# Astapus Colles

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Colles on Mars

Astapus Colles Astapus Colles Mounds and Knobs, as seen by HiRISE. Scale bar is 500 meters long. Coordinates 35°30′N 272°18′W / 35.5°N 272.3°W / 35.5; -272.3

**Astapus Colles** is a group of hills in the [Casius quadrangle](/source/Casius_quadrangle) of Mars, located at 35.5 North and 272.3 West. It is 580 km across and was named after an albedo feature at 35N, 269W.[1] The term "Colles" is used for small hills or knobs.[2]

## Geology

Astapus Colles is 80 km thick and rich in ice. It mostly lies on top of the [Vastitas Borealis](/source/Vastitas_Borealis) interior unit, although it also overlies portions of the Vastitas Borealis marginal unit;[3] both of these units together make up the greater Vastitas Borealis region.[4] Features of Astapus Colles are both [glacial](/source/Glacial_landform) and [periglacial](/source/Periglaciation) in nature, including scalloped depressions, rimless depressions, [polygonal ground](/source/Polygonal_patterned_ground),[5][6] raised rims, and potentially [pingos](/source/Pingo) and pingo scars.[7][8]

## Formation

Astapus Colles was formed in the late [Amazonian period](/source/Amazonian_(Mars)). The region encompassing Astapus Colles is believed to be an early-Amazonian icy mantle that has since been modified by periglacial freeze-thaw cycles; Astapus Colles was then formed later, on top of this mantle, by glacial accumulation and ablation. These processes were facilitated by atmospheric deposition and sublimation, respectively. Because the periglacial processes have also influenced the surrounding regions, the higher abundance of craters in those regions implies they were formed earlier than Astapus Colles, and thus the periglacial processes must have happened first. The glacial processes then created Astapus Colles and eroded the local craters.[3]

## References

Wikimedia Commons has media related to [Astapus Colles](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Astapus_Colles).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-1)** ["Home"](https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/). *planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov*.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-2)** ["Planetary Names: Feature Types"](https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/DescriptorTerms).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-:0_3-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-:0_3-1) Soare, Richard J.; Osinski, Gordon R. (2009-07-01). ["Stratigraphical evidence of late Amazonian periglaciation and glaciation in the Astapus Colles region of Mars"](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0019103509000712). *Icarus*. **202** (1): 17–21. [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[2009Icar..202...17S](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009Icar..202...17S). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1016/j.icarus.2009.02.009](https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.icarus.2009.02.009). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [0019-1035](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0019-1035).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-4)** Salvatore, M. R.; Christensen, P. R. (2015-03-01). ["Origin and Evolution of the Vastitas Borealis Formation in the Vicinity of Chryse and Acidalia Planitiae, Mars"](http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015LPI....46.1457S). *46th Annual Lunar and Planetary Science Conference*. **46** (1832): 1457. [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[2015LPI....46.1457S](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015LPI....46.1457S).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-5)** Costard, F.M.; Kargel, J.S. (1995-03-01). ["Outwash Plains and Thermokarst on Mars"](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0019103585710469). *Icarus*. **114** (1): 93–112. [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[1995Icar..114...93C](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995Icar..114...93C). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1006/icar.1995.1046](https://doi.org/10.1006%2Ficar.1995.1046). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [0019-1035](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0019-1035).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-6)** Morgenstern, Anne; Hauber, Ernst; Reiss, Dennis; van Gasselt, Stephan; Grosse, Guido; Schirrmeister, Lutz (2007-06-28). ["Deposition and degradation of a volatile-rich layer in Utopia Planitia and implications for climate history on Mars"](https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2006je002869). *Journal of Geophysical Research*. **112** (E6). [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[2007JGRE..112.6010M](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007JGRE..112.6010M). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1029/2006je002869](https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2006je002869). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [0148-0227](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0148-0227).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-7)** Burr, Devon M.; Bruno, Barbara C.; Lanagan, Peter D.; Glaze, Lori S.; Jaeger, Windy L.; Soare, Richard J.; Wan Bun Tseung, Jean-Michel; Skinner, James A.; Baloga, Stephen M. (2009-05-01). ["Mesoscale raised rim depressions (MRRDs) on Earth: A review of the characteristics, processes, and spatial distributions of analogs for Mars"](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0032063308004054). *Planetary and Space Science*. **57** (5–6): 579–596. [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[2009P&SS...57..579B](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009P&SS...57..579B). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1016/j.pss.2008.11.011](https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.pss.2008.11.011). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [0032-0633](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0032-0633).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-8)** Depablo, M.; Komatsu, G. (2009-01-01). ["Possible pingo fields in the Utopia basin, Mars: Geological and climatical implications"](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0019103508003278). *Icarus*. **199** (1): 49–74. [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[2009Icar..199...49D](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009Icar..199...49D). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1016/j.icarus.2008.09.007](https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.icarus.2008.09.007). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [0019-1035](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0019-1035).

