# Archi language

> Mediated Wiki article. Canonical URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/Archi_language
> Markdown URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/Archi_language.md
> Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archi_language
> Source revision: 1354390865
> License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)

Lezgic language spoken in southern Russia

You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Russian. (May 2024) Click [show] for important translation instructions. View a machine-translated version of the Russian article. Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must follow the LLM translation guideline, revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia. Consider adding a topic to this template: there are already 1,323 articles in the main category, and specifying|topic= will aid in categorization. Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article. You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing Russian Wikipedia article at [[:ru:Арчинский язык]]; see its history for attribution. You may also add the template {{Translated|ru|Арчинский язык}} to the talk page. For more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation.

This article should specify the language of its non-English content using {{lang}} or {{langx}}, {{transliteration}} for transliterated languages, and {{IPA}} for phonetic transcriptions, with an appropriate ISO 639 code. Wikipedia's multilingual support templates may also be used - notably aqc for Archi. See why. (January 2025)

Archi аршаттен чӏат / aršatten čʼat Native to Russia Region Archib, Dagestan Ethnicity Archi people Native speakers 1,712 (2020 census)[1] Language family Northeast Caucasian Lezgic[2] Archi Writing system Cyrillic script (developed in 2006 based on the Avar alphabet) Arabic script (19th century)[3] Language codes ISO 639-3 aqc Glottolog arch1244 ELP Archi Map of where Archi is spoken (red area) Archi is classified as Definitely Endangered by the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger (2010) This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

**Archi** ([/ɑːrˈtʃiː/](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English) [*ar-CHEE*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key))[4] is a [Northeast Caucasian language](/source/Northeast_Caucasian_languages) spoken by the [Archis](/source/Archi_people) in the village of [Archib](/source/Archib), southern [Dagestan](/source/Dagestan), [Russia](/source/Russia), and the six surrounding smaller villages.

It is unusual for its many [phonemes](/source/Phoneme) and for its contrast between several [voiceless velar lateral fricatives](/source/Voiceless_velar_lateral_fricative), /𝼄, 𝼄ʷ, 𝼄ː, 𝼄ʷː/, [tenuis](/source/Voiceless_velar_lateral_affricate) and [ejective velar lateral affricates](/source/Ejective_velar_lateral_affricate), /k͡𝼄, k͡𝼄ʷ, k͡𝼄ʼ, k͡𝼄ʷʼ/, and a [voiced velar lateral fricative](/source/Voiced_velar_lateral_fricative), /ʟ̝/. It is an [ergative–absolutive](/source/Ergative%E2%80%93absolutive_language) language with four noun classes[5] and has a [morphological](/source/Morphology_(linguistics)) system with irregularities on all levels.[6] Mathematically, there are 1,502,839 possible [forms](/source/Grammatical_conjugation) that can be derived from a single verb root.[7]

## Classification

The classification of the Archi language has not been definitively established. [Peter von Uslar](/source/Peter_von_Uslar) felt it should be considered a variant of [Avar](/source/Avar_language),[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*] but [Roderich von Erckert](/source/Roderich_von_Erckert) saw it as closer to [Lak](/source/Lak_language).[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*] The language has also been considered as a separate entity that could be placed somewhere between Avar and Lak.[*[by whom?](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions)*][*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*] The Italian linguist [Alfredo Trombetti](/source/Alfredo_Trombetti) placed Archi within an Avar–Ando–Dido group,[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*] but today the most widely recognized opinion follows that of the Soviet scholar [Bokarev](/source/Yevgeny_Bokarev), who regards Archi as one of the Lezgian–Samur group of the Dagestan languages.[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*] Schulze places it in the [Lezgian branch](/source/Lezgic_languages) with all other Lezgian languages belonging to the [Samur group](/source/Samur_languages).[2]

## Phonology

Archi has, like its [Northeast Caucasian](/source/Northeast_Caucasian_languages) relatives, a very complicated phonological system, with Archi being an extreme example. It has 26 vowel [phonemes](/source/Phoneme) and, depending on analysis, between 74 and 82 consonant phonemes.

