# Aryan Nations

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Christian Identity organization

Aryan Nations Aryan Nations Wolfsangel emblem Formation 1970s Founder Richard Girnt Butler Type Christian Identity and neo-Nazi organization Headquarters Kootenai County, Idaho Location(s) United States, chapters in Italy, Finland and Denmark[1]

**Aryan Nations** was a [North American](/source/North_America) [neo-Nazi](/source/Neo-Nazism)[2] organization that was originally based in [Kootenai County](/source/Kootenai_County%2C_Idaho), [Idaho](/source/Idaho), about 2+3⁄4 miles (4.4 km) north of the city of [Hayden Lake](/source/Hayden_Lake%2C_Idaho). [Richard Girnt Butler](/source/Richard_Girnt_Butler) founded Aryan Nations in the 1970s. It adhered to [Christian Identity](/source/Christian_Identity) doctrine, a white supremacist interpretation of Christianity. The group had several state chapters, but was very decentralized.

Starting in 1981, Butler organized yearly gatherings of white supremacists at his compound in Idaho which he termed the "Aryan Nations World Congress." In 2001, the [Federal Bureau of Investigation](/source/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation) (FBI) classified Aryan Nations as a "terrorist threat."[3] In a review of terrorist organizations, the [RAND Corporation](/source/RAND_Corporation) called it the "first truly nationwide terrorist network" in the United States and Canada.[4]

Due to a decline in Butler's health, his abilities to lead the group faltered in the late 1990s, and the group experienced some schisms, including one led by [August Kreis III](/source/August_Kreis_III), who Butler expelled. After his death in 2004, Aryan Nations schismed further into several different organizations, some of which continue to use the name Aryan Nations.

## History

### Background and founding

Aryan Nations beliefs are based on the teachings of [Wesley A. Swift](/source/Wesley_A._Swift), a leading figure in the early [Christian Identity](/source/Christian_Identity) movement.[5] Swift was originally exposed to [British Israelism](/source/British_Israelism) while at the [Angelus Temple](/source/Angelus_Temple)[6] through the teachings of visiting minister [Gerald Burton Winrod](/source/Gerald_Burton_Winrod).[7] Swift was also exposed to [Charles Parham](/source/Charles_Parham)'s British Israel teachings at the Angelus Temple.[6] Combining British Israelism, extreme [antisemitism](/source/Antisemitism), and political militancy, Swift later founded his own church in [California](/source/California) in the mid-1940s known as the Anglo-Saxon Christian Congregation. He hosted a daily radio broadcast in California during the 1950s and 1960s. In 1957, the name of his church was changed to the [Church of Jesus Christ–Christian](/source/Church_of_Jesus_Christ%E2%80%93Christian), a name which continues to be used by Aryan Nations churches.[8][9]: 70

[William Potter Gale](/source/William_Potter_Gale) introduced [Richard Girnt Butler](/source/Richard_Girnt_Butler) to Swift in 1962.[10]: 110 Swift quickly converted Butler, who was an admirer of [Adolf Hitler](/source/Adolf_Hitler) and Wisconsin Senator [Joseph McCarthy](/source/Joseph_McCarthy), to Christian Identity. When Swift died in 1971, Butler fought against Gale, James Warner, and Swift's widow for control of the Church of Jesus Christ–Christian. Butler eventually gained control of the organization and moved it from California to Idaho in 1973.[11][12]: 298 After moving to Idaho, Butler founded Aryan Nations as a paramilitary wing of the church with an ideological mixture of Christian Identity and [Nazism](/source/Nazism).[13][*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*]

### Activities

From 1974 until 2001, the Aryan Nations headquarters was located in a 20-acre (8.1 ha) compound 1.8 miles (3 km) north of [Hayden, Idaho](/source/Hayden%2C_Idaho).[8] In 1995, Aryan Nations had 26 state chapters but was very decentralized and the chapters' ties to the organization's headquarters were extremely loose. In addition to the organization in the United States, Aryan Nations had chapters in Europe in Italy, Finland and Denmark.[1] The group hosted an annual World Congress of Aryan Nations at Hayden Lake for Aryan Nations members and members of similar groups.[8] At his first conference, Butler called for the division of the United States into racial mini-states, including a [white ethnostate in the Pacific Northwest](/source/Northwest_Territorial_Imperative). He said that he had a black ally in the plan, [Louis Farrakhan](/source/Louis_Farrakhan), leader of the [Nation of Islam](/source/Nation_of_Islam).[14]

