# Arcobacter

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Genus of bacteria

Arcobacter Scientific classification Domain: Bacteria Kingdom: Pseudomonadati Phylum: Campylobacterota Class: "Campylobacteria" Order: Campylobacterales Family: Arcobacteraceae Waite et al. 2020 Genus: Arcobacter Vandamme et al. 1991 Type species Arcobacter nitrofigilis (McClung et al. 1983) Vandamme et al. 1991 Species[1][2] See text

***Arcobacter*** is a [genus](/source/Genus) of [Gram-negative](/source/Gram-negative), spiral-shaped [bacteria](/source/Bacteria) in the phylum [Campylobacterota](/source/Campylobacterota).[3] It shows an unusually wide range of habitats, and some species can be human and animal [pathogens](/source/Pathogens).[3][4] Species of the genus *Arcobacter* are found in both animal and environmental sources, making them unique among the Campylobacterota.[5]

## Taxonomy

This genus currently consists of five species: *A. butzleri*, *A. cryaerophilus*, *A. skirrowii*, *A. nitrofigilis*, and *A. sulfidicus*, although several other potential novel species have recently been described from varying environments.[5][6] Three of these five known species are pathogenic.[6] Members of this genus were first isolated in 1977 from aborted bovine fetuses. They are aerotolerant, *[Campylobacter](/source/Campylobacter)*-like organisms, previously classified as *Campylobacter*.[7] The genus *Arcobacter*, in fact, was created as recently as 1992.[8] Although they are similar to this other genus, *Arcobacter* species can grow at lower temperatures than *Campylobacter*, as well as in the air, which *Campylobacter* cannot.[7]

## Name

The name *Arcobacter* is derived from the Latin *arcus* meaning "bow" and the Greek *bacter* meaning "rod", and should be understood to mean "bow-shaped rod" or "curved rod". This is a reference to the characteristic curved shaped that most *Arcobacter* cells possess.[9]

## Pathogenicity

*Arcobacter* species have been discovered as both animal and human pathogens within the past decade, due to improvements in isolation techniques.[7] Up to now, little is known about the mechanisms of pathogenicity or potential virulence factors of *Arcobacter* spp.[10] Since no routine diagnostic of these bacteria has been performed, the global prevalence of *Arcobacter* infection is rather underestimated and the exact routes of transmission are unknown.[11] Some evidence indicates livestock animals may be a significant reservoir of *Arcobacter*, and over the last few years, the presence of these organisms in raw meat products, as well as in surface and ground water, has received increasing attention.[10]

In humans, *A. butzleri*, and less commonly, *A. cryaerophilus*, have been linked to [enteritis](/source/Enteritis) and occasionally [bacteremia](/source/Bacteremia).[7] Symptoms of *A. butzleri* infections include diarrhea associated with abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting or fever.[7] Studies of patients infected with *A. butzleri* have demonstrated that without treatment, symptoms endured for a very variable amount of time, from two days to several weeks.[8] When antimicrobial therapies were administered, the infection was eradicated within a few days, and all strains in the study were found to be susceptible to the antibiotics given.[8] A third species, *A. skirrowii*, has also recently been isolated from a patient with chronic diarrhea.[7]

Although the microbiological and clinical features of *Arcobacter* are not yet well defined, initial studies of *A. butzleri* suggest that these bacteria display similar microbiological and clinical features as *[C. jejuni](/source/C._jejuni)*, but are more associated with a persistent, watery diarrhea than with the bloody diarrhea associated with *C. jejuni*.[7] Recent studies suggest that *A. butzleri* induces epithelial barrier dysfunction by changes in [tight junction](/source/Tight_junction) proteins and induction of epithelial [apoptosis](/source/Apoptosis).[11] Based on this model, the virulence of *A. butzleri* seems to have two phases. An initial effect on tight junctions was observed first, followed by a late effect on cytotoxicity because of [necrosis](/source/Necrosis) and induction of apoptosis.[11]

