# Arachosia

> Mediated Wiki article. Canonical URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/Arachosia
> Markdown URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/Arachosia.md
> Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arachosia
> Source revision: 1344852877
> License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)

Satrapy of the Achaemenid Empire

For the spider genus, see [Arachosia (spider)](/source/Arachosia_(spider)).

Satrapy in Achaemenid Persia

Arachosia 𐏃𐎼𐎢𐎺𐎫𐎡𐏁 (Harauvatiš) Ἀραχωσία (Arachōsíā) Satrapy Map of the easternmost Persian satrapies, including Arachosia Interactive map of Arachosia Empire Achaemenid Persia

Depiction of Arachosian *[magi](/source/Magi)* carrying various gifts and animals for ritual sacrifice at [Persepolis](/source/Persepolis)

**Arachosia** ([/ærəˈkoʊsiə/](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English); [Ancient Greek](/source/Ancient_Greek_language): Ἀραχωσία, [romanized](/source/Romanization_of_Ancient_Greek): *Arachōsíā*), or **Harauvatiš** ([Old Persian](/source/Old_Persian_language): [𐏃𐎼𐎢𐎺𐎫𐎡𐏁](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%F0%90%8F%83%F0%90%8E%BC%F0%90%8E%A2%F0%90%8E%BA%F0%90%8E%AB%F0%90%8E%A1%F0%90%8F%81), romanized: *Harauvatiš*), was a [satrapy](/source/Satrap) of the [Achaemenid Empire](/source/Achaemenid_Empire).[1][2] Mainly centred around the [Arghandab River](/source/Arghandab_River),[3] a tributary of the [Helmand River](/source/Helmand_River), it extended as far east as the [Indus River](/source/Indus_River).[4][5] The satrapy's [Persian-language](/source/Persian-language) name is the etymological equivalent of *[Sárasvatī](/source/Sarasvati_River)* in [Vedic Sanskrit](/source/Vedic_Sanskrit).[1] In Greek, the satrapy's name was derived from *Arachōtós*, the [Greek-language](/source/Greek-language) name for the Arghandab River.[1] Around 330 BCE, [Alexander the Great](/source/Alexander_the_Great) commissioned the building of [Alexandria Arachosia](/source/Alexandria_Arachosia) as Arachosia's new capital city under the [Macedonian Empire](/source/Macedonian_Empire). It was built on top of an earlier Persian military fortress after [Alexander's conquest of Persia](/source/Wars_of_Alexander_the_Great#Persia).

## Etymology

Map showing the Arachosian satrapy and the [Pactyan people](/source/Pashtuns) (500 BCE)

"Arachosia" is the [Latinized form of Greek](/source/Romanization_of_Greek) Ἀραχωσία (*Arachōsíā*). "The same region appears in the [Avestan](/source/Avestan) *[Vidēvdāt](/source/Vendidad)* (1.12) under the indigenous dialect form 𐬵𐬀𐬭𐬀𐬓𐬀𐬌𐬙𐬍‎ *Haraxvaitī*- (whose *-axva-* is typical non-Avestan)."[6] In [Old Persian](/source/Old_Persian) inscriptions, the region is referred to as [𐏃𐎼𐎢𐎺𐎫𐎡𐏁](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%F0%90%8F%83%F0%90%8E%BC%F0%90%8E%A2%F0%90%8E%BA%F0%90%8E%AB%F0%90%8E%A1%F0%90%8F%81), written *h(a)-r(a)-u-v(a)-t-i*.[6] This form is the "etymological equivalent" of [Vedic Sanskrit](/source/Vedic_Sanskrit) [*Sarasvatī*-](/source/Sarasvati_River), the name of a river literally meaning "rich in waters/lakes" and derived from *sáras-* "lake, pond."[6] (*cf.* [Aredvi Sura Anahita](/source/Anahita)).

