# Arabic script > Mediated Wiki article. Canonical URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/Arabic_script > Markdown URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/Arabic_script.md > Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_script > Source revision: 1356055398 > License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/) {{Short description|Writing system}} {{For|the Arabic script as it is used specifically to write Arabic|Arabic alphabet}} {{use dmy dates|date=April 2024}} {{Infobox writing system | name = Arabic script | type = [Abjad](/source/Abjad) | languages = See below | time = 3rd century CE to the present{{cite book | title=The World's Writing Systems | year=1996 | editor1-first=Peter T. | editor1-last=Daniels | editor1-link=Peter T. Daniels | editor2-last=Bright | editor2-first=William | editor2-link=William O. Bright | publisher=Oxford University Press, Inc | isbn=978-0195079937 | page=559}} | direction = Right-to-left | fam1 = [Egyptian hieroglyphs](/source/Egyptian_hieroglyphs) | fam2 = [Proto-Sinaitic](/source/Proto-Sinaitic_script) | fam3 = [Phoenician](/source/Phoenician_alphabet) | fam4 = [Aramaic](/source/Aramaic_alphabet) | fam5 = [Nabataean](/source/Nabataean_alphabet) | children = [N'Ko](/source/N'Ko_script)
[Hanifi script](/source/Hanifi_Rohingya_script)
[Thaana](/source/Thaana_script) (partially) | unicode = {{ublist |class=nowrap |[https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0600.pdf U+0600–U+06FF] {{smaller|Arabic}} |[https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0750.pdf U+0750–U+077F] {{smaller|Arabic Supplement}} |[https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U08A0.pdf U+08A0–U+08FF] {{smaller|Arabic Extended-A}} |[https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0870.pdf U+0870–U+089F] {{smaller|Arabic Extended-B}} |[https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U10EC0.pdf U+10EC0–U+10EFF] {{smaller|Arabic Extended-C}} |[https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/UFB50.pdf U+FB50–U+FDFF] {{smaller|Arabic Pres. Forms-A}} |[https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/UFE70.pdf U+FE70–U+FEFF] {{smaller|Arabic Pres. Forms-B}} |[https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U1EE00.pdf U+1EE00–U+1EEFF] {{smaller|Arabic Mathematical...}} |[https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U1EC70.pdf U+1EC70–U+1ECBF] {{smaller|Indic Siyaq Numbers}} |[https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U1ED00.pdf U+1ED00–U+1ED4F] {{smaller|Ottoman Siyaq Numbers}} |[https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U10E60.pdf U+10E60–U+10E7F] {{smaller|Rumi Numeral Symbols}}}} | iso15924 = Arab | sample = Arabic-script.svg | imagesize = 300px }} [[File:Arabic scripts.png|thumb|350px|[Euler diagram](/source/Euler_diagram) showing major languages and scripts based on the Arabic alphabet, including Arabic, Persian, Kurdish, Kashmiri, Urdu, Sindhi, Gorani, Gilaki, Mazanderani, and Azeri Turkish.]] {| class="toccolours" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="float:right; clear:right; font-size:85%; width:500px; margin:0 0 1em 1em;" |- style="background:#0a0;" ! colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"| Worldwide use of the Arabic script |- | colspan="3" | center|400px|Arabic alphabet world distribution |- | colspan="3" | Countries where the Arabic script is: |- | style="width:10px; height:10px; background:#060;"| ||  →  || the sole official script |- | style="width:10px; height:10px; background:#40b340;"| ||  →  || official alongside other scripts |- | style="width:10px; height:10px; background:#80ff80;" | ||  →  || official at a provincial level (China, India, Tanzania) or a recognized second script of the official language (Malaysia, Tajikistan) |} The '''Arabic script''' is the [writing system](/source/writing_system) used for [Arabic](/source/Arabic) ([Arabic alphabet](/source/Arabic_alphabet)) and several other languages of Asia and Africa. It is the second-most widely used [alphabet](/source/alphabet)ic writing system in the world (after the [Latin script](/source/Latin_script)),{{cite web |title=Arabic Alphabet |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/31666/Arabic-alphabet |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150426185709/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/31666/Arabic-alphabet |archive-date=26 April 2015 |access-date=2015-05-16 |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica online}} the second-most widely used [writing system](/source/List_of_writing_systems_by_adoption) in the world by number of countries using it, and the third-most by number of users (after the Latin and [Chinese scripts](/source/Chinese_characters)).{{cite web|title=The World's 5 Most Commonly Used Writing Systems|url=https://www.britannica.com/list/the-worlds-5-most-commonly-used-writing-systems|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230729184024/https://www.britannica.com/list/the-worlds-5-most-commonly-used-writing-systems|access-date=2023-07-29|archive-date=2023-07-29|url-status=live|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica|last=Vaughan|first=Don}} The script was first used to write texts in Arabic, most notably the [Quran](/source/Quran), the holy book of [Islam](/source/Islam). With [the religion's spread](/source/Spread_of_Islam), it came to be used as the primary script for many language families, leading to the addition of new letters and other symbols. Such languages using it are [Arabic](/source/Arabic_language), [Persian](/source/Persian_language) ([Farsi](/source/Western_Persian) and [Dari](/source/Dari)), [Urdu](/source/Urdu), [Uyghur](/source/Uyghur_language), [Kurdish](/source/Kurdish_language), [Pashto](/source/Pashto), [Punjabi](/source/Punjabi_language) ([Shahmukhi](/source/Shahmukhi)), [Sindhi](/source/Sindhi_language), [Azerbaijani](/source/South_Azerbaijani) (Torki in [Iran](/source/Iran)), [Malay](/source/Malay_language) ([Jawi](/source/Jawi_alphabet)), [Javanese](/source/Javanese_language), [Sundanese](/source/Sundanese_language), [Madurese](/source/Madurese_language) and [Indonesian](/source/Indonesian_language) ([Pegon](/source/Pegon_script)), [Balti](/source/Balti_language), [Balochi](/source/Balochi_language), [Luri](/source/Luri_language), [Kashmiri](/source/Kashmiri_language), [Cham](/source/Cham_language) (Akhar Srak),[https://www.loc.gov/catdir/cpso/cham_background.pdf Cham romanization table background. Library of Congress] [Rohingya](/source/Hanifi_Rohingya_script), [Somali](/source/Somali_language), [Mandinka](/source/Mandinka_language), and [Mooré](/source/Moor%C3%A9), among others.Mahinnaz Mirdehghan. 2010. Persian, Urdu, and Pashto: A comparative orthographic analysis. ''Writing Systems Research'' Vol. 2, No. 1, 9–23. Until the 16th century, it was also used for some [Spanish](/source/Aljamiado) texts, and—prior to the [script reform in 1928](/source/Atat%C3%BCrk's_reforms)—it was the writing system of [Turkish](/source/Turkish_language).{{cite web|url=http://www.bne.es/es/Micrositios/Exposiciones/MemoriaMoriscos/Obras/|title=Exposición Virtual. Biblioteca Nacional de España|publisher=Bne.es|access-date=2012-04-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120218074945/http://www.bne.es/es/Micrositios/Exposiciones/MemoriaMoriscos/Obras/|archive-date=2012-02-18|url-status=dead}} The script is written from [right to left](/source/Right-to-left_script) in a [cursive](/source/cursive) style, in which most of the letters are written in slightly different forms according to whether they stand alone or are joined to a following or preceding letter. The script is [unicase](/source/unicase) and does not have distinct [capital or lowercase letters](/source/letter_case).{{Cite book |last=Ahmad, Syed Barakat. |title=Introduction to Qur'anic script |date=11 January 2013 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-11138-9 |oclc=1124340016}} In most cases, the letters transcribe [consonant](/source/consonant)s, or consonants and a few vowels, so most Arabic alphabets are [abjad](/source/abjad)s, with the versions used for some languages, such as [Sorani dialect of Kurdish](/source/Kurdish_alphabets), [Kashmiri](/source/Kashmiri_language), [Gorani](/source/Gorani_language), [Uyghur](/source/Uyghur_Arabic_alphabet), [Mandarin](/source/Xiao'erjing), and [Serbo-Croatian](/source/Arebica), being [alphabet](/source/alphabet)s.{{cite journal |title=Script Normalization for Unconventional Writing of Under-Resourced Languages in Bilingual Communities |author=Sina Ahmadi, Antonios Anastasopoulos |year=2023 |journal=Proceedings of the 61st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers) |pages=14533–14551 |url=https://aclanthology.org/2023.acl-long.809/ |doi=10.18653/v1/2023.acl-long.809}} It is the basis for the tradition of [Arabic calligraphy](/source/Arabic_calligraphy). {{Calligraphy}} == History == {{Main|History of the Arabic alphabet}} {{See also|Writing systems of pre-Islamic Arabia}} The Arabic alphabet is derived either from the [Nabataean alphabet](/source/Nabataean_alphabet){{Cite book |last=Gruendler |first=Beatrice |author-link=Beatrice Gruendler |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=65kOAAAAYAAJ&q=origin |title=The Development of the Arabic Scripts: From the Nabatean Era to the First Islamic Century According to Dated Texts |date=1993 |publisher=Scholars Press |isbn=9781555407100 |pages=1 |language=en}}{{Cite book|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fDohBQAAQBAJ&pg=PR1|title=A Brief Introduction to The Arabic Alphabet|last1=Healey|first1=John F.|last2=Smith|first2=G. Rex|date=2012-02-13|publisher=Saqi|isbn=9780863568817|language=en|chapter=II - The Origin of the Arabic Alphabet}} or (less widely believed) directly from the [Syriac alphabet](/source/Syriac_alphabet),{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Kc4xAlunCSEC&pg=PA100|title=The Origins of Writing|last=Senner|first=Wayne M.|date=1991|publisher=U of Nebraska Press|isbn=0803291671|pages=100|language=en}} which are both derived from the [Aramaic alphabet](/source/Aramaic_alphabet), which, in turn, descended from the [Phoenician alphabet](/source/Phoenician_alphabet). The Phoenician script also gave rise to the [Greek alphabet](/source/Greek_alphabet) (and, therefore, both the [Cyrillic alphabet](/source/Cyrillic_alphabet) and the [Latin alphabet](/source/Latin_alphabet) used in North and South America and most European countries). === Origins === In the 6th and 5th centuries BCE, northern Arab tribes emigrated and founded a kingdom centred around [Petra](/source/Petra), Jordan. This people (now named [Nabataeans](/source/Nabataeans) from the name of one of the tribes, Nabatu) spoke [Nabataean Arabic](/source/Nabataean_Arabic), a dialect of the [Arabic](/source/Arabic) language. In the 2nd or 1st centuries BCE,{{Cite web|url=https://www.omniglot.com/writing/nabataean.htm|title=Nabataean abjad|website=www.omniglot.com|access-date=2017-03-08}}{{Cite web|url=http://mushecht.haifa.ac.il/catalogues/Nabateans/Joseph_Naveh.pdf|title=Nabatean Language, Script and Inscriptions|last=Naveh|first=Joseph}} the first known records of the Nabataean alphabet were written in the [Aramaic language](/source/Aramaic) (which was the language of communication and trade), but included some Arabic language features: the Nabataeans did not write the language which they spoke. They wrote in a form of the Aramaic alphabet, which continued to evolve; it separated into two forms: one intended for [inscription](/source/inscription)s (known as "monumental Nabataean") and the other, more cursive and hurriedly written and with joined letters, for writing on [papyrus](/source/papyrus).{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FcAoBq4_EnEC&pg=PA152|title=Petra and the Lost Kingdom of the Nabataeans|last=Taylor|first=Jane|date=2001|publisher=I.B.Tauris|isbn=9781860645082|pages=152|language=en}} This cursive form influenced the monumental form more and more and gradually changed into the Arabic alphabet. == Overview == {|class="floatright" style="text-align:center;" |+ style="font-size:125%;" | the Arabic alphabet |- style="background:#F1F2F5;font-size:180%;" | {{Script/Arabic| خ }} | {{Script/Arabic| ح }} | {{Script/Arabic| ج }} | {{Script/Arabic| ث }} | {{Script/Arabic| ت }} | {{Script/Arabic| ب }} | {{Script/Arabic| ا }} |- style="background:#E3E6EB;" | {{transliteration|ar|ALA-LC|khā’}} | {{transliteration|ar|ALA-LC|ḥā’}} | {{transliteration|ar|ALA-LC|jīm}} | {{transliteration|ar|ALA-LC|tha’}} | {{transliteration|ar|ALA-LC|tā’}} | {{transliteration|ar|ALA-LC|bā’}} | {{transliteration|ar|ALA-LC|alif}} |- style="background:#F1F2F5;font-size:180%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ص }} | {{Script/Arabic| ش }} | {{Script/Arabic| س }} | {{Script/Arabic| ز }} | {{Script/Arabic| ر }} | {{Script/Arabic| ذ }} | {{Script/Arabic| د }} |- style="background:#E3E6EB;" | {{transliteration|ar|ALA-LC|ṣād}} | {{transliteration|ar|ALA-LC|shīn}} | {{transliteration|ar|ALA-LC|sīn}} | {{transliteration|ar|ALA-LC|zāy}} /
