# Archie Alexander

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African American architect and engineer (1888–1958)

Archie Alexander Governor of the United States Virgin Islands In office April 9, 1954 – August 31, 1955 President Dwight Eisenhower Preceded by Morris de Castro Succeeded by Charles Claunch (acting) Personal details Born Archibald Alphonso Alexander (1888-05-14)May 14, 1888 Ottumwa, Iowa, U.S. Died January 4, 1958(1958-01-04) (aged 69) Des Moines, Iowa, U.S. Party Republican Spouse Audra Linzy ​ (m. 1913)​ Education Highland Park College (attended) Cummins Art College (attended) University of Iowa (BS)

**Archibald Alphonso Alexander** (May 14, 1888 – January 4, 1958) was an American [architect](/source/Architect) and [engineer](/source/Engineer). He was an early African-American graduate of the [University of Iowa](/source/University_of_Iowa) and the first to graduate from the University of Iowa's College of Engineering. He was also a governor of the [U.S. Virgin Islands](/source/U.S._Virgin_Islands).

## Early life and education

Alexander was born in [Ottumwa, Iowa](/source/Ottumwa%2C_Iowa), to Price and Mary Hamilton Alexander, part of a small African American community.[1][2] He was the eldest of their nine children. When the family moved to a farm outside [Des Moines](/source/Des_Moines), Price became head custodian at the Des Moines National Bank. Alexander graduated from Oak Park High School in 1905. He then attended Highland Park College and Cummins Art College before matriculating at the State University of Iowa (later known as the University of Iowa) to study engineering.[3] Not only was Alexander the only African-American student at the University at the time, but he was the first African-American student to graduate from the University of Iowa's engineering program. He graduated in 1912.[4] His professors warned Alexander that it would be difficult for him to find work as an African-American engineer.[2][4] Alexander was also a football player at the University of Iowa, where he was a three-year starting tackle and earned the nickname "Alexander the Great".[4][3] Throughout college, Alexander worked multiple part-time jobs to support himself and pay tuition.[4] Alexander was also a member of the predominantly black [Kappa Alpha Psi](/source/Kappa_Alpha_Psi) fraternity.[4] During the summer, Alexander worked as a draftsman for [Marsh Engineering Company](/source/Marsh_Engineering_Company), a Des Moines company that designed many significant bridges.[1] In 1921, Alexander also studied bridge design at the [University of London](/source/University_of_London) while on a sabbatical.[4] He later obtained his civil engineering degree from Iowa State University in 1925.

## Career

### Engineering and architecture

After graduating, Alexander worked as a foreman for Marsh Engineering Company before forming his own engineering company at the age of 26.[4] Alexander's firm, named A. A. Alexander, Inc., initially specialized in bridges.[2] He partnered with Euro-American contractor George F. Higbee for eight years before Higbee's death.[4] After Higbee's death, Alexander ran the company alone for four years. His significant projects during this time included the University of Iowa's heating and cooling system.[5]

In 1926, Alexander was honored with a [Harmon award](/source/William_E._Harmon_Foundation_Award_for_Distinguished_Achievement_Among_Negroes) for his distinguished achievement in business and engineering. The same year, he also received the Laurel Wreath Award, Kappa Alpha Psi's highest award for lifetime achievement.[4]

In 1929, he took on his former classmate and football teammate Maurice A. Repass as a junior partner and changed the firm's name to Alexander & Repass.[2] Their first major project was a multimillion-dollar sewage treatment plant in [Grand Rapids](/source/Grand_Rapids), Michigan.[4] Their work also focused on many roads and bridges across the nation, including construction of the [Whitehurst Freeway](/source/Whitehurst_Freeway) and an extension to the [Baltimore–Washington Parkway](/source/Baltimore%E2%80%93Washington_Parkway). The firm was hired to build a bridge and seawall at the [Tidal Basin](/source/Tidal_Basin) in Washington DC, where Alexander brought in an integrated construction crew.[2] Their firm also constructed the Moton Airfield, where the [Tuskegee Airmen](/source/Tuskegee_Airmen) trained, as well as an apartment building for the [National Association for Colored Women](/source/National_Association_for_Colored_Women).[4][6] Alexander's firm became so successful [*Ebony* magazine](/source/Ebony_(magazine)) declared it "the nation's most famous interracial business" in 1949.[4] Ultimately, Alexander spearheaded over 300 projects throughout his career.[7]