v t e Geography and geology of Mars Cartography Regions Abalos Undae Aspledon Undae Arabia Terra Cerberus Cydonia Eridania Lake Hyperboreae Undae Ogygis Undae Olympia Undae Planum Australe Planum Boreum Quadrangles Sinus Meridiani Siton Undae Tempe Terra Terra Cimmeria Terra Sabaea Tharsis Vastitas Borealis Quadrangles Aeolis Amazonis Amenthes Arabia Arcadia Argyre Casius Cebrenia Coprates Diacria Elysium Eridania Hellas Iapygia Ismenius Lacus Lunae Palus Mare Acidalium Mare Australe (South Pole) Mare Boreum (North Pole) Mare Tyrrhenum Margaritifer Sinus Memnonia Noachis Oxia Palus Phaethontis Phoenicis Lacus Sinus Sabaeus Syrtis Major Tharsis Thaumasia Geology Surface features Brain terrain Carbonates Chaos terrain Color Composition Concentric crater fill Dark slope streak Dichotomy Dune fields Hagal Nili Patera Fretted terrain Geysers Glaciers Groundwater Gullies Inverted relief Lakes Lava tubes Lineated valley fill (LVF) Lobate debris apron North Polar Basin Ocean hypothesis Ore 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Ausonia Montes Avernus Colles Biblis Tholus Centauri Montes Charitum Montes Echus Montes Elysium Elysium Mons Albor Tholus Hecates Tholus Erebus Montes Galaxius Mons Hadriacus Mons Hellas Montes Jovis Tholus Libya Montes Mount Sharp Nereidum Montes Olympus Mons Phlegra Montes Syrtis Major Planum Tartarus Colles Tartarus Montes Tharsis Montes Ascraeus Pavonis Arsia Tharsis Tholus Tyrrhenus Mons Ulysses Tholus Uranius group Uranius Mons Ceraunius Tholus Uranius Tholus Plains, plateaus Acidalia Planitia Aeolis Palus Amazonis Planitia Arcadia Planitia Argentea Planum Argyre Planitia Chryse Planitia Daedalia Planum Elysium Planitia Eridania Planitia Hellas Planitia Hesperia Planum Icaria Planum Isidis Planitia Lunae Planum Meridiani Planum Oxia Planum Planum Australe Planum Boreum Syria Planum Syrtis Major Planum Utopia Planitia Eden Patera Orcus Patera Peneus Patera Pityusa Patera Siloe Patera Canyons, valleys Aram Chaos Arsia Chasmata Aromatum Chaos Atlantis Chaos Aureum Chaos Candor Chasma Chasma Boreale Coprates Chasma Echus Chasma Eos Chaos Eos Chasma Galaxias Chaos Ganges Chasma Gorgonum Chaos Hebes Chasma Hydaspis Chaos Hydraotes Chaos Iani Chaos Ister Chaos Ius Chasma Juventae Chasma Melas Chasma Ophir Chasma Tithonium Chasma List of valles Apsus Ares Arnus Asopus Athabasca Auqakuh Bahram Buvinda Dao Enipeus Frento Granicus Green Valley Harmakhis Hebrus Her Desher Hrad Huo Hsing Hypanis Iberus Indus Ituxi Kasei Labou Ladon Lethe Licus Louros Maʼadim Mad Maja Mamers Mangala Marineris Labes Marte Maumee Mawrth Minio Naktong Nanedi Niger Nirgal Padus Paraná Patapsco Peace Rahway Ravi Reull Sabis Sabrina Samara Scamander Shalbatana Simud Stura Tader Tinia Tinjar Tiu Tyras Uzboi ULM Vedra Verde Warrego Fossae, mensae, rupes, labyrinthi Amenthes Fossae Ceraunius Fossae Cerberus Fossae Coloe Fossae Cyane Fossae Elysium Fossae Hephaestus Fossae Icaria Fossae Labeatis Fossae Mangala Fossa Mareotis Fossae Medusae Fossae Memnonia Fossae Nili Fossae Olympica Fossae Oti Fossae Sirenum Fossae Tantalus Fossae Tempe Fossae