At the 1983 Aryan Nations World Congress, [Louis Beam](/source/Louis_Beam) and other leaders in the white power movement declared war on the U.S. government.[15]

Aryan Nations had difficult relations with the city of [Coeur d'Alene](/source/Coeur_d'Alene%2C_Idaho). In 1986-1987, there were a series of bombings of the homes of local human rights activists, after which, the city and Aryan Nations left each other alone. In 1998, Aryan Nations applied for a permit for a march in downtown Coeur d'Alene. Although the permit was approved, the city declared a public holiday on the same day, resulting in an empty downtown of closed businesses.[16]

### Shooting, lawsuit and breakup

Flag used by Aryan Nations in the 2000s[17][18][19]

In September 2000, the [Southern Poverty Law Center](/source/Southern_Poverty_Law_Center) (SPLC) won a $6.3 million judgment against Aryan Nations from an [Idaho](/source/Idaho) jury, who awarded punitive and compensatory damages to plaintiffs Victoria Keenan and her son Jason. The two Native Americans had been beaten with rifles by Aryan Nations security guards in Coeur d'Alene, Idaho in July 1998.[20][21] The woman and her son were driving near Aryan Nations compound when their car [backfired](/source/Back-fire), which the guards claimed to misinterpret as gunfire.[22] The guards fired at the car, striking it several times. The car crashed and one of the Nations guards held the Keenans at gunpoint, beating them. Two of the assailants, Aryan Nations security chief Edward Jessie Warfield and guard John Yeager, were prosecuted for the attack. Warfield pleaded guilty to aggravated assault and was sentenced to two to five years in prison. Yeager entered an [Alford plea](/source/Alford_plea) for assault and was sentenced to up 2.5 years in prison. A third attacker was never found.[23][21]

The SPLC filed suit on behalf of the Keenans. A jury found that Butler and Aryan Nations were grossly negligent in selecting and supervising the guards, and awarded the Keenans $6.3 million.[21] A local attorney from Keenan's legal team said that the large verdict was partly to compensate the Keenans, but largely to punish Butler and his followers, and serve to deter similar conduct in the future.[24]

The $6.3 million verdict caused Butler to file for bankruptcy one month later.[25] As part of the bankruptcy process, the group's property was put up for auction. SPLC loaned the Keenans $95,000 to bid on the 20-acre property.[26] In February 2001, the group's Hayden Lake compound and intellectual property, including the names "Aryan Nations" and "Church of Jesus Christ Christian", were transferred to the Keenans.[21] Idaho native and millionaire philanthropist Greg Carr purchased the property from the Keenans, donating it to the [North Idaho College](/source/North_Idaho_College) Foundation. It has been converted to a park dedicated to peace.[27]

Local fire departments demolished some of the church's former buildings by burning them during training exercises,[28] including the Hayden Lake headquarters on June 29, 2001.[29] [Edgar Steele](/source/Edgar_Steele), the attorney who had represented Butler, was later convicted of hiring a handyman to kill his own wife. In 2014, Steele died while serving a 50-year prison sentence.[30]

Part of a series on Christian Identity Organizations Aryan Nations Christian Defense League Christian Nationalist Crusade Church of Israel Church of Jesus Christ–Christian The Covenant, the Sword, and the Arm of the Lord Elohim City, Oklahoma Kingdom Identity Ministries LaPorte Church of Christ The Order Posse Comitatus The Shepherd's Chapel Notable individuals E. Raymond Capt San Jacinto Capt Richard Girnt Butler Bertrand Comparet James Ellison Sheldon Emry Conrad Gaard Dan Gayman William Potter Gale Gordon Mohr Pete Peters Wesley Swift James K. Warner James Wickstrom Concepts Phineas Priesthood Pre-Adamism Serpent seed White genocide Category v t e