### Vowels

Archi has a symmetric six-vowel system (/i e ə a o u/).[5]

Vowel phonemes of Archi Front Central Back Close i iː u uː Mid e eː ə o oː Open a aː

All vowels except for /ə/ can occur in five varieties: short, pharyngealized, high tone, long (with high tone), and pharyngealized with high tone (e.g. /a/, /aˤ/, /á/, /áː/, and /áˤ/). Of all these, only /ə/ and /íˤ/ do not occur word-initially.[8] Examples of non-initial /íˤ/ are /díˤt͡ʃa/ ('to be fat')[9] and /iˤntíˤmmaj/ ('brain').[10]

### Consonants

Of all living languages, Archi has the world's largest phonemic non-[click](/source/Click_consonant) consonant inventory, with only the recently extinct [Ubykh](/source/Ubykh_phonology) of the [Northwest Caucasian languages](/source/Northwest_Caucasian_languages) having a few more. The table below shows all consonants that can be found in the Archi Language Tutorial[5] and the Archi Dictionary.[8]

Consonant phonemes of Archi Labial Dental Post- alveolar Pre-velar Uvular Epiglottal Glottal plain lab. plain lab. plain lab. plain lab. phar. phar.+lab. Nasal m n Plosive voiced b d dʷ2 ɡ᫈ ɡ᫈ʷ voiceless p t tʷ k̟ k̟ʷ q qʷ qˤ qˤʷ ʡ ʔ1 fortis pː1 tː1 k̟ː1 k̟ʷː2 qʼː1 qˤʼː ejective pʼ tʼ k̟ʼ k̟ʷʼ qʼ qʷʼ qˤʼ qˤʷʼ Affricate voiceless lenis t͡s t͡sʷ2 t͡ʃ t͡ʃʷ k̟͡𝼄 k̟͡𝼄ʷ fortis t͡sː3 ejective lenis t͡sʼ t͡sʷʼ t͡ʃʼ t͡ʃʷʼ k̟͡𝼄ʼ k̟͡𝼄ʷʼ fortis t͡sʼː1 t͡ʃʼː2 Fricative voiceless lenis s sʷ2 ʃ ʃʷ 𝼄̟ 𝼄̟ʷ χ χʷ χˤ χˤʷ h fortis sː sʷː2 ʃː ʃʷː 𝼄̟ː 𝼄̟ʷː χː χʷː χˤː χˤʷː voiced z zʷ ʒ ʒʷ ʟ̟᷵1 ʁ ʁʷ2 ʁˤ ʁˤʷ Trill r ʜ Approximant l j w

1. These have no word-initial dictionary entries (even though /pː/, /tː/, and /k̟ː/ are relatively common).

1. These appear in the Tutorial but have no dictionary entries.

1. This does not appear in the Tutorial but does have a word-internal dictionary entry (in /mot͡sːór/, 'alpine pasture used in summer').[11]

Some of these sounds are very rare. For example, /ʁˤʷ/ has only one dictionary entry word-internally (in /íʁˤʷdut/, 'heavy')[12] and two entries word-initially. Likewise, /ʟ̟᷵/ has only two dictionary entries: /náʟ̝dut/ ('blue; unripe')[13] and /k͡𝼄ʼéʟ̝dut/ ('crooked, curved').[14]

The [fortis](/source/Fortis_and_lenis) consonants are not simply two instances of the same consonant, though they do appear largely complementary, with the double instances /mm/, /ll/, and /nn/ being the most common and /zz/ less so. That said, /pp/ can still be found in /𝼄íppu/ ('three').[15] This is also noted by [Kodzasov (1977)](#CITEREFKodzasov1977),[16] who describes the fortis consonants as follows:

"Strong phonemes are characterized by the intensiveness (tension) of the articulation. The intensity of the pronunciation leads to a natural lengthening of the duration of the sound, and that is why strong [consonants] differ from weak ones by greater length. [However,] the adjoining of two single weak sounds does not produce a strong one […] Thus, the gemination of a sound does not by itself create its tension."