{{transliteration|ar|ALA-LC|zayn}} | {{transliteration|ar|ALA-LC|rā’}} | {{transliteration|ar|ALA-LC|dhāl}} | {{transliteration|ar|ALA-LC|dāl}} |- style="background:#F1F2F5;font-size:180%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ق }} | {{Script/Arabic| ف }} | {{Script/Arabic| غ }} | {{Script/Arabic| ع }} | {{Script/Arabic| ظ }} | {{Script/Arabic| ط }} | {{Script/Arabic| ض }} |- style="background:#E3E6EB;" | {{transliteration|ar|ALA-LC|qāf}} | {{transliteration|ar|ALA-LC|fā’}} | {{transliteration|ar|ghayn}} | {{transliteration|ar|ALA-LC|‘ayn}} | {{transliteration|ar|ALA-LC|ẓā’}} | {{transliteration|ar|ALA-LC|ṭā’}} | {{transliteration|ar|ALA-LC|ḍād}} |- style="background:#F1F2F5;font-size:180%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ي }} | {{Script/Arabic| و }} | {{Script/Arabic| ه }} | {{Script/Arabic| ن }} | {{Script/Arabic| م }} | {{Script/Arabic| ل }} | {{Script/Arabic| ك }} |- style="background:#E3E6EB;" | {{transliteration|ar|ALA-LC|yā’}} | style="width: 3em;" | {{transliteration|ar|ALA-LC|wāw}} | style="width: 3em;" | {{transliteration|ar|ALA-LC|hā’}} | style="width: 3em;" | {{transliteration|ar|ALA-LC|nūn}} | style="width: 3em;" | {{transliteration|ar|ALA-LC|mīm}} | style="width: 3em;" | {{transliteration|ar|ALA-LC|lām}} | style="width: 3em;" | {{transliteration|ar|ALA-LC|kāf}} |- |أ |آ |إ |ئ |ؠ |ء |ࢬ |- |alif hamza↑ |alif madda |alif hamza↓ |yā’ hamza↑ |kashmiri yā’ |hamza |rohingya yā’ |- |ى |ٱ |ی |ە |ً |ٌ |ٍ |- |alif maksura |alif wasla |farsi yā’ |ae |fathatan |dammatan |kasratan |- |َ |ُ |ِ |ّ |ْ |ٓ |ۤ |- |fatha |damma |kasra |shadda |sukun |maddah |madda |- |ں |ٹ |ٺ |ٻ |پ |ٿ |ڃ |- |nūn ghunna |ttā’ |ttāhā’ |bāā’ |pā’ |tāhā’ |nyā’ |- |ڄ |چ |ڇ |ڈ |ڌ |ڍ |ڎ |- |dyā’ |tchā’ |tchahā’ |ddāl |dāhāl |ddāhāl |duul |- |ڑ |ژ |ڤ |ڦ |ک |ڭ |گ |- |rrā’ |jā’ |vā’ |pāḥā’ |kāḥā’ |ng |gāf |- |ڳ |ڻ |ھ |ہ |ة |ۃ |ۅ |- |gueh |rnūn |hā’ doachashmee |hā’ goal |tā’ marbuta |tā’ marbuta goal |Kirghiz oe |- |ۆ |ۇ |ۈ |ۉ |ۋ |ې |ے |- |oe |u |yu |Kirghiz yu |ve |e |yā’ barree |- | colspan=7 | {{ref|arabic_alphabet|(see below for other alphabets)}} |- |} The Arabic script has been adapted for use in a wide variety of languages aside from Arabic, including [Persian](/source/Persian_language), [Malay](/source/Malay_language) and [Urdu](/source/Urdu_language), which are not [Semitic](/source/Semitic_languages). Such adaptations may feature altered or new characters to represent [phoneme](/source/phoneme)s that do not appear in Arabic [phonology](/source/phonology). For example, the Arabic language lacks a [voiceless bilabial plosive](/source/voiceless_bilabial_plosive) (the {{IPA|[p]}} sound), therefore many languages add their own letter to represent {{IPA|[p]}} in the script, though the specific letter used varies from language to language. These modifications tend to fall into groups: [Indian](/source/Languages_of_India) and [Turkic languages](/source/Turkic_languages) written in the Arabic script tend to use the [Persian modified letters](/source/Persian_alphabet), whereas the [languages of Indonesia](/source/languages_of_Indonesia) tend to imitate those of [Jawi](/source/Jawi_(script)). The modified version of the Arabic script originally devised for use with Persian is known as the [Perso-Arabic script](/source/Persian_alphabet) by scholars. When the Arabic script is used to write [Serbo-Croatian](/source/Serbo-Croatian), [Sorani](/source/Sorani), [Kashmiri](/source/Kashmiri_language), [Mandarin Chinese](/source/Mandarin_Chinese), or [Uyghur](/source/Uyghur_language), vowels are mandatory. The Arabic script can, therefore, be used as a true [alphabet](/source/alphabet) as well as an [abjad](/source/abjad), although it is often strongly, if erroneously, connected to the latter due to it being originally used only for Arabic. Use of the Arabic script in [West Africa](/source/West_Africa)n languages, especially in the [Sahel](/source/Sahel), developed with the spread of [Islam](/source/Islam). To a certain degree the style and usage tends to follow those of the [Maghreb](/source/Maghreb) (for instance the position of the dots in the letters ''[{{transliteration|ar|ALA|fāʼ}}](/source/Pe_(Semitic_letter))'' and ''[{{transliteration|ar|ALA|qāf}}](/source/Qoph)'').{{cite web |title=Zribi, I., Boujelbane, R., Masmoudi, A., Ellouze, M., Belguith, L., & Habash, N. (2014). A Conventional Orthography for Tunisian Arabic. In Proceedings of the Language Resources and Evaluation Conference (LREC), Reykjavík, Iceland. |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/270568583}}Brustad, K. (2000). The syntax of spoken Arabic: A comparative study of Moroccan, Egyptian, Syrian, and Kuwaiti dialects. Georgetown University Press. Additional [diacritic](/source/diacritic)s have come into use to facilitate the writing of sounds not represented in the Arabic language. The term ''[{{transliteration|ar|ALA|ʻAjamī}}](/source/Ajami_script)'', which comes from the Arabic root for "foreign", has been applied to Arabic-based orthographies of African languages. 600px|thumb|center|''Wikipedia'' in Arabic script of five languages {{ clear }} === Table of writing styles === {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! Script or style ! style="font-size:90%;" | Alphabet(s) ! style="font-size:90%;" | Language(s) ! Region ! Derived from ! style="width:50em;" | Comment |- | [Naskh](/source/Naskh_(script)) | [Arabic](/source/Arabic_alphabet),
[Pashto](/source/Pashto_alphabet),
& others | [Arabic](/source/Arabic),
[Pashto](/source/Pashto),
[Sindhi](/source/Sindhi_language),
& others | Every region where Arabic scripts are used | | style="font-size:90%;" | Sometimes refers to a very [specific calligraphic style](/source/Naskh_(script)), but sometimes used to refer more broadly to almost every font that is not [Kufic](/source/Kufic) or [Nastaliq](/source/Nastaliq). |- | [Nastaliq](/source/Nastaliq) | [Urdu](/source/Urdu_alphabet),
[Shahmukhi](/source/Shahmukhi),
[Persian](/source/Persian_alphabet),
& others | [Urdu](/source/Urdu),
[Punjabi](/source/Punjabi_language),
[Persian](/source/Persian_language),
[Kashmiri](/source/Kashmiri_language)
& others | Southern and Western Asia | [Taliq](/source/Taliq) | style="font-size:90%;" | Used for almost all modern Urdu and Punjabi text, but only occasionally used for Persian. (The term "Nastaliq" is sometimes used by Urdu-speakers to refer to all Perso-Arabic scripts.) |- | [Taliq](/source/Taliq) | [Persian](/source/Persian_alphabet) | [Persian](/source/Persian_language) | | | style="font-size:90%;" | A predecessor of [Nastaliq](/source/Nastaliq). |- | [Kufic](/source/Kufic) | [Arabic](/source/Arabic_alphabet) | rowspan="2" | [Arabic](/source/Arabic) | Middle East and parts of North Africa | | style="font-size:90%;" | |- | [Rasm](/source/Rasm) | Restricted [Arabic alphabet](/source/Arabic_alphabet) | style="white-space:nowrap;" | Mainly historical | | style="font-size:90%;" | Omits all diacritics including [i'jam](/source/i'jam). Digital replication usually requires some special characters. See: {{Script/Arabic|[ٮ](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A%D9%AE) [ڡ](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A%DA%A1) [ٯ](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A%D9%AF)}} (links to Wiktionary). |- |} === Table of alphabets === {| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center" |- ! Alphabet ! Letters ! Additional
Characters ! Script or Style ! Languages ! Region ! Derived from:
(or related to) ! Note |- | [Arabic](/source/Arabic_alphabet) | 28 | {{note|arabic_alphabet|(see above)}} | [Naskh](/source/Naskh_(script)), [Kufi](/source/Kufic), [Rasm](/source/Rasm), & others | [Arabic](/source/Arabic) | North Africa, West Asia | [Phoenician](/source/Phoenician_alphabet), [Aramaic](/source/Aramaic_alphabet), [Nabataean](/source/Nabataean_alphabet) | style="text-align:left;width:400em;" | |- |[Arabic Afrikaans](/source/Arabic_Afrikaans) |40 |{{Lang|ar|[پ](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%D9%BE) [ݗ](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%DD%97) [چ](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%DA%86) [ژ](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%DA%98) [ݝ](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%DD%9D) [ڠ](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%DA%A0) [ڤ](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%DA%A4) [گ](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%DA%AF) [ء](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%D8%A1) [ے](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%DB%92)}} |[Naskh](/source/Naskh_(script)) |[Afrikaans](/source/Afrikaans) |South Africa |[Perso-Arabic](/source/Perso-Arabic) | style="text-align: left;" | |- | [Ajami script](/source/Ajami_script) | 33 | {{lang|ar|{{script/Arabic| [ٻ](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%D9%BB) [تٜ](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%D8%AA%D9%9C) [تٰٜ](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%D8%AA%D9%B0%D9%9C)}}}} | [Naskh](/source/Naskh_(script)) | [Hausa](/source/Hausa_language), [Yoruba](/source/Yoruba_language), [Swahili](/source/Swahili_language) | West Africa, East Africa | [Arabic](/source/Arabic_alphabet) | style="text-align:left;" | documented use likely between the 15th to 18th century for Hausa, Mande, Pulaar, Swahili, Wolof, and Yoruba Languages |- | [Aljamiado](/source/Aljamiado) | 28 | | [Maghrebi, Andalusi variant](/source/Maghrebi_script); [Kufic](/source/Kufic) | [Old Spanish](/source/Old_Spanish), [Andalusi Romance](/source/Andalusi_Romance), [Ladino](/source/Judaeo-Spanish), [Aragonese](/source/Aragonese_language), [Valencian](/source/Valencian_language), [Old Galician-Portuguese](/source/Galician-Portuguese) | Southwest Europe | [Arabic](/source/Arabic_alphabet) | style="text-align:left;" | 8th–13th centuries for Andalusi Romance, 14th–16th centuries for the other languages |- | [Arebica](/source/Arebica) | 30 | {{lang|bs-Arab| [ڄ](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%DA%84) [ە](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%DB%95) [اٖى](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%D8%A7%D9%96%D9%89) [ي](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%D9%8A) [ڵ](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%DA%B5) [ںٛ](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%DA%BA%D9%9B) [ۉ](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%DB%89) [ۆ](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%DB%86)}} | [Naskh](/source/Naskh_(script)) | [Serbo-Croatian](/source/Serbo-Croatian) | Southeastern Europe | [Perso-Arabic](/source/Perso-Arabic) | style="text-align:left;" | Latest stage has full vowel marking |- | [Arwi alphabet](/source/Arwi_alphabet) | 41 | {{lang|ta-Arab|{{script/Arabic| [ڊ](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%DA%8A) [ڍ](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%DA%8D) [ڔ](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%DA%94) [صٜ](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%D8%B5%D9%9C) [ۻ](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%DB%BB) [ࢳ](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%E0%A2%B3) [ڣ](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%DA%A3) [ࢴ](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%E0%A2%B4) [ڹ](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%DA%B9) [ݧ](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%DD%A7)}}}} | [Naskh](/source/Naskh_(script)) | [Tamil](/source/Tamil_language) | Southern India, Sri Lanka | [Perso-Arabic](/source/Perso-Arabic) | style="text-align:left;" | |- | [Belarusian Arabic alphabet](/source/Belarusian_Arabic_alphabet) | 32 | {{lang|bs-Arab| [ࢮ](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%E0%A2%AE) [ࢯ](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%E0%A2%AF)}} | [Naskh](/source/Naskh_(script)) | [Belarusian](/source/Belarusian_language) | Eastern Europe | [Perso-Arabic](/source/Perso-Arabic) | style="text-align:left;" | 15th / 16th century |- | [Balochi Standard Alphabet](/source/Balochi_Standard_Alphabet)(s) | 29 | {{lang|bal| [ٹ](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%D9%B9) [ڈ](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%DA%88) [ۏ](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%DB%8F) [ݔ](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%DD%94) [ے](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%DB%92)}} | [Naskh](/source/Naskh_(script)) and [Nastaliq](/source/Nastaliq) | [Balochi](/source/Balochi_language) | South-West Asia | [Perso-Arabic](/source/Perso-Arabic), also borrows multiple glyphs from [Urdu](/source/Urdu_alphabet) | style="text-align:left;" | This standardization is based on the previous orthography. For more information, see [Balochi writing](/source/Balochi_language). |- | [Berber Arabic alphabet](/source/Berber_Arabic_alphabet)(s) | 33 | {{lang|ar| [چ](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%DA%86) [ژ](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%DA%98) [ڞ](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%DA%9E) [ݣ](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%DD%A3) [ء](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%D8%A1)}} | | Various [Berber languages](/source/Berber_languages) | North Africa | [Arabic](/source/Arabic_alphabet) | style="text-align:left;" | |- | [Burushaski](/source/Burushaski) | 53 | {{lang|bsk|{{nq| [ݳ](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%DD%B3) [ݴ](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%DD%B4) [ݼ](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%DD%BC) [څ](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%DA%85) [ڎ](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%DA%8E) [ݽ](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%DD%BD) [ڞ](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%DA%9E) [ݣ](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%DD%A3) [ݸ](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%DD%B8) [ݹ](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%DD%B9) [ݶ](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%DD%B6) [ݷ](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%DD%B7) [ݺ](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%DD%BA) [ݻ](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%DD%BB)}}}}