### Decline and legacy

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Until 1998, the leadership of Aryan Nations remained firmly in the hands of Richard Girnt Butler. By that time, he was over 80 years old, and his health was poor. As Butler's health deteriorated, so did his ability to lead the group. This led to a series of violent events in Coeur d'Alene involving [skinheads](/source/White_power_skinhead) who had infiltrated the group.[16]

At the annual Aryan Nations World Congress in 2001, Neuman Britton was appointed to lead Aryan Nations as Butler's successor. Following Neuman's death in August 2001,[31] Butler appointed Harold Ray Redfeairn of Ohio to lead Aryan Nations as his successor;[32] he had been agitating for control of the organization since the mid-1990s. Redfeairn had brought in Dave Hall, an [FBI](/source/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation) informant who exposed the group's illegal activities.[33] After this was discovered, Redfeairn was distrusted by some in the group. Redfeairn and [August Kreis III](/source/August_Kreis_III), the propaganda minister for Aryan Nations, formed a splinter group, and Butler expelled them from Aryan Nations.

A few months later, Redfeairn returned to form an alliance with Butler.[8] Butler's 2002 World Congress drew fewer than 100 people, and when he ran for mayor, he lost, garnering only 50 votes against more than 2,100 votes.[34] Redfeairn died in October 2003,[35][36] and Butler died of [heart failure](/source/Heart_failure) in September 2004.[8] At the time of Butler's death, Aryan Nations had about 200 actively participating members.

Aryan Nations was divided between three main factions. The largest group after Aryan Nations' bankruptcy was led by Charles John Juba, followed by [August Kreis III](/source/August_Kreis_III)[8] until Kreis stepped down as leader and designated Drew Bostwick as his successor in 2012. In 2002, Juba's group was based on a 10-acre (4.0 ha) compound in the rural town of [Ulysses](/source/Ulysses%2C_Pennsylvania) in [Potter County](/source/Potter_County%2C_Pennsylvania), north central [Pennsylvania](/source/Pennsylvania); it hosted the 2002 Aryan Nations World Congress.[37]

Kreis established a new headquarters in [Lexington](/source/Lexington%2C_South_Carolina), [South Carolina](/source/South_Carolina), and he eventually moved it close to [Union City, Tennessee](/source/Union_City%2C_Tennessee). In 2005, Kreis received media attention because he attempted to form an Aryan Nations–[al Qaeda](/source/Al_Qaeda) alliance.[38]

Based in New York, and led by Jay Faber, Aryan Nations Revival became one of the more well-known splinter groups.[39] In the *[Congressional Record](/source/Congressional_Record)*, the leaders of Aryan Nations Revival were listed as [domestic terrorists](/source/Domestic_terrorism_in_the_United_States). The government concluded that the Holy Order of the Brotherhood of the Phineas Priesthood was the enforcement/terrorist wing of Aryan Nations. Aryan Nations Revival hosted a weekly radio broadcast which it titled *The Aryan Nations Broadcast*.[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*] Airing from 1979 to 2009, the radio program was authorized by Richard Butler. The program ended when host [Hal Turner](/source/Hal_Turner) was arrested for threatening the lives of federal judges in [Chicago](/source/Chicago). While incarcerated, Turner announced, through his attorney, that he was a federal informant, and that Aryan Nations was among those organizations which had been informed upon.

In 2009, Aryan Nations Revival, which was then based in [Texas](/source/Texas), merged with Pastor Jerald O'Brien's Aryan Nations, which was based in Coeur d'Alene, Idaho. Both parties ardently adhered to Christian Identity.[5][40][41][42]

The most successful splinter group was likely Paul Mullet's Crusaders of Yahweh, which had branches in 17 states.[39]

## Symbols

Alternate flag

This section needs expansion. You can help by adding missing information. (April 2026)

The emblem (or shield) of Aryan Nations is designed to reflect aspects of [British Israelism](/source/British_Israelism).[43][44] It contains a [Wolfsangel](/source/Wolfsangel) symbol, the crossbar of which has been replaced by a "crown-topped sword."[45] The Wolfsangel symbol, originally used by ancient Germans to ward off wolves, was used by Nazi organizations, including the [Waffen-SS](/source/Waffen-SS).[46]

