# Ash

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Waste product of fires

This article is about the residue of burning a material; not to be confused with [Volcanic ash](/source/Volcanic_ash) or [Ash (plant)](/source/Ash_(plant)). For other uses, see [Ash (disambiguation)](/source/Ash_(disambiguation)).

[Wood ash](/source/Wood_ash)

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**Ash** is the solid remnants of [fires](/source/Fire).[1] Specifically, *ash* refers to all non-[aqueous](/source/Aqueous), non-[gaseous](/source/Gas) residues that remain after something [burns](/source/Combustion). In [analytical chemistry](/source/Analytical_chemistry), to analyse the mineral and metal content of [chemical samples](/source/Chemical_sample), [ash](/source/Ash_(analytical_chemistry)) is the non-[gaseous](/source/Gas), non-[liquid](/source/Liquid) residue after complete combustion.

Ashes as the end product of [incomplete combustion](/source/Incomplete_combustion) are mostly [mineral](/source/Mineral), but usually still contain an amount of [combustible](/source/Combustible) [organic](/source/Organic_compound) or other [oxidizable](/source/Redox) residues. The best-known type of ash is [wood ash](/source/Wood_ash), as a product of wood combustion in [campfires](/source/Campfire), [fireplaces](/source/Fireplace), etc. The darker the wood ashes, the higher the content of remaining [charcoal](/source/Charcoal) from incomplete combustion. The ashes are of different types. Some ashes contain [natural compounds](/source/Natural_compound) that make [soil](/source/Soil) [fertile](/source/Soil_fertility). Others have [chemical compounds](/source/Chemical_compound) that can be [toxic](/source/Toxic) but may break up in soil from chemical changes and [microorganism](/source/Microorganism) activity.

Like [soap](/source/Soap), ash is also a [disinfecting](/source/Disinfecting) agent ([alkaline](/source/Alkaline)).[2] The [World Health Organization](/source/World_Health_Organization) recommends ash or sand as alternative for [handwashing](/source/Handwashing) when soap is not available.[3] Before industrialization, ash soaked in water was the primary means of obtaining [potash](/source/Potash).

## Natural occurrence

Ash occurs naturally from any [fire](/source/Fire) that burns [vegetation](/source/Vegetation), and may disperse in the soil to [fertilise it](/source/Soil_fertility), or clump under it for long enough to [carbonise](/source/Carbonisation) into [coal](/source/Coal).

## Composition

See also: [Ash (chemistry)](/source/Ash_(chemistry)) and [Plasma ashing](/source/Plasma_ashing)

The composition of the ash varies depending on the product burned and its origin. The "ash content" or "mineral content" of a product is derived its incineration under temperatures ranging from 150 °C (302 °F) to 900 °C (1,650 °F).[4]

### Wood and plant matter

Main article: [Wood ash](/source/Wood_ash)

The composition of ash derived from wood and other plant matter varies based on plant species, parts of the plants (such as bark, trunk, or young branches with foliage), the type of soil, and the time of year. The composition of these ashes also differs greatly depending on the mode of combustion.

[Wood ashes](/source/Wood_ash), in addition to residual [carbonaceous](/source/Carbonaceous) materials (unconsumed embers, activated carbons impregnated with carbonaceous particles, tars, various gases, etc.), contain between 20% and 50% [calcium](/source/Calcium) in the form of [calcium oxide](/source/Calcium_oxide) and are generally rich in [potassium carbonate](/source/Potassium_carbonate). Ashes derived from grasses, and the [Gramineae](/source/Gramineae) family in particular, are rich in [silica](/source/Silica).[5] The color of the ash comes from small proportions of inorganic minerals such as [iron oxides](/source/Iron_oxides) and [manganese](/source/Manganese). The oxidized metal elements that constitute wood ash are mostly considered [alkaline](/source/Alkaline).