Tithonium Fossae Tractus Fossae Ulysses Fossae Aeolis Mensae Ausonia Mensa Capri Mensa Cydonia Mensae Deuteronilus Mensae Ganges Mensa Nilosyrtis Mensae Protonilus Mensae Sacra Mensa Claritas Rupes Nilokeras Scopulus Olympus Rupes Rupes Tenuis Angustus Labyrinthus Noctis Labyrinthus Catenae, craters Artynia Catena Tithoniae Catenae Tractus Catena Adams Agassiz Airy Airy-0 Aniak Antoniadi Arandas Argo Arkhangelsky Arrhenius Asimov Bacolor Bakhuysen Baldet Baltisk Bamberg Barabashov Barnard Beagle Becquerel Beer Belz Bernard Bianchini Boeddicker Bok Bond Bonestell Bonneville Brashear Briault Burroughs Burton Campbell Canso Cassini Caxias Cerulli Chafe Chapais Chincoteague Chryse Alien Clark Coblentz Columbus Copernicus Corby Crewe Crivitz Crommelin Cruls Curie Da Vinci Danielson Darwin Davies Dawes Dejnev Denning Dilly Dinorwic Douglass Dromore Du Martheray Eagle (Acidalia Planitia) Eagle (Meridiani Planum) Eberswalde Eddie Ejriksson Emma Dean Endeavour Matijevic Hill Endurance Erebus Escalante Eudoxus Fenagh Fesenkov Firsoff Flammarion Flaugergues Focas Fontana Fournier Fram Freedom Galdakao Gale Galle Garni Gasa Gilbert Gill Gledhill Gold Graff Green Grindavik Gusev Apollo 1 Hills Chaffee Grissom White Columbia Hills Husband McCool Sleepy Hollow Hadley Haldane Hale Halley Hargraves Hartwig Heaviside Heimdal Heinlein Helmholtz Henry Herschel Hipparchus Holden Holmes Hooke Huggins Hussey Hutton Huxley Huygens Iazu Ibragimov Inuvik Janssen Jarry-Desloges Jeans Jezero Jezža Joly Jones Kaiser Keeler Kepler Kinkora Kipini Knobel Koga Korolev Kufra Kuiper Kunowsky Lambert Lamont Lampland Lassell Lau Le Verrier Li Fan Liais Lipik Liu Hsin Llanesco Lockyer Lod Lohse Lomonosov Louth Lowell Lyell Lyot Mädler Magelhaens Maggini Main Mandora Maraldi Mariner Marth Martz Masursky Maunder McLaughlin McMurdo Mellish Mendel Mie Milankovic Millochau Mitchel Miyamoto Mohawk Mojave Molesworth Montevallo Moreux Müller Nansen Nereus Newton Nhill Nicholson Niesten Nipigon Onon Orson Welles Oudemans Palana Pangboche Pasteur Penticton Perepelkin Peridier Persbo Pettit Phillips Pickering Playfair Pollack Poona Porter Porth Priestley Proctor Ptolemaeus Puńsk Quenisset Rabe Radau Rahe Rayleigh Redi Renaudot Reuyl Reynolds Richardson Ritchey Robert Sharp Roddenberry Ross Rossby Rudaux Russell Rutherford Sagan Saheki Santa Maria Schaeberle Schiaparelli Schmidt Secchi Semeykin Sharonov Sibu Sinton Sitka Sklodowska Slipher Smith South Spallanzani Srīpur Steno Stokes Stoney Suess Suzhi Tarsus Taytay Teisserenc de Bort Terby Thila Thira Tikhonravov Tikhov Timbuktu Tombaugh Tooting Trouvelot Troy Trud Trumpler Tugaske Tycho Brahe Tyndall Udzha Vernal Very Victoria Cape Verde Vinogradov Vinogradsky Virrat Vishniac Vogel Von Kármán Vostok Wallace Wegener Weinbaum Wells Williams Winslow Wirtz Wislicenus Wright Yuty Zumba Zunil

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Astapus Colles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astapus_Colles) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astapus_Colles?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.