# Arctomiaceae

> Mediated Wiki article. Canonical URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/Arctomiaceae
> Markdown URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/Arctomiaceae.md
> Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctomiaceae
> Source revision: 1354742180
> License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)

{{Short description|Family of lichen-forming fungi}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| image = Gabura fasciculare 11361947.jpg
| image_caption = ''[Gabura fascicularis](/source/Gabura_fascicularis)'' in New Zealand
| taxon = Arctomiaceae
| authority = [Th.Fr.](/source/Theodor_Magnus_Fries) (1861)
| type_genus = ''Arctomia''
| type_genus_authority = Th.Fr. (1861)
| subdivision_ranks = [Genera](/source/Genus)
| subdivision = ''[Arctomia](/source/Arctomia)''<br />
''[Gabura](/source/Gabura)''<br />
''[Gregorella](/source/Gregorella)''<br />
''[Steinera](/source/Steinera)''<br />
''[Wawea](/source/Wawea)''
}}

The '''Arctomiaceae''' are a [family](/source/Family_(taxonomy)) of [lichen](/source/lichen)-forming [fungi](/source/fungi) in the [Ascomycota](/source/Ascomycota), class [Baeomycetales](/source/Baeomycetales).<ref name="Wijayawardene et al. 2020"/> The family was named by [Theodor Magnus Fries](/source/Theodor_Magnus_Fries) in 1861, with ''[Arctomia](/source/Arctomia)'' as the [type genus](/source/type_genus).<ref name="Fries 1861"/> Species in this family are found in [arctic](/source/arctic) and [subarctic](/source/subarctic) habitats, usually associated with [bryophytes](/source/bryophytes).<ref>{{cite book |vauthors=Cannon PF, Kirk PM |title=Fungal Families of the World |publisher=CAB International |location=Wallingford, UK |year=2007 |page=17 |isbn=978-0-85199-827-5}}</ref> In overall [morphology](/source/morphology_(biology)), the Arctomiaceae combine features that are otherwise uncommon together within the [Ostropomycetidae](/source/Ostropomycetidae): a consistent association with [cyanobacteria](/source/cyanobacteria)l genus ''[Nostoc](/source/Nostoc)'', gelatinous [thalli](/source/thalli), and [fruiting bodies](/source/fruiting_bodies) that develop openly rather than being enclosed.

==Classification==
The [order](/source/order_(biology)) Arctomiales was proposed by [Soili Stenroos](/source/Soili_Stenroos), Jolanta Miadlikowska, and François Lutzoni in 2014 to contain this family.<ref name="Miadlikowska et al. 2014"/> In 2018, the class [Lecanoromycetes](/source/Lecanoromycetes) was revised using a temporal approach that uses time-calibrated [chronogram](/source/chronogram)s to define temporal bands for comparable ranks for orders and families. In this work, the orders Arctomiales, Hymeneliales, and Trapeliales were [synonymized](/source/synonym_(biology)) with [Baeomycetales](/source/Baeomycetales).<ref name="Kraichak et al. 2018"/> In a subsequent review of the use of this method for biological classification of lichens, [Robert Lücking](/source/Robert_L%C3%BCcking) considered this merge justified.<ref name="Lücking 2019"/> This synonymy was also accepted in later compilations of fungal classification, and Arctomiaceae is [classified](/source/classification_(biology)) in the order Baeomycetales.<ref name="Wijayawardene et al. 2020"/><ref name="Wijayawardene et al. 2022"/>

==Description==

Members of the Arctomiaceae are lichen-forming fungi that produce small to moderately developed [thalli](/source/thalli), which are typically [crustose](/source/crustose_lichen) to weakly [fruticose](/source/fruticose_lichen) and often gelatinous when wet. The thallus is usually closely attached to the [substrate](/source/substrate_(biology)) and is most often [bryophilous](/source/bryophilous_lichen), growing directly on [moss](/source/moss)es or among [bryophyte](/source/bryophyte) mats. In many species the thallus has a soft, somewhat translucent appearance when hydrated, reflecting its [cyanobacteria](/source/cyanobacteria)l symbiosis, while in dry conditions it becomes darker, firmer, and more compact. Unlike many other lichen families in the [Ostropomycetidae](/source/Ostropomycetidae), the Arctomiaceae consistently associate with cyanobacteria of the genus ''[Nostoc](/source/Nostoc)'' as their primary {{lichengloss|photobiont}}, a feature that strongly influences both thallus texture and ecology.<ref name="Miadlikowska et al. 2014"/>

The reproductive structures are [apothecia](/source/apothecia) that develop in a gymnocarpous manner, meaning that the {{lichengloss|disc}} becomes exposed early in development rather than remaining enclosed. Apothecia are usually small, often dark, and may appear partially immersed or only weakly differentiated from the surrounding thallus. The {{lichengloss|exciple}} is frequently thin or poorly developed. [Asci](/source/ascus) are cylindrical and contain eight [ascospore](/source/ascospore)s; they show a well-developed apical cap and an [amyloid](/source/amyloid_(mycology)) reaction in the ascus wall, a {{lichengloss|character}} that aligns the family with other lichenized members of the Lecanoromycetes while still setting it apart by details of ascus structure. Ascospores are [hyaline](/source/hyaline), elongated, and transversely [septate](/source/septum), commonly tapering toward the ends, giving them a slightly needle-like outline under the microscope.<ref name="Miadlikowska et al. 2014"/>