For example, ash collected from wood boilers is composed of[6]

- 17–33% [calcium](/source/Calcium) in the form of [calcium oxide](/source/Calcium_oxide) (CaO)

- 2–6% [potassium](/source/Potassium) in the form of [potassium oxide](/source/Potassium_oxide) (K2O)

- 2.5–4.6% [magnesium](/source/Magnesium) in the form of [magnesium oxide](/source/Magnesium_oxide) (MgO)

- 1–6% [phosphorus](/source/Phosphorus) in the form of [phosphorus pentoxide](/source/Phosphorus_pentoxide) (P2O5)

- 3% in total of [oxides](/source/Oxides) such as [iron oxide](/source/Iron_oxide), [manganese oxide](/source/Manganese_oxide), and [sodium oxide](/source/Sodium_oxide)

The [pH](/source/PH) of the ash is between 10 and 13, mostly due to the fact that the oxides of calcium, potassium, and sodium are strong [bases](/source/Base_(chemistry)). [Acidic](/source/Acidic) components such as [carbon dioxide](/source/Carbon_dioxide), [phosphoric acid](/source/Phosphoric_acid), [silicic acid](/source/Silicic_acid), and [sulfuric acid](/source/Sulfuric_acid) are rarely present and, in the presence of the previously mentioned bases, are generally found in the form of [salts](/source/Salts), respectively [carbonates](/source/Carbonates), [phosphates](/source/Phosphates), [silicates](/source/Silicates) and [sulphates](/source/Sulphates).

Strictly speaking, calcium and potassium salts produce the aforementioned calcium oxide (also known as quicklime) and potassium during the combustion of organic matter. But, in practice, quicklime is only obtained via [lime-kiln](/source/Lime-kiln), and [potash](/source/Potash) (from potassium carbonate) or [baking soda](/source/Baking_soda) (from sodium carbonate) is extracted from the ashes.

Other substances such as [sulfur](/source/Sulfur), [chlorine](/source/Chlorine), [iron](/source/Iron) or [sodium](/source/Sodium) only appear in small quantities. Still others are rarely found in wood, such as [aluminum](/source/Aluminum), [zinc](/source/Zinc), and [boron](/source/Boron). (depending on the [trace elements](/source/Trace_elements) drawn from the soil by the incinerated plants).

Mineral content in ash depends on the species of tree burned, even in the same soil conditions. More chloride is found in [conifer trees](/source/Conifer) than [broadleaf trees](/source/Broadleaf_trees), with seven times as much found in [spruces](/source/Spruces) than in [oak trees](/source/Oak_trees). There is twice as much [phosphoric acid](/source/Phosphoric_acid) in the [European aspen](/source/European_aspen) than in [oaks](/source/Oak) and twice as much [magnesium](/source/Magnesium) in [elm trees](/source/Elm) than in the [Scotch pine](/source/Scotch_pine).

Ash composition also varies by which part of the tree was burnt. Silicon and calcium salts are more abundant in bark than in wood, while potassium salts are primarily found in wood. Compositional variation also occurred based on the season in which the tree died.

## Specific types

### Cremation ashes

Cremation ashes, also called cremated remains or "cremains," are the bodily remains left from [cremation](/source/Cremation).[7] They often take the form of a grey powder resembling coarse [sand](/source/Sand). While often referred to as *ashes*, the remains primarily consist of powdered bone fragments due to the cremation process, which eliminates the body's organic materials.[8] People often store these ashes in containers like [urns](/source/Urn), although they are also sometimes buried or scattered in specific locations.[9]

### Food ashes

In food processing, mineral and ash content is used to characterize the presence of organic and inorganic components in food for monitoring quality, nutritional quantification and labeling, analyzing microbiological stability, and more.[4] This process can be used to measure minerals like [calcium](/source/Calcium), [sodium](/source/Sodium), [potassium](/source/Potassium), and [phosphorus](/source/Phosphorus) as well as metal content such as [lead](/source/Lead), [mercury](/source/Mercury_(chemistry)), [cadmium](/source/Cadmium), and [aluminum](/source/Aluminum).

### Joss paper ash

See also: [Chinese festivals](/source/Chinese_festivals) and [Hanyi Festival](/source/Hanyi_Festival)

[Joss paper](/source/Joss_paper) ash. With wind and dispersion, the size of [particulates](/source/Particulates) decreases, while the number of particles increases.