(see note) | [Nastaliq](/source/Nastaliq) | [Burushaski](/source/Burushaski) | South-West Asia (Pakistan) | [Urdu](/source/Urdu_alphabet) | style="text-align:left;" | Also uses the additional letters shown for Urdu.{{ref|Burushaski_Urdu|(see below)}} Sometimes written with just the Urdu alphabet, or with the [Latin alphabet](/source/Latin_alphabet). |- | [Chagatai alphabet](/source/Chagatai_language) | 32 | {{lang|ar| [ݣ](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%DD%A3)}} | [Nastaliq](/source/Nastaliq) and [Naskh](/source/Naskh_(script)) | [Chagatai](/source/Chagatai_language) | Central Asia | [Perso-Arabic](/source/Perso-Arabic) | style="text-align:left;" | ݣ is interchangeable with نگ and ڭ. |- | [Dobrujan Tatar](/source/Dobrujan_Tatar_alphabet) | 32 | |[Naskh](/source/Naskh_(script)) | [Dobrujan Tatar](/source/Dobrujan_Tatar_dialect) | Southeastern Europe | [Chagatai](/source/Chagatai_language) | style="text-align:left;" | |- | [Galal](/source/Galal_alphabet) | 32 | | [Naskh](/source/Naskh_(script)) | [Somali](/source/Somali_language) | Horn of Africa | [Arabic](/source/Arabic_alphabet) | style="text-align:left;" | |- | [Jawi](/source/Jawi_alphabet) | 36 | {{lang|ms-Arab|{{script/Arabic| [چ](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%DA%86) [ڠ](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%DA%A0) [ڤ](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%DA%A4) [ݢ](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%DD%A2) [ڽ](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%DA%BD) [ۏ](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%DB%8F)}}}} | [Naskh](/source/Naskh_(script)) | [Malay](/source/Malay_language) | Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra and part of Borneo | [Arabic](/source/Perso-Arabic) | style="text-align:left;" | Since 1303 AD (Trengganu Stone) |- | [Kashmiri](/source/Kashmiri_language) | 44 | {{lang|ks|{{nq| [ۆ](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%DB%86) [ۄ](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%DB%84) [ؠ](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%D8%A0) [ێ](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%DB%8E)}}}} |[Nastaliq](/source/Nastaliq) | [Kashmiri](/source/Kashmiri_language) | South Asia | [Urdu](/source/Urdu_alphabet) | style="text-align:left;" | This orthography is fully voweled. 3 out of the 4 (ۆ, ۄ, ێ) additional glyphs are actually vowels. Not all vowels are listed here since they are not separate letters. For further information, see [Kashmiri writing](/source/Kashmiri_language). |- | [Kazakh Arabic alphabet](/source/Kazakh_alphabets) | 35 | {{lang|kk-Arab| [ٵ](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%D9%B5) [ٶ](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%D9%B6) [ۇ](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%DB%87) [ٷ](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%D9%B7) [ۋ](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%DB%8B) [ۆ](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%DB%86) [ە](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%DB%95) [ھ](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%DA%BE) [ى](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%D9%89) [ٸ](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%D9%B8) [ي](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%D9%8A)}} | [Naskh](/source/Naskh_(script)) | [Kazakh](/source/Kazakh_language) | Central Asia, China | [Chagatai](/source/Chagatai_language) | style="text-align:left;" | In use since 11th century, reformed in the early 20th century, now official only in China |- | [Khowar](/source/Khowar_alphabet) | 45 | {{lang|khw|{{nq| [ݯ](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%DD%AF) [ݮ](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%DD%AE) [څ](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%DA%85) [ځ](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%DA%81) [ݱ](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%DD%B1) [ݰ](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%DD%B0) [ڵ](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%DA%B5)}}}} | [Nastaliq](/source/Nastaliq) | [Khowar](/source/Khowar_language) | South Asia | [Urdu](/source/Urdu_alphabet), however, borrows multiple glyphs from [Pashto](/source/Pashto_alphabet) | style="text-align:left;" | |- | [Kyrgyz Arabic alphabet](/source/Kyrgyz_alphabets) | 33 | {{lang|ky-Arab| [ۅ](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%DB%85) [ۇ](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%DB%87) [ۉ](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%DB%89) [ۋ](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%DB%8B) [ە](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%DB%95) [ى](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%D9%89) [ي](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%D9%8A)}} | [Naskh](/source/Naskh_(script)) | [Kyrgyz](/source/Kyrgyz_language) | Central Asia | [Chagatai](/source/Chagatai_language) | style="text-align:left;" | In use since 11th century, reformed in the early 20th century, now official only in China |- | [Pashto](/source/Pashto_alphabet) | 45 | {{lang|ps| [ټ](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%D9%BC) [څ](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%DA%85) [ځ](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%DA%81) [ډ](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%DA%89) [ړ](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%DA%93) [ږ](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%DA%96) [ښ](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%DA%9A) [ګ](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%DA%AB) [ڼ](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%DA%BC) [ۀ](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%DB%80) [ي](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%D9%8A) [ې](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%DB%90) [ۍ](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%DB%8D) [ئ](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%D8%A6)}} | [Naskh](/source/Naskh_(script)) and occasionally, [Nastaliq](/source/Nastaliq) | [Pashto](/source/Pashto) | South-West Asia, [Afghanistan](/source/Afghanistan) and [Pakistan](/source/Pakistan) | [Perso-Arabic](/source/Perso-Arabic) | style="text-align:left;" | ګ is interchangeable with گ. Also, the glyphs ی and ې are often replaced with ے in Pakistan. |- | [Pegon script](/source/Pegon_script) | 35 | {{lang|jv-Arab|{{script/Arabic| [چ](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%DA%86) [ڎ](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%DA%8E) [ڟ](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%DA%9F) [ڠ](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%DA%A0) [ڤ](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%DA%A4) [ڮ](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%DA%AE) [ۑ](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%DB%91)}}}} | [Naskh](/source/Naskh_(script)) | [Javanese](/source/Javanese_language), [Sundanese](/source/Sundanese_language), [Madurese](/source/Madurese_language) | South-East Asia (Indonesia) | [Arabic](/source/Perso-Arabic) | style="text-align:left;" | |- | [Persian](/source/Persian_alphabet) | 32 | {{lang|fa| [پ](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%D9%BE) [چ](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%DA%86) [ژ](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%DA%98) [گ](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%DA%AF) }} | [Naskh](/source/Naskh_(script)) and [Nastaliq](/source/Nastaliq) | [Persian](/source/Persian_language) (Farsi) | West Asia (Iran etc. ) | [Arabic](/source/Arabic_alphabet) | style="text-align:left;" | Also known as
Perso-Arabic. |- | [Shahmukhi](/source/Shahmukhi_alphabet) | 41 | {{lang|pa|{{nq| [ݪ](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%DD%AA) [ݨ](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%DD%A8)}}}} | [Nastaliq](/source/Nastaliq) | [Punjabi](/source/Punjabi_language) | South Asia ([Pakistan](/source/Pakistan)) | [Perso-Arabic](/source/Persian_alphabet) | style="text-align:left;" | |- | [Saraiki](/source/Saraiki_alphabet) | 45 | {{lang|skr|{{nq| [ٻ](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%D9%BB) [ڄ](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%DA%84) [ݙ](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%DD%99) [ڳ](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%DA%B3)}}}} | [Nastaliq](/source/Nastaliq) | [Saraiki](/source/Saraiki_language) | South Asia (Pakistan) | [Urdu](/source/Urdu_alphabet) | style="text-align:left;" | |- | [Sindhi](/source/Sindhi_alphabet) | 52 | style="" | {{lang|sd| [ڪ](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%DA%AA) [ڳ](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%DA%B3) [ڱ](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%DA%B1) [گ](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%DA%AF) [ک](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%DA%A9)
[پ](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%D9%BE) [ڀ](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%DA%80) [ٻ](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%D9%BB) [ٽ](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%D9%BD) [ٿ](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%D9%BF) [ٺ](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%D9%BA)
[ڻ](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%DA%BB) [ڦ](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%DA%A6) [ڇ](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%DA%87) [چ](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%DA%86) [ڄ](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%DA%84) [ڃ](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%DA%83)
[ھ](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%DA%BE) [ڙ](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%DA%99) [ڌ](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%DA%8C) [ڏ](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%DA%8F) [ڎ](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%DA%8E) [ڍ](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%DA%8D) [ڊ](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%DA%8A) }} | [Naskh](/source/Naskh_(script)) | [Sindhi](/source/Sindhi_language) | South Asia (Pakistan) | [Perso-Arabic](/source/Perso-Arabic) | style="text-align:left;" | |- | [Sorabe](/source/Sorabe_alphabet) | 28 | | [Naskh](/source/Naskh_(script)) | [Malagasy](/source/Malagasy_language) | Madagascar | [Arabic](/source/Arabic_alphabet) | style="text-align:left;" | |- | [Soranî](/source/Kurdish_alphabets) | 33 | {{lang|ku-Arab| [ڕ](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%DA%95) [ڤ](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%DA%A4) [ڵ](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%DA%B5) [ۆ](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%DB%86) [ێ](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%DB%8E)}} | [Naskh](/source/Naskh_(script)) | [Kurdish languages](/source/Kurdish_languages) | Middle-East | [Perso-Arabic](/source/Perso-Arabic) | style="text-align:left;" | Vowels are mandatory, i.e. alphabet |- | [Swahili Arabic script](/source/Swahili_Ajami) | 28 | | [Naskh](/source/Naskh_(script)) | [Swahili](/source/Swahili_language) | Western and Southern Africa | [Arabic](/source/Arabic_alphabet) | style="text-align:left;" | |- | [İske imlâ](/source/%C4%B0ske_iml%C3%A2_alphabet) | 35 | {{lang|tt-Arab| [ۋ](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%DB%8B)}} | [Naskh](/source/Naskh_(script)) | [Tatar](/source/Tatar_language) | Volga region | [Chagatai](/source/Chagatai_language) | style="text-align:left;" | Used prior to 1920. |- | [Ottoman Turkish](/source/Ottoman_Turkish_alphabet) | 32 |'''[ﭖ](/source/%EF%AD%96) [ﭺ](/source/%EF%AD%BA) [ﮊ](/source/%EF%AE%8A) [ﮒ](/source/%EF%AE%92) [ﯓ](/source/%EF%AF%93) [ئە](/source/%D8%A6%DB%95)''' | | [Ottoman Turkish](/source/Ottoman_Turkish_language) | [Ottoman Empire](/source/Ottoman_Empire) | [Chagatai](/source/Chagatai_language) | style="text-align:left;" | Official until 1928 |- | [Urdu](/source/Urdu_alphabet) | 39+
(see notes) | style="" | {{note label|Burushaski_Urdu|}} {{lang|ur|{{nq| [ٹ](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%D9%B9) [ڈ](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%DA%88) [ڑ](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%DA%91) [ں](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%DA%BA) [پ](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%D9%BE) [ھ](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%DA%BE) [چ](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%DA%86) [ژ](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%DA%98) [آ](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%D8%A2) [گ](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%DA%AF) [ے](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%DB%92)}}}}
(see notes) | [Nastaliq](/source/Nastaliq) | [Urdu](/source/Urdu) | South Asia | [Perso-Arabic](/source/Perso-Arabic) | style="text-align:left;" | {{note label|Urdu_digraphs|}} 58 {{citation needed|date=June 2020}} letters including digraphs representing [aspirated consonants](/source/aspirated_consonants).
