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre U. R. Rao Satellite Centre Liquid Propulsion Systems Centre ISRO Propulsion Complex Space Applications Centre ISRO Inertial Systems Unit Laboratory for Electro-Optics Systems Human Space Flight Centre Development and Educational Communication Unit Communications Indian Deep Space Network Indian Space Science Data Centre ISRO Telemetry, Tracking and Command Network Master Control Facility National Remote Sensing Centre Legislation and policy Space Activities Bill Private companies AgniKul Cosmos Skyroot Aerospace Bellatrix Aerospace Satellize Dhruva Space Pixxel TeamIndus Related National Space Day SAGA-220 (supercomputer) Statio Shiv Shakti RESPOND List of Indian satellites List of Satish Dhawan Space Centre launches List of ISRO missions List of ISRO chairpersons

v t e Indian spacecraft List of Indian satellites List of Satish Dhawan Space Centre launches List of ISRO missions Satellites Communication GSAT 1 2 3 4 5P 6 6A 7 7A 7R 8 9 10 11 12 12R 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 24 29 30 31 HAMSAT INSAT 1A 1B 1C 1D 2A 2B 2C 2D 2DT 2E 3A 3B 3C 3D 3DR 3DS 3E 4A 4B 4C 4CR 4E 4F 4G CMS 01 02 03 Planned: GSAT 7C 22 23 32 Earth observation Bhaskara I II Cartosat 1 2 2A 2B 2C 2D 2E 2F 3 EMISAT EOS 1 2 4 7 8 9 10 HySIS IMS-1 IRS 1A 1B 1C 1D 1E P1 P2 P3 Megha-Tropiques Microsat TD R Oceansat 1 2 3 Resourcesat 1 2 2A RISAT 1 2 2B 2BR1 Rohini RS-D1 RS-D2 SARAL SCATSAT-1 Technology Experiment Satellite (TESS) GISAT NISAR Planned: Resourcesat-3, GISAT-1A/EOS-05, Oceansat-3A Experimental APPLE Aryabhata Rohini RS-1 Rohini Technology Payload (RTP) Navigation IRNSS 1A 1B 1C 1D 1E 1F 1G 1I NVS 01 02 03 (planned) Student satellites ANUSAT StudSat Jugnu SRMSAT YouthSat Swayam SathyabamaSat PISat Pratham NIUSAT KALAMSAT-V2 UNITYSat 1 (JITSat) 2 (GHRCESat) 3 (SriShakthiSat) INSPIRESat-1 StudSat-2 (planned) Space probes Scientific SROSS A B C C2 Astronomical Astrosat Aditya-L1 XPoSat AstroSat-2 (planned) Lunar programme Chandrayaan-1 Moon Impact Probe Chandrayaan-2 Vikram Pragyan Chandrayaan-3 Vikram Pragyan Lunar Polar Exploration Mission Chandrayaan-4 Chandrayaan-5 Chandrayaan-6 Interplanetary Mars Orbiter Mission Mars Lander Mission (planned) Venus Orbiter Mission (planned) Human spaceflight Indian Human Spaceflight Programme SRE-1 SRE-II SRE-III Gaganyaan CARE Bharatiya Antariksh Station Future spacecraft in italics.