Analysis of the contents of ash samples from Vietnam[10] and Singapore[11] shows that [joss paper](/source/Joss_paper) burning can emit many pollutants detrimental to air quality. There is a significant amount of [heavy metals](/source/Heavy_metals) in the dust fume and bottom ash, e.g., [aluminium](/source/Aluminium), [iron](/source/Iron), [manganese](/source/Manganese), [copper](/source/Copper), [lead](/source/Lead), [zinc](/source/Zinc) and [cadmium](/source/Cadmium).[10][11]

"Burning of joss paper accounted for up to 42% of the atmospheric rBC [refractory black carbon] mass, higher than traffic (14-17%), crop residue (10-17%), coal (18-20%) during the Hanyi festival in northwest China", according to a 2022 study, "the overall air quality can be worsened due to the practice of uncontrolled burning of joss paper during the festival, which is not just confined to the people who do the burning," and "burning joss paper during worship activities is common in China and most Asian countries with similar traditions."[12]

The composition of joss paper ash largely depends on the [types](/source/Joss_paper#Types) / composition of the joss paper goods being burnt, and there are many of them.

### Slash-and-burn ash

Main article: [Slash-and-burn](/source/Slash-and-burn)

In slash-and-burn agriculture, forests are typically cut months before a dry season. The "slash" is permitted to dry and then burned in the following dry season. The resulting ash fertilizes the soil[13][14] and the burned field is then planted at the beginning of the next rainy season with crops such as rice, maize, cassava, or other staples. This work was once done using simple tools such as [machetes](/source/Machete), [axes](/source/Axe), [hoes](/source/Hoe_(tool)) and [shovels](/source/Shovel).

### Wildfire ash

High levels of [heavy metals](/source/Heavy_metals), including [lead](/source/Lead), [arsenic](/source/Arsenic), [cadmium](/source/Cadmium), and copper were found in the ash debris following the 2007 Californian [wildfires](/source/Wildfire). A [national clean-up campaign](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_clean-up_campaign&action=edit&redlink=1) was organised ...[15] In the devastating California [Camp Fire (2018)](/source/Camp_Fire_(2018)) that killed 85 people, lead levels increased by around 50 times in the hours following the fire at a site nearby ([Chico](/source/Chico%2C_California)). [Zinc](/source/Zinc) concentration also increased significantly in Modesto, 150 miles away. Heavy metals such as [manganese](/source/Manganese) and calcium were found in numerous California fires as well.[16]

### Others

Firewood combusting into ash and [coal](/source/Coal) in a [wood-burning stove](/source/Wood-burning_stove), 2025

- Ashes from - [Stubble burning](/source/Stubble_burning) - [Open burning of waste](/source/Open_burning_of_waste)

- Cigarette or [cigar ash](/source/Cigar_ash)

- [Incinerator bottom ash](/source/Incinerator_bottom_ash), a form of ash produced in incinerators

- Products of coal combustion - [Bottom ash](/source/Bottom_ash) - [Fly ash](/source/Fly_ash)

- [Volcanic ash](/source/Volcanic_ash), ash that consists of fragmented [glass](/source/Volcanic_glass), rock, and [minerals](/source/Mineral) that appears during an [eruption](/source/Types_of_volcanic_eruptions).

- [Wood ash](/source/Wood_ash)

## Other properties

See also: [Particulates](/source/Particulates)

This section needs expansion. You can help by adding missing information. (August 2024)

## Aging process

See also: [Particle number](/source/Particle_number) and [Surface-area-to-volume ratio](/source/Surface-area-to-volume_ratio)

This section needs expansion. You can help by adding missing information. (May 2024)

### Global distillation

Main article: [Global distillation](/source/Global_distillation)

This section needs expansion. You can help by adding missing information. (May 2024)

## Uses

### Fertilizer

See also: [Humus](/source/Humus)

Ashes have been used since the Neolithic period as fertilizer because they are rich in minerals, especially potash and essential nutrients. They are the main fertilizer in [slash-and-burn](/source/Slash-and-burn) agriculture, which eventually evolved into controlled burn and forest clearing practices. People in ancient history already possessed extensive knowledge of the nutrients produced by (from social 10th textbook)(manufacturing industries) different ashes.[17] For clay soil in particular, using ash without modification or using *charrée*, ash whose minerals have been washed with water, was necessary.