The [voiceless velar lateral fricative](/source/Voiceless_velar_lateral_fricative) /𝼄/, the [voiced velar lateral fricative](/source/Voiced_velar_lateral_fricative) /ʟ̝/, and the [corresponding voiceless](/source/Voiceless_velar_lateral_affricate) and [ejective affricates](/source/Ejective_velar_lateral_affricate) /k͡𝼄/, /k͡𝼄ʼ/ are extremely unusual speech sounds among the languages of the world, because [velar fricatives](/source/Voiceless_velar_fricative) are usually [median](/source/Median_consonant) rather than lateral. The velar laterals are further forward than velars in most languages and could better be called prevelar, like the Tutorial does.[5]

## Orthography

Until recently Archi did not have a written form, except in studies by specialists who used the [Latin script](/source/Latin_script). In 2006, the Surrey Morphology Group developed a [Cyrillic alphabet](/source/Cyrillic_script) for Archi based on the [Avar](/source/Avar_language#Orthography) alphabet, which is used in the Archi–Russian–English Dictionary alongside an [IPA](/source/International_Phonetic_Alphabet) transcription.[7]

Practical orthography of Archi by SMG[17] А а /a/ Аӏ аӏ /aˤ/ А́ а́ /á/ А́а а́а /áː/ А́ӏ а́ӏ /áˤ/ Ы ы /ə/ Б б /b/ В в /w/ Г г /g/ Гв гв /gʷ/ Гъ гъ /ʁ/ Гъв гъв /ʁʷ/ Гъӏ гъӏ /ʁˤ/ Гъӏв гъӏв /ʁˤʷ/ Гь гь /h/ Гӏ гӏ /ʡ/ Д д /d/ Дв дв /dʷ/ Е е /e/ Еӏ еӏ /eˤ/ Е́ е́ /é/ Е́е е́е /éː/ Е́ӏ е́ӏ /éˤ/ Ж ж /ʒ/ Жв жв /ʒʷ/ З з /z/ Зв зв /zʷ/ И и /i/ Иӏ иӏ /iˤ/ И́ и́ /í/ И́и и́и /íː/ И́ӏ и́ӏ /íˤ/ Й й /j/ К к /k/ Кв кв /kʷ/ Кк кк /kː/ Ккв ккв /kʷː/ Ккъ ккъ /qʼː/ Ккъӏ ккъӏ /qˤʼː/ Къ къ /qʼ/ Къв къв /qʷʼ/ Къӏ къӏ /qˤʼ/ Къӏв къӏв /qˤʷʼ/ Кь кь /k͡𝼄ʼ/, /ʟ̝/ Кьв кьв /k͡𝼄ʷʼ/ Кӏ кӏ /kʼ/ Кӏв кӏв /kʷʼ/ Л л /l/ Ллъ ллъ /𝼄ː/ Ллъв ллъв /𝼄ʷː/ Лъ лъ /𝼄/ Лъв лъв /𝼄ʷ/ Лӏ лӏ /k͡𝼄/ Лӏв лӏв /k͡𝼄ʷ/ М м /m/ Н н /n/ О о /o/ Оӏ оӏ /oˤ/ О́ о́ /ó/ О́о о́о /óː/ О́ӏ о́ӏ /óˤ/ П п /p/ Пп пп /pː/ Пӏ пӏ /pʼ/ Р р /r/ С с /s/ Св св /sʷ/ Сс сс /sː/ Ссв ссв /sʷː/ Т т /t/ Тв тв /tʷ/ Тт тт /tː/ Тӏ тӏ /tʼ/ У у /u/ Уӏ уӏ /uˤ/ У́ у́ /ú/ У́у у́у /úː/ У́ӏ у́ӏ /úˤ/ Х х /χ/ Хв хв /χʷ/ Хх хх /χː/ Ххв ххв /χʷː/ Ххьӏ ххьӏ /χˤː/ Ххьӏв ххьӏв /χˤʷː/ Хъ хъ /q/ Хъв хъв /qʷ/ Хъӏ хъӏ /qˤ/ Хъӏв хъӏв /qˤʷ/ Хьӏ хьӏ /χˤ/ Хьӏв хьӏв /χˤʷ/ ХӀ хӏ /ʜ/ Ц ц /t͡s/ Цв цв /t͡sʷ/ Цц цц /t͡sː/ Ццӏ ццӏ /t͡sʼː/ Цӏ цӏ /t͡sʼ/ Цӏв цӏв /t͡sʷʼ/ Ч ч /t͡ʃ/ Чв чв /t͡ʃʷ/ Ччӏ ччӏ /t͡ʃʼː/ Чӏ чӏ /t͡ʃʼ/ Чӏв чӏв /t͡ʃʷʼ/ Ш ш /ʃ/ Шв шв /ʃʷ/ Щ щ /ʃː/ Щв щв /ʃʷː/ Ъ ъ /ʔ/

