# Arrixaca

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**Arrixaca** (later San Esteban) was an *arrabal* (suburb) of [Murcia](/source/Murcia), although it is now in the centre of the expanded city. It is the site of the [Al-Andalusian palatial complex and neighborhood of San Esteban](/source/Al-Andalusian_palatial_complex_and_neighborhood_of_San_Esteban).[1]

## Etymology

The name may have [Basque](/source/Basques)-[Navarrese](/source/Navarrese) origins, similar to place names like Arriyaga, Arrillaga, Arrixaga, or Arrixaca. Linguistically, it could mean "place of stones.[2]

## History

### Islamic Era

This residential area had access to water from the [Acequia Mayor Aljufía](/source/Acequia_Mayor_Aljuf%C3%ADa) irrigation canal. In medieval times, the canal ran along the northern side of the walled city of Murcia, outside the [Arab Walls of Murcia](/source/Arab_Walls_of_Murcia). This facilitated the development of Arrixaca, where wealthy Andalusian families established their [almunias](/source/Almunia_(Islamic_gardens)) thanks to the availability of water. It is no coincidence that rulers like [Ibn Mardanis](/source/Ibn_Mardanis) (12th century) and [Ibn Hud](/source/Ibn_Hud) (13th century) built their [recreational palaces](/source/Monastery_of_Santa_Clara_la_Real_(Murcia)) in this area, drawing water directly from the Aljufía.

The former patroness of Murcia, [Our Lady of Arrixaca](/source/Our_Lady_of_Arrixaca) is housed in the [Church of San Andrés](/source/Church_of_San_Andr%C3%A9s_(Murcia)). One theory suggests that the image was located in a chapel in the Arrixaca suburb, where being outside the [city walls](/source/City_walls) non Muslims such as Italian Christian silk traders from [Pisa](/source/Pisa) and [Genoa](/source/Genoa) were allowed to live and worship. At the time, Murcia was one of the Mediterranean's main silk producers.

### Castillan Protectorate

When the [Taifa of Murcia](/source/Taifa_of_Murcia) became [Castile's](/source/Crown_of_Castile) [protectorate](/source/Protectorate) [in 1243](/source/Treaty_of_Alcaraz) the Muslim royal family members, who were still nominally "kings of Murcia," relocated from the centre of Murcia to the [Al Qasr al-Sagir](/source/Al_Qasr_al-Sagir) in Arrixaca. A growing proportion of the Muslim population followed them to the suburb as Murcia was Christianised by immigrants from across Iberia with the goal of establishing a loyal Christian base.

The Christian population of the town became the majority, with Muslims increasingly confined to Arrixaca. This led to a [Muslim revolt in 1264](/source/Muslim_revolt_in_1264), which was [quelled](/source/Conquest_of_Murcia_(1265%E2%80%9366)) by [James I of Aragon](/source/James_I_of_Aragon) in 1266, who brought further Aragonese and Catalan immigrants with him. The revolt effectively nullified any obligations that Alfonso had to honor the treaty's terms.[3]

### Muslim Enclave

The failure of the rebellion had disastrous consequences for Muslims in Murcia. Effectively, Murcia's defeat meant that instead of being a self-governing Muslim [protectorate](/source/Protectorate) of Castille it was ruled directly by Castil[4] with some bits allocated to Aragon.[5]

The rebellious territories endured mass expulsions[6][7] and Christians were paid to settle formerly Muslim lands[8] with mosques reconsecrated as churches.[6] Unlike in Andalusia,[6][7] the large Muslim population in the city of Murcia remained with their religious rights guaranteed, but were forced to move to Arrixaca with houses and lands within the city were divided among Christian settlers.[9] Over time, Alfonso further reduced the portion of lands allocated to the Muslims and moved in settlers from other parts of Castille to replace them.[9]

Muslim rights guaranteed by the terms of surrender were weakly enforced.[10] A wall was constructed between the Muslim suburb and the rest of the city, and the Muslims retained freedom of religion in their suburb.[9] A new leader of the Muslims was appointed with the title "King of the Moors of Arrixaca in Murcia", in contrast to the pre rebellion "King of Murcia".[9]