"Arachosia" was named after the name of a river that runs through it. It was known in [Ancient Greek](/source/Ancient_Greek) as the *Arachōtós* and is now called the [Arghandab River](/source/Arghandab_River) and is a left-bank tributary of the [Helmand River](/source/Helmand_River).[6]

## Geography

Arachosia bordered on [Drangiana](/source/Drangiana) to the west, on the [Paropamisadae](/source/Paropamisadae) to the north, [Hindush](/source/Hindush) to the east and [Gedrosia](/source/Gedrosia_(satrapy)) to the south.[7] Isidore and [Ptolemy](/source/Ptolemy) (6.20.4-5) each provide a list of cities in Arachosia, among them (yet another) [Alexandria](/source/Alexandria_Arachosia), which lay on the river Arachotus. This city is frequently misidentified with present-day [Kandahar](/source/Kandahar) in Afghanistan, the name of which was thought to be derived (via "Iskanderiya") from "Alexandria",[8] reflecting a connection to [Alexander the Great](/source/Alexander_the_Great)'s visit to the city on his [campaign towards India](/source/Indian_campaign_of_Alexander_the_Great). However, a recent discovery of an inscription on a clay tablet has provided proof that 'Kandahar' was already a city that traded actively with Persia well before Alexander's time. Isidore, [Strabo](/source/Strabo) (11.8.9) and [Pliny](/source/Pliny_the_elder) (6.61) also refer to the city as "metropolis of Arachosia".[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*]

In his list, Ptolemy also refers to a city named Arachotus (English: Arachote [/ˈærəkoʊt/](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English); [Greek](/source/Greek_language): Ἀραχωτός) or Arachoti (acc. to [Strabo](/source/Strabo)), which was the earlier capital of the land. [Pliny the Elder](/source/Pliny_the_Elder) and [Stephen of Byzantium](/source/Stephen_of_Byzantium) mention that its original name was Cophen (Κωφήν). [Hsuan Tsang](/source/Xuanzang) refers to the name as Kaofu.[9] The city is identified today with [Arghandab](/source/Arghandab%2C_Afghanistan), which lies northwest of present-day Kandahar.

## History

According to Roman historian [Arrian](/source/Arrian), Greek explorer [Megasthenes](/source/Megasthenes) lived in [Alexandropolis](/source/Alexandria_Arachosia), from where he travelled to [Pataliputra](/source/Pataliputra) (now [Patna, India](/source/Patna)) in the [Mauryan Empire](/source/Maurya_Empire), to be received at the court of [Chandragupta Maurya](/source/Chandragupta_Maurya).

The region is first referred to in the [Achaemenid](/source/Achaemenid)-era [Elamite](/source/Elamite) Persepolis fortification tablets. It appears again in the [Old Persian](/source/Old_Persian), [Akkadian](/source/Akkadian_language) and [Aramaic](/source/Aramaic) inscriptions of [Darius I](/source/Darius_I) and [Xerxes I](/source/Xerxes_I) among lists of subject peoples and countries. It is subsequently also identified as the source of the ivory used in Darius' palace at Susa. In the [Behistun inscription](/source/Behistun_inscription) (DB 3.54-76), the King recounts that a [Persian](/source/Fars_province) was thrice defeated by the Achaemenid governor of Arachosia, Vivana, who so ensured that the province remained under Darius' control. It has been suggested that this "strategically unintelligible engagement" was ventured by the rebel because "there were close relations between Persia and Arachosia concerning the Zoroastrian faith."[6]

[Alexander the Great](/source/Alexander_the_Great) with Greek troops in Arachosia (329 BCE)

The next reference to Arachosia comes from the Greeks and Romans, who record that under [Darius III](/source/Darius_III) the Arachosians and Drangians were under the command of a governor who, together with the army of the Bactrian governor, contrived a plot of the Arachosians against [Alexander](/source/Alexander_the_Great) ([Curtius Rufus](/source/Curtius_Rufus) 8.13.3). Following Alexander's conquest of the Achaemenids, the Macedonian appointed his generals as governors (Arrian 3.28.1, 5.6.2; Curtius Rufus 7.3.5; Plutarch, Eumenes 19.3; Polyaenus 4.6.15; Diodorus 18.3.3; Orosius 3.23.1 3; Justin 13.4.22).

In 316 BCE, [Antigonus I Monophthalmus](/source/Antigonus_I_Monophthalmus) sent most of the elite [Argyraspides](/source/Argyraspides), a veteran Macedonian corps with over forty years experience, to Arachosia to protect the eastern frontier with India. However, they were sent with the order to [Sibyrtius](/source/Sibyrtius), the Macedonian satrap of Arachosia, to dispatch them by small groups of two or three to dangerous missions so that their numbers would rapidly dwindle and remove them as a military threat to his power.