## Grammar

This section needs expansion. You can help by adding missing information. (February 2023)

### Nouns

Archi nouns inflect for [number](/source/Grammatical_number) (singular or plural) and for one of 10 regular [cases](/source/Grammatical_case) and 5 [locative cases](/source/List_of_grammatical_cases#Place_and_time) that can all take one of 6 directional suffixes.[5] There are four [noun classes](/source/Noun_class), which are only evident from [verbal agreement](/source/Grammatical_conjugation#Verbal_agreement).[5]

#### Case

Case Marker Sg. 'ram' Pl. 'rams' Absolutive -∅ baˤkʼ baˤkʼ-ur Ergative -∅ beˤkʼ-iri baˤkʼ-ur-čaj Genitive -n beˤkʼ-iri-n baˤkʼ-ur-če-n Dative -s, -sː beˤkʼ-iri-s baˤkʼ-ur-če-s Comitative -𝼄ːu beˤkʼ-iri-𝼄ːu baˤkʼ-ur-če-𝼄ːu Similative -qˤdi beˤkʼ-iri-qˤdi baˤkʼ-ur-če-qˤdi Causal -šːi beˤkʼ-iri-šːi baˤkʼ-ur-če-šːi Comparative -χur beˤkʼ-iri-χur baˤkʼ-ur-če-χur Partitive -qˤiš beˤkʼ-iri-qˤiš baˤkʼ-ur-če-qˤiš Substitutive -k͡𝼄ʼəna beˤkʼ-iri-k͡𝼄ʼəna baˤkʼ-ur-če-k͡𝼄ʼəna

Depending on the specifics of the analysis, the ergative and the absolutive cases are not always marked by a specific suffix. Rather, they are marked by the use of the basic (for the absolutive) and oblique (for the ergative) stems in the absence of other markers. There is also a locative-case series in which 6 directional-case suffixes are combined with 5 spatial cases to produce a total of 30 case-localization combinations. However, they do not constitute 30 distinct case forms because they are easily derivable from a pair of morphemes.

Spatial case Marker Directional case Marker Inessive ("in") -aj / -a Essive ("As") -∅ Intrative ("between") - qˤ(a-) Elative ("Out of") -š Superessive ("above") -tːi- / -t Lative ("To"/"Into") -k Subessive ("below") -k͡𝼄ʼ(a-) Allative ("Onto") -ši Pertingent ("against") -ra- Terminative (Specifies a limit) -kena Translative (Indicates change) -χutː

#### Noun classes

The four [noun classes](/source/Noun_class) of Archi are only evident from verbal inflection. This table summarizes the noun classes and their associated verbal morphology:

