# Arthur Raikes
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{{Short description|British army officer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2021}}
{{Infobox person
| honorific_prefix = [Brigadier-General](/source/Brigadier_general)
| name = Arthur Raikes
| image = Arthur Raikes.JPG
| caption = Arthur Raikes (right) with Sultan [Ali Bin Hamud](/source/Ali_Bin_Hamud)
| birth_name = Arthur Edward Harington Raikes
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1867|02|05}}
| birth_place = [England](/source/England)
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1915|03|03|1867|02|05}}
| death_place = [Kensington Court Gardens](/source/Kensington_Court_Gardens), London, England
| other_names =
| known_for =
| spouse = {{marriage|Geraldine Arbuthnot
|16 December 1899|1915|reason=died}}
| occupation = [Army Officer](/source/Army_Officer)
| relatives = [Sir Robert Arbuthnot, 2nd Baronet](/source/Sir_Robert_Arbuthnot%2C_2nd_Baronet) (grandfather)
[Walter Clutterbuck](/source/Walter_Clutterbuck) (nephew)
}}
'''Arthur Edward Harington Raikes''' (5 February 1867 – 3 March 1915) was a British [army officer](/source/army_officer) who served as acting prime minister, vizier and first minister to numerous [Sultans of Zanzibar](/source/Sultans_of_Zanzibar). Serving in the [Wiltshire Regiment](/source/Wiltshire_Regiment) Raikes took up a position as brigadier-general in Zanzibar's army and fought on the pro-British side in the [Anglo-Zanzibar War](/source/Anglo-Zanzibar_War). He also helped to negotiate the demarcation of the boundary between Zanzibari and British territory on the African mainland. Raikes was awarded honours by several nations in the course of his work.
== Early life==
Raikes was born on 5 February 1867 to [Reverend](/source/Reverend) Charles Hall Raikes and Charlotte d'Ende Arbuthnot.[[http://thepeerage.com/p19058.htm Entry at The Peerage]] Through his sister Madeline, the wife of Edmund Henry Clutterbuck, he was uncle to [Walter Clutterbuck](/source/Walter_Clutterbuck).
His maternal grandparents were [Sir Robert Arbuthnot, 2nd Baronet](/source/Sir_Robert_Arbuthnot%2C_2nd_Baronet) and the former Anne Fitzgerald (a daughter of [Field Marshal](/source/Field_Marshal) [Sir John Forster FitzGerald](/source/John_Forster_FitzGerald)).[{{cite book|title=Debrett's Peerage & Baronetage|year=2005}}]
Raikes was an officer in the [Wiltshire Regiment](/source/Wiltshire_Regiment), being commissioned a [second lieutenant](/source/second_lieutenant) on 10 November 1888 and a lieutenant on 24 November 1890.[{{cite web|title=Hart's Army List 1894|url=http://digital.nls.uk/british-military-lists/archive/103812174?mode=transcription|access-date=26 January 2018}}]
==Career==
Raikes moved to the [Sultanate of Zanzibar](/source/Sultanate_of_Zanzibar) to take up an appointment as [Brigadier-General](/source/Brigadier-General) in the Sultan's army.[{{Harvnb|Hernon|2003|p=400}}.] In 1896 he was involved in the [Anglo-Zanzibar War](/source/Anglo-Zanzibar_War), caused by the succession of a sultan unfavourable to the British, and led 900 pro-British [Askari](/source/Askari)s during the bombardment of the Sultan's palace.[{{London Gazette|issue=26780|page=5320|date=25 September 1896}}][{{London Gazette|issue=26886|page=4812|date=27 August 1897}}]
=== Politician in Zanzibar ===
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Raikes was acting prime minister of Zanzibar by 1898 when he was involved in a diplomatic incident with France. The Zanzibari police had caught a slave trader in the act of exporting slaves from [Pemba](/source/Pemba_Island) and he had been arrested. However, despite claims he was a native of Pemba, he claimed French nationality as a native of the [Comoros](/source/Comoros) islands and flew a French flag from his [dhow](/source/dhow). Raikes returned the flag to M. Laronce the French consul and, in court with the Arab caid, pronounced a sentence of one years imprisonment on the slaver. The British consul [Arthur Henry Hardinge](/source/Arthur_Henry_Hardinge) pronounced that the likelihood was that the slaver was born in Pemba and even if from the Comoros his birth would have preceded the declaration of the French protectorate.