## Nonpathogenic strains

*A. nitrofigilis* is a [nitrogen-fixing](/source/Nitrogen-fixing) bacterium isolated from the roots of the salt marsh plant *[Spartina alterniflora](/source/Spartina_alterniflora)*.[6] *A. sulfidicus* is an obligate microaerophile that oxidizes sulfides and is an [autotrophic](/source/Autotrophic) producer of filamentous [sulfur](/source/Sulfur).[6] Large populations of this bacterium produce mats of this solid, white sulfur filament.[12] These mats are useful in anchoring the bacteria to rocky surfaces in the face of flowing subsurface hydrothermal fluids, as well as providing important carpeting around [hydrothermal vents](/source/Hydrothermal_vents) that attracts other animals to that site and encourages them to settle and grow.[12] One interesting potential novel *Arcobacter* species, designated LA31BT, was isolated from water collected from a [hypersaline](/source/Hypersaline) lagoon.[5] Preliminary characterization based on [16S rRNA](/source/16S_ribosomal_RNA) gene sequence analysis showed that LA31BT shared 94% identity with *A. nitrofigilis*, the [type species](/source/Type_species) of the genus, and [taxonomic](/source/Taxonomy_(biology)) studies confirmed the phylogenetic affiliation of strain LA31BT to the genus *Arcobacter*.[5] Other analytical methods, however, showed that LA31BT was distinct from all recognized *Arcobacter* species. Most notably and of interest, LA31BT was found to be an obligate [halophile](/source/Halophile), a trait not found among recognized *Arcobacter* species.[5]

Another unusual *Arcobacter* species, designated strain CAB, was isolated from marine sediment and found to have the capacity to grow via [perchlorate](/source/Perchlorate) reduction, the only member of the Campylobacterota in pure culture to possess this rare metabolism.[13] Unlike most *Arcobacter* species, CAB was found to degrade carbohydrates, including [fructose](/source/Fructose) and [catechol](/source/Catechol), and its cells often lacked the distinctive curvature typical of the genus *Arcobacter*.[13]

## Phylogeny

The currently accepted taxonomy is based on the [List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature](/source/List_of_Prokaryotic_names_with_Standing_in_Nomenclature) (LPSN)[1] and [National Center for Biotechnology Information](/source/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information) (NCBI).[2]