### Laundry

Because ashes contain potash, they can be used to make biodegradable laundry detergent. The demand for organic products has led to renewed interest for laundry using ash derived from wood.[18] The French word for laundry *lessive* is from the Latin word *lixivia*, which means a substance made from ash and used to wash laundry. This usage also developed into a small, traditional architectural structure to the west of Rhône mainstem: the *bugadière*, a masonry structure built with stone or cob, that looks like a cabinet and that carries dirty laundry and fireplace ash; when the *bugadière* is full, the laundry and ash are moved to a laundry container and boiled in water.

Laundry using ash derived from wood has the benefit of being free, easy to produce, sustainable, and as efficient as standard laundry washing methods.

## Health effects

Main article: [Particulates § Health effects](/source/Particulates#Health_effects)

Further information: [Wildfire § Airborne hazards](/source/Wildfire#Airborne_hazards), [Joss paper § Health impact](/source/Joss_paper#Health_impact), [Brain health and pollution](/source/Brain_health_and_pollution), and [Heavy metals](/source/Heavy_metals)

See also: [Cough](/source/Cough), [Lead poisoning](/source/Lead_poisoning), and [Health impacts of sawdust](/source/Health_impacts_of_sawdust)

This section needs expansion. You can help by adding missing information. (May 2024)

## Effect on precipitation

Main article: [Cloud condensation nuclei](/source/Cloud_condensation_nuclei)

This section needs expansion. You can help by adding missing information. (August 2024)

"Particles of dust or smoke in the atmosphere are essential for precipitation. These particles, called '[condensation nuclei](/source/Condensation_nuclei),' provide a surface for water vapor to condense upon. This helps water droplets gather together and become large enough to fall to the earth which might affect the quality of our water if not for [filters](/source/Water_filter)."[19]

## Effect on climate change

See also: [Wildfire § Carbon_dioxide and other emissions from fires](/source/Wildfire#Carbon_dioxide_and_other_emissions_from_fires)

This section needs expansion. You can help by adding missing information. (May 2024)

## See also

- [Aerosol](/source/Aerosol)

- [Ash (chemistry)](/source/Ash_(chemistry))

- [Black carbon](/source/Black_carbon)

- [Carbon](/source/Carbon), basic component of ashes

- [Carbon black](/source/Carbon_black)

- [Charcoal](/source/Charcoal), carbon residue after heating wood mainly used as traditional fuel

- [Cinereous](/source/Cinereous), consisting of ashes, ash-colored or ash-like

- [Coal](/source/Coal), consisting of carbon as ash, and ash can be converted into coal

- [Construction waste](/source/Construction_waste)

- [Dust](/source/Dust) | [Fugitive dust](/source/Fugitive_dust)

- [Potash](/source/Potash), a term for many useful potassium salts that traditionally derived from plant ashes, but today are typically mined from underground deposits

