# Arthrorhaphis

> Mediated Wiki article. Canonical URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/Arthrorhaphis
> Markdown URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/Arthrorhaphis.md
> Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthrorhaphis
> Source revision: 1305108288
> License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)

{{Short description|Genus of fungi}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Oxford spelling|date=July 2025}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| image = Arthrorhaphis alpina 1543680788.jpg 
| image_caption = ''[Arthrorhaphis alpina](/source/Arthrorhaphis_alpina)''
| taxon = Arthrorhaphis
| authority = [Th.Fr.](/source/Th.Fr.) (1860)
| parent_authority = [Poelt](/source/Josef_Poelt) & [Hafellner](/source/Hafellner) (1976)
| type_species = ''[Arthrorhaphis flavovirescens](/source/Arthrorhaphis_flavovirescens)''
| type_species_authority = ([A.Massal.](/source/A.Massal.)) Th.Fr. (1861)
| synonyms_ref = <ref name="Species Fungorum synonymy"/>
| synonyms = *''Gongylia'' {{au|[Körb.](/source/K%C3%B6rb.) (1855)}}
*''Mycobacidia'' {{au|[Rehm](/source/Heinrich_Rehm) (1890)}}
*''Parathalle'' {{au|[Clem.](/source/Clem.) (1909)}}
*''Raphiospora'' {{au|A.Massal. (1853)}}
| subdivision_ranks =
| subdivisions =
}}

'''''Arthrorhaphis''''' is a [genus](/source/genus) of [fungi](/source/fungi) in the [monotypic](/source/monotypic) family '''Arthrorhaphidaceae'''. It has 13 species.<ref name="Wijayawardene et al. 2020"/> Species in this family have a widespread distribution in [temperate](/source/temperate) and [montane](/source/montane) habitats. They grow symbiotically with [green algae](/source/green_algae), or [parasitically](/source/parasite) on other lichens.<ref>{{cite book |vauthors=Cannon PF, Kirk PM |title=Fungal Families of the World |publisher=CAB International |location=Wallingford, UK |year=2007 |page=20 |isbn=978-0-85199-827-5}}</ref> These fungi typically start as parasites on other lichens but can later become free-living, forming bright greenish-yellow to greyish scales on [acidic soil](/source/acidic_soil)s and weathered rocks in cool upland regions.

==Taxonomy==

The genus was [circumscribed](/source/circumscription_(taxonomy)) by [Theodor Magnus Fries](/source/Theodor_Magnus_Fries) in 1860. The family was proposed by lichenologists [Josef Poelt](/source/Josef_Poelt) and [Josef Hafellner](/source/Josef_Hafellner) in 1976.<ref name="Poelt & Hafellner 1976"/> The family Arthrorhaphidaceae has an uncertain taxonomic placement in the class [Lecanoromycetes](/source/Lecanoromycetes); that is, it is [incertae sedis](/source/incertae_sedis) with respect to [ordinal](/source/order_(biology)) placement.<ref name="Wijayawardene et al. 2020"/>

==Description==

''Arthrorhaphis'' species either have no [thallus](/source/thallus) of their own or form a thin crust that lacks a distinct marginal zone. When the fungus grows independently it soon breaks into tiny, strongly convex scales ({{lichengloss|squamules}}) that are bright greenish yellow to whitish grey; these scales have no true protective {{lichengloss|cortex}}, only a delicate colourless surface layer. Some taxa also produce fine, powdery [soredia](/source/soredia) that serve as [propagule](/source/propagule)s for [vegetative reproduction](/source/vegetative_reproduction). The {{lichengloss|photobiont}} partner is a {{lichengloss|chlorococcoid}} green alga that forms a conspicuous, compact {{lichengloss|algal layer|layer}} of cells.<ref name="Cannon et al. 2025"/>

The sexual [fruiting bodies](/source/fruiting_bodies) ([apothecia](/source/apothecia)) sit directly on the thallus or nestle between the squamules. They are black and either urn-shaped ({{lichengloss|urceolate}}) or {{lichengloss|disc}}-like, and many are packed with crumbly, brown-green {{lichengloss|granules}} that resemble droplets. The surrounding wall ({{lichengloss|exciple}}) is poorly developed, consisting of loosely woven [hypha](/source/hypha)e with markedly swollen walls. Threads called [paraphyses](/source/paraphyses) weave through the spore-bearing layer ([hymenium](/source/hymenium)); they are slender, freely branched and interconnected, with only slight thickening at their tips. Oil droplets are often scattered throughout the hymenium.<ref name="Cannon et al. 2025"/>