## Associates

In 1983, [Robert Jay Mathews](/source/Robert_Jay_Mathews), who had visited the Aryan Nations compound many times, formed [The Order](/source/The_Order_(white_supremacist_group)), along with Aryan Nations members Dan Bauer, Randy Duey, Denver Parmenter, and Bruce Pierce.[47] The Order's mission was to overthrow the [Zionist Occupational Government](/source/Zionist_Occupational_Government) and establish the [Northwest Territorial Imperative](/source/Northwest_Territorial_Imperative) through an orchestrated plot to commit acts of [domestic terrorism](/source/Domestic_terrorism) which would include [murder](/source/Murder), [arson](/source/Arson), [armed robbery](/source/Armed_robbery), [theft](/source/Theft), [counterfeiting](/source/Counterfeiting), and extortion between 1983 and 1984.[8] Dennis McGiffen, who also had ties to Aryan Nations, formed a group called "The New Order", inspired by Mathews' group.[8] The members were arrested before they could follow through with their violent plans.

Buford O. Furrow Jr., who was convicted of the [Los Angeles Jewish Community Center shooting](/source/Los_Angeles_Jewish_Community_Center_shooting) and the murder of [Filipino American](/source/Filipino_Americans) postal worker Joseph Ileto, had previously worked as a security guard at the Aryan Nations compound for some time.[48]

On April 4, 2004, intending to start a "[Race War](/source/Ethnic_conflict)", Sean Michael Gillespie (a former member of Aryan Nations) threw a [Molotov cocktail](/source/Molotov_cocktail) at B'nai Temple Israel in [Oklahoma City](/source/Oklahoma_City), [Oklahoma](/source/Oklahoma). There were no casualties, but the building sustained material damage.[49][50][51] Gillespie was arrested in [Little Rock](/source/Little_Rock%2C_Arkansas), Arkansas, on April 16 of the same year, but it was not until August 2005 that he was sentenced to 39 years in prison for attacking the Jewish temple and trying to send a racist letter to the congregation. The defendant raised his hand in a [Nazi salute](/source/Nazi_salute) with stiff arms as the judge left the courtroom.[52][53][54]

## See also

- [Aryan Brotherhood](/source/Aryan_Brotherhood)

- [Aryan Circle](/source/Aryan_Circle)

- [Aryan Freedom Network](/source/Aryan_Freedom_Network), holds events at old Aryan Nations HQ

- [Aryan race](/source/Aryan_race)

- *[The Foundations of the Nineteenth Century](/source/The_Foundations_of_the_Nineteenth_Century)*

- [Kinism](/source/Kinism)

- [Nordicism](/source/Nordicism)

- [Nordic Israelism](/source/Nordic_Israelism)

- [Positive Christianity](/source/Positive_Christianity)

- [Robert E. Miles](/source/Robert_E._Miles)