Class Description Singular Plural Prefix Infix Prefix I Male human w- ⟨w⟩ b- II Female human d- ⟨r⟩ III All insects, some animates, some inanimates b- ⟨b⟩ ∅- IV Abstracts, some animates, some inanimates ∅ ∅

## Example phrases

The following phrases were [phonetically transcribed](/source/Phonetic_transcription) from Archi:[18]

Archi transcription English x́it barḳur The ladle breaks. x́it ax̄u The spoon (literally: little ladle) became dirty. k̂ut̄ali berx̄ur The bag stays. k̂ut̄ali eku The little bag fell. č̣ut abḳu The jug broke. č̣ut aḳu The little jug broke. ḳunḳum barx̄ur The kettle becomes dirty. ḳunḳum oq̄́u The little kettle sank (literally: drowned). motol orq̄́ur The young goat drowns. uri arč̣ur The young horse hides itself. biš ač̣u The young cow hid itself. ḳêrt erkur The young donkey falls. dogi ebku The donkey fell. q̇on abč̣u The goat hid itself. nôiš ebx̄u The horse stayed.

### Diminutive

The inclusions of "little" and "young" in the phrases translate a [diminutive](/source/Diminutive), which in Archi language commonly refers either to a smaller or younger version of the subject. The non-diminutive nouns in the above examples belong to noun class III, while their diminutives belong to noun class IV. This difference in noun class is reflected on the verb in all of these examples, by the contrast between class III agreement in *b* from class IV in ∅ (with no *b*). The *-b-* in the past tense appears in front of the *-x̄u* / *-č̣u* / *-ku* inflection, while in the present tense the *b-* is the first letter of the verb. For the nouns referring to inanimate objects, the class shift is the only sign of the diminutive: the noun itself does not change in form. E.g. *x́it* means both "ladle" (III) and "spoon" (IV), *k̂ut̄ali* both "bag" (III) and "little bag" (IV). Nouns pertaining to younger animals have different words, e.g. *dogi* "donkey" (III) but *ḳêrt* "young donkey" (IV), *nôiš* "horse" (III) but *uri* "young horse" (IV).

## References

1. **[^](#cite_ref-1)** [7. НАСЕЛЕНИЕ НАИБОЛЕЕ МНОГОЧИСЛЕННЫХ НАЦИОНАЛЬНОСТЕЙ ПО РОДНОМУ ЯЗЫКУ](https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/Tom5_tab7_VPN-2020.xlsx)

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-lrz-muenchen.de_2-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-lrz-muenchen.de_2-1) [Schulze's classification schemata of the Caucasian languages](http://www.lrz-muenchen.de/~wschulze/lgxcauc.pdf)[*[permanent dead link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot)*]

1. **[^](#cite_ref-3)** Магомедханов, Магомедхан (November 2009). ["Образцы письменности арчинцев"](http://www.intelros.ru/pdf/Antropo_Forum_online/2009_11/11_online_05_magomedkhanov.pdf) (PDF). *Антропологический форум. 2009. №11*.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-4)** Laurie Bauer, 2007, *[The Linguistics Student’s Handbook](https://ia803408.us.archive.org/22/items/TheLinguisticsStudentHandbook/The%20linguistics%20student%20handbook.pdf)*, Edinburgh

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-tutorial_5-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-tutorial_5-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-tutorial_5-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-tutorial_5-3) [***e***](#cite_ref-tutorial_5-4) [***f***](#cite_ref-tutorial_5-5) Chumakina, Marina; Corbett, Greville G.; Brown, Dunstan (September 2008). [*Archi Language Tutorial*](https://www.smg.surrey.ac.uk/media/1267/archi-tutorialhandout.pdf) (PDF).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-6)** ["Archi language home page of the Surrey Morphology Group"](https://web.archive.org/web/20150301205015/http://www.archi.surrey.ac.uk/). Archived from [the original](http://www.archi.surrey.ac.uk/) on 1 March 2015. Retrieved 14 March 2015.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-homepage_7-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-homepage_7-1) Kibrik, A. E. (2001). "Archi (Caucasian—Daghestanian)", *The Handbook of Morphology*, Blackwell, pg. 468