In 1925, the University of Iowa granted him an honorary master's degree in engineering.[4] Howard University awarded Alexander with an honorary [Doctor of Engineering](/source/Doctor_of_Engineering) in 1946. Although some sources claim Alexander was awarded the NAACP's prestigious [Spingarn Medal](/source/Spingarn_Medal),[8] the NAACP does not list him as a recipient.[9]

### Politics

Alexander began his political career in 1932, when he served as the assistant chairman of the Iowa Republican State Committee, a position that he held again in 1940.[4] In 1934, Alexander was appointed as part of an investigative team that looked into economic development possibilities for [Haiti](/source/Haiti).[4] Throughout the 1930s, Alexander was an active member of the Republican Party.[2] He aggressively campaigned for Dwight D. Eisenhower's White House bid in 1952.[4] In addition to his work for the Republican Party, Alexander was also active in African-American organizations. Alexander served as a charter member and the 1944 president of the Des Moines chapter of the [NAACP](/source/NAACP).[4] He was also president of the Negro Community Center Board and a trustee at both Howard University and [the Tuskegee Institute](/source/Tuskegee_University).[4]

"Archie Alexander - Builder of Bridges" created by [Charles Henry Alston](/source/Charles_Alston)

In 1954, Alexander was appointed [Governor of the United States Virgin Islands](/source/Governor_of_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands) by [President](/source/President_of_the_United_States) [Dwight D. Eisenhower](/source/Dwight_D._Eisenhower).[4] He was the first [Republican](/source/Republican_Party_(United_States)) governor there since the establishment of the civil government. His tenure at the post was short and controversial.[4] In 1955, he was highly criticized for favoring old business partners in contracts for road building on [St. Thomas](/source/Saint_Thomas%2C_United_States_Virgin_Islands). The [United States House of Representatives](/source/United_States_House_of_Representatives) launched a probe, and he subsequently resigned on August 18, 1955, ostensibly for health reasons.

## Personal life

Alexander married Audra A. Linzy in [Denver, Colorado](/source/Denver%2C_Colorado), in 1913.[4] They had one child, Archibald Alphonso Jr., who died as a young child.

Alexander died of a heart attack in 1958 in [Des Moines, Iowa](/source/Des_Moines%2C_Iowa).[4]

## Legacy

Upon the death of his wife Audra Linzy Alexander in 1973, the University of Iowa, Tuskegee Institute, and Howard University received funds for engineering scholarships as stipulated in Alexander's will.[5] Each university received a trust with over 100,000 dollars (approximately $1.5 million in 2009 dollars altogether) for endowed engineering scholarships.[2][4][10][11]

The Archie Alphonso Alexander papers are held at the [University of Iowa](/source/University_of_Iowa) Special Collections & University Archives.[6]

Alexander is included in the [Chick-Fil-A](/source/Chick-fil-A) [College Football Hall of Fame](/source/College_Football_Hall_of_Fame) for his three seasons on the University of Iowa varsity football team.[12]