## References

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Goodrick-Clarke_1-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Goodrick-Clarke_1-1) [Goodrick-Clarke, Nicholas](/source/Nicholas_Goodrick-Clarke) (2002). [*Black Sun: Aryan Cults, Esoteric Nazism and the Politics of Identity*](/source/Black_Sun_(Goodrick-Clarke_book)). [New York University Press](/source/New_York_University_Press). p. 248. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-8147-3124-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8147-3124-4).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Anti-Defamation_League_2-0)** ["Aryan Nations/Church of Jesus Christ Christian"](https://www.adl.org/education/resources/profiles/aryan-nations). *Anti-Defamation League*. Retrieved May 19, 2018.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-3)** [Freeh, Louis Joseph](/source/Louis_Freeh) (May 10, 2001). ["FBI Press Room - Congressional Statement - 2001 - Threat of Terrorism to the United States"](https://web.archive.org/web/20010812035823/http://www.fbi.gov/congress/congress01/freeh051001.htm). [FBI](/source/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation). Archived from [the original](https://www.fbi.gov/congress/congress01/freeh051001.htm) on August 12, 2001.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-4)** ["Terrorist Organization Profile: Aryan Nations (AN)"](https://web.archive.org/web/20131230201247/http://start.umd.edu/start/data%5Fcollections/tops/terrorist_organization_profile.asp?id=29). [University of Maryland](/source/University_of_Maryland%2C_College_Park). Archived from [the original](http://www.start.umd.edu/start/data_collections/tops/terrorist_organization_profile.asp?id=29) on December 30, 2013. Retrieved June 16, 2017.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-AN_Intel_Files_5-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-AN_Intel_Files_5-1) ["Intelligence Files - Groups - Aryan Nations"](http://www.splcenter.org/get-informed/intelligence-files/groups/aryan-nations). [Southern Poverty Law Center](/source/Southern_Poverty_Law_Center). 2011. Retrieved June 16, 2017.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-jhs_6-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-jhs_6-1) Bochicchio, Ana (October 5, 2021). ["Justification by Race: Wesley Swift's White Supremacy and Anti-Semitic Theological Views in His Christian Identity Sermons"](https://doi.org/10.33972%2Fjhs.183). *Journal of Hate Studies*. **17** (1). Gonzaga University: 35–51. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.33972/jhs.183](https://doi.org/10.33972%2Fjhs.183). [hdl](/source/Hdl_(identifier)):[11336/145441](https://hdl.handle.net/11336%2F145441). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [241056514](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:241056514).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-7)** ["Protests Winrod Appearance"](https://www.nli.org.il/he/newspapers/cgs/1938/11/24/01/article/118/?e=-------he-20--1--img-txIN%7ctxTI--------------1). The Sentinel. July 24, 1938.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-ADL-AryanN_8-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-ADL-AryanN_8-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-ADL-AryanN_8-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-ADL-AryanN_8-3) [***e***](#cite_ref-ADL-AryanN_8-4) [***f***](#cite_ref-ADL-AryanN_8-5) [***g***](#cite_ref-ADL-AryanN_8-6) [***h***](#cite_ref-ADL-AryanN_8-7) ["Extremism in America: Aryan Nations/Church of Jesus Christ Christian"](https://www.adl.org/news/article/extremism-in-america-aryan-nationschurch-of-jesus-christ-christian). [Anti-Defamation League](/source/Anti-Defamation_League). 2007. Retrieved June 16, 2017.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-9)** Barkun, Michael (1994). [*Religion and the Racist Right: The Origins of the Christian Identity Movement*](https://books.google.com/books?id=gY6OzgEACAAJ). University of North Carolina Press. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-8078-4451-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-4451-9).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-levitas_10-0)** Levitas, Daniel (2002). [*The Terrorist Next Door: The Militia Movement and the Radical Right*](https://archive.org/details/terroristnextdoo00levi). New York: [Thomas Dunne Books](/source/Thomas_Dunne_Books). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-312-29105-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-29105-1). Retrieved February 16, 2021.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-11)** ["Aryan Nations/Church of Jesus Christ Christian"](https://www.adl.org/education/resources/profiles/aryan-nations). *adl.org*. [Anti-Defamation League](/source/Anti-Defamation_League). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20170620131258/https://www.adl.org/education/resources/profiles/aryan-nations) from the original on June 20, 2017. Retrieved February 4, 2021.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-kaplan_12-0)** [Kaplan, Jeffrey](/source/Jeffrey_Kaplan_(academic)), ed. (2000). [*Encyclopedia of White Power: a Sourcebook on the Radical Racist Right*](https://books.google.com/books?id=nNWbbhUYv8oC). [AltaMira Press](/source/AltaMira_Press). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-7425-0340-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7425-0340-2). Retrieved February 9, 2021.