Following the [Wars of the Diadochi](/source/Wars_of_the_Diadochi), the region became part of the [Seleucid Empire](/source/Seleucid_Empire), which traded it to the [Mauryan Empire](/source/Mauryan_Empire) in 305 BCE as part of an alliance. The [Shunga dynasty](/source/Shunga_dynasty) overthrew the Mauryans in 185 BC, but shortly afterwards lost Arachosia to the [Greco-Bactrian Kingdom](/source/Greco-Bactrian_Kingdom). It then became part of the break-away [Indo-Greek Kingdom](/source/Indo-Greek_Kingdom) in the mid 2nd century BCE. [Indo-Scythians](/source/Indo-Scythians) expelled the Indo-Greeks by the mid 1st century BCE, but lost the region to the [Arsacids](/source/Arsacid_Empire) and [Indo-Parthians](/source/Indo-Parthians). At what time (and in what form) Parthian rule over Arachosia was reestablished cannot be determined with any authenticity. From Isidore 19, it is certain that a part (perhaps only a little) of the region was under Arsacid rule in the 1st century CE, and that the Parthians called it *Indikē Leukē*, "White India" due to the area being ruled by the Scythian Azes Dynasty.[10]

The [Kushans](/source/Kushan_Empire) captured Arachosia from the Indo-Parthians and ruled the region until around 230 CE, when they were defeated by the [Sassanids](/source/Sassanid_Empire), the second Persian Empire, after which the Kushans were replaced by Sassanid vassals known as the [Kushanshas](/source/Kushanshas) or [Indo-Sassanids](/source/Indo-Sassanids). In 420 CE the Kushanshas were driven out of present Afghanistan by the [Chionites](/source/Chionites), who established the [Kidarite Kingdom](/source/Kidarite_Kingdom). The [Kidarites](/source/Kidarites) were replaced in the 460s CE by the [Hephthalites](/source/Hephthalites), who were defeated in 565 CE by a coalition of Persian and Turkish armies. Arachosia became part of the surviving [Kushano-Hephthalite](/source/Kushano-Hephthalite) Kingdoms of [Kapisa](/source/Kingdom_of_Kapisa), then [Kabul](/source/Kabul), before coming under attack from the Moslem Arabs. These kingdoms were at first vassals of Sassanids. Around 870 CE the Kushano-Hephthalites (aka Turkshahi Dynasty) was replaced by the [Saffarids](/source/Saffarids), then the [Samanid Empire](/source/Samanid_Empire) and Muslim Turkish [Ghaznavids](/source/Ghaznavids) in the early 11th century CE.

Arab geographers referred to the region (or parts of it) as 'Arokhaj', 'Rokhaj', 'Rohkaj' or simply 'Roh'.

## Inhabitants

Further information: [Pashtun people](/source/Pashtun_people)

15th-century reconstruction by German cartographer [Nicolaus Germanus](/source/Nicolaus_Germanus) of a 2nd-century map by Roman geographer [Ptolemy](/source/Ptolemy), depicting Arachosia and surrounding satrapies

Relief at [Naqsh-e Rostam](/source/Naqsh-e_Rostam), on the tomb of [Xerxes I](/source/Xerxes_I), depicting an Arachosian soldier of the [Achaemenid army](/source/Military_history_of_Iran) (c. 470 BCE)

The inhabitants of Arachosia were [Iranian peoples](/source/Iranian_peoples) and were referred to as *Arachosians* or *Arachoti*.[6] They were called *Pactyans* in reference to their individual ethnicity, a name that may have been in reference to the ethnic group known as the [Pashtuns](/source/Pashtuns).[11]

[Isidore of Charax](/source/Isidore_of_Charax), in his 1st-century CE "Parthian stations" itinerary, described an "Alexandropolis, the metropolis of Arachosia", which he said was still [Greek](/source/Ancient_Greece) even at such a late time:

"Beyond is Arachosia. And the [Parthians](/source/Parthian_Empire) call this [White India](/source/Ancient_Greece%E2%80%93Ancient_India_relations); there are the city of Biyt and the city of Pharsana and the city of Chorochoad and the city of Demetrias; then Alexandropolis, the metropolis of Arachosia; it is Greek, and by it flows the river Arachotus. As far as this place the land is under the rule of the Parthians."