v t e Space telescopes Operating Radio and Microwave NCLE (since 2018) Solar Orbiter (since 2020) STEREO (since 2006) Queqiao (since 2018) Wind (since 1994) Queqiao 2 (since 2024) Infrared Odin (since 2001) James Webb (since 2022) SPHEREx (since 2025) Optical Aoi (since 2018) Astrosat (since 2015) BRITE constellation (since 2013) CHASE (since 2021) CHEOPS (since 2019) DSCOVR (since 2015) Euclid (since 2023) Hayabusa2 (since 2021) HiRISE (since 2005) Hubble (since 1990) Hinode (Solar-B) (since 2006) NEOSSat (since 2013) Odin (since 2001) SDO (since 2010) SOHO (since 1995) Swift (since 2004) TESS (since 2018) PROBA-3 (since 2024) Ultraviolet Aditya-L1 (since 2023) ASO-S (since 2022) Astrosat (since 2015) Hinode (Solar-B) (since 2006) IRIS (since 2013) SDO (since 2010) SOHO (since 1995) Solar Orbiter (since 2020) STEREO (since 2006) Swift (since 2004) PROBA-3 (since 2024) Carruthers Geocorona Observatory (since 2025) X-ray and Gamma-ray CALET (since 2015) Chandra (AXAF) (since 1999) DAMPE (since 2015) Einstein Probe (since 2024) HXMT (Insight) (since 2017) Fermi (since 2008) GECAM (since 2020) IXPE (since 2021) Spektr-RG (since 2019) SVOM (since 2024) Swift (since 2004) Max Valier Sat (since 2017) MAXI (since 2009) MinXSS-2 (since 2018) NICER (since 2017) NuSTAR (since 2012) LEIA (since 2022) XRISM (since 2023) XPoSat (since 2024) XMM-Newton (since 1999) Other (particle or unclassified) ACE (since 1997) AMS-02 (since 2011) CALET (since 2015) DAMPE (since 2015) IBEX (since 2008) ISS-CREAM (since 2017) Mini-EUSO (since 2019) SOHO (since 1995) Solar Orbiter (since 2020) STEREO (since 2006) Planned Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope (2026–2027) PETREL (2026) Xuntian (2026) COSI (2027) LORD (2027) NEO Surveyor (2027) PLATO (2027) Solar-C (2028) UVEX (2030) ARIEL (2031) JASMINE (2031) Spektr-UV (2031) LiteBIRD (2032) Taiji (2033) Athena (2035) LISA (2035) Spektr-M (2035) Proposed Arcus Astro-1 Telescope AstroSat-2 EXCEDE Fresnel Imager FOCAL GSST-PMM HabEx HWO Hypertelescope ILO-1 iWF-MAXI JEM-EUSO LUCI LUVOIR LIFE Lynx Nautilus Deep Space Observatory New Worlds Mission NRO donation to NASA ORBIS OST PhoENiX Solar-D Space Solar Telescope THEIA THESEUS Retired AGILE (2007–2024) Akari (Astro-F) (2006–2011) ALEXIS (1993–2005) Alouette 1 (1962–1972) Ariel 1 (1962, 1964) Ariel 2 (1964) Ariel 3 (1967–1969) Ariel 4 (1971–1972) Ariel 5 (1974–1980) Ariel 6 (1979–1982) ASTERIA (2017–2019) ATM (1973–1974) ASCA (Astro-D) (1993–2000) Astro-1 (1990) BBXRT HUT Astro-2 (HUT) (1995) Astron (1983–1991) ANS (1974–1976) BeppoSAX (1996–2003) CHIPSat (2003–2008) Compton (CGRO) (1991–2000) CoRoT (2006–2013) Cos-B (1975–1982) COBE (1989–1993) CXBN-2 (2017–2019) DXS (1993) EPOCh (2008) EPOXI (2010) Explorer 11 (1961) EXOSAT (1983–1986) EUVE (1992–2001) FUSE (1999–2007) Gaia (2013–2025) GALEX (2003–2013) Gamma (1990–1992) Ginga (Astro-C) (1987–1991) Granat (1989–1998) Hakucho (CORSA-b) (1979–1985) HALCA (MUSES-B) (1997–2005) HEAO-1 (1977–1979) Herschel (2009–2013) Hinotori (Astro-A) (1981–1991) Hisaki (SPRINT-A) (2013–2023) HEAO-2 (Einstein Obs.) (1978–1982) HEAO-3 (1979–1981) HETE-2 (2000–2008) Hipparcos (1989–1993) ILO-X (2024) INTEGRAL (2002–2025) IRAS (1983) IRTS (1995–1996) ISO (1996–1998) IUE (1978–1996) IXAE (1996–2004) Kepler (2009–2018) Kristall (1990–2001) Kvant-1 (1987–2001) LEGRI (1997–2002) LISA Pathfinder (2015–2017) MinXSS (2015–2017) MOST (2003–2019) MSX (1996–1997) Mikhailo Lomonosov (2016–2019?) OAO-2 (1968–1973) OAO-3 (Copernicus) (1972–1981) Orbiting Solar Observatory OSO 1 OSO B OSO 3 OSO 4 OSO 5 OSO 6 OSO 7 OSO 8 Orion 1 (1971) Orion 2 (1973) PAMELA (2006–2016) PicSat (2018) Planck (2009–2013) RELIKT-1 (1983–1984) R/HESSI (2002–2018) ROSAT (1990–1999) RXTE (1995–2012) SAMPEX (1992–2004) SAS-B (1972–1973) SAS-C (1975–1979) SOLAR (2008–2017) Solwind (1979–1985) Spektr-R (2011–2019) Spitzer (2003–2020) Suzaku (Astro-EII) (2005–2015) Taiyo (SRATS) (1975–1980) Tenma (Astro-B) (1983–1985) Uhuru (1970–1973) Vanguard 3 (1959) WMAP (2001–2010) WISE (2009–2024) Yokoh (Solar-A) (1991–2001) Hibernating (Mission completed) SWAS (1998–2005) TRACE (1998–2010) Lost/Failed OAO-1 (1966) OAO-B (1970) CORSA (1976) CXBN (2012–2013) OSO C (1965) ABRIXAS (1999) HETE-1 (1996) WIRE (1999) Astro-E (2000) Tsubame (2014–2015) Hitomi (Astro-H) (2016) Cancelled Aelita AOSO Astro-G Constellation-X Darwin Destiny EChO Eddington FAME FINESSE GEMS HOP IXO JDEM LOFT Nano-JASMINE OSO J OSO K Sentinel SIM & SIMlite SNAP SPICA SPOrt TAUVEX TPF XEUS XIPE Related Great Observatories program List of space telescopes List of proposed space telescopes X-ray telescope List of heliophysics missions List of planetariums Hubble (2010 documentary) Deep Sky (2023 documentary) Unknown: Cosmic Time Machine (2023 documentary) Category:Space telescopes

v t e 2015 in space « 2014 2016 » Space probe launches Space probes SMAP (weather satellite; Jan 2015) LISA Pathfinder (technology demonstration; Dec 2015) Space observatories DSCOVR (weather satellite; Feb 2015) Astrosat (space telescope; Sep 2015) Impact events 2015 Kerala meteoroid 2015 Thailand bolide WT1190F impact Selected NEOs Asteroid close approaches 2015 BP513 (357439) 2004 BL86 2015 AZ43 (523775) 2014 YB35 1566 Icarus 2015 HM10 2015 TC25 2015 TB145 2007 VE191 (33342) 1998 WT24 (85989) 1999 JD6 2015 SO2 Exoplanets Aldebaran b evaporation of Gliese 436 b Gliese 1132 b HD 155233 b HD 164595 b HD 219134 b c d f g? h? HIP 11915 b K2-3d K2-18b K2-22b K2-24 b c KELT-4Ab Kepler-438b Kepler-440b Kepler-442b Kepler-444 b c d e f Kepler-451b Kepler-452b Kepler-453b KOI-4878.01 LkCa 15 b spectrum of 51 Pegasi b WASP-121b Wolf 1061c Discoveries (768325) 2015 BP519 US 708 EGS-zs8-1 (announced) WISE J224607.57−052635.0 1SWASP J093010.78+533859.5 ASASSN-15lh EGSY8p7 Tabby's Star 541132 Leleākūhonua VFTS 352 contact binary GW150914 (first observation of gravitational waves) GW151226 Comets 15P/Finlay