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-13)** ["Aryan Nations | Definition, History, & Human Rights Education Institute | Britannica"](http://web.archive.org/web/20251002060935/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Aryan-Nations). *Encyclopedia Britannica*. Archived from [the original](https://www.britannica.com/topic/Aryan-Nations) on October 2, 2025. Retrieved April 3, 2026.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-14)** ["Aryan Nations Leader Richard Girnt Butler in Final Days of Life"](https://www.splcenter.org/resources/reports/aryan-nations-leader-richard-girnt-butler-final-days-life/). *Southern Poverty Law Center*. September 15, 1998. Retrieved June 10, 2025.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-15)** Smith, Laura (January 26, 2021). ["Lone Wolves Connected Online: A History of Modern White Supremacy"](https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/26/us/louis-beam-white-supremacy-internet.html). *The New York Times*. [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [0362-4331](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331). Retrieved June 10, 2025.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-:0_16-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-:0_16-1) Kaplan, Jeffrey (2000). [*Encyclopedia of white power: a sourcebook on the radical racist right*](https://books.google.com/books?id=nNWbbhUYv8oC). Walnut Creek: Altamira press. pp. 7–8. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-7425-0340-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-0340-3).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-17)** ["A bunch of racists -"](https://web.archive.org/web/20190827132737/https://www.adl.org/sites/default/files/styles/cropped_img_md/public/2018-05/loyal%20white%20knights%20and%20aryan%20nations%20in%20texas%20july%202016%20from%20vkdotcom_0.jpg?itok=WBdLBJmS). Archived from [the original](https://www.adl.org/sites/default/files/styles/cropped_img_md/public/2018-05/loyal%20white%20knights%20and%20aryan%20nations%20in%20texas%20july%202016%20from%20vkdotcom_0.jpg?itok=WBdLBJmS) (jpg) on August 27, 2019. Retrieved August 20, 2023.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-18)** ["Hitler's fan club"](https://web.archive.org/web/20190626151610/https://www.ajc.com/rf/image_inline/Pub/p7/AJC/2016/06/22/Images/photos.medleyphoto.10267262.jpg). Archived from [the original](https://www.ajc.com/rf/image_inline/Pub/p7/AJC/2016/06/22/Images/photos.medleyphoto.10267262.jpg) (jpg) on June 26, 2019. Retrieved August 20, 2023.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-19)** ["A group of people with flags - some with a target on their chest"](https://www.splcenter.org/sites/default/files/group_images/SPLC-Intelligence-Files-Groups-Aryan-Nations-1280x720.jpg) (jpg). Retrieved August 20, 2023.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-20)** Chebium, Raju (September 8, 2000). ["Attorney Morris Dees pioneer in using 'damage litigation' to fight hate groups"](http://archives.cnn.com/2000/LAW/09/08/morris.dees.profile/). [CNN](/source/CNN). Retrieved June 16, 2017.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-AryanNations_21-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-AryanNations_21-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-AryanNations_21-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-AryanNations_21-3) ["Keenan v. Aryan Nations"](https://www.splcenter.org/seeking-justice/case-docket/keenan-v-aryan-nations). [Southern Poverty Law Center](/source/Southern_Poverty_Law_Center). 2000. Retrieved June 16, 2017.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-22)** ["Jury Verdict Could Bankrupt Aryans"](https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2000-sep-08-mn-17576-story.html). *Los Angeles Times*. September 8, 2000. Retrieved January 13, 2021.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Seattle_Times_23-0)** ["Supremacist suit might include punitive damages"](https://archive.seattletimes.com/archive/20000816/4037143/supremacist-suit-might-include-punitive-damages). *[The Seattle Times](/source/The_Seattle_Times)*. August 16, 2000. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20120930004240/http://community.seattletimes.nwsource.com/archive/?date=20000816&slug=4037143) from the original on September 30, 2012. Retrieved June 16, 2017.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-24)** ["North Idaho marks 10 years since Aryan Nations verdict"](http://www.spokesman.com/stories/2010/sep/07/north-idaho-marks-10-years-aryan-nations-verdict/). *Spokesman*. September 7, 2010.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-25)** ["Idaho 'Hate Compound' Converted Into Peace Park - 2002-08-14"](https://www.voanews.com/a/a-13-a-2002-08-14-19-idaho-67436557/384473.html). *VOA*. October 29, 2009. Retrieved July 17, 2018.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-26)** ["Pair Who Sued Hate Group to Buy Compound at Auction"](https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2001-feb-08-mn-22878-story.html). Associated Press. February 8, 2001. Retrieved July 17, 2018.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-27)** Boggs, Alison (September 7, 2010). ["North Idaho marks 10 years since Aryan Nations verdict"](http://www.spokesman.com/stories/2010/sep/07/north-idaho-marks-10-years-aryan-nations-verdict/). *Spokesman.com*. The Spokesman-Review. Retrieved July 17, 2018.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-28)** Dawson, James. ["Slideshow: Rise And Fall Of Aryan Nations In North Idaho"](http://boisestatepublicradio.org/post/slideshow-rise-and-fall-aryan-nations-north-idaho#stream/0). Boise State Public Radio. Retrieved July 17, 2018.