— Isidore of Charax, Parthians stations, 1st century CE. Original text in paragraph 19 of [Parthian stations](http://www.parthia.com/doc/parthian_stations.htm#PARTHIAN_STATIONS)

A theory of Croatian origin [traces the origin of the Croats](/source/Origin_hypotheses_of_the_Croats#Iranian_theory) to the area of Arachosia. This connection was at first drawn because of the similarity of Croatian ([Croatia](/source/Croatia) – [Croatian](/source/Croatian_language): Hrvatska, Croats – Croatian: [Hrvati](/source/Name_of_Croatia#Origin) / [Čakavian dialect](/source/%C4%8Cakavian_dialect): Harvati / [Kajkavian dialect](/source/Kajkavian_dialect): Horvati) and Arachosian name,[12][13] but other researches indicate that there are also linguistic, cultural, agrobiological and genetic ties.[14][15] Since Croatia became an independent state in 1991, the Iranian theory gained more popularity, and many scientific papers and books have been published.[16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23]

## See also

- [History of Afghanistan](/source/History_of_Afghanistan)

- [Kandahar province](/source/Kandahar_province)

- [Old Kandahar](/source/Old_Kandahar)

## Notes

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Iranica_1-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Iranica_1-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-Iranica_1-2) Foundation, Encyclopaedia Iranica (14 May 2022). ["Arachosia"](https://iranicaonline.org/articles/arachosia). *iranicaonline.org*.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-2)** [*Afghanistan Country Study Guide Volume 1 Strategic Information and Developments*](https://books.google.com/books?id=Sm-bBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA62). Lulu.com. 1 August 2013. p. 62. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-4387-7372-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4387-7372-8).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-3)** Howard, Michael C. (10 January 2014). [*Transnationalism in Ancient and Medieval Societies: The Role of Cross-Border Trade and Travel*](https://books.google.com/books?id=6QPWXrCCzBIC&pg=PA41). McFarland. p. 41. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-7864-9033-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-9033-2). ... Arachosia (modern Arghandab district in Afghanistan and neighboring areas of southeastern Afghanistan and northern Pakistan).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-4)** Becking, Bob (4 August 2020). [*Identity in Persian Egypt: The Fate of the Yehudite Community of Elephantine*](https://books.google.com/books?id=0VYkEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA13). Penn State Press. p. 13. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-64602-074-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-64602-074-4). Arachosia is a mountainous area in which is now the border territory between Afghanistan and Pakistan...

1. **[^](#cite_ref-5)** Samad, Rafi U. (2011). [*The Grandeur of Gandhara: The Ancient Buddhist Civilization of the Swat, Peshawar, Kabul and Indus Valleys*](https://books.google.com/books?id=cJtMBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA46). Algora Publishing. p. 46. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-87586-858-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87586-858-5). Arachosia, covering an area from Kandahar and Quetta to the western bank of the Indus, shared its northern boundary with Gandhara.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Iranicaarticle_6-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Iranicaarticle_6-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-Iranicaarticle_6-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-Iranicaarticle_6-3) [***e***](#cite_ref-Iranicaarticle_6-4) [***f***](#cite_ref-Iranicaarticle_6-5) Schmitt, Rüdiger (10 August 2011). ["Arachosia"](http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/arachosia). *Encyclopædia Iranica*. United States.{{[cite encyclopedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_encyclopedia)}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ([link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher))

1. **[^](#cite_ref-7)** Foundation, Encyclopaedia Iranica. ["Arachosia"](https://iranicaonline.org/articles/arachosia). *iranicaonline.org*. Retrieved 14 May 2022. According to Ptolemy 6.20.1 (cf. Strabo 15.2.9), Arachosia bordered on Drangiana in the west, on the Paropamisadae (i.e., the satrapy of Gandāra) in the north, on a part of India in the east, and on Gedrosia (or, according to Pliny, Natural History 6.92, on the Dexendrusi) in the south; Ptolemy also mentions (6.20.3) several tribes of Arachosia by name—the Parsyetae, and, to the south, the Sydri, Rhoplutae, and Eoritae.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-8)** Lendering, Jona. ["Alexandria in Arachosia"](https://web.archive.org/web/20100615230642/http://www.livius.org/aj-al/alexandria/alexandria_arachosia.html). Amsterdam: livius.org. Archived from [the original](https://www.livius.org/aj-al/alexandria/alexandria_arachosia.html) on 15 June 2010. Retrieved 26 March 2020..