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-dictionary_8-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-dictionary_8-1) ["Archi Dictionary"](https://www.smg.surrey.ac.uk/archi-dictionary). Retrieved 2 June 2024.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-9)** ["Archi - 1083 - диIча"](http://www.smg.surrey.ac.uk/Archi/Linguists/lexeme.aspx?LE=1083). Retrieved 14 March 2015.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-10)** ["Archi - 1420 - иIнтиIммай"](http://www.smg.surrey.ac.uk/Archi/Linguists/lexeme.aspx?LE=1420). Retrieved 14 March 2015.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-11)** ["Archi - 2101 - моццор"](http://www.smg.surrey.ac.uk/Archi/Linguists/lexeme.aspx?LE=2101). Retrieved 14 March 2015.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-12)** ["Archi - 1387 - игъIвдут"](http://www.smg.surrey.ac.uk/Archi/Linguists/lexeme.aspx?LE=1387). Retrieved 14 March 2015.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-13)** ["Archi - 2213 - наIкьдут"](http://www.smg.surrey.ac.uk/Archi/Linguists/lexeme.aspx?LE=2213). Retrieved 14 March 2015.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-14)** ["Archi - 1838 - кьекьдут"](http://www.smg.surrey.ac.uk/Archi/Linguists/lexeme.aspx?LE=1838). Retrieved 14 March 2015.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-15)** ["Archi - 3833 - лъибтIу"](http://www.smg.surrey.ac.uk/Archi/Linguists/lexeme.aspx?LE=3833). Retrieved 14 March 2015.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-16)** translated in [Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996](#CITEREFLadefogedMaddieson1996):97–98)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-17)** ["Dictionary of Archi - Surrey Morphology Group"](https://www.smg.surrey.ac.uk/archi-dictionary/). *www.smg.surrey.ac.uk*. Retrieved 2024-02-13.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-18)** Lubotsky, Alexander (2010). [*Van Sanskriet tot Spijkerschrift: Breinbrekers uit alle talen*](https://www.academia.edu/1209157) [*From Sanskrit to Cuneiform: Brain teasers from all languages*] (in Dutch). Amsterdam University Press. pp. 17, 68–69. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-9089641793](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9089641793). Retrieved 30 April 2016.

## Bibliography

- Bond, Oliver; Corbett, Greville G.; Chumakina, Marina; Brown, Dunstan, eds. (2016). *Archi: Complexities of agreement in cross-theoretical perspective*. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

- Chumakina, Marina; Dunstan Brown; Greville G. Corbett; Harely Quilliam (2007). [*A dictionary of Archi: Archi-Russian-English*](http://www.smg.surrey.ac.uk/archi-dictionary) (Online ed.). University of Surrey. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.15126/SMG.16/2](https://doi.org/10.15126%2FSMG.16%2F2).

- Kodzasov, Sandro (1977). "Fonetika Archinskogo Jazyka, part 2". In Kibrik, A. E.; Samedov, I. P.; Olovjannikova, D. S.; Kodzasov, S. V. (eds.). *Opyt Strukturnogo Opisanija Archinskogo Jazyka*. Vol. 1. Moscow: Izdatel’stvo Moskovskogo Universiteta.

- [Ladefoged, Peter](/source/Peter_Ladefoged); [Maddieson, Ian](/source/Ian_Maddieson) (1996). [*The Sounds of the World's Languages*](/source/The_Sounds_of_the_World's_Languages). Oxford: Blackwell. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-631-19815-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-631-19815-6).

## Further reading

- Chumakina, Marina (2014). "Семантическое согласование в арчинском языке [Semantic agreement in Archi]". In Plungyan, V. A. (ed.). Язык. Константы. Переменные. Памяти Александра Евгеньевича Кибрика [*Language. Constants. Variables. In memoriam of A.E. Kibrik*] (in Russian). St Petersburg: Aleteya. pp. 454–470.