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1. **[^](#cite_ref-30)** ["Former Idaho Aryan Nations Attorney Has Died"](http://boisestatepublicradio.org/post/former-idaho-aryan-nations-attorney-has-died#stream/0). Boise State Public Radio. Associated Press. Retrieved July 17, 2018.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-31)** Archives, L. A. Times (August 21, 2001). ["White Supremacist Leader Dies"](https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2001-aug-21-me-36591-story.html). *Los Angeles Times*.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-32)** ["Harold Ray Redfeairn, Aryan Leader, Dies"](https://apnews.com/article/9434dc23e992e92fcac4e5dbb1e6a14f). *AP NEWS*.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-33)** Hall, Dave; Tym Burkey, Katherine Ramsland (2008). [*Into the Devil's Den*](https://web.archive.org/web/20090113234732/http://www.intothedevilsden.com/listentointerviews.html) (1st ed.). New York: Ballantine Books. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-345-49694-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-345-49694-9).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-ButlerObit_34-0)** Wakin, Daniel J. (September 9, 2004). ["Richard G. Butler, 86, Dies; Founder of Aryan Nations"](https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F50D1EF93C540C7A8CDDA00894DC404482). *[The New York Times](/source/The_New_York_Times)*. Retrieved June 16, 2017.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-35)** "Harold Ray Redfeairn, Aryan Leader, Dies". [Associated Press](/source/Associated_Press). October 26, 2003.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-36)** ["At Death's Door"](https://web.archive.org/web/20070807035018/http://www.splcenter.org/intel/intelreport/article.jsp?aid=116). [Southern Poverty Law Center](/source/Southern_Poverty_Law_Center). Fall 2003. Archived from [the original](http://www.splcenter.org/intel/intelreport/article.jsp?aid=116) on August 7, 2007. Retrieved August 22, 2007.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-2002wackoconference_37-0)** ["Aryan Nations — About Us"](https://web.archive.org/web/20070116233939/http://www.aryan-nations.org/about.htm). Aryan Nations. 2007. Archived from [the original](http://www.aryan-nations.org/about.htm) on January 16, 2007. Retrieved January 18, 2007.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-CNN2005_38-0)** Schuster, Henry (March 29, 2005). ["An unholy alliance: Aryan Nation leader reaches out to al Qaeda"](https://web.archive.org/web/20050403063031/http://www.cnn.com/2005/US/03/29/schuster.column/). [CNN](/source/CNN). Archived from [the original](http://www.cnn.com/2005/US/03/29/schuster.column) on April 3, 2005. Retrieved June 11, 2025.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-:1_39-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-:1_39-1) Perliger, Arie (2012). [Empirical Picture: The Perpetrators and Trends among Specific Movements](https://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep05612.7) (Report). Combatting Terrorism Center at West Point. p. 138.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-ADL_Jan09_40-0)** ["A Weakened Aryan Nations Spins Off Many Factions"](http://www.adl.org/learn/extremism_in_america_updates/groups/aryan_nations/Aryan_Nations_spinoffs.htm). [Anti-Defamation League](/source/Anti-Defamation_League). January 16, 2009. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20110214171351/http://www.adl.org/learn/extremism_in_america_updates/groups/aryan_nations/Aryan_Nations_spinoffs.htm) from the original on February 14, 2011. Retrieved March 13, 2011.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-41)** ["Will the Real Aryan Nations Please Stand Up?"](http://www.splcenter.org/get-informed/intelligence-report/browse-all-issues/2010/summer/will-the-real-aryan-nations-please-st). [Southern Poverty Law Center](/source/Southern_Poverty_Law_Center). 2011. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20110304130542/http://www.splcenter.org/get-informed/intelligence-report/browse-all-issues/2010/summer/will-the-real-aryan-nations-please-st) from the original on March 4, 2011. Retrieved March 14, 2011.