16S rRNA based LTP_10_2024[14][15][16] 120 marker proteins based GTDB 10-RS226[17][18][19] Arcobacter A. lekithochrous A. roscoffensis A. antarcticus A. parvus A. mytili A. pacificus A. halophilus A. molluscorum A. canalis Pérez-Cataluña et al. 2018 A. marinus A. nitrofigilis A. acticola A. caeni A. venerupis A. anaerophilus A. ebronensis A. arenosus A. bivalviorum A. ellisii A. cloacae A. suis A. aquimarinus A. defluvii A. butzleri A. lacus A. vandammei A. faecis A. lanthieri A. vitoriensis A. cibarius A. cryaerophilus A. skirrowii A. thereius A. trophiarum Poseidonibacter Malaciobacter Arcobacter Halarcobacter Pseudarcobacter Aliarcobacter s.s. "Ca. Marinarcus aquaticus" corrig.Pérez-Cataluña et al. 2018 Malaciobacter M. mytili corrig. (Collado et al. 2009) Pérez-Cataluña et al. 2019 M. molluscorum corrig. (Figueras et al. 2011) Pérez-Cataluña et al. 2019 M. halophilus corrig. (Donachie et al. 2005) Pérez-Cataluña et al. 2019 M. marinus corrig. (Kim et al. 2010) Pérez-Cataluña et al. 2019 Arcobacter nitrofigilis (McClung, Patrjiquin & Davis 1983) Vandamme et al. 1991 Halarcobacter H. anaerophilus corrig. (Sasi Jyothsna et al. 2013) Pérez-Cataluña et al. 2020 H. ebronensis corrig. (Levican et al. 2015) Pérez-Cataluña et al. 2019 "H. arenosus" Baek et al. 2021 H. bivalviorum corrig. (Levican et al. 2012) Pérez-Cataluña et al. 2019 "Arcobacter mediterraneus" Rahman et al. 2022 Arcobacter roscoffensis Pascual et al. 2023 Poseidonibacter P. lekithochrous (Diéguez et al. 2017) Pérez-Cataluña et al. 2019 "P. ostreae" Baek et al. 2023 P. antarcticus Guo et al. 2019 P. parvus Kim et al. 2021 Malaciobacter pacificus corrig. (Zhang et al. 2016) Pérez-Cataluña et al. 2019 Aliarcobacter Pseudarcobacter acticola (Park et al. 2016) Pérez-Cataluña et al. 2019 Arcobacter caeni Pérez-Cataluña, Salas-Massó & Figueras 2019 Pseudarcobacter suis corrig. (Levican, Collado & Figueras 2013) Pérez-Cataluña et al. 2019 Pseudarcobacter venerupis corrig. (Levican et al. 2012) Pérez-Cataluña et al. 2019 Pseudarcobacter aquimarinus corrig. (Levican et al. 2015) Pérez-Cataluña et al. 2019 Pseudarcobacter cloacae corrig. (Levican, Collado & Figueras 2013) Pérez-Cataluña et al. 2019 Pseudarcobacter defluvii corrig. (Collado et al. 2011) Pérez-Cataluña et al. 2019 Pseudarcobacter ellisii corrig. (Figueras et al. 2011) Pérez-Cataluña et al. 2019 A. butzleri (Kiehlbauch et al. 1991) Pérez-Cataluña et al. 2020 Arcobacter lacus Pérez-Cataluña, Salas-Massó & Figueras 2019 A. lanthieri (Whiteduck-Léveillée et al. 2015) Pérez-Cataluña et al. 2020 A. vitoriensis Alonso et al. 2021 Arcobacter vandammei Kerkhof, On & Houf 2021 A. cibarius (Houf et al. 2005) Pérez-Cataluña et al. 2020 A. faecis (Whiteduck-Léveillée et al. 2019) Pérez-Cataluña et al. 2020 A. cryaerophilus (Neill et al. 1985) Pérez-Cataluña et al. 2020 A. trophiarum (De Smet et al. 2011) Pérez-Cataluña et al. 2020 A. skirrowii (Vandamme et al. 1992) Pérez-Cataluña et al. 2020 "Arcobacter porcinus" Figueras et al. 2017 A. thereius (Houf et al. 2009) Pérez-Cataluña et al. 2020 Pseudarcobacter Aliarcobacter s.s.

Species incertae sedis:

- "*Aliarcobacter hispanicus*" Pérez-Cataluña et al. 2018b nom. nud.

- "*Arcobacter iocasae*" Zhang et al. 2025

- "*Arcobacter peruensis*" Callbeck et al. 2019

- "*Arcobacter ponticus*" Cataluña 2018

- "*Arcobacter salis*" Cataluña 2018

- "*Ca.* Arcobacter sulfidicus" Wirsen et al. 2002

## See also

- [List of bacteria genera](/source/List_of_bacteria_genera)

- [List of bacterial orders](/source/List_of_bacterial_orders)

## References

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-LPSN_1-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-LPSN_1-1) [Arcobacter](https://lpsn.dsmz.de/genus/Arcobacter) in [LPSN](/source/List_of_Prokaryotic_names_with_Standing_in_Nomenclature); Freese, H. M.; Meier-Kolthoff, J. P.; Sardà Carbasse, J.; Afolayan, A. O.; Göker, M. (29 October 2025). "TYGS and LPSN in 2025: a Global Core Biodata Resource for genome-based classification and nomenclature of prokaryotes within DSMZ Digital Diversity". *Nucleic Acids Research*. **53**: D1–D12. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1093/nar/gkaf1110](https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fnar%2Fgkaf1110).