1. **[^](#cite_ref-9)** Mookerji, Radhakumud (1966). [*Chandragupta Maurya and his times*](https://books.google.com/books?id=i-y6ZUheQH8C&pg=PA173) (4 ed.). Motilal Banarsidass Publ. p. 173. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-81-208-0405-0](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0405-0). Retrieved 18 September 2010.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-William_Woodthorpe_Tarn_10-0)** [*The Greeks in Bactria and India*](https://books.google.com/books?id=-HeJS3nE9cAC&q=sakastan+white&pg=PA53). Cambridge University Press. 24 June 2010. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-108-00941-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-00941-6). Retrieved 31 December 2007.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Houtsma-150_11-0)** Houtsma, Martijn Theodoor (1987). [*E.J. Brill's first encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913-1936*](https://books.google.com/books?id=GEl6N2tQeawC&pg=PA150). Vol. 2. BRILL. p. 150. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [90-04-08265-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-08265-4). Retrieved 24 September 2010.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-12)** ["Identity of Croatians in Ancient Afghanistan"](http://www.iranchamber.com/history/articles/identity_croatians_ancient_iran.php). iranchamber.com..

1. **[^](#cite_ref-13)** Kalyanaraman, Srinivasan. ["Sarasvati Civilization Volume 1"](https://web.archive.org/web/20130719080340/http://www.scribd.com/doc/2250823/Civilization). Bangalore: Babasaheb (Umakanta Keshav) Apte Smarak Samiti. Archived from [the original](https://www.scribd.com/doc/2250823/Civilization) on 19 July 2013. Retrieved 8 September 2017. {{[cite journal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_journal)}}: Cite journal requires |journal= ([help](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical)).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-14)** Budimir/Rac, Stipan/Mladen (1999). ["Anthropogenic and agrobiological arguments of the scientific origin of Croats"](https://web.archive.org/web/20111005031728/http://crosbi.znanstvenici.hr/prikazi-rad?&lang=EN&rad=37738). *Staroiransko Podrijetlo Hrvata: Zbornik Simpozija*. Zagreb: Staroiransko podrijetlo Hrvata: zbornik simpozija / Lovrić, Andrija-Željko (ed). – Teheran: Iranian Cultural Center: 71. Archived from [the original](http://crosbi.znanstvenici.hr/prikazi-rad?&lang=EN&rad=37738) on 5 October 2011. Retrieved 29 December 2009..

1. **[^](#cite_ref-15)** Abbas, Samar. ["Common Origin of Croats, Serbs and Jats"](http://www.iranchamber.com/history/articles/common_origin_croats_serbs_jats.php). Bhubaneshwar: iranchamber.com..

1. **[^](#cite_ref-16)** Beshevliev 1967: "Iranian elements in the Proto-Bulgarians" by V. Beshevliev (in Bulgarian)(Antichnoe Obschestvo, Trudy Konferencii po izucheniyu problem antichnosti, str. 237-247, Izdatel'stvo "Nauka", Moskva 1967, AN SSSR, Otdelenie Istorii) [http://members.tripod.com/~Groznijat/fadlan/besh.html](http://members.tripod.com/~Groznijat/fadlan/besh.html)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-17)** Dvornik 1956: "The Slavs. Their Early History and Civilization." by F. Dvornik, American Academy of Arts and Sciences, Boston, USA., 1956.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-18)** Hina 2000: "Scholars assert Croats are Descendants of Iranian Tribes", Hina News Agency, Zagreb, 15 Oct 2000 ([http://www.hina.hr](http://www.hina.hr))