==Genera==
*''[Arctomia](/source/Arctomia)'' {{au|Th.Fr. (1861)}}<ref name="Fries 1861"/> – 4 spp.
*''[Gabura](/source/Gabura)'' {{au|Adans. (1763)}} – 3 spp.
*''[Gregorella](/source/Gregorella)'' {{au|Lumbsch (2005)}}<ref name="Lumbsch et al. 2005"/> – 1 sp.
*''[Steinera](/source/Steinera)'' {{au|Zahlbr. (1906)}}<ref name="Zahlbruckner 1906"/> – 12 spp.
*''[Wawea](/source/Wawea)'' {{au|Henssen & Kantvilas (1985)}}<ref name="Henssen & Kantvilas 1985"/> – 1 sp.

Genus ''Gabura'' was resurrected for use in 2020 and contains three species formerly placed in ''Arctomia''.<ref name="Magain et al. 2020"/>

==References==
<references>

<ref name="Fries 1861">{{cite journal |last1=Fries |first1=T.M. |year=1861 |title=Lichenes arctoi Europae Groenlandiaeque hactenus cogniti |trans-title=Arctic lichens of Europe and Greenland known thus far |journal=Nova Acta Regiae Societatis Scientiarum Upsaliensis |volume=3 |series=3 |pages=103–398 |language=la}}</ref>

<ref name="Henssen & Kantvilas 1985">{{cite journal |last1=Henssen |first1=Aino |last2=Kantvilas |first2=G. |title=''Wawea fruticulosa'', a new genus and species from the Southern Hemisphere |journal=The Lichenologist |volume=17 |issue=1 |year=1985 |doi=10.1017/S0024282985000093 |pages=85–97}}</ref>

<ref name="Kraichak et al. 2018">{{cite journal |last1=Kraichak |first1=Ekaphan |last2=Huang |first2=Jen-Pan |last3=Nelsen |first3=Matthew |last4=Leavitt |first4=Steven D. |last5=Lumbsch |first5=H. Thorsten |title=A revised classification of orders and families in the two major subclasses of Lecanoromycetes (Ascomycota) based on a temporal approach |journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society |year=2018 |volume=188 |issue=3 |pages=233–249 |doi=10.1093/botlinnean/boy060}}</ref>

<ref name="Lücking 2019">{{cite journal |last1=Lücking |first1=Robert |title=Stop the abuse of time! Strict temporal banding is not the future of rank-based Cclassifications in fungi (including lichens) and other organisms |journal=Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences |year=2019 |volume=38 |issue=3 |pages=199–253 |doi=10.1080/07352689.2019.1650517}}</ref>

<ref name="Lumbsch et al. 2005">{{cite journal |last1=Lumbsch |first1=H. Thorsten |last2=del Prado |first2=Ruth |last3=Kantvilas |first3=Gintaras |title=''Gregorella'', a new genus to accommodate ''Moelleropsis humida'' and a molecular phylogeny of Arctomiaceae |journal=The Lichenologist |volume=37 |issue=4 |year=2005 |pages=291–302 |doi=10.1017/S002428290501532X}}</ref>

<ref name="Magain et al. 2020">{{cite journal |last1=Magain |first1=Nicolas |last2=Spribille |first2=Toby |last3=DiMeglio |first3=Joseph |last4=Nelson |first4=Peter R. |last5=Miadlikowska |first5=Jolanta |last6=Sérusiaux |first6=Emmanuël |title=Phylogenetic evidence for an expanded circumscription of ''Gabura'' (Arctomiaceae) |journal=The Lichenologist |volume=52 |issue=1 |year=2020 |doi=10.1017/s0024282919000471 |pages=3–15}}</ref>

<ref name="Miadlikowska et al. 2014">{{cite journal |display-authors=6 |last1=Miadlikowska |first1=Jolanta |last2=Kauff |first2=Frank |last3=Högnabba |first3=Filip |last4=Oliver |first4=Jeffrey C. |last5=Molnár |first5=Katalin |last6=Fraker |first6=Emily |last7=Gaya |first7=Ester |last8=Hafellner |first8=Josef |last9=Hofstetter |first9=Valérie |last10=Gueidan |first10=Cécile |last11=Otálora |first11=Mónica A.G. |last12=Hodkinson |first12=Brendan |last13=Kukwa |first13=Martin |last14=Lücking |first14=Robert |last15=Björk |first15=Curtis |last16=Sipman |first16=Harrie J.M. |last17=Burgaz |first17=Ana Rosa |last18=Thell |first18=Arne |last19=Passo |first19=Alfredo |last20=Myllys |first20=Leena |last21=Goward |first21=Trevor |last22=Fernández-Brime |first22=Samantha |last23=Hestmark |first23=Geir |last24=Lendemer |first24=James |last25=Lumbsch |first25=H. Thorsten |last26=Schmull |first26=Michaela |last27=Schoch |first27=Conrad L. |last28=Sérusiaux |first28=Emmanuël |last29=Maddison |first29=David R. |last30=Arnold |first30=A. Elizabeth |last31=Lutzoni |first31=François |last32=Stenroos |first32=Soili |title=A multigene phylogenetic synthesis for the class Lecanoromycetes (Ascomycota): 1307 fungi representing 1139 infrageneric taxa, 317 genera and 66 families |journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution |volume=79 |year=2014 |doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2014.04.003 |pages=132–168 |pmid=24747130 |pmc=4185256}}</ref>