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v t e Prokaryotes: Bacteria classification Domain Archaea Bacteria Eukaryota (major groups Metamonada Discoba Diaphoretickes Hacrobia Cryptista Rhizaria Alveolata Stramenopiles Plants Amorphea Amoebozoa Opisthokonta Animalia Fungi Mesomycetozoea) Candidate Phyla Radiation "Elulimicrobiota" "Elulimicrobia" Minisyncoccota "Absconditibacteria" "Andersenbacteria" "Berkelbacteria" "Baikalibacteria" "Dojkabacteriia" "Doudnabacteria" "Gracilibacteriia" "Howlettbacteria" "Katanibacteriia" "Kazanbacteria" "Microgenomatia" Minisyncoccia "Patescibacteriia" "Saccharimonadia" "Torokbacteria" "Wirthbacteria" Thermotogati "Bipolaricaulota" "Acetithermia" "Bipolaricaulia" Deinococcota "Deinococcia" "Synergistetes" Atribacterota Atribacteria "Phoenicimicrobiia" Synergistota Synergistia "Thermocalda" Caldisericota Caldisericia Coprothermobacterota Coprothermobacteria Dictyoglomerota Dictyoglomeria "Lithacetigenota" "Lithacetigenia" Thermodesulfobiota "Thermodesulfobiia" Thermotogota "Thermotogia" "Zhurongbacterota" Bacillati Actinomycetota Acidimicrobiia Actinomycetes "Aquicultoria" Coriobacteriia "Geothermincolia" "Humimicrobiia" Nitriliruptoria Rubrobacteria Thermoleophilia Armatimonadota "Abditibacteriia" Armatimonadia Chthonomonadia "Fervidibacteria" Fimbriimonadia "Heboniibacteriia" "Zipacnadia" Chloroflexota "Caldilineia" Chloroflexia Dehalococcoidia "Dormibacteria" Ktedonobacteria "Limnocylindria" "Martimicrobiia" "Poriflexia" "Spiritibacteria" "Tarhunnaeia" "Uliximicrobiia" "Sysuimicrobiota" "Sysuimicrobiia" Vulcanimicrobiota Vulcanimicrobiia "Xenobiia" "Cyanoprokaryota" Cyanobacteriota Cyanophyceae "Sericytochromatia" Vampirovibrionophyceae "Margulisiibacteriota" "Marinamargulisbacteria" "Riflemargulisbacteria" "Saganbacteria" "Termititenacia" "Firmicutes" Bacillota "Bacillia" Bacillota D "Dethiobacteria" Natranaerobiia "Proteinivoracia" Bacillota E "Fermentithermobacillia" Sulfobacillia Symbiobacteriia Thermaerobacteria Bacillota G "Hydrogenisporia" Limnochordia "Clostridiota" "Clostridiia" "Thermoanaerobacteria" Thermosediminibacteria "Desulfotomaculota" "Carboxydocellia" "Carboxydothermia" "Dehalobacteriia" Desulfitobacteriia Desulfotomaculia "Moorellia" Peptococcia Syntrophomonadia "Thermacetogeniia" Thermincolia "Halanaerobiaeota" "Halanaerobiia" "Selenobacteria" "Selenomonadia" Pseudomonadati "Sphingobacteria" Bacteroidota Bacteroidia Chlorobiia "Ignavibacteriia" "Kapaibacteria" "Kryptoniia" Rhodothermia Calditrichota Calditrichia "Cloacimonadota" "Cloacimonadia" "Cosmopoliota" "Cosmopolitia" "Delongiibacteriota" "Edwardsiibacteriota" "Effluvivivacota" "Eiseniibacteriota" "Electryoneota" "Electryoneia" "Tariuqbacteria" "Fermentibacterota" "Fermentibacteria" Fibrobacterota Chitinivibrionia Fibrobacteria "Raymondbacteriia" Gemmatimonadota Gemmatimonadia "Glassbacteria" "Hydrothermota" "Hydrothermia" "Stahlbacteria" "Krumholzibacteriota" "Krumholzibacteriia" "Heilongiota" "Heilongiia" "Latescibacterota" "Handelsmanbacteria" "Latescibacteria" "Marinisomatota" "Marinisomatia" "Zixiibacteriota" "Zhuqueibacterota" "Zhuqueibacteria" "Planctobacteria" "Abyssobacterota" "Aerophobota" "Aerophobia" "Auribacterota" "Ancaeobacteria" "Auribacteria" "Erginobacteria" "Tritonobacteria" Chlamydiota