1. **[^](#cite_ref-19)** Sakac 1949: "Iranisehe Herkunft des kroatischen Volksnamens", ("Iranian origin of the Croatian Ethnonym") S. Sakac, Orientalia Christiana Periodica. XV (1949), 813-340.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-20)** Sakac 1955: "The Iranian origin of the Croatians according to Constantine Porphyrogenitus", by S. Sakac, in "The Croatian nation in its struggle for freedom and independence" (Chicago, 1955); for other works by Sakac, cf. "Prof. Dr. Stjepan Krizin Sakac – In memoriam" by Milan Blazekovic, [http://www.studiacroatica.com/revistas/050/0500501.htm](http://www.studiacroatica.com/revistas/050/0500501.htm) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20110928183723/http://www.studiacroatica.com/revistas/050/0500501.htm) 2011-09-28 at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-21)** Schmitt 1985: "Iranica Proto-Bulgarica" (in German), Academie Bulgare des Sciences, Linguistique Balkanique, XXVIII (1985), l, p.13-38; [http://members.tripod.com/~Groznijat/bulgar/schmitt.html](http://members.tripod.com/~Groznijat/bulgar/schmitt.html)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-22)** Tomicic 1998: "The old-Iranian origin of Croats", Symposium proceedings, Zagreb 24.6.1998, ed. Prof. Zlatko Tomicic & Andrija-Zeljko Lovric, Cultural center of I.R. of Iran in Croatia, Zagreb, 1999, [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [953-6301-07-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/953-6301-07-5), ["Archived copy"](https://web.archive.org/web/20061212182259/http://www.hindunet.org/saraswati/croats2.PDF) (PDF). Archived from [the original](http://www.hindunet.org/saraswati/croats2.PDF) (PDF) on 12 December 2006. Retrieved 13 June 2011.{{[cite web](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_web)}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ([link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title))

1. **[^](#cite_ref-23)** Vernadsky 1952: "Der sarmatische Hintergrund der germanischen Voelkerwanderung," (Sarmatian background of the Germanic Migrations), G. Vernadsky, Saeculum, II (1952), 340-347.

## References

- Frye, Richard N. (1963). *The Heritage of Persia*. World Publishing company, Cleveland, Ohio. Mentor Book edition, 1966.

- Hill, John E. 2004. *[The Western Regions according to the Hou Hanshu.](http://depts.washington.edu/silkroad/texts/hhshu/hou_han_shu.html)* Draft annotated English translation.

- Hill, John E. 2004. *[The Peoples of the West from the Weilue](http://depts.washington.edu/silkroad/texts/weilue/weilue.html)* 魏略 *by Yu Huan* 魚豢*: A Third Century Chinese Account Composed between 239 and 265 CE.* Draft annotated English translation.

- Hill, John E. (2009) *Through the Jade Gate to Rome: A Study of the Silk Routes during the Later Han Dynasty, 1st to 2nd Centuries CE*. BookSurge, Charleston, South Carolina. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-4392-2134-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4392-2134-1).

- Toynbee, Arnold J. (1961). *Between Oxus and Jumna*. London. Oxford University Press.

- Vogelsang, W. (1985). "Early historical Arachosia in South-east Afghanistan; Meeting-place between East and West." *Iranica antiqua*, 20 (1985), pp. 55–99.

## External links

- [Arachosia](https://www.livius.org/ap-ark/arachosia/arachosia.html) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20130503130438/http://www.livius.org/ap-ark/arachosia/arachosia.html) 3 May 2013 at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine)

- [Alexandria in Arachosia](https://www.livius.org/aj-al/alexandria/alexandria_arachosia.html) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20100615230642/http://www.livius.org/aj-al/alexandria/alexandria_arachosia.html) 15 June 2010 at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine)

- [Arachosia, province (satrapy)](https://web.archive.org/web/20090129204727/http://www.iranica.com/newsite/articles/v2f3/v2f3a010.html)

- King, Rhyne (2019). "Taxing Achaemenid Arachosia: Evidence from Persepolis". *Journal of Near Eastern Studies*. **78** (2): 185–199. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1086/705163](https://doi.org/10.1086%2F705163). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [211659841](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:211659841).

v t e Provinces of the Achaemenid Empire (Behistun / Persepolis / Naqsh-e Rustam / Susa / Daeva inscriptions) Akaufaka (Quhistan?) Amyrgoi Arabia Arachosia Aria Armenia Assyria Babylonia Bactria Cappadocia Caria Carmania Chorasmia Cilicia Colchis Dahae Drangiana 1st Egypt / 2nd Egypt Eber-Nari (Levant) Elam Kush (Nubia) Gandāra (Gandhara) Gedrosia Hyrcania Ionia Hindush Libya Lydia Maka Margiana Media Massagetae Parthia Persis Phoenicia Phrygia Hellespontine Phrygia Greater Phrygia Saka Samaritan Province Sattagydia Skudra (Thrace) Sogdia Yehud See also Taxation districts of the Achaemenid Empire (according to Herodotus)

Authority control databases International VIAF GND Geographic Pleiades

---
Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Arachosia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arachosia) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arachosia?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.