{{lang|ur| [بھ](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%D8%A8%DA%BE) [پھ](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%D9%BE%DA%BE) [تھ](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%D8%AA%DA%BE) [ٹھ](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%D9%B9%DA%BE) [جھ](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%D8%AC%DA%BE) [چھ](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%DA%86%DA%BE) [دھ](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%D8%AF%DA%BE) [ڈھ](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%DA%88%DA%BE) [کھ](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%DA%A9%DA%BE) [گھ](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%DA%AF%DA%BE)}} |- | [Uyghur](/source/Uyghur_Arabic_alphabet) | 32 | {{lang|ug| [ئا](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%D8%A6%D8%A7) [ئە](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%D8%A6%DB%95) [ھ](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%DA%BE) [ئو](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%D8%A6%D9%88) [ئۇ](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%D8%A6%DB%87) [ئۆ](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%D8%A6%DB%86) [ئۈ](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%D8%A6%DB%88) [ۋ](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%DB%8B) [ئې](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%D8%A6%DB%90) [ئى](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%D8%A6%D9%89)}} | [Naskh](/source/Naskh_(script)) | [Uyghur](/source/Uyghur_language) | China, Central Asia | [Chagatai](/source/Chagatai_language) | style="text-align:left;" | Reform of older Arabic-script Uyghur orthography that was used prior to the 1950s. Vowels are mandatory, i.e. alphabet |- | [Wolofal](/source/Wolofal_alphabet) | 33 | {{lang|wo-Arab|{{script/Arabic| [ݖ](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%DD%96) [گ](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%DA%AF) [ݧ](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%DD%A7) [ݝ](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%DD%9D) [ݒ](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%DD%92)}}}} | [Naskh](/source/Naskh_(script)) | [Wolof](/source/Wolof_language) | West Africa | [Arabic](/source/Arabic_alphabet), however, borrows at least one glyph from [Perso-Arabic](/source/Perso-Arabic) | style="text-align:left;" | |- | [Xiao'erjing](/source/Xiao'erjing) | 36 | {{lang|zh-Arab|{{script/Arabic| [ٿ](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%D9%BF) [س﮲](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%D8%B3%EF%AE%B2) [ڞ](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%DA%9E) [ي](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%D9%8A)}}}} | [Naskh](/source/Naskh_(script)) | [Sinitic languages](/source/Sinitic_languages) | China, Central Asia | [Chagatai](/source/Chagatai_language) | style="text-align:left;" | Used to write Chinese languages by Muslims living in China such as the Hui people. |- | [Yaña imlâ](/source/Ya%C3%B1a_iml%C3%A2_alphabet) | 29 | {{lang|tt-Arab| [ئا](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%D8%A6%D8%A7) [ئە](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%D8%A6%DB%95) [ئی](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%D8%A6%DB%8C) [ئو](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%D8%A6%D9%88) [ئۇ](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%D8%A6%DB%87) [ئ](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%D8%A6) [ھ](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%DA%BE)}} | [Naskh](/source/Naskh_(script)) | [Tatar](/source/Tatar_language) | Volga region | [İske imlâ alphabet](/source/%C4%B0ske_iml%C3%A2_alphabet) | style="text-align:left;" | 1920–1927 replaced with Cyrillic |} ===Current use=== Today Iran, Afghanistan, and Pakistan are the main non-Arabic speaking states using the Arabic alphabet to write one or more official national languages, including [Azerbaijani](/source/Azerbaijani_language), [Baluchi](/source/Baluchi_language), [Brahui](/source/Brahui_language), [Persian](/source/Persian_language), [Pashto](/source/Pashto_language), [Central Kurdish](/source/Central_Kurdish), [Urdu](/source/Urdu_language), [Sindhi](/source/Sindhi_language), [Kashmiri](/source/Kashmiri_language) and [Punjabi](/source/Punjabi_language).{{citation needed|date=March 2018}} In India and China some regions use the Arabic script to write respectively [Kashmiri](/source/Kashmiri_language) in [Jammu and Kashmir](/source/Jammu_and_Kashmir_(union_territory)), [Urdu](/source/Urdu_language) in [Uttar Pradesh](/source/Uttar_Pradesh) and [Telangana](/source/Telangana), [Uyghur](/source/Uyghur_language) in [Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region](/source/Xinjiang_Uygur_Autonomous_Region) An Arabic alphabet is currently used for the following languages:{{citation needed|date=March 2018}} ====Africa==== * [North Africa](/source/North_Africa) **[Arabic](/source/Arabic_language) ** [Berber language](/source/Berber_language)s have often been written in [an adaptation of the Arabic alphabet](/source/Berber_Arabic_alphabet). The use of the Arabic alphabet, as well as the competing [Latin](/source/Berber_Latin_alphabet) and [Tifinagh](/source/Tifinagh) scripts, has political connotations ** [Tuareg language](/source/Tuareg_language), (sometimes called Tamasheq) which is also a Berber language ** [Coptic language](/source/Coptic_language) of Egyptians as Coptic text written in Arabic letters{{cite web|url=http://www.stshenouda.com/coptlang/copthist.htm|title=The Coptic Studies' Corner|work=stshenouda.com|access-date=2012-04-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120419152624/http://www.stshenouda.com/coptlang/copthist.htm|archive-date=2012-04-19|url-status=dead}} * [Northeast Africa](/source/Northeast_Africa) **[Bedawi or Beja](/source/Beja_language), mainly in northeastern [Sudan](/source/Sudan) ** [Wadaad's writing](/source/Wadaad's_writing), used in [Somalia](/source/Somalia) ** [Nubian languages](/source/Nubian_languages) ***[Dongolawi language](/source/Dongolawi_language) or Andaandi language of Nubia, in the Nile Vale of northern Sudan *** [Nobiin language](/source/Nobiin_language), the largest Nubian language (previously known by the geographic terms Mahas and Fadicca/Fiadicca) is not yet standardized, being written variously in both [Latinized](/source/Latin_script) and Arabic scripts; also, there have been recent efforts to revive the Old Nubian alphabet.{{cite web|url=http://www.thenubian.net/lang.php|title=--The Cradle of Nubian Civilisation--|work=thenubian.net|access-date=2012-04-17|archive-date=2012-04-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120424141634/http://www.thenubian.net/lang.php|url-status=dead}}{{cite web|url=http://alnuba.com/english/lesson-four/2-3/|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120719073438/http://alnuba.com/english/lesson-four/2-3/|url-status=dead|title=2 » AlNuba egypt|date=19 July 2012|archive-date=19 July 2012}} ** [Fur language](/source/Fur_language) of Darfur, [Sudan](/source/Sudan) * Southeast Africa **[Comorian](/source/Comorian_language), in the [Comoros](/source/Comoros), currently side by side with the [Latin alphabet](/source/Latin_alphabet) (neither is official) ** [Swahili](/source/Swahili_language), was originally written in Arabic alphabet, Swahili orthography is now based on the Latin alphabet that was introduced by Christian missionaries and colonial administrators * [West Africa](/source/West_Africa) **[Zarma language](/source/Zarma_language) of the [Songhay family](/source/Songhay_languages). It is the language of the southwestern lobe of the West African nation of Niger, and it is the second leading language of Niger, after Hausa, which is spoken in south central Niger{{cite web|url=http://scriptsource.org/cms/scripts/page.php?item_id=wrSys_detail&uid=rnuzk9azpb%7cZarma |title=Zarma |work=scriptsource.org}} ** [Tadaksahak](/source/Tadaksahak) is a Songhay language spoken by the pastoralist Idaksahak of the Ménaka area of [Mali](/source/Mali){{cite web|url=http://scriptsource.org/cms/scripts/page.php?item_id=wrSys_detail&uid=s772abcj2r%7cTadaksahak |title=Tadaksahak |work=scriptsource.org}} ** [Hausa language](/source/Hausa_language) uses an adaptation of the Arabic script known as [Ajami](/source/Ajami_script), for many purposes, especially religious, but including newspapers, mass mobilization posters and public information{{cite web |url=https://www.bu.edu/bostonia/summer09/ajami/|title=Lost Language — Bostonia Summer 2009|work=bu.edu}} ** [Dyula language](/source/Dyula_language) is a [Mandé language](/source/Mande_languages) spoken in Burkina Faso, Côte d'Ivoire and Mali.{{cite web|url=http://scriptsource.org/cms/scripts/page.php?item_id=wrSys_detail&uid=bw87m6llbu%7cDyula |title=Dyula |work=scriptsource.org}} ** [Jola-Fonyi language](/source/Jola-Fonyi_language) of the [Casamance](/source/Casamance) region of [Senegal](/source/Senegal){{cite web|url=http://scriptsource.org/cms/scripts/page.php?item_id=wrSys_detail&uid=y5ue5vjlaq%7cJola-Fonyi |title=Jola-Fonyi |work=scriptsource.org}} ** [Balanta language](/source/Balanta_language) a Bak language of west Africa spoken by the Balanta people and [Balanta-Ganja](/source/Balanta-Ganja) dialect in Senegal ** [Mandinka](/source/Mandinka_language), widely but unofficially (known as Ajami), (another non-Latin script used is the [N'Ko script](/source/N'Ko_script)) ** [Fula](/source/Fula_language), especially the Pular of Guinea (known as Ajami) ** [Wolof](/source/Wolof_language) (at ''[zaouia](/source/zaouia)'' schools), known as ''[Wolofal](/source/Wolofal)''. ** [Yoruba](/source/Yoruba_language), earliest attested history of use since 17th century, however earliest verifiable history of use dates to the 19th century. Yoruba Ajami used in Muslim praise verse, poetry, personal and esoteric use{{cite web|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/355034004 |title=African Arabic-Script Languages Title: From the 'Sacred' to the 'Profane': the Yoruba Ajami Script and the Challenges of a Standard Orthography |website=ResearchGate |date=October 2021}} * Arabic script outside Africa ** In writings of African American slaves *** Writings of by [Omar Ibn Said](/source/Omar_Ibn_Said) (1770–1864) of Senegal{{cite web|url=http://muslimsinamerica.org/index.php?option=com_zoom&Itemid=31&page=view&catid=1&PageNo=2&key=17&hit=1%7cOmar|title=Ibn Sayyid manuscript|access-date=2018-09-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150908050108/http://muslimsinamerica.org/index.php?option=com_zoom&Itemid=31&page=view&catid=1&PageNo=2&key=17&hit=1%7COmar|archive-date=2015-09-08|url-status=dead}} *** The [Bilali Document](/source/Bilali_Document) also known as Bilali Muhammad Document is a handwritten, Arabic manuscript{{cite web|url=http://muslimsinamerica.org/index.php?option=com_zoom&Itemid=31&page=view&catid=1&PageNo=1&key=2&hit=1%7cBilali|title=Muhammad Arabic letter|access-date=2018-09-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150908051416/http://muslimsinamerica.org/index.php?option=com_zoom&Itemid=31&page=view&catid=1&PageNo=1&key=2&hit=1%7CBilali|archive-date=2015-09-08|url-status=dead}} on West African Islamic law. It was written by Bilali Mohammet in the 19th century. The document is currently housed in the library at the University of Georgia *** Letter written by [Ayuba Suleiman Diallo](/source/Ayuba_Suleiman_Diallo) (1701–1773) *** Arabic Text From 1768{{cite web |url=http://muslimsinamerica.org/index.php?option=com_wrapper&Itemid=49 |title=Charno Letter |publisher=Muslims In America |access-date=August 5, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130520132438/http://muslimsinamerica.org/index.php?option=com_wrapper&Itemid=49 |archive-date=May 20, 2013 |url-status=dead }} *** Letter written by [Abdul Rahman Ibrahima Sori](/source/Abdul_Rahman_Ibrahima_Sori) (1762–1829) ====Middle East and Central Asia==== {{See also|Arabic alphabet}} * [Arabic](/source/Arabic) * [Azerbaijani](/source/Azerbaijani_language) (Torki) in Iran. * [Baluchi](/source/Balochi_language) in Iran, in Pakistan's Balochistan region, Afghanistan and Oman{{cite web |title=Sayad Zahoor Shah Hashmii |url=https://baask.com/diwwan/index.php?topic=1523.0%7cBalouchi |work=baask.com}} * [Garshuni](/source/Garshuni) (or Karshuni) originated in the 7th century, when Arabic became the dominant spoken language in the [Fertile Crescent](/source/Fertile_Crescent), but Arabic script was not yet fully developed or widely read, and so the [Syriac alphabet](/source/Syriac_alphabet) was used. There is evidence that writing Arabic in this other set of letters (known as Garshuni) influenced the style of modern Arabic script. After this initial period, Garshuni writing has continued to the present day among some [Syriac](/source/Assyrian_people) Christian communities in the Arabic-speaking regions of the [Levant](/source/Levant) and [Mesopotamia](/source/Mesopotamia). * [Kazakh](/source/Kazakh_language) in China, [Iran](/source/Iran) and [Afghanistan](/source/Afghanistan) (Cyrillic in [Kazakhstan](/source/Kazakhstan)) * [Kurdish](/source/Kurdish_languages) in Northern [Iraq](/source/Iraq) and Northwest [Iran](/source/Iran). (In [Turkey](/source/Turkey) and [Syria](/source/Syria) the [Latin script](/source/Latin_script) is used for Kurdish) * [Kyrgyz](/source/Kyrgyz_language) by its 150,000 speakers in the [Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region](/source/Xinjiang) in northwestern [China](/source/China), [Pakistan](/source/Pakistan) and [Afghanistan](/source/Afghanistan) (Cyrillic in [Kyrgyzstan](/source/Kyrgyzstan)) * [Pashto](/source/Pashto_language) in Afghanistan and Pakistan, and Tajikistan * [Persian](/source/Persian_language) in [Iranian Persian](/source/Iranian_Persian) and [Dari](/source/Dari_(Afghanistan)) in Afghanistan. It had former use in Tajikistan but is no longer used in [Standard Tajik](/source/Tajik_language) * [Southwestern Iranian languages](/source/Southwestern_Iranian_languages) as [Lori dialects](/source/Lori_dialects) and [Bakhtiari