Chlamydiia "Desantisiibacteriota" Elusimicrobiota Elusimicrobiia Endomicrobiia Fidelibacterota Fidelibacteria "Firestoneibacteriota" "Goldiibacteriota" "Heilongiota" "Hinthialibacterota" "Hinthialibacteria" "Hydrogenedentota" "Hydrogenedentia" "Omnitrophota" "Omnitrophia" "Velamenicoccia" Planctomycetota "Brocadiia" "Phycisphaeria" Planctomycetia "Uabimicrobiia" "Poribacteriota" "Ratteibacteriota" "Saltatorellota" "Saltatorellae" "Sumerlaeota" "Sumerlaeia" "Tangaroaeota" "Tianyaibacteriota" Verrucomicrobiota Kiritimatiellia Lentisphaeria Verrucomicrobiia "Proteobacteria" Acidobacteriota "Acidobacteriia" "Aminicenantia" Blastocatellia "Fischerbacteria" "Guanabaribacteriia" "Holophagia" "Polarisedimenticolia" Thermoanaerobaculia Vicinamibacteria "Acidulidesulfobacteriota" "Acidulodesulfobacteriia" Aquificota Aquificia Bdellovibrionota Bacteriovoracia Bdellovibrionia "Binatota" "Binatia" "Calescibacteriota" "Calescibacteriia" Campylobacterota "Campylobacteria" Desulfurellia "Canglongiota" "Canglongiia" Chrysiogenota Chrysiogenia "Dadaibacteriota" "Dadabacteria" Deferribacterota "Deferribacteria" "Deferrimicrobiota" "Deferrimicrobiia" "Deferrisomatota" Deferrisomatia "Leptospirillaeota" "Leptospirillia" "Lernaellota" "Lernaellia" "Methylomirabilota" "Methylomirabilia" "Moduliflexota" "Moduliflexia" Myxococcota "Bradymonadia" "Kuafubacteriia" Myxococcia Polyangiia "Nitrosediminicolota" Nitrospinota Nitrospinia Nitrospirota Nitrospiria Thermodesulfovibrionia "Oligoflexaeota" Oligoflexia Pseudomonadota "Anaeropigmentatia" "Caulobacteria" Magnetococcia "Mariprofundia" "Pseudomonadia" "Schekmaniibacteriota" Desulfobacterota G Syntrophorhabdia "Tectimicrobiota" "Entotheonellia" Thermosulfidibacterota Thermosulfidibacteria Thermodesulfobacteriota "Anaeroferrophilia" Desulfarculia "Desulfatiglandia" Desulfobaccia Desulfobacteria Desulfobulbia "Desulfofervidia" Desulfomonilia Desulfovibrionia Desulfuromonadia Dissulfuribacteria Syntrophobacteria Syntrophia "Thermodesulfobacteriia" "Zymogenia" Incertae sedis "Babelota" "Babeliae" Fusobacteriota Fusobacteriia "Lindowiibacteriota" "Macinerneyibacteriota" "Macinerneyibacteriia" "Muiribacteriota" "Muiribacteriia" "Ozemibacteria" "Wallbacteriia" Spirochaetota "Brevinematia" "Brachyspirae" "Exilispiria" "Leptospiria" Spirochaetia Incertae sedis "Qinglongiota" "Qinglongiia" "Salinosulfoleibacteria" "Teskebacteria" GTDB 10-RS226; LTP_10_2024

Taxon identifiers Arcobacter Wikidata: Q4787427 Wikispecies: Arcobacter CoL: 62D5H EoL: 97337 GBIF: 3223371 iNaturalist: 356969 IRMNG: 1306795 ITIS: 956770 LPSN: arcobacter.html NCBI: 28196 NZOR: 146fca42-6e18-4ae1-bb0e-c66c61a247fb Open Tree of Life: 310070 SeqCode Registry: 3048 WoRMS: 570987 Arcobacteraceae Wikidata: Q110107129 Wikispecies: Arcobacteraceae SeqCode Registry: 3047

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Arcobacter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arcobacter) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arcobacter?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.