Each [ascus](/source/ascus) contains eight [ascospore](/source/ascospore)s and is club-shaped ({{lichengloss|clavate}}); the apex shows only minimal thickening and reacts negatively to iodine (K/I–) but does have a small transparent {{lichengloss|ocular chamber}}. The spores are long and narrow—ranging from cylindrical to nearly needle-like—and are divided by three to fifteen, occasionally up to twenty-eight, internal cross-walls ([septa](/source/septum)). [Asexual reproduction](/source/Asexual_reproduction) occurs in conspicuous black [pycnidia](/source/pycnidia) that produce smooth, colourless, ellipsoidal [conidia](/source/conidia). Chemically, the genus is known to contain [rhizocarpic acid](/source/rhizocarpic_acid), [epanorin](/source/epanorin) and various unidentified pigments, alongside [secondary metabolite](/source/secondary_metabolite)s derived from its [host](/source/host_(biology)) lichens.<ref name="Cannon et al. 2025"/>

==Ecology==

''Arthrorhaphis'' species favour acidic [substrates](/source/substrate_(biology)) and, less often, mildly [calcareous](/source/calcareous) ones. They usually start out [parasitising](/source/parasitism) crustose or [fruticose lichen](/source/fruticose_lichen)s but may later become free-living, spreading across soil among [moss](/source/moss)es or over weather-worn rock in cool, often upland regions.<ref name="Cannon et al. 2025"/>

==Species==
thumb|right|''Arthrorhaphis citrinella''
*''[Arthrorhaphis aeruginosa](/source/Arthrorhaphis_aeruginosa)'' {{au|R.Sant. & Tønsberg (1994)}}<ref name="Santesson & Tønsberg 1994"/>
*''[Arthrorhaphis alpina](/source/Arthrorhaphis_alpina)'' {{au|(Schaer.) R.Sant. (1980)}}<ref name="Hawksworth et al. 1980"/>
*''[Arthrorhaphis anziana](/source/Arthrorhaphis_anziana)'' {{au|(Lynge) Poelt (1969)}}
*''[Arthrorhaphis arctoparmeliae](/source/Arthrorhaphis_arctoparmeliae)'' {{au|Kocourk. & van den Boom (2005)}}<ref name="Kocourková & van den Boom 2005"/>
*''[Arthrorhaphis citrinella](/source/Arthrorhaphis_citrinella)'' {{au|(Ach.) Poelt (1969)}}
*''[Arthrorhaphis grisea](/source/Arthrorhaphis_grisea)'' {{au|Th.Fr. (1861)}}
*''[Arthrorhaphis muddii](/source/Arthrorhaphis_muddii)'' {{au|Obermayer (1994)}}<ref name="Obermayer 1994"/>
*''[Arthrorhaphis olivaceae](/source/Arthrorhaphis_olivaceae)'' {{au|R.Sant. & Tønsberg (1994)}}<ref name="Santesson & Tønsberg 1994"/>
*''[Arthrorhaphis phyllobaeis](/source/Arthrorhaphis_phyllobaeis)'' {{au|Etayo & Palice (2017)}}<ref name="Etayo 2017"/>
*''[Arthrorhaphis summorum](/source/Arthrorhaphis_summorum)'' {{au|B.de Lesd. (1933)}}
*''[Arthrorhaphis vacillans](/source/Arthrorhaphis_vacillans)'' {{au|Th.Fr. & Almq. ex Th.Fr. (1867)}}<ref name="Fries 1867"/>
*''[Arthrorhaphis viridescens](/source/Arthrorhaphis_viridescens)'' {{au|Rabenh. (1870)}}

==References==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em|refs=

<ref name="Cannon et al. 2025">{{cite book |last1=Cannon |first1=P. |last2=Coppins |first2=B. |last3=Aptroot |first3=A. |last4=Sanderson |first4=N. |last5=Simkin |first5=J. |year=2025 |title=Miscellaneous lichens and lichenicolous fungi, including ''Aphanopsis'' and ''Steinia'' (Aphanopsidaceae), ''Arthrorhaphis'' (Arthrorhaphidaceae), ''Buelliella'', ''Hemigrapha'', ''Melaspileella'', ''Stictographa'' and ''Taeniolella'' (Asterinales, family unassigned), ''Phylloblastia'' (Chaetothyriales, family unassigned) ''Cystocoleus'' (Cystocoleaceae), ''Sclerococcum'' (Dactylosporaceae), ''Eiglera'' (Eigleraceae), ''Epigloea'' (Epigloeaceae), ''Euopsis'' (Harpidiaceae), ''Lichenothelia'' (Lichenotheliaceae), ''Lichinodium'' (Lichinodiaceae), ''Melaspilea'' (Melaspileaceae), ''Epithamnolia'' and ''Mniaecia'' (Mniaeciaceae), ''Lichenostigma'' (Phaeococcomycetaceae), ''Pycnora'' (Pycnoraceae), ''Racodium'' (Racodiaceae), ''Chicitaea'' and ''Loxospora'' (Sarrameanaceae), ''Schaereria'' (Schaereriaceae), ''Strangospora'' (Strangosporaceae), ''Botryolepraria'' and ''Stigmidium'' (Verrucariales, family unassigned), and ''Biatoridium'', ''Mycoglaena'', ''Orphniospora'', ''Piccolia'', ''Psammina'' and ''Wadeana'' (order and family unassigned) |series=Revisions of British and Irish Lichens |volume=57 |page=51 |url=https://britishlichensociety.org.uk/sites/default/files/Miscellaneous%20genera_0.pdf}}{{Open access}}</ref>