[{{cite web|title='File 35/85 III A 10 French Flag Question' [50r] (110/610)|url=https://www.qdl.qa/en/archive/81055/vdc_100023528762.0x00006f|website=Qatar Digital Library|access-date=26 January 2018|date=18 September 2014}}][{{cite web|title='Muscat Dhows Arbitration. In the Permanent Court of Arbitration at the Hague. Grant of the French Flag to Muscat Dhows. The case on behalf of the Government of His Britannic Majesty.' [43v] (95/208)|url=https://www.qdl.qa/en/archive/81055/vdc_100024085266.0x000060|website=Qatar Digital Library|access-date=26 January 2018|date=18 September 2014}}][{{cite web|title='Muscat Dhows Arbitration. In the Permanent Court of Arbitration at the Hague. Grant of the French Flag to Muscat Dhows. The case on behalf of the Government of His Britannic Majesty.' [44r] (96/208)|url=https://www.qdl.qa/en/archive/81055/vdc_100024085266.0x000061|website=Qatar Digital Library|access-date=26 January 2018|date=18 September 2014}}][{{cite web|title='Muscat Dhows Arbitration. In the Permanent Court of Arbitration at the Hague. Grant of the French Flag to Muscat Dhows. The case on behalf of the Government of His Britannic Majesty.' [44v] (97/208)|url=https://www.qdl.qa/en/archive/81055/vdc_100024085266.0x000062|website=Qatar Digital Library|access-date=26 January 2018|date=18 September 2014}}] In 1899 Raikes, on behalf of the Zanzibari sultan, accepted the line of demarcation proposed by Hardinge between British and Zanzibari possessions on the African mainland, this crossing the line of the [Uganda Railway](/source/Uganda_Railway).[{{cite book|last1=Hertslet|first1=Edward|last2=Brant|first2=R. W. (Richard William)|last3=Sherwood|first3=H. L. (Harry Leslie)|title=The map of Africa by treaty|date=1909|publisher=London : Printed for H.M.S.O., by Harrison and Sons|page=382|url=https://archive.org/stream/mapofafricabytr01hert/mapofafricabytr01hert_djvu.txt}}]
By 1902, Raikes had been promoted to [captain](/source/Captain_(British_Army_and_Royal_Marines)) of the Wiltshire Regiment.[{{London Gazette|issue=27614|page=6853|date=10 November 1903}}] He accompanied Sultan [Ali bin Hamud of Zanzibar](/source/Ali_bin_Hamud_of_Zanzibar) on his visit to Britain for the coronation of [King Edward VII](/source/King_Edward_VII). On 6 November 1903 [Raikes](/source/Raikes) was granted approval to accept and wear the Cross of a Commander of the [Order of Franz Joseph](/source/Order_of_Franz_Joseph) awarded to him by [Francis Joseph I](/source/Francis_Joseph_I) of [Austria](/source/Austria) when he visited Zanzibar on board [SMS ''Zenta''](/source/SMS_Zenta).[{{London Gazette|issue=27822|page=5220|date=28 July 1905}}] On 12 July 1906, Raikes was appointed a First Class Member of the [Order of El Aliyeh](/source/Order_of_El_Aliyeh) for services rendered to the Sultan of Zanzibar.[{{London Gazette|issue=27931|page=4805|date=13 July 1906}}]
Raikes served as [Vizier](/source/Vizier) to Zanzibar from 1906 until 1908 and was, at one stage, [first minister](/source/first_minister) to the country.[{{Cite web |url=http://www.eastafricaadventure.com/zanzibar.htm |title=East Africa Adventure Company page on Zanzibar |access-date=20 September 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110117133450/http://www.eastafricaadventure.com/zanzibar.htm |archive-date=17 January 2011 |url-status=dead }}][{{Citation | title = Domestic Announcements | newspaper = South Africa Magazine | date = 6 March 1915 | url =http://www.genealogyworld.net/ellen/domestic/Domestics3-6-15.htm }}]
==Personal life==
On 16 December 1899, Raikes married Geraldine Arbuthnot ({{circa|1870}}–1920), with whom he had one son.