- Chumakina, Marina (2015). "Archi". In Müller, Peter O.; Ohnheiser, Ingeborg; Olsen, Susan; Rainer, Franz (eds.). *Word formation: An international handbook of the languages of Europe*. Handbooks of Linguistics and Communication Science. Vol. HSK40. Berlin: de Gruyter Mouton.

- Dirr, A. M. (1908). "Arčinskij jazyk". *Sbornik materialov dlja opisanija mestnostej i plemen Kavkaza* (in Russian). Tbilisi.{{[cite book](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book)}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ([link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher))

- Kaxadze, O. I. (1979). *The Archi language and its relation to other Daghestan languages* (in Georgian). Tbilisi: Mecniereba.

- Kibrik, Aleksandr E. (1972). "O formal'nom vydelenii soglasovatel'nyx klassov v arčinskom jazyke". *Voprosy jazykoznanija* (in Russian). **1**: 124–131.

- Kibrik, Aleksandr E. (1977). *Opyt strukturnogo opisanija arčinskogo jazyka* (in Russian). Vol. 2: Taksonomičeskaja grammatika. Moscow: Izdatel'stvo moskovskogo universiteta.

- Kibrik, Aleksandr E. (1977). *Opyt strukturnogo opisanija arčinskogo jazyka* (in Russian). Vol. 3: Dinamičeskaja grammatika. Moscow: Izdatel'stvo moskovskogo universiteta.

- Kibrik, Aleksandr E. (1993). "Archi". In R. Smeets (ed.). *Indigenous languages of the Caucasus*. Vol. 3. New York: Caravan Books. pp. 297–365.

- Kibrik, Aleksandr E. (1998). "Archi". In Spencer, Andrew; Zwicky, Arnold M. (eds.). *The Handbook of Morphology*. Blackwell Publishers. pp. 455–476.

- Kibrik, Aleksandr E.; Kodzasov, S. V.; Olovjannikova, I. P. & Samedov, D. S. (1977). *Arčinskij jazyk. Teksiy i slovari* (in Russian). Moscow: Izdatel'stvo moskovskogo universiteta.

- Kibrik, Aleksandr E.; Kodzasov, S. V.; Olovjannikova, I. P.; Samedov, D. S. (1977). *Opyt strukturnogo opisanija arčinskogo jazyka* (in Russian). Vol. 1: Leksika. Fonetika. Moscow: Izdatel'stvo moskovskogo universiteta.

- Mikailov, K. Š. (1967). *Arčinskij jazyk* (in Russian). Maxachkala.{{[cite book](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book)}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ([link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher))

- Xajdakov, S. M. (1967). "Arčinskij jazyk". *Jazyki narodov SSSR* (in Russian). Vol. 4. Moscow: Nauka.

## External links

***[Archi language test](https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wp/aqc)*** of [Wikipedia](/source/Wikipedia) at [Wikimedia Incubator](https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Incubator)

- [Appendix:Cyrillic script](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Cyrillic_script#Archi_alphabet)

- [Archi–Russian–English dictionary](http://www.smg.surrey.ac.uk/archi-dictionary)

- [Archi language tutorial](http://www.smg.surrey.ac.uk/languages/archi/tutorial)

- [Archi Vocabulary List](http://wold.clld.org/vocabulary/16) (from the World Loanword Database)

- [Archi basic lexicon at the Global Lexicostatistical Database](http://starling.rinet.ru/cgi-bin/response.cgi?root=new100&morpho=0&basename=new100\ncc\lez&first=0)

- A sample of the Archi language, 'the Bear Story': - [as a sound file](http://www.smg.surrey.ac.uk/languages/archi/tutorial) - [in written form](http://www.smg.surrey.ac.uk/languages/archi/tutorial)

- [https://www.smg.surrey.ac.uk/languages/archi/](https://www.smg.surrey.ac.uk/languages/archi/) Archi language overview