<ref name="Etayo 2017">{{cite book |last1=Etayo |first1=Javier |year=2017 |title=Hongos liquenícolas de Ecuador |trans-title=Lichenicolous fungi of Ecuador |series=Opera Lilloana |publisher=Fundación Miguel Lillo |location=Tucumán |volume=50 |page=98 |language=es}}</ref>

<ref name="Fries 1867">{{cite journal |last=Fries |first=T.M. |year=1867 |title=Nya skandinaviska laf-arter |trans-title=New Scandinavian lichen species |journal=Botaniska Notiser |volume=1867 |pages=105–110}}</ref>

<ref name="Hawksworth et al. 1980">{{cite journal |last1=Hawksworth |first1=D.L. |last2=James |first2=P.W. |last3=Coppins |first3=B.J. |title=Checklist of British lichen-forming, lichenicolous and allied fungi |journal=The Lichenologist |volume=12 |issue=1 |year=1980 |doi=10.1017/s0024282980000035 |pages=1–115 [106] |bibcode=1980ThLic..12....1H }}</ref>

<ref name="Kocourková & van den Boom 2005">{{cite journal |last1=Kocourková |first1=J. |last2=van den Boom |first2=P.P.G. |year=2005 |title=Lichenicolous fungi from the Czech Republic II. ''Arthrorhaphis arctoparmeliae'' sp. nov. and some new records for the country |journal=Herzogia |volume=18 |pages=23–35}}</ref>

<ref name="Obermayer 1994">{{cite journal |last1=Obermayer |first1=W. |year=1994 |title=Die Flechtengattung ''Arthrorhaphis'' (Arthrorhaphidaceae, Ascomycotina) in Europa und Grönland |journal=Nova Hedwigia |volume=58 |issue=3–4 |pages=275–333 |language=de}}</ref>

<ref name="Poelt & Hafellner 1976">{{cite journal |last1=Poelt |first1=J. |last2=Hafellner |first2=J. |year=1976 |title=Lichen Neonorrlinia-Trypetheliza and family Arthrorhaphidaceae |journal=Phyton: Annales Rei Botanicae |volume=17 |issue=3–4 |pages=213–220 |language=de}}</ref>

<ref name="Santesson & Tønsberg 1994">{{cite journal |last1=Santesson |first1=R. |last2=Tønsberg |first2=T. |year=1994 |title=''Arthrorhaphis aeruginosa'' and ''A. olivacea'', two new lichenicolous fungi |journal=The Lichenologist |volume=26 |issue=3 |pages=295–299 |doi=10.1006/lich.1994.1021 |bibcode=1994ThLic..26..295S }}</ref>

<ref name="Species Fungorum synonymy">{{cite web |title=Synonymy: ''Arthrorhaphis'' Th. Fr., Lich. arct. (Uppsala): 203 (1860) |url=http://www.speciesfungorum.org/Names/SynSpecies.asp?RecordID=336 |publisher=[Species Fungorum](/source/Species_Fungorum) |access-date=20 March 2020}}</ref>

<ref name="Wijayawardene et al. 2020">{{cite journal |display-authors=6 |last1=Wijayawardene |first1=Nalin |last2=Hyde |first2=Kevin |first3=Laith Khalil Tawfeeq |last3=Al-Ani |last4=Somayeh |first4=Dolatabadi |last5=Stadler |first5=Marc |last6=Haelewaters |first6=Danny |last7=Tsurykau |first7=Andrei |last8=Mesic |first8=Armin |last9=Navathe |first9=Sudhir |last10=Papp |first10=Viktor |last11=Oliveira Fiuza |first11=Patrícia |last12=Vázquez |first12=Víctor |last13=Gautam |first13=Ajay |last14=Becerra |first14=Alejandra G. |last15=Ekanayaka |first15=Anusha |last16=K. C. |first16=Rajeshkumar |last17=Bezerra |first17=Jadson |last18=Matočec |first18=Neven |last19=Maharachchikumbura |first19=Sajeewa |last20=Suetrong |first20=Satinee |year=2020 |title=Outline of Fungi and fungus-like taxa |journal=Mycosphere |volume=11 |pages=1060–1456 |doi=10.5943/mycosphere/11/1/8 |doi-access=free|hdl=11336/151990 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>

}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q10418779|from2=Q4797692}}

Category:Lecanoromycetes
Category:Lichen genera
Category:Lecanoromycetes genera
Category:Taxa described in 1860
Category:Taxa named by Theodor Magnus Fries

---
Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Arthrorhaphis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthrorhaphis) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthrorhaphis?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.