language](/source/Bakhtiari_dialect){{cite web |last1=Sarlak |first1=Riz̤ā |year=2002 |title=Dictionary of the Bakhtiari dialect of Chahar-lang |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D4cHAQAAMAAJ |work=google.com.eg}}{{cite web |last=Iran |first=Mojdeh |date=5 February 2011 |title=Bakhtiari Language Video (bak) بختياري ها! خبری مهم |url=https://vimeo.com/19594456 |via=Vimeo}} * [Turkmen](/source/Turkmen_language) in Afghanistan and Iran (Latin in [Turkmenistan](/source/Turkmenistan)) * [Uyghur](/source/Uyghur_language) changed to Latin script in 1969 and back to a simplified, fully voweled Arabic script in 1983 * [Uzbek](/source/Uzbek_language) in Afghanistan (Latin in [Uzbekistan](/source/Uzbekistan)) ====East Asia==== * The [Chinese language](/source/Chinese_language) is written by some [Hui](/source/Hui_people) in the Arabic-derived [Xiao'erjing](/source/Xiao'erjing) alphabet (see also [Sini (script)](/source/Sini_(script))) * The Turkic [Salar language](/source/Salar_language) is written by some [Salar](/source/Salar_people) in the Arabic alphabet * [Uyghur alphabet](/source/Uyghur_Arabic_alphabet) ====Europe==== * [Dobrujan Tatar](/source/Dobrujan_Tatar_dialect) in [Romania](/source/Romania) and [Bulgaria](/source/Bulgaria) ====South Asia==== *[Balochi](/source/Balochi_language) in [Pakistan](/source/Pakistan) and [Iran](/source/Iran) * [Dari](/source/Dari_(Persian_dialect)) in [Afghanistan](/source/Afghanistan) * [Kashmiri](/source/Kashmiri_language) in [India](/source/India) and [Pakistan](/source/Pakistan) (also written in [Sharada](/source/Sharada_script) and [Devanagari](/source/Devanagari) although Kashmiri is more commonly written in Perso-Arabic Script) * [Pashto](/source/Pashto_language) in Afghanistan and Pakistan * [Khowar](/source/Khowar_language) in Northern Pakistan, also uses the Latin script * [Punjabi](/source/Punjabi_language) ([Shahmukhi](/source/Shahmukhi)) in Pakistan, also written in the [Brahmic](/source/Brahmic_scripts) script known as [Gurmukhi](/source/Gurmukhi) in India * [Saraiki](/source/Saraiki_language), written with a modified Arabic script – that has 45 letters * [Sindhi](/source/Sindhi_language), a British commissioner in [Sindh](/source/Sindh) on August 29, 1857, ordered to change Arabic script{{vague|date=December 2020}},{{cite web|url=http://blogs.tribune.com.pk/story/6179/pakistan-should-mind-all-of-its-languages%7cscanned|title=Pakistan should mind all of its languages!|work=tribune.com.pk|date=June 2011}} also written in [Devanagari](/source/Devanagari_script) in India * [Aer language](/source/Aer_language){{Cite web|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/aeq/|title=Ethnologue|access-date=Feb 1, 2020}} * [Bhadrawahi language](/source/Bhadrawahi_language){{Cite web|url=http://www.ethnologue.org/show_language.asp?code=bhd%7cBhadrawahi|title=Ethnologue|access-date=Feb 1, 2020}} * [Ladakhi](/source/Ladakhi_language) ([India](/source/India)), although it is more commonly written using the [Tibetan script](/source/Tibetan_script) *[Balti](/source/Balti_language) (a [Sino-Tibetan language](/source/Sino-Tibetan_languages)), also rarely written in the Tibetan script * [Brahui language](/source/Brahui_language) in Pakistan and Afghanistan{{cite web |url=http://www.worldscriptures.org/pages/brahui.html |title=The Bible in Brahui |publisher=Worldscriptures.org |access-date=August 5, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161030230355/http://www.worldscriptures.org/pages/brahui.html |archive-date=October 30, 2016 |url-status=dead }} * [Burushaski](/source/Burushaski) or Burusho language, a language isolated to Pakistan. * [Urdu](/source/Urdu_language) in [Pakistan](/source/Pakistan) and [India](/source/India) (and historically several other [Hindustani language](/source/Hindustani_language)s). Urdu is the national language of Pakistan and a scheduled language in India. It is also one of several official languages in the Indian states of [Jammu and Kashmir](/source/Jammu_and_Kashmir_(state)), [Delhi](/source/Delhi), [Uttar Pradesh](/source/Uttar_Pradesh), [Bihar](/source/Bihar), [Jharkhand](/source/Jharkhand), [West Bengal](/source/West_Bengal) and [Telangana](/source/Telangana). * [Dogri](/source/Dogri_language), spoken by about five million people in India and Pakistan, chiefly in the Jammu region of Jammu and Kashmir and in [Himachal Pradesh](/source/Himachal_Pradesh), but also in northern Punjab, although Dogri is more commonly written in Devanagari *[Arwi language](/source/Arwi_language) (a mixture of Arabic and Tamil) uses the Arabic script together with the addition of 13 letters. It is mainly used in [Sri Lanka](/source/Sri_Lanka) and the South Indian state of [Tamil Nadu](/source/Tamil_Nadu) for religious purposes. [Arwi language](/source/Arwi_language) is the language of Tamil Muslims *[Arabi Malayalam](/source/Arabi_Malayalam) is [Malayalam](/source/Malayalam) written in the Arabic script. The script has particular letters to represent the peculiar sounds of Malayalam. This script is mainly used in [madrasa](/source/madrasa)s of the South Indian state of [Kerala](/source/Kerala) and of [Lakshadweep](/source/Lakshadweep). * [Rohingya language](/source/Rohingya_language) (Ruáingga) is a language spoken by the Rohingya people of [Rakhine State, formerly known as Arakan](/source/Rakhine_State) (Rakhine), [Burma](/source/Burma) (Myanmar). It is similar to [Chittagonian language](/source/Chittagonian_language) in neighboring Bangladesh{{cite web|url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/21180958/Rohingya-Language-Book-A-Z%7cRohingya-Language-Book-A-Z|title=Rohingya Language Book A-Z|work=Scribd}} and sometimes written using the Roman script, or an Arabic-derived script known as [Hanifi](/source/Hanifi_alphabet) * [Ishkashimi language](/source/Ishkashimi_language) (Ishkashimi) in [Afghanistan](/source/Afghanistan) ====Southeast Asia==== * [Malay](/source/Malay_language) in the Arabic script known as [Jawi](/source/Jawi_(script)). In some cases it can be seen in the signboards of shops and market stalls, especially in rural or conservative areas of Malaysia, but it is no longer commonly used for everyday writing, being relegated instead to religious studies. Particularly in Brunei, Jawi is used in terms of writing or reading for Islamic religious educational programs in primary school, secondary school, college, or even higher educational institutes such as universities. In addition, some television programming uses Jawi, such as announcements, advertisements, news, social programs or Islamic programs ** co-official in [Brunei](/source/Brunei) ** co-official in the [Malaysia](/source/Malaysia)n states of [Kelantan](/source/Kelantan), [Kedah](/source/Kedah), [Pahang](/source/Pahang), and [Terengganu](/source/Terengganu). ** [Indonesia](/source/Indonesia), Jawi script is co-used with [Latin](/source/Latin_script) in provinces of [Aceh](/source/Aceh), [Riau](/source/Riau), [Riau Islands](/source/Riau_Islands) and [Jambi](/source/Jambi). The [Javanese](/source/Javanese_language), [Madurese](/source/Madurese_language) and [Sundanese](/source/Sundanese_language) also use another Arabic variant, the [Pegon](/source/Pegon_script) in Islamic writings and [pesantren](/source/pesantren) community. ** [Southern Thailand](/source/Southern_Thailand) ** Predominantly Muslim areas of the [Philippines](/source/Philippines) (especially [Maguindanaon](/source/Maguindanao_language) and [Tausug](/source/Tausug_language)) ** [Ida'an language](/source/Ida'an_language) (also Idahan) a Malayo-Polynesian language spoken by the Ida'an people of [Sabah](/source/Sabah), Malaysia{{cite web|url=http://scriptsource.org/cms/scripts/page.php?item_id=wrSys_detail&uid=lrftufkq8x%7cIda'an |title=Ida'an |work=scriptsource.org}} * [Cham language](/source/Cham_language) in Cambodia and Vietnam besides [Western Cham script](/source/Cham_script). === Former use === With the establishment of [Muslim rule](/source/Muslim_rule_in_India) in the [subcontinent](/source/Indian_subcontinent), one or more forms of the Arabic script were incorporated among the assortment of scripts used for writing native languages.{{Cite book |last=Asani |first=Ali S. |title=Ecstasy and enlightenment : the Ismaili devotional literature of South Asia |date=2002 |publisher=I.B. Tauris |others=Institute of Ismaili Studies |isbn=1-86064-758-8 |location=London |pages=124 |oclc=48193876}} In the 20th century, the Arabic script was generally replaced by the [Latin alphabet](/source/Latin_alphabet) in the [Balkans](/source/Balkans),{{dubious|date=November 2011}} parts of [Sub-Saharan Africa](/source/Sub-Saharan_Africa), and [Southeast Asia](/source/Southeast_Asia), while in the [Soviet Union](/source/Soviet_Union), after a brief period of [Latinisation](/source/Latinisation_(USSR)),[http://www.azer.com/aiweb/categories/magazine/52_folder/52_articles/52_alphabet.html Alphabet Transitions – The Latin Script: A New Chronology – Symbol of a New Azerbaijan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070403093024/http://www.azer.com/aiweb/categories/magazine/52_folder/52_articles/52_alphabet.html |date=2007-04-03 }}, by Tamam Bayatly use of [Cyrillic](/source/Cyrillic_script) was mandated. [Turkey](/source/Turkey) changed to the Latin alphabet in 1928 as part of an internal Westernizing revolution. After the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, many of the Turkic languages of the ex-USSR attempted to follow Turkey's lead and convert to a Turkish-style Latin alphabet. However, renewed use of the Arabic alphabet has occurred to a limited extent in [Tajikistan](/source/Tajikistan), whose language's close resemblance to [Persian](/source/Persian_language) allows direct use of publications from Afghanistan and Iran.{{cite web |url=http://www.cimera.org/files/camel/en/27e/MICA27E-Siddikzoda.pdf |title=Tajik Language: Farsi or Not Farsi? |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060613195726/http://www.cimera.org/files/camel/en/27e/MICA27E-Siddikzoda.pdf |archive-date=June 13, 2006 |author=Sukhail Siddikzoda}} ====Middle East==== * [Hebrew](/source/Hebrew_language) was written in Arabic letters in a number of places in the pastp. 20, [Samuel Noel Kramer](/source/Samuel_Kramer). 1986. ''In the World of Sumer: An Autobiography''. Detroit: Wayne State University Press.J. Blau. 2000. Hebrew written in Arabic characters: An instance of radical change in tradition. (In Hebrew, with English summary). In ''Heritage and Innovation in Judaeo-Arabic Culture: Proceedings of the Sixth Conference of the Society For Judaeo-Arabic Studies'', p. 27–31. Ramat Gan. * [Northern Kurdish](/source/Northern_Kurdish) in Turkey and Syria was written in Arabic script until 1932, when a modified [Kurdish Latin alphabet](/source/Kurdish_alphabets) was introduced by [Jaladat Ali Badirkhan](/source/Celadet_Bedir_Khan) in Syria * [Turkish](/source/Turkish_language) in the [Ottoman Empire](/source/Ottoman_Empire) was written in Arabic script until [Mustafa Kemal Atatürk](/source/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk) declared the change to [Latin script](/source/Latin_script) in 1928. This form of Turkish is now known as [Ottoman Turkish](/source/Ottoman_Turkish_language) and is held by many to be a different language, due to its much higher percentage of Persian and Arabic [loanword](/source/loanword)s ([Ottoman Turkish alphabet](/source/Ottoman_Turkish_alphabet)) ====Africa==== * [Afrikaans](/source/Afrikaans_language) (as it was first written among the "[Cape Malay](/source/Cape_Malay)s", see [Arabic Afrikaans](/source/Arabic_Afrikaans)) * [Berber](/source/Berber_languages) in North Africa, particularly [Shilha](/source/Shilha_language) in [Morocco](/source/Morocco) (still being considered, along with [Tifinagh](/source/Tifinagh) and Latin, for [Central Atlas Tamazight](/source/Central_Atlas_Tamazight)) * [French](/source/French_language) by the [Arabs](/source/Arabs) and [Berbers](/source/Berber_people) in Algeria and other parts of North Africa during the French colonial period * [Harari](/source/Harari_language), by the [Harari people](/source/Harari_people) of the [Harari Region](/source/Harari_Region) in [Ethiopia](/source/Ethiopia). Now uses the [Geʻez](/source/Ge'ez_alphabet) and [Latin alphabet](/source/Latin_alphabet)s * For the West African languages—[Hausa](/source/Hausa_language), [Fula](/source/Fula_language), [Mandinka](/source/Mandinka_language), [Wolof](/source/Wolof_language) and others—the Latin alphabet has officially replaced Arabic transcriptions for use in literacy and education * [Kinyarwanda](/source/Kinyarwanda) in [Rwanda](/source/Rwanda) * [Kirundi](/source/Kirundi) in [Burundi](/source/Burundi) * [Malagasy](/source/Malagasy_language) in [Madagascar](/source/Madagascar) (script known as [Sorabe](/source/Sorabe_alphabet)) * [Nubian](/source/Nubian_languages) * [Shona](/source/Shona_language) in [Zimbabwe](/source/Zimbabwe) * [Somali](/source/Somali_language) (see [''wadaad's'' Arabic](/source/Wadaad's_writing)) has mostly used the [Latin alphabet](/source/Somali_alphabet) since 1972 * [Songhay](/source/Songhay_languages) in West Africa, particularly in [Timbuktu](/source/Timbuktu) * [Swahili](/source/Swahili_language) (has used the [Latin alphabet](/source/Latin_alphabet) since the 19th century) * [Yoruba](/source/Yoruba_language) in West Africa ====Europe==== * [Albanian](/source/Albanian_language) called [Elifbaja shqip](/source/Elifbaja_shqip) * [Aljamiado](/source/Aljamiado) ([Mozarabic](/source/Mozarabic_language), [Berber](/source/Berber_language), [Aragonese](/source/Aragonese_language), [Portuguese](/source/Portuguese_language){{citation needed|date=August 2014}}, [Ladino](/source/Ladino_language), and [Spanish](/source/Spanish_language), during and residually after the Muslim rule in the Iberian peninsula) * [Belarusian](/source/Belarusian_language) (among ethnic [Tatars](/source/Tatars); see [Belarusian Arabic alphabet](/source/Belarusian_Arabic_alphabet)) * [Bosnian](/source/Bosnian_language) (only for literary purposes; currently written in the [Latin