<ref name="Wijayawardene et al. 2020">{{cite journal |display-authors=6 |last1=Wijayawardene |first1=Nalin |last2=Hyde |first2=Kevin |first3=LKT |last3=Al-Ani |first4=S |last4=Dolatabadi |last5=Stadler |first5=Marc |last6=Haelewaters |first6=Danny |last7=Tsurykau |first7=Andrei |last8=Mesic |first8=Armin |last9=Navathe |first9=Sudhir |last10=Papp |first10=Viktor |last11=Oliveira Fiuza |first11=Patrícia |last12=Vázquez |first12=Víctor |last13=Gautam |first13=Ajay |last14=Becerra |first14=Alejandra G. |last15=Ekanayaka |first15=Anusha |last16=K. C. |first16=Rajeshkumar |last17=Bezerra |first17=Jadson |last18=Matočec |first18=Neven |last19=Maharachchikumbura |first19=Sajeewa |last20=Suetrong |first20=Satinee |year=2020 |title=Outline of Fungi and fungus-like taxa |journal=Mycosphere |volume=11 |pages=1060–1456 |doi=10.5943/mycosphere/11/1/8 |doi-access=free|hdl=2437/291201 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>

<ref name="Wijayawardene et al. 2022">{{cite journal |display-authors=6 |last1=Wijayawardene |first1=N.N. |last2=Hyde |first2=K.D. |last3=Dai |first3=D.Q. |last4=Sánchez-García |first4=M. |last5=Goto |first5=B.T. |last6=Saxena |first6=R.K. |last7=Erdoğdu |first7=M. |last8=Selçuk |first8=F. |last9=Rajeshkumar |first9=K.C. |last10=Aptroot |first10=A. |last11=Błaszkowski |first11=J. |last12=Boonyuen |first12=N. |last13=da Silva |first13=G. |last14=de Souza |first14=F.A. |last15=Dong |first15=W. |last16=Ertz |first16=D. |last17=Haelewaters |first17=D. |last18=Jones |first18=E.B. |last19=Karunarathna |first19=S.C. |last20=Kirk |first20=P.M. |last21=Kukwa |first21=M. |last22=Kumla |first22=J. |last23=Leontyev |first23=D.V. |last24=Lumbsch |first24=H.T. |last25=Maharachchikumbura |first25=S.S.N. |last26=Marguno |first26=F. |last27=Martínez-Rodríguez |first27=P. |last28=Mešić |first28=A. |last29=Monteiro |first29=J.S. |last30=Oehl |first30=F. |last31=Pawłowska |first31=J. |last32=Pem |first32=D. |last33=Pfliegler |first33=W.P. |last34=Phillips |first34=A.J.L. |last35=Pošta |first35=A. |last36=He |first36=M.Q. |last37=Li |first37=J.X. |last38=Raza |first38=M. |last39=Sruthi |first39=O.P. |last40=Suetrong |first40=S. |last41=Suwannarach |first41=N. |last42=Tedersoo |first42=L. |last43=Thiyagaraja |first43=V. |last44=Tibpromma |first44=S. |last45=Tkalčec |first45=Z. |last46=Tokarev |first46=Y.S. |last47=Wanasinghe |first47=D.N. |last48=Wijesundara |first48=D.S.A. |last49=Wimalaseana |first49=S.D.M.K. |last50=Madrid |first50=H. |last51=Zhang |first51=G.Q. |last52=Gao |first52=Y. |last53=Sánchez-Castro |first53=I. |last54=Tang |first54=L.Z. |last55=Stadler |first55=M. |last56=Yurkov |first56=A. |last57=Thines |first57=M. |year=2022 |title=Outline of Fungi and fungus-like taxa – 2021 |journal=Mycosphere |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=53–453 |doi=10.5943/mycosphere/13/1/2 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/358798332|hdl=10261/307518 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>

<ref name="Zahlbruckner 1906">{{cite journal |last1=Zahlbruckner |first1=A. |year=1906 |title=Die Flechten der Deutschen Südpolarexpedition 1901–1903 |journal=Deutsche Südpolarexpedition 1901–1903 |volume=8 |pages=19–55 [41] |language=de |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/11177842}}</ref>

</references>

{{Taxonbar|from=Q4787626}}

Category:Baeomycetales
Category:Lichen families
Category:Lecanoromycetes families
Category:Taxa described in 1861
Category:Taxa named by Theodor Magnus Fries

---
Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Arctomiaceae](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctomiaceae) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctomiaceae?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.