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-ANRweb_42-0)** ["Aryan Nations Website"](https://web.archive.org/web/20110725015047/http://www.aryannationsrevival.org/index.htm). Aryannationsrevival.org. Archived from [the original](http://www.aryannationsrevival.org/index.htm) on July 25, 2011. Retrieved March 12, 2011.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-43)** ["Neonazi Flags in the United States"](http://fotw.fivestarflags.com/us%7Dnaz.html). *fotw.fivestarflags.com*. Retrieved July 22, 2022.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-44)** Clark, Emily Suzanne; Stoddard, Brad, eds. (2019). *Race and New Religious Movements in the USA*. London: [Bloomsbury Academic](/source/Bloomsbury_Academic). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-350-06399-0](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-350-06399-0).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-45)** ["Aryan Nations | ADL"](https://www.adl.org/resources/hate-symbol/aryan-nations). *www.adl.org*. Retrieved April 29, 2026.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-46)** ["Wolfsangel | ADL"](https://www.adl.org/resources/hate-symbol/wolfsangel). *www.adl.org*. Retrieved April 29, 2026.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-47)** McClary, Daryl C. (December 6, 2006). ["Robert Jay Mathews, founder of the white-supremacist group The Order, is killed during an FBI siege on Whidbey Island on December 8, 1984"](https://web.archive.org/web/20110429004637/http://www.historylink.org/index.cfm?DisplayPage=output.cfm&file_id=7921). [HistoryLink](/source/HistoryLink). Archived from [the original](http://www.historylink.org/index.cfm?DisplayPage=output.cfm&file_id=7921) on April 29, 2011. Retrieved March 12, 2011.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-48)** ["L.A. shooting suspect surrenders in Las Vegas"](http://www.cnn.com/US/9908/11/california.shooting.04/). [CNN](/source/CNN). August 11, 1999. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20070826152445/http://www.cnn.com/US/9908/11/california.shooting.04/) from the original on August 26, 2007. Retrieved August 17, 2007.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-49)** ["Terror From the Right: 75 Plots, Conspiracies and Racist Rampages Since Oklahoma City"](https://www.splcenter.org/sites/default/files/terror_from_the_right_0.pdf) (PDF). *Southern Poverty Law Center*. Retrieved August 9, 2022.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-50)** ["Informants lead to arrest in firebombing FBI agents were told the man taped his attack on a synagogue"](https://www.oklahoman.com/story/news/2004/05/04/informants-lead-arrest-in-firebombing-br-fbi-agents-were-told-the-man-taped-his-attack-on-synagogue/61991268007/). *The Oklahoman*. Retrieved August 9, 2022.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-51)** ["Man convicted in temple attack Former Aryan Nations member faces 35 years for his role in federal crimes"](https://www.oklahoman.com/story/news/2005/04/27/man-convicted-temple-attackbrformer-aryan-nations-member-faces-years-for-his-role-in-federal-crimes/61945049007/). *The Oklahoman*. Retrieved August 9, 2022.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-52)** ["Washington state man convicted in attack on synagogue"](https://www.newson6.com/story/5e368bab2f69d76f620a2bd6/washington-state-man-convicted-in-attack-on-synagogue). *News 9*. Retrieved August 9, 2022.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-53)** ["White Supremacist Sentenced in Oklahoma Synagogue Attack"](https://www.adl.org/news/article/white-supremacist-sentenced-in-oklahoma-synagogue-attack). *The Anti Defamation League*. Retrieved August 9, 2022.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-54)** ["Oklahoma synagogue bomber gets 39 years"](https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna9136468). *CBS News*. August 31, 2005. Retrieved August 9, 2022.

## External links

- [Poisoning the Web: Hatred Online](https://web.archive.org/web/20170204132543/http://archive.adl.org/poisoning_web/aryan_nations.asp)—ADL article

- [FBI file on Aryan Nations](https://vault.fbi.gov/Aryan%20Nation)

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Aryan Nations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aryan_Nations) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aryan_Nations?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.