alphabet](/source/Latin_alphabet); Text example: {{script/Arabic|مۉلٖىمۉ سه ته‌بٖى بۉژه}} = ''Molimo se tebi, Bože'' (We pray to you, O God); see ''[Arebica](/source/Arebica)'') * [Crimean Tatar](/source/Crimean_Tatar_language) * [Greek](/source/Greek_language) in certain areas in [Greece](/source/Greece) and [Anatolia](/source/Anatolia). In particular, [Cappadocian Greek](/source/Cappadocian_Greek) written in [Perso-Arabic](/source/Persian_alphabet) * [Polish](/source/Polish_language) (among ethnic [Lipka Tatars](/source/Lipka_Tatars)) ====Central Asia and Caucasus==== * [Adyghe language](/source/Adyghe_language) also known as West Circassian, is an official languages of the Republic of [Adygea](/source/Adygea) in the Russian Federation. It used Arabic alphabet before 1927 * [Avar](/source/Avar_language) as well as other languages of [Daghestan](/source/Daghestan): [Nogai](/source/Nogai_language), [Kumyk](/source/Kumyk_language), [Lezgian](/source/Lezgian_language), [Lak](/source/Lak_language) and [Dargwa](/source/Dargwa_language) * [Azeri](/source/Azeri_language) in [Azerbaijan](/source/Azerbaijan) (now written in the [Latin alphabet](/source/Latin_alphabet) and [Cyrillic script](/source/Cyrillic_script) in [Azerbaijan](/source/Azerbaijan)) * [Bashkir](/source/Bashkir_language) (officially for some years from the [October Revolution](/source/October_Revolution) of 1917 until 1928, changed to Latin, now uses the Cyrillic script) * [Chaghatay](/source/Chagatai_language) across [Central Asia](/source/Central_Asia) * [Chechen](/source/Chechen_language) (sporadically from the adoption of Islam; officially from 1917 until 1928){{cite web |url=http://socrates.berkeley.edu/%7Echechen/Ch_writing.htm |title=Brief history of writing in Chechen |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081223111006/http://socrates.berkeley.edu/~chechen/Ch_writing.htm |archive-date=December 23, 2008 }} * [Circassian](/source/Northwest_Caucasian_languages) and some other members of the [Abkhaz–Adyghe family](/source/Abkhaz%E2%80%93Adyghe_languages) in the western [Caucasus](/source/Caucasus) and sporadically – in the countries of Middle East, like Syria * [Ingush](/source/Ingush_language) * [Karachay-Balkar](/source/Karachay-Balkar_language) in the central Caucasus * [Karakalpak](/source/Karakalpak_language) * [Kazakh](/source/Kazakh_language) in [Kazakhstan](/source/Kazakhstan) (until the 1930s, changed to Latin, currently using Cyrillic, phasing in Latin) * [Kyrgyz](/source/Kyrgyz_language) in [Kyrgyzstan](/source/Kyrgyzstan) (until the 1930s, changed to Latin, now uses the Cyrillic script) * [Mandarin Chinese](/source/Mandarin_Chinese) and [Dungan](/source/Dungan_language), among the [Hui people](/source/Hui_people) (script known as [Xiao'erjing](/source/Xiao'erjing)) * [Ottoman Turkish](/source/Ottoman_Turkish_language) * [Tat](/source/Tat_language_(Caucasus)) in South-Eastern Caucasus * [Tatar](/source/Tatar_language) before 1928 (changed to Latin [Yañalif](/source/Ya%C3%B1alif)), reformed in the 1880s (''[İske imlâ](/source/%C4%B0ske_iml%C3%A2)''), 1918 (''[Yaña imlâ](/source/Ya%C3%B1a_iml%C3%A2)'' – with the omission of some letters) * [Turkmen](/source/Turkmen_language) in [Turkmenistan](/source/Turkmenistan) (changed to Latin in 1929, then to the Cyrillic script, then back to Latin in 1991) * [Uzbek](/source/Uzbek_language) in [Uzbekistan](/source/Uzbekistan) (changed to Latin, then to the Cyrillic script, then back to Latin in 1991) * Some [Northeast Caucasian languages](/source/Northeast_Caucasian_languages) of the Muslim peoples of the [USSR](/source/USSR) between 1918 and 1928 (many also earlier), including [Chechen](/source/Chechen_language), [Lak](/source/Lak_language), etc. After 1928, their script became Latin, then later{{when|date=March 2018}} Cyrillic{{citation needed|date=March 2018}} ====South and Southeast Asia==== * [Acehnese](/source/Acehnese_language) in [Sumatra](/source/Sumatra), Indonesia * [Assamese](/source/Assamese_language) in [Assam](/source/Assam), India * [Banjarese](/source/Banjar_language) in [Kalimantan](/source/Kalimantan), Indonesia * [Bengali](/source/Bengali_language) in [Bengal](/source/Bengal), Arabic scripts have been used historically in [Bengali literature](/source/Bengali_literature). See [Dobhashi](/source/Dobhashi) for further information. * [Maguindanaon](/source/Maguindanao_language) in the [Philippines](/source/Philippines) * [Malay](/source/Malay_language) in [Malaysia](/source/Malaysia), [Singapore](/source/Singapore) and [Indonesia](/source/Indonesia). Although Malay speakers in [Brunei](/source/Brunei) and [Southern Thailand](/source/Southern_Thailand) still use the script on a daily basis * [Minangkabau](/source/Minangkabau_language) in Sumatra, Indonesia * [Pegon script](/source/Pegon_script) of [Javanese](/source/Javanese_language), [Madurese](/source/Madurese_language) and [Sundanese](/source/Sundanese_language) in Indonesia, used only in Islamic schools and institutions * [Tausug](/source/Tausug_language) in the [Philippines](/source/Philippines), [Malaysia](/source/Malaysia), and [Indonesia](/source/Indonesia) it can be used in Islamic schools in [the Philippines](/source/the_Philippines) * [Ternate](/source/Ternate_language)-[Tidore](/source/Tidore_language) in [Maluku](/source/Maluku_Islands), Indonesia * [Wolio](/source/Wolio_language) in [Buton](/source/Buton), Indonesia * [Yakan](/source/Yakan_language) practiced in Islamic schools in [Basilan](/source/Basilan) == Unicode == {{Main|Arabic script in Unicode}} As of Unicode {{Unicode version|version=17.0}}, the following ranges encode Arabic characters: * [Arabic](/source/Arabic_(Unicode_block)) (0600–06FF) * [Arabic Supplement](/source/Arabic_Supplement) (0750–077F) * [Arabic Extended-A](/source/Arabic_Extended-A) (08A0–08FF) * [Arabic Extended-B](/source/Arabic_Extended-B) (0870–089F) * [Arabic Extended-C](/source/Arabic_Extended-C) (10EC0–10EFF) * [Arabic Presentation Forms-A](/source/Arabic_Presentation_Forms-A) (FB50–FDFF) * [Arabic Presentation Forms-B](/source/Arabic_Presentation_Forms-B) (FE70–FEFF) * [Arabic Mathematical Alphabetic Symbols](/source/Arabic_Mathematical_Alphabetic_Symbols) (1EE00–1EEFF) * [Rumi Numeral Symbols](/source/Rumi_Numeral_Symbols) (10E60–10E7F) * [Indic Siyaq Numbers](/source/Indic_Siyaq_Numbers) (1EC70–1ECBF) * [Ottoman Siyaq Numbers](/source/Ottoman_Siyaq_Numbers) (1ED00–1ED4F) == Additional letters used in other languages == === Assignment of phonemes to graphemes === {{further| phonemes | graphemes }} : ∅ = phoneme absent from language {| class="wikitable" |+ style="text-align: left;"| |- ! Language family ! colspan="2" |[Austron.](/source/Austronesian_languages) ![Dravid.](/source/Dravidian_languages) ! colspan="4" | [Turkic](/source/Turkic_languages) ! colspan="7" | [Indo-European](/source/Indo-European_languages) ![Niger–Con.](/source/Niger%E2%80%93Congo_languages) |- !Language/script ![Pegon](/source/Pegon_script) ![Jawi](/source/Jawi_alphabet) ![Arwi](/source/Arwi) ![Azeri](/source/Azerbaijani_alphabet) ![Kazakh](/source/Kazakh_alphabets) ![Uyghur](/source/Uyghur_Arabic_alphabet) ![Uzbek](/source/Southern_Uzbek_language) ![Sindhi](/source/Sindhi_language) ![Punjabi](/source/Shahmukhi_alphabet) ![Urdu](/source/Urdu_alphabet) ![Persian](/source/Persian_alphabet) ![Pashto{{efn|Broadly speaking, there are two standards for Pashto orthography: the Afghan orthography in Afghanistan and the Peshawar orthography in Pakistan, where {{IPAslink|g}} in the latter is represented by {{Script/Arabic|ګ}} instead of the Afghani {{Script/Arabic|گ}}. }}](/source/Pashto_alphabet) ![Balochi](/source/Balochi_Standard_Alphabet) ![Kurdish](/source/Kurdish_alphabets) ![Swahili](/source/Swahili_Ajami) |- style="text-align:center;" |{{IPAslink|t͡ʃ}} | colspan="15" |{{Script/Arabic|[چ](/source/%DA%86)}} |- style="text-align:center;" |{{IPAslink|ʒ}} | colspan="3" |∅ | colspan="12" |{{Script/Arabic|[ژ](/source/%DA%98)}} |- style="text-align:center;" |{{IPAslink|p}} | colspan="2" |{{Script/Arabic|[ڤ](/source/%DA%A4)}} |{{Script/Arabic|[ڣ](/source/%DA%A3)}} | colspan="12" |{{Script/Arabic|[پ](/source/%D9%BE)}} |- style="text-align:center;" |{{IPAslink|g}} |{{Script/Arabic|[ؼ](/source/Gaf)}} |{{Script/Arabic|[ݢ](/source/Gaf)}} |{{Script/Arabic|[ࢴ](/source/%E0%A2%B4)}} |{{Script/Arabic|[ق](/source/%D9%82)}} | colspan="10" |{{Script/Arabic|[گ](/source/Gaf)}} |{{Script/Arabic|[ڠ](/source/%DA%A0)}} |- style="text-align:center;" |{{IPAslink|v}} |∅ |{{Script/Arabic|[ۏ](/source/%DB%8F)}} | colspan="2" |{{Script/Arabic|[و](/source/%D9%88)}} |{{Script/Arabic|[ۆ](/source/%DB%86)}} |{{Script/Arabic|[ۋ](/source/%DB%8B)}} | colspan="5" |{{Script/Arabic|[و](/source/%D9%88)}} | colspan="2" |∅ | colspan="2" |{{Script/Arabic|[ڤ](/source/%DA%A4)}} |- style="text-align:center;" |{{IPAslink|ŋ}} | colspan="2" |{{Script/Arabic|[ڠ](/source/%DA%A0)}} |{{Script/Arabic|[ࢳ](/source/%E0%A2%B3)}} |∅ | colspan="2" |{{Script/Arabic|[ڭ](/source/Ng_(Arabic))}} |{{Script/Arabic|نگ‎}} |{{Script/Arabic|[ڱ](/source/%DA%B1)}} | colspan="2" |{{Script/Arabic|[ن](/source/%D9%86)}} | colspan="4" |∅ |{{Script/Arabic|نݝ}} |- style="text-align:center;" |{{IPAslink|ɲ}} |{{Script/Arabic|[ۑ](/source/%DB%91)}} |{{Script/Arabic|[ڽ](/source/%DA%BD)}} |{{Script/Arabic|[ݧ](/source/%DD%A7)}} | colspan="4" |∅ |{{Script/Arabic|[ڃ](/source/%DA%83)}} | colspan="2" |{{Script/Arabic|[ن](/source/%D9%86)}} | colspan="4" |∅ |{{Script/Arabic|نْي}} |- style="text-align:center;" |{{IPAslink|ɳ}} | colspan="2" |∅ |{{Script/Arabic|[ڹ](/source/%DA%B9)}} | colspan="4" |∅ |{{Script/Arabic|[ڻ](/source/%DA%BB)}} |{{Script/Arabic|[ݨ](/source/%DD%A8)}} |{{Script/Arabic|[ن](/source/%D9%86)}} |∅ |{{Script/Arabic|[ڼ](/source/%DA%BC)}} | colspan="3" |∅ |} === Table of additional letters in other languages === {| class="wikitable sortable" style=text-align:center |- ! rowspan="2" | Letter{{efn-ua|letter or digraph}} ! rowspan=2 class="nowrap" style="" | Use & Pronunciation ! rowspan=1 | [Unicode](/source/Arabic_script_in_Unicode) ! rowspan=1 colspan=4 | [i'jam](/source/i'jam) & other additions ! rowspan=2 | Shape ! rowspan=2 | Similar Arabic Letter(s) |- ! U+ !{{efn-ua| Joined to the letter, closest to the letter, on the first letter, or above.}} !{{efn-ua|Further away from the letter, or on the second letter, or below.}} ! above ! below |- ! colspan="9" |Additional letters with additional marks |- | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic|[پ](/source/%D9%BE)}} | style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;" | ''Pe'', used to represent the phoneme {{IPAslink|p}} in [Persian](/source/Persian_language), [Pashto](/source/Pashto_language), [Punjabi](/source/Punjabi_language), [Khowar](/source/Khowar_language), [Sindhi](/source/Sindhi_language), [Urdu](/source/Urdu_language), [Kurdish](/source/Kurdish_languages), [Kashmiri](/source/Kashmiri_language); it can be used in Arabic to describe the phoneme {{IPAslink|p}} otherwise it is written ب {{IPAslink|b}}. | style="font-size:85%;" | [U+067E](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%D9%BE) | colspan=2 style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ﮹ }} | style=color:#E2E5EA; | none | 3 dots | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ٮ }} | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ب }} |- | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| [ݐ](/source/%DD%90)}} | style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;" | used to represent the equivalent of the Latin letter [Ƴ](/source/%C6%B3) ([glottalic](/source/glottalic) [palatal approximant](/source/palatal_approximant) {{IPA|/ˀj/}}) in some African languages such as [Fulfulde](/source/Fula_language). | style="font-size:85%;" | [U+0750](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%DD%90) | colspan=2 class="nowrap" style="font-size:150%;" |  {{Script/Arabic| ﮳﮳﮳ }}  | style=color:#E2E5EA; | none | 3 dots
(horizontal) | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ٮ }} | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ب }} |- | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic|[ٻ](/source/B%CC%A4%C4%93)}} | style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;" | ''B̤ē'', used to represent a [voiced bilabial implosive](/source/voiced_bilabial_implosive) {{IPAslink|ɓ}} in [Hausa](/source/Hausa_language), [Sindhi](/source/Sindhi_language) and [Saraiki](/source/Saraiki_language). | style="font-size:85%;" | [U+067B](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%D9%BB) | colspan=2 style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ﮾ }} | style=color:#E2E5EA; | none | 2 dots
(vertically) | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ٮ }} | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ب }} |- | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic|[ڀ](/source/%DA%80)}} | style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;" | represents an aspirated [voiced bilabial plosive](/source/voiced_bilabial_plosive) {{IPAslink|bʱ}} in [Sindhi](/source/Sindhi_language). | style="font-size:85%;" | [U+0680](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%DA%80) | colspan=2 style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ﮻ }} | style=color:#E2E5EA; | none | 4 dots | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ٮ }} | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ب }} |- | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic|[ٺ](/source/%D9%BA)}} | style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;" | ''Ṭhē'', represents the aspirated [voiceless retroflex plosive](/source/voiceless_retroflex_plosive) {{IPAslink|ʈʰ}} in [Sindhi](/source/Sindhi_language). | style="font-size:85%;" | [U+067A](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%D9%BA) | colspan=2 style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ﮽ }} | 2 dots