- [Почему арчинский язык считается одним из самых трудных в мире](https://nplus1.ru/material/2019/03/18/archinsky-language)

v t e North Caucasian languages The proposed North Caucasian language family comprises the Northeast and Northwest Caucasian language families. Northwest (Pontic) Abaza–Abkhaz Abaza Abkhaz Bzyb Circassian Adyghe Abzakh Bzhedug Hatuqay Makhosh Mamkhegh Shapsug Hakuchi Kfar Kama Natukhaj Kabardian Kabardian proper Besleney Other Ubykh Chakobsa ?Hattic (proposed) Northeast (Caspian) Avar–Andic Avar Andic Andi Akhvakh Bagvalal–Tindi Botlix–Godoberi Chamalal Karata Tukita Dargic Chirag North-Central Mehweb Gapshima–Butri [lez] Muira [ru] Tsudaqar–Usisha [ru] North Dargwa Aqusha Literary Dargwa Murego–Gubden [uk] Kadar Mugi [ru] Upper Mulebki Urakhi Southern Ashti–Kubachi Sanzhi–Itsari Amuzgi–Shiri Sanakari–Chakhrizhi Southwestern Dargwa Sirhwa [lez; uk] Tanti Upper Vurqni [ru] Kaitag–Shari Kaitag Shari Tsezic Bezhta–Hunzib–Khwarshi Inkhoqwari Hinukh–Tsez Lezgic Archi Samur Eastern Aghul Lezgian Tabasaran Udi Caucasian Albanian Southern Budukh Kryts Jek Western Rutul Tsakhur Nakh Bats Vainakh Chechen Aukh Ingush Other Khinalug Lak Italics indicate extinct languages

v t e Languages of the Caucasus Caucasian (areal) South (Kartvelian) Karto-Zan Georgian Judaeo-Georgian Old Georgian Zan Laz Mingrelian Svan Dval Northeast (Caspian) Avar–Andic Andic Andi Akhvakh Bagvalal–Tindi Botlikh–Godoberi Chamalal Karata Tukita Avar Dargin Chirag North-Central Mehweb Gapshima–Butri [lez] Muira [ru] Tsudaqar–Usisha [ru] North Dargwa Aqusha Literary Dargwa Murego–Gubden [uk] Kadar Mugi [ru] Upper Mulebki Urakhi Southern Ashti–Kubachi Sanzhi–Itsari Amuzgi–Shiri Sanakari–Chakhrizhi Southwestern Dargwa Sirhwa [lez; uk] Tanti Upper Vurqni [ru] Kaitag–Shari Kaitag Shari Lezgic Archi Samur Eastern Aghul Lezgin Tabasaran Southern Budukh Kryts Jek Western Rutul Tsakhur Udi Caucasian Albanian Nakh Bats Vainakh Chechen Aukh Ingush Tsezic (Didoic) Bezhta–Hunzib–Khwarshi Hinukh–Tsez Others Khinalug Lak Northwest (Pontic) Abkhaz–Abaza Abaza Abkhaz Bzyb Chakobsa Circassian Adyghe Kabardian Ubykh Indo- European Iranian Cimmerian Kurdish Kurmanji Ossetian Alanic Persian Talysh Kilit Tat Judeo-Tat Slavic Belarusian Russian Ukrainian Others Armenian Classical Armenian Middle Armenian Eastern Western Zok German Pontic Greek Turkic Kipchak Karachay-Balkar Kumyk Nogai Urum Oghuz Azerbaijani Turkish Turkmen Others Kalmyk Oirat Lomavren Northeastern Neo-Aramaic Assyrian Bohtan Armazic Shirvani Arabic Italics indicate extinct languages Languages between parentheses are varieties of the language on their left. See also Languages of Armenia Languages of Azerbaijan Languages of Georgia Languages of Russia

Authority control databases International GND National Israel Other Yale LUX

---
Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Archi language](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archi_language) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archi_language?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.