## References

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-:0_1-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-:0_1-1) Wynes, Charles E. (April 15, 2014). *Alexander, Archie Alphonso (1888-1958), engineer*. American National Biography Online. Oxford University Press. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.1001909](https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fanb%2F9780198606697.article.1001909).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-:1_2-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-:1_2-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-:1_2-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-:1_2-3) [***e***](#cite_ref-:1_2-4) [***f***](#cite_ref-:1_2-5) [***g***](#cite_ref-:1_2-6) Alexander, Archie Alphonso. ["Archie Alphonso Alexander"](http://mallhistory.org/items/show/137). *Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division. View original photograph*. Retrieved June 11, 2020.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-:2_3-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-:2_3-1) Wilson, Dreck Spurlock (2004). [*African-American Architects : A Biographical Dictionary 1865–1945*](https://books.google.com/books?id=k5r5cXC67igC&pg=PP20). New York, NY: Routledge. pp. 11–12. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-415-92959-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-92959-8).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-:3_4-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-:3_4-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-:3_4-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-:3_4-3) [***e***](#cite_ref-:3_4-4) [***f***](#cite_ref-:3_4-5) [***g***](#cite_ref-:3_4-6) [***h***](#cite_ref-:3_4-7) [***i***](#cite_ref-:3_4-8) [***j***](#cite_ref-:3_4-9) [***k***](#cite_ref-:3_4-10) [***l***](#cite_ref-:3_4-11) [***m***](#cite_ref-:3_4-12) [***n***](#cite_ref-:3_4-13) [***o***](#cite_ref-:3_4-14) [***p***](#cite_ref-:3_4-15) [***q***](#cite_ref-:3_4-16) [***r***](#cite_ref-:3_4-17) [***s***](#cite_ref-:3_4-18) [***t***](#cite_ref-:3_4-19) [***u***](#cite_ref-:3_4-20) [***v***](#cite_ref-:3_4-21) [***w***](#cite_ref-:3_4-22) Weingardt, Richard G. (October 1, 2009). ["Archibald Alphonso Alexander"](https://doi.org/10.1061%2F%28ASCE%29LM.1943-5630.0000029). *Leadership and Management in Engineering*. **9** (4): 207–211. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1061/(ASCE)LM.1943-5630.0000029](https://doi.org/10.1061%2F%28ASCE%29LM.1943-5630.0000029).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-:4_5-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-:4_5-1) Sobers-Outlaw, Gill (April 15, 2014). ["Archie Alphonso Alexander (1888-1958) •"](https://www.blackpast.org/african-american-history/alexander-archie-alphonso-1888-1958/). Retrieved June 11, 2020.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-:5_6-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-:5_6-1) ["Details Page - The Biographical Dictionary of Iowa - The University of Iowa Libraries"](http://uipress.lib.uiowa.edu/bdi/DetailsPage.aspx?id=7). *uipress.lib.uiowa.edu*. Retrieved June 11, 2020.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-7)** ["Celebrating African American History Month with Role Models in Science & Engineering Achievement: Archibald A. Alexander"](https://scienceblogs.com/usasciencefestival/2014/02/12/celebrating-african-american-history-month-with-role-models-in-science-engineering-achievement-archibald-a-alexande). *Scienceblogs*. February 12, 2014. Retrieved June 11, 2020.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-8)** Henderson, Alexa Benson (1994). "African-American Business Leaders: A Biographical Dictionary. ByJohn N. Ingham and Lynne B. Feldman · Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Publishing, 1993. xiv + 806 pp. Appendixes, bibliographic essay, and index. $99.50. ISBN 0-313-27253-0". *Business History Review*. **68** (2): 289–292. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.2307/3117448](https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3117448). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [0007-6805](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0007-6805). [JSTOR](/source/JSTOR_(identifier)) [3117448](https://www.jstor.org/stable/3117448). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [154116112](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154116112).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-9)** ["Spingarn Medal Winners: 1915 to Today"](https://web.archive.org/web/20200412223842/https://naacp.org/awards/spingarn-medal/winners/). *NAACP*. Archived from [the original](https://www.naacp.org/awards/spingarn-medal/winners/) on April 12, 2020. Retrieved June 11, 2020.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-10)** ["Archie A. Alexander Memorial - University of Iowa Scholarships"](https://uiowa.academicworks.com/opportunities/163472). *uiowa.academicworks.com*. Retrieved June 11, 2020.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-11)** ["Engineering | Tuskegee University"](https://www.tuskegee.edu/programs-courses/scholarships/endowed-scholarships/engineering). *www.tuskegee.edu*. Retrieved June 11, 2020.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-12)** Washington, Jess (February 14, 2020). ["Chick-fil-A College Football Hall of Fame Celebrates Black History Month"](https://web.archive.org/web/20200611022836/https://www.dallasweekly.com/articles/chick-fil-a-college-football-hall-of-fame-celebrates-black-history-month/). *www.dallasweekly.com*. Archived from [the original](https://www.dallasweekly.com/articles/chick-fil-a-college-football-hall-of-fame-celebrates-black-history-month/) on June 11, 2020. Retrieved June 11, 2020.

## External links

- [The National Society of Black Engineers](https://web.archive.org/web/20070812224726/http://www.nsbe.org/publicrelations/bhmonth3.php)

- The [Archie Alexander Papers](http://collguides.lib.uiowa.edu/?MSC0304) are housed at the University of Iowa Special Collections & University Archives.

- [African American History Program](http://www.cpnas.org/aahp/biographies/alexander-archie.html)

Political offices Preceded by Morris de Castro Governor of the United States Virgin Islands 1954–1955 Succeeded by Charles Claunch Acting

v t e Governors of the U.S. Virgin Islands Naval (1917–1931) Pollock Oliver Oman Kittelle Hough Williams Trench W. Evans Civil (1931–1969) Pearson Herrick Cramer Lovett Harwood Hastie de Castro Alexander Claunch Gordon Merwin Paiewonsky King Elected (since 1969) M. Evans King Luis Farrelly Schneider Turnbull de Jongh Mapp Bryan

Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF GND WorldCat National United States Other SNAC

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Archie Alexander](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archie_Alexander) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archie_Alexander?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.