## References

1. **[^](#cite_ref-1)** ["the definition of ash"](http://www.dictionary.com/browse/ash). *www.dictionary.com*. Retrieved 2018-06-18.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-2)** Howard, Guy; Bogh, Claus; World Health Organization (2002). ["Chapter 8. Personal, domestic and community hygiene"](http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/hygiene/settings/hvchap8.pdf) (PDF). *Healthy Villages A guide for communities and community health workers*. World Health Organization. pp. 65–73. Retrieved 2014-10-01.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-3)** ["How can personal hygiene be maintained in difficult circumstances?"](https://web.archive.org/web/20050214144405/http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/emergencies/qa/emergencies_qa17/en/). *WHO 2014: Water Sanitation Health*. Archived from [the original](http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/emergencies/qa/emergencies_qa17/en/) on 14 February 2005. Retrieved 2014-10-01.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-ash-content_4-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-ash-content_4-1) McClements, D. Julian. ["Analysis of Ash and Minerals"](https://people.umass.edu/~mcclemen/581Ash&Minerals.html). *Analysis of Food Products Lectures*. Retrieved 2024-06-15.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-pepin-2013_5-0)** Pépin, Denis (2013). *Composts et paillis: pour un jardin sain, facile et productif*. Terre vivante. p. 54. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-2-36098-091-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-36098-091-8).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-adame-report_6-0)** Couturier, Christian; Brasset, Thierry. ["Gestion et valorisation de cendres de chaufferies bois"](https://web.archive.org/web/20150115192130/http://www.ademe.fr/sites/default/files/assets/documents/20140523_fiche-cendre-agriculture-petite-chaufferie.pdf#federation=archive.wikiwix.com&tab=url) [Management and recovery of wood boiler ashes] (PDF) (in French). Agence de l'Environnement et de la Maîtrse de l'Energie. Archived from [the original](http://www.ademe.fr/sites/default/files/assets/documents/20140523_fiche-cendre-agriculture-petite-chaufferie.pdf) (PDF) on 2015-01-15. Retrieved 2024-06-24.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-7)** ["What Are Cremains? (& What to Do with Them)"](https://www.usurnsonline.com/cremation/cremains/). *usurnsonline.com*. 31 May 2022.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-8)** ["Education | Cremation ashes"](https://www.lonite.ca/education/cremation-ashes.html). *www.lonite.ca*.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-9)** ["What To Do With Cremated Remains"](https://www.cremation.com/cremation-memorialization/10-things-to-do-with-cremated-remains/). *cremation.com*. Retrieved 25 June 2023.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-giang_10-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-giang_10-1) Giang, Lam Van; Thanh, Tran; Hien, Truong Thanh; Tan, Lam Van; Thi Bich Phuong, Tran; Huu Loc, Ho (2021). ["Heavy metals emissions from joss paper burning rituals and the air quality around a specific incinerator"](https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.matpr.2020.08.686). *Materials Today: Proceedings*. **38**: 2751–2757. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1016/j.matpr.2020.08.686](https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.matpr.2020.08.686). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [226353498](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:226353498).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-khezri_11-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-khezri_11-1) Khezri, B.; Chan, Y. Y.; Tiong, L. Y. D.; Webster, R. D. (2015). ["Annual air pollution caused by the Hungry Ghost Festival"](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/280221481). *Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts*. **17** (9): 1578–1586. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1039/C5EM00312A](https://doi.org/10.1039%2FC5EM00312A). [hdl](/source/Hdl_(identifier)):[10356/82684](https://hdl.handle.net/10356%2F82684). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [26220212](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26220212).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-12)** Lin C, Huang RJ, Duan J, Zhong H, Xu W, Wu Y, Zhang R (April 2022). "Large contribution from worship activities to the atmospheric soot particles in northwest China". *Environ Pollut*. **299** 118907. [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[2022EPoll.29918907L](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022EPoll.29918907L). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1016/j.envpol.2022.118907](https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.envpol.2022.118907). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [35091017](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35091017).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-13)** Risse, L. Mark; Gaskin, Julia W. (9 March 2010). ["Best Management Practices for Wood Ash as Agricultural Soil Amendment"](https://athenaeum.libs.uga.edu/bitstream/handle/10724/12128/B1142.pdf?sequence=1) (PDF). *athenaeum.libs.uga.edu*.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-14)** ["Slash and Burn Agriculture | EcoLogic Development Fund"](http://www.ecologic.org/actions-issues/challenges/slash-burn-agriculture/). *www.ecologic.org*. Retrieved 2018-01-10.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-15)** Finlay SE, Moffat A, Gazzard R, Baker D, Murray V (November 2012). ["Health impacts of wildfires"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3492003). *PLOS Currents*. **4** e4f959951cce2c. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1371/4f959951cce2c](https://doi.org/10.1371%2F4f959951cce2c) (inactive 11 July 2025). [PMC](/source/PMC_(identifier)) [3492003](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3492003). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [23145351](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23145351).{{[cite journal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_journal)}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of July 2025 ([link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_DOI_inactive_as_of_July_2025))

1. **[^](#cite_ref-16)** ["Wildfire smoke can increase hazardous toxic metals in air, study finds | Climate crisis | The Guardian"](https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/jul/21/wildfire-smoke-air-hazardous-toxic-metals-study-california). *[TheGuardian.com](/source/TheGuardian.com)*. 21 July 2021.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-17)** Sobrado Correa, H. (2004). La fertilisation des terres dans la Galice de l'Ancien Régime (xviie-xixe siècle). Histoire & Sociétés Rurales, 21, 39-72. [https://doi.org/10.3917/hsr.021.0039](https://doi.org/10.3917/hsr.021.0039)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-18)** [La lessive à la cendre, faite maison](http://www.manaterra.org/asso/archives/665)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-nationalgeographic_19-0)** ["Precipitation"](https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/precipitation/). *National Geographic*. 19 Oct 2023. Retrieved 19 Aug 2024.

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