### Muslim Emigration

However, many of its Muslim inhabitants emigrated to the [still Muslim Granada](/source/Nasrid_Kingdom_of_Granada), so that by 1272, two Catholic parishes, [San Miguel](/source/Church_of_San_Miguel_(Murcia)) and [Santiago](/source/Church_of_Santiago_(Murcia)), were established in the northern part of the arrabal, later called *[Arrixaca Vieja](/source/Arrixaca_Vieja)*. The continued depopulation of the [Morería](/source/Morer%C3%ADa_(urbanism)) of Murcia led to the foundation of the [parish of San Andrés](/source/Church_of_San_Andr%C3%A9s_(Murcia)) in 1293, in what became known as *Arrixaca Nueva*.[11][12]

## References

### Footnotes

1. ["El yacimiento es una mina de oro y es una barbaridad hacer un aparcamiento"](http://www.laopiniondemurcia.es/murcia/2009/12/08/murcia-yacimiento-mina-barbaridad-aparcamiento/216015.html) [The site is a gold mine, and building a parking lot is outrageous] (in Spanish). *[La Opinion de Murcia](/source/La_Opinion_de_Murcia)*. 12 August 2009.

1. Deriving from "arri" (stone) and "-aga" (place of). The transformation of "x" or "y" in the name may be due to phonetic epenthesis.

1. Torres Fontes 1995, p. 281.

1. Harvey 1992, pp. 47–48.

1. Harvey 1992, p. 50.

1. Harvey 1992, p. 54.

1. Kennedy 2014, p. 279.

1. Doubleday 2015, p. 123.

1. O'Callaghan 2011, p. 52.

1. Harvey 1992, p. 47.

1. Jiménez Castillo 2016.

1. ["Parish of San Andrés. History"](http://www.sanandresarrixaca.es/historia.html). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20180527201533/http://www.sanandresarrixaca.es/historia.html) May 27, 2018 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved May 26, 2018.

### Bibliography

- Doubleday, Simon R. (2015). [*The Wise King: A Christian Prince, Muslim Spain, and the Birth of the Renaissance*](https://books.google.com/books?id=6IZ1CAAAQBAJ). Basic Books. ISBN 978-0-465-07391-7.
- Estrella Sevilla, Emilio (2007). *Dos siglos a la sombra de una torre* (in Spanish). Murcia: Contraste Producciones, S.L. ISBN 978-84-612-0451-9.
- Harvey, L. P. (1992). [*Islamic Spain, 1250 to 1500*](https://books.google.com/books?id=td3tcLWvSNkC). Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 51–54. ISBN 978-0-226-31962-9.
- Jiménez Castillo, Pedro (2016). "El impacto de la conquista cristiana en el paisaje urbano de Murcia" [The impact of the Christian conquest on the urban landscape of Murcia] (in Spanish). *Papeles de Cultura*. '***(4): 10.***
- Kennedy, Hugh (2014). [*Muslim Spain and Portugal: A Political History of Al-Andalus*](https://books.google.com/books?id=NFfJAwAAQBAJ). Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-87041-8.
- O'Callaghan, Joseph F. (2011). [*The Gibraltar Crusade: Castile and the Battle for the Strait*](https://books.google.com/books?id=NOiAzwEJgaYC). University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 34–59. ISBN 978-0-8122-0463-6.
- Torres Fontes, Juan (1995). ["Del tratado de Alcaraz al de Almizra. De la tenencia al señorío (1243-1244)"](http://digitum.um.es/xmlui/bitstream/10201/16539/1/7671364411PB.pdf) (in Spanish). *Miscelánea Medieval Murciana*. **19**: 279–302. [ISSN 0210-4903](https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0210-4903)
- Torres Fontes, Juan (2002). ["Alcaraz y la cantiga CLXXVIII"](http://institucional.us.es/revistas/alcanate/3/art_9.pdf) (in Spanish). *Alcanate: Revista de estudios Alfonsíes*. **3**: 255–270. [ISSN 1579-0576](https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1579-0576)

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Arrixaca](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrixaca) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrixaca?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.