(vertically) | style=color:#E2E5EA; | none | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ٮ }} | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ت }} |- | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic|[ټ](/source/%D9%BC)}} | style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;" | ''Ṭē'', used to represent the phoneme {{IPAslink|ʈ}} in [Pashto](/source/Pashto_language). | style="font-size:85%;" | [U+067C](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%D9%BC) | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ﮿ }} | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ﮴ }} | 2 dots | ring | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ٮ }} | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ت }} |- | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic|[ٽ](/source/%D9%BD)}} | style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;" | ''Ṭe'', used to represent the phoneme (a [voiceless retroflex plosive](/source/voiceless_retroflex_plosive) {{IPAslink|ʈ}}) in [Sindhi](/source/Sindhi_alphabet) | style="font-size:85%;" | [U+067D](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%D9%BD) | colspan=2 style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ﮸ }} | 3 dots
(inverted) | style=color:#E2E5EA; | none | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ٮ }} | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ت }} |- | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic|[ﭦ](/source/%EF%AD%A6)}} | style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;" | ''Ṭe'', used to represent Ṭ (a [voiceless retroflex plosive](/source/voiceless_retroflex_plosive) {{IPAslink|ʈ}}) in [Punjabi](/source/Punjabi_language), [Kashmiri](/source/Kashmiri_language), [Urdu](/source/Urdu_alphabet). | style="font-size:85%;" | [U+0679](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%D9%B9) | colspan=2 style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ◌ؕ }} | small
{{Script/Arabic| ط }} | style=color:#E2E5EA; | none | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ٮ }} | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ت }} |- | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| [ٿ](/source/%D9%BF) }} | style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;" | ''Teheh'', used in Sindhi and Rajasthani (when written in Sindhi alphabet); used to represent the phoneme {{IPAslink|t͡ɕʰ}} (pinyin ''q'') in Chinese [Xiao'erjing](/source/Xiao'erjing). | style="font-size:85%;" | [U+067F](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%D9%BF) | colspan=2 style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ﮺ }} | 4 dots | style=color:#E2E5EA; | none | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ٮ }} | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ت }} |- | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic|[ڄ](/source/%DA%84)}} | style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;" | represents the "c" [voiceless dental sibilant affricate](/source/voiceless_dental_sibilant_affricate) {{IPAslink|t͡s}} phoneme in [Bosnian](/source/Bosnian_language) | style="font-size:85%;" | [U+0684](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%DA%84) | colspan=2 style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ﮾ }} | style=color:#E2E5EA; | none | 2 dots
(vertically) | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ح }} | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ج }} |- | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic|[ڃ](/source/%DA%83)}} | style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;" | represents the "ć" [voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate](/source/voiceless_alveolo-palatal_affricate) {{IPAslink|t͡ɕ}} phoneme in [Bosnian](/source/Bosnian_language). | style="font-size:85%;" | [U+0683](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%DA%83) | colspan=2 style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ﮵ }} | style=color:#E2E5EA; | none | 2 dots | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ح }} | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic|ج}} |- | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic|[چ](/source/%DA%86)}} | style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;" | ''Che'', used to represent {{IPAslink|t͡ʃ}} ("ch"). It is used in [Persian](/source/Persian_language), [Pashto](/source/Pashto), [Punjabi](/source/Punjabi_language), [Urdu](/source/Urdu_language), [Kashmiri](/source/Kashmiri_language) and [Kurdish](/source/Kurdish_languages). {{IPAslink|ʒ}} in Egypt. | style="font-size:85%;" | [U+0686](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%DA%86) | colspan=2 style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ﮹ }} | style=color:#E2E5EA; | none | 3 dots | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ح }} | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ج }} |- | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic|[څ](/source/%DA%85)}} | style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;" | ''Ce'', used to represent the phoneme {{IPAslink|t͡s}} in [Pashto](/source/Pashto_language). | style="font-size:85%;" | [U+0685](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%DA%85) | colspan=2 style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ﮶ }} | 3 dots | style=color:#E2E5EA; | none | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ح }} | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic|خ}} |- | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic|[ݗ](/source/%DD%97)}} | style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;" | represents the "đ" [voiced alveolo-palatal affricate](/source/voiced_alveolo-palatal_affricate) {{IPAslink|d͡ʑ}} phoneme in [Bosnian](/source/Bosnian_language). Also used to represent the letter X in [Afrikaans](/source/Afrikaans_language). | style="font-size:85%;" | [U+0757](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%DD%97) | colspan=2 style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ﮴ }} | 2 dots | style=color:#E2E5EA; | none | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ح }} | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic|خ}} |- | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic|[ځ](/source/%DA%81)}} | style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;" | ''Źim'', used to represent the phoneme {{IPAslink|d͡z}} in [Pashto](/source/Pashto_language). | style="font-size:85%;" | [U+0681](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%DA%81) | colspan=2 style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ◌ٔ }} | [Hamza](/source/Hamza) | style=color:#E2E5EA; | none | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ح }} | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic|خ}} |- | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic|ڎ‎}} | style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;" | ''Dha'', to represent the phoneme {{IPAslink|ɖ}} in [Somali](/source/Somali_alphabets) and in the [Pegon script](/source/Pegon_script). Also used to represent the phoneme {{IPAslink|ʈ͡ʂ}} in [Burushaski](/source/Burushaski). | style="font-size:85%;" | [https://util.unicode.org/UnicodeJsps/character.jsp?a=068E U+068E] | colspan=2 style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ﮶ }} | style=color:#E2E5EA; | 3 dots | none | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| د }} | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| د }} |- | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic|[ݙ](/source/%DD%99)}} | style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;" | used in [Saraiki](/source/Saraiki_language) to represent a [Voiced retroflex implosive](/source/Voiced_retroflex_implosive) {{IPA|/ɗ̢/}}. | style="font-size:85%;" | [U+0759](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%DD%99) | class="nowrap" style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ﯀ }} | class="nowrap" style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ﮾ }} | small
{{Script/Arabic| ط }} | 2 dots
(vertically) | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| د }} | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| د }} |- | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic|[ڊ](/source/%DA%8A)}} | style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;" | used in [Sindhi](/source/Sindhi_language) to represent a [Voiced alveolar implosive](/source/voiced_retroflex_implosive) [{{IPA|/ɗ̢/}}.](/source/voiced_retroflex_implosive) | style="font-size:85%;" | [U+068A](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%DA%8A) | colspan=2 style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ﮳ }} | style=color:#E2E5EA; | none | 1 dot | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| د }} | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| د }} |- | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic|[ڈ](/source/%DA%88)}} | style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;" | ''Ḍal'', used to represent a Ḍ (a [voiced retroflex plosive](/source/voiced_retroflex_plosive) {{IPAslink|ɖ}}) in [Punjabi](/source/Punjabi_language), [Kashmiri](/source/Kashmiri_language) and [Urdu](/source/Urdu_alphabet). | style="font-size:85%;" | [U+0688](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%DA%88) | colspan=2 style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ◌ؕ }} | small {{Script/Arabic| ط }} | style=color:#E2E5EA; | none | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| د }} | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| د }} |- | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic|[ڌ](/source/%DA%8C)}} | style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;" | ''Dhal'', used to represent the phoneme {{IPAslink|d̪ʱ}} in [Sindhi](/source/Sindhi_language) | style="font-size:85%;" | [U+068C](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%DA%8C) | colspan=2 style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ﮴ }} | 2 dots | style=color:#E2E5EA; | none | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| د }} | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| د }} |- | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic|[ډ](/source/%DA%89)}} | style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;" | ''Ḍal'', used to represent the phoneme {{IPAslink|ɖ}} in [Pashto](/source/Pashto_language). | style="font-size:85%;" | [U+0689](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%DA%89) | colspan=2 style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ﮿ }} | style=color:#E2E5EA; | none | ring | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| د }} | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| د }} |- | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic|[ڑ](/source/%DA%91)}} | style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;" | ''Ṛe'', represents a [retroflex flap](/source/retroflex_flap) {{IPAslink|ɽ}} in [Punjabi](/source/Punjabi_language) and [Urdu](/source/Urdu_alphabet). | style="font-size:85%;" | [U+0691](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%DA%91) | colspan=2 style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ◌ؕ }} | small {{Script/Arabic| ط }} | style=color:#E2E5EA; | none | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ر }} | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ر }} |- | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic|[ړ](/source/%DA%93)}} | style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;" | ''Ṛe'', used to represent a [retroflex lateral flap](/source/retroflex_lateral_flap) in [Pashto](/source/Pashto_alphabet). | style="font-size:85%;" | [U+0693](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%DA%93) | colspan=2 style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ﮿ }} | style=color:#E2E5EA; | none | ring | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ر }} | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ر }} |- | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic|[ݫ](/source/%DD%AB)}} | style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;" | used in [Ormuri](/source/Ormuri) to represent a [voiced alveolo-palatal fricative](/source/voiced_alveolo-palatal_fricative) {{IPAslink|ʑ}}, as well as in [Torwali](/source/Torwali_language). | style="font-size:85%;" | [U+076B](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%DD%AB) | colspan=2 style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ﮽ }} | 2 dots