C/2014 Q2 (Lovejoy) 88P/Howell C/2014 Q1 (PanSTARRS) C/2015 G2 (MASTER) C/2013 US10 (Catalina) 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko 10P/Tempel Space exploration Rosetta (orbiting comet 67P; Nov 2014 / Mar 2015) Dawn (Ceres orbit insertion; Mar 2015) MESSENGER (end of mission; Apr 2015) New Horizons (flyby of Pluto; Jul 2015) Akatsuki (Venus orbit insertion; Dec 2015) Outer space portal Category:2014 in outer space — Category:2015 in outer space — Category:2016 in outer space

v t e ← 2014 Orbital launches in 2015 2016 → January SpaceX CRS-5 (Flock-1d' × 2, AESP-14) MUOS-3 SMAP, ExoCube February IGS-Radar Spare Inmarsat 5-F2 Fajr DSCOVR Progress M-26M Kosmos 2503 / Bars-M No. 1 March ABS-3A, Eutelsat 115 West B WADIS-2 MMS Ekspress AM7 USA-260 / GPS IIF-9 KOMPSat-3A IGS-Optical 5 Soyuz TMA-16M Galileo FOC-3, FOC-4 IRNSS-1D BeiDou I1-S Gonets-M 11, 12, 13, Kosmos 2504 April SpaceX CRS-6 (Arkyd-3R, Flock-1e × 14) Thor 7, SICRAL-2 TürkmenÄlem 52°E / MonacoSAT Progress M-27M May Mexsat-1 USA-261 / X-37 OTV-4, LightSail-1, USS Langley, BRICSat-P, ParkinsonSat, GEARRS-2, AeroCube 8A, 8B, OptiCube 1, 2, 3 DirecTV-15, SKY México-1 June Kosmos 2505 / Kobalt-M №10 Sentinel-2A Kosmos 2506 / Persona №3 Gaofen 8 SpaceX CRS-7† (Flock-1f × 8†) July Progress M-28M UK-DMC 3 × 3, CBNT-1, DeOrbitSail USA-262 / GPS IIF-10 Star One C4, MSG-4 Soyuz TMA-17M USA-263 / WGS-7 BeiDou M1-S, M2-S August HTV-5 / Kounotori 5 (Flock-2b × 14) Eutelsat 8 West B, Intelsat 34 Yaogan 27 GSAT-6 / INSAT-4E Inmarsat 5-F3 September Soyuz TMA-18M MUOS-4 Galileo FOC-5, Galileo FOC-6 TJS-1 Gaofen 9 Ekspress AM8 Kosmos 2507 / Strela-3M 13, Kosmos 2508 / Strela-3M 14, Kosmos 2509 / Strela-3M 15 Pujiang-1 Astrosat, LAPAN-A2, Lemur-2 × 4 BeiDou I2-S NBN-Co 1A, ARSAT-2 October Progress M-29M Mexsat-2 Jilin-1 Smart Verification Satellite, Jilin-1 Optical-A, Jilin-1 Video-01, Jilin-1 Video-02 USA-264 / NOSS Intruder × 2, AMSAT Fox-1 APStar-9 Türksat 4B USA-265 / GPS IIF-11 November Chinasat 2C HiakaSat, EDSN × 8, PrintSat, Argus, STACEM, Supernova-Beta Yaogan 28 Arabsat 6B, GSAT-15 Kosmos 2510 / EKS-1 / Tundra-11L LaoSat-1 Telstar 12V Yaogan 29 December LISA Pathfinder Kosmos 2511 / Kanopus-ST†, Kosmos 2512 / KYuA-1 Cygnus CRS OA-4 (Flock-2e × 12, MinXSS 1, Nodes × 2) ChinaSat 1C Elektro-L No.2 Kosmos 2513 / Garpun-12L Soyuz TMA-19M TeLEOS-1 DAMPE Galileo FOC-8, Galileo FOC-9 Progress MS-01 Orbcomm-OG2 × 11 Ekspress-AMU1 Gaofen 4 Launches are separated by dots ( • ), payloads by commas ( , ), multiple names for the same satellite by slashes ( / ). Crewed flights are underlined. Launch failures are marked with the † sign. Payloads deployed from other spacecraft are (enclosed in parentheses).

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [AstroSat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AstroSat) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AstroSat?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.