(vertically) | style=color:#E2E5EA; | none | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ر }} | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ر }} |- | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic|[ژ](/source/%DA%98)}} | style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;" | ''Že / zhe'', used to represent the [voiced postalveolar fricative](/source/voiced_postalveolar_fricative) {{IPAslink|ʒ}} in, [Persian](/source/Persian_Language), [Pashto](/source/Pashto_language), [Kurdish](/source/Kurdish_languages), [Urdu](/source/Urdu_alphabet), [Punjabi](/source/Shahmukhi_alphabet) and [Uyghur](/source/Uyghur_language). | style="font-size:85%;" | [U+0698](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%DA%98) | colspan=2 style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ﮶ }} | 3 dots | style=color:#E2E5EA; | none | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ر }} | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ز }} |- | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic|[ږ](/source/%DA%96)}} | style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;" | ''Ǵe / ẓ̌e'', used to represent the phoneme {{IPAslink|ʐ}} {{IPAslink|ɡ}} {{IPAslink|ʝ}} in [Pashto](/source/Pashto_language). | style="font-size:85%;" | [U+0696](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%DA%96) | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ﮲ }} | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ﮳ }} | 1 dot | 1 dot | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ر }} | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ز }} |- | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic|[ڕ](/source/%DA%95)}} | style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;" | used in [Kurdish](/source/Kurdish_languages) to represent rr {{IPAslink|r}} in [Soranî dialect](/source/Soran%C3%AE_dialect). | style="font-size:85%;" | [U+0695](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%DA%95) | colspan=2 style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ٚ }} | style=color:#E2E5EA; | none | V pointing down | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ر }} | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ر }} |- | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic|[ݭ](/source/%DD%AD)}} | style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;" | used in [Kalami](/source/Kalami_language) to represent a [voiceless retroflex fricative](/source/voiceless_retroflex_fricative) {{IPAslink|ʂ}}, and in [Ormuri](/source/Ormuri) to represent a voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative /[ɕ](/source/Voiceless_alveolo-palatal_sibilant)/. | style="font-size:85%;" | [U+076D](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%DD%AD) | colspan=2 style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ﮽ }} | 2 dots vertically | style=color:#E2E5EA; | none | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| س }} | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| س }} |- | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic|[ݜ](/source/%DD%9C)}} | style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;" | used in [Shina](/source/Shina_language) to represent a [voiceless retroflex fricative](/source/voiceless_retroflex_fricative) {{IPAslink|ʂ}}. | style="font-size:85%;" | [U+075C](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%DD%9C) | colspan=2 style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ﮺ }} | 4 dots | style=color:#E2E5EA; | none | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| س }} | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic|ش}} |- | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic|[ښ](/source/%DA%9A)}} | style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;" | ''X̌īn / ṣ̌īn'', used to represent the phoneme {{IPAslink|x}} {{IPAslink|ʂ}} {{IPAslink|ç}} in [Pashto](/source/Pashto_language). | style="font-size:85%;" | [U+069A](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%DA%9A) | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ﮲ }} | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ﮳ }} | 1 dot | 1 dot | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| س }} | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| س }} |- | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic|ڜ‎}} | style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;" | Used in [Wakhi](/source/Wakhi_language) to represent the phoneme {{IPAslink|ʂ}}. | style="font-size:85%;" | [U+069C](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%DA%9C) | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ﮶ }} | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ﮹ }} | 3 dots | 3 dots | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| س }} | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic|ش }} |- | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| [ڞ](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A%DA%9E)}} | style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;" | Used to represent the phoneme {{IPAslink|tsʰ}} (pinyin ''c'') in [Chinese](/source/Xiao'erjing). | style="font-size:85%;" | [U+069E](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%DA%9E) | colspan="2" |{{Script/Arabic| ﮶ }} |3 dots |none | style="font-size:150%;" |{{Script/Arabic| ص }} | style="font-size:150%;" |{{Script/Arabic|ض}} |- | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic|[ڠ](/source/%DA%A0)}} | style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;" | ''Nga'' {{IPAslink|ŋ}} in the [Jawi script](/source/Jawi_script) and [Pegon script](/source/Pegon_script). | style="font-size:85%;" | [U+06A0](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%DA%A0) | colspan="2" style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ﮶ }} | 3 dots | style="color:#E2E5EA;" | none | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ع }} | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| غ }} |- | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic|[ڤ](/source/%DA%A4)}} | style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;" | ''Ve'', used in [Kurdish](/source/Kurdish_languages) to represent {{IPAslink|v}}, it can be used in Arabic to describe the phoneme {{IPAslink|v}} otherwise it is written ف {{IPAslink|f}}. ''Pa'', used in the [Jawi script](/source/Jawi_script) and [Pegon script](/source/Pegon_script) to represent {{IPAslink|p}}. | style="font-size:85%;" | [U+06A4](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%DA%A4) | colspan="2" style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ﮶ }} | 3 dots | style="color:#E2E5EA;" | none | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ڡ }} | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ف }} |- | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic|[ڥ](/source/%DA%A5)}} | style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;" | A [Maghrebi](/source/Maghrebi_script) variant for {{lang|ar|ڤ}} in Arabic script to represent the sound {{IPAslink|v}} if needed. | style="font-size:85%;" | [U+06A5](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%DA%A5) | colspan="2" style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ﮹ }} | style="color:#E2E5EA;" | none | 3 dots | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ڡ }} | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ف }} |- | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic|[ڨ](/source/%DA%A8)}} | style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;" | A {{transl|ar|qāf}} {{lang|ar|ق}} with three dots, used to represent the [voiced velar plosive](/source/voiced_velar_plosive) {{IPAslink|ɡ}} in [Algerian](/source/Algerian_Arabic) and [Tunisian](/source/Tunisian_Arabic). Has no Arabic name. | style="font-size:85%;" | [U+06A8](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%DA%A8) | colspan="2" style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ﮶ }} | 3 dots | style="color:#E2E5EA;" | none | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ٯ }} | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ق }} |- | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic|[ڭ](/source/Ng_(Arabic))}} | style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;" | ''Ng'', used to represent the {{IPAslink|ŋ}} phone in [Ottoman Turkish](/source/Ottoman_Turkish_language), [Kazakh](/source/Kazakh_language), [Kyrgyz](/source/Kyrgyz_language), and [Uyghur](/source/Uyghur_language) Used to represent {{IPAslink|ɡ}} in [Morocco](/source/Moroccan_Arabic). | style="font-size:85%;" | [U+06AD](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%DA%AD) | colspan="2" style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ﮶ }} | 3 dots | style="color:#E2E5EA;" | none | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ك }} | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ك }} |- | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic|[ڬ](/source/Gaf)}} | style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;" rowspan="2" |''Gaf'', represents a [voiced velar plosive](/source/voiced_velar_plosive) {{IPAslink|ɡ}} in the [Jawi script](/source/Jawi_script) of [Malay](/source/Malay_language). | style="font-size:85%;" | [U+06AC](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%DA%AC) | colspan="2" style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ﮲ }} | 1 dot | style="color:#E2E5EA;" | none | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ك }} | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ك }} |- | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic|[ݢ](/source/Gaf)}} | style="font-size:85%;" | [U+0762](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%DD%A2) | colspan="2" style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ﮲ }} | 1 dot | style="color:#E2E5EA;" | none | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ک }} | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ك }} |- | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic|[گ](/source/Gaf)}} | style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;" | ''Gaf'', represents a [voiced velar plosive](/source/voiced_velar_plosive) {{IPAslink|ɡ}} in [Persian](/source/Persian_language), [Pashto](/source/Pashto), [Punjabi](/source/Punjabi_language), [Somali](/source/Somali_alphabets), [Kyrgyz](/source/Kyrgyz_language), [Kazakh](/source/Kazakh_language), [Kurdish](/source/Kurdish_languages), [Uyghur](/source/Uyghur_language), [Mesopotamian Arabic](/source/Mesopotamian_Arabic), [Urdu](/source/Urdu_language), [Ottoman Turkish](/source/Ottoman_Turkish_language), and one Berber variant in Arabic script for {{IPAslink|ɡ}}. | style="font-size:85%;" | [U+06AF](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%DA%AF) | colspan="2" | line | horizontal line | style="color:#E2E5EA;" | none | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ک }} | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ك }} |- | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic|[ګ](/source/%DA%AB)}} | style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;" | ''Gaf'', used to represent the phoneme {{IPAslink|ɡ}} in [Pashto](/source/Pashto_language). | style="font-size:85%;" | [U+06AB](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%DA%AB) | colspan="2" style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ﮿ }} | ring | style="color:#E2E5EA;" | none | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ک }} | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ك }} |- | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic|[ؼ](/source/Gaf)}} | style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;" | ''Gaf'', represents a [voiced velar plosive](/source/voiced_velar_plosive) {{IPAslink|ɡ}} in the [Pegon script](/source/Pegon_script) of [Indonesian](/source/Indonesian_language). | style="font-size:85%;" | [U+08B4](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%E0%A2%B4) | colspan="2" style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ﮳ }} | style="color:#E2E5EA;" | none | 3 dots | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic|ک}} | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ك }} |- | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic|[ڱ](/source/%DA%B1)}} | style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;" | represents the [Velar nasal](/source/Velar_nasal) {{IPA|/ŋ/}} phoneme in [Sindhi](/source/Sindhi_language). | style="font-size:85%;" | [U+06B1](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%DA%B1) | colspan="2" style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ﮴ }} | 2 dots + horizontal
line | style="color:#E2E5EA;" | none | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ک }} | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ك }} |- | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic|[ڳ](/source/%DA%B3)}} | style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;" | represents a [voiced velar implosive](/source/voiced_velar_implosive) {{IPA|/ɠ/}} in [Sindhi](/source/Sindhi_language) and [Saraiki](/source/Saraiki_language) | style="font-size:85%;" | [U+06B1](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%DA%B3) | colspan="2" style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ﮾ }} | horizontal
line | 2 dots | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ک }} | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ك }} |- | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| [ݣ](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%DD%A3)}} | style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;" | used to represent the phoneme {{IPAslink|ŋ}} (pinyin ''ng'') in [Chinese](/source/Xiao'erjing), one Berber variant in Arabic script or [Moroccan Arabic](/source/Moroccan_Arabic) for {{IPAslink|ɡ}}. | style="font-size:85%;" | [U+0763](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%DD%A3) | colspan="2" style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ﮹ }} | style="color:#E2E5EA;" | none | 3 dots | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ک }} | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ك }} |- | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic|[ݪ](/source/%DD%AA)}} | style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;" | used in [Marwari](/source/Marwari_language) to represent a [retroflex lateral flap](/source/retroflex_lateral_flap) {{IPAslink|ɺ̢}}, and in [Kalami](/source/Kalami_language) to represent a [voiceless lateral fricative](/source/voiceless_lateral_fricative) {{IPAslink|ɬ}}. | style="font-size:85%;" | [U+076A](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%DD%AA) | colspan="2" | line | horizontal
line | style="color:#E2E5EA;" | none | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ل }} | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ل }} |- | style="font-size:100%;" | {{uninastaliq| [ࣇ](/source/%E0%A3%87)}} | rowspan="2" style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;" | {{Script/Arabic|[ࣇ](/source/%E0%A3%87)}} – or alternately typeset as {{Script/Arabic| لؕ }} – is used in [Punjabi](/source/Punjabi_language) to represent [voiced retroflex lateral approximant](/source/voiced_retroflex_lateral_approximant) /[ɭ](/source/Voiced_retroflex_lateral_approximant)/{{cite web |last1=Lorna Priest Evans |last2=M. G. Abbas Malik |title=Proposal to encode ARABIC LETTER LAM WITH SMALL ARABIC LETTER TAH ABOVE in the UCS |url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2019/19111r-punjabi-lam.pdf |website=www.unicode.org |access-date=10 May 2020}} | style="font-size:85%;" | [U+08C7](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%E0%A3%87) | colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ◌ؕ }} | rowspan="2" | small {{Script/Arabic| ط }} | rowspan="2" style="color:#E2E5EA;" | none | rowspan="2" style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ل }} | rowspan="2" style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ل }} |- | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| لؕ }} | style="font-size:85%;" | [U+0644](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%D9%84) [U+0615](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%26) |- | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic|[ڵ](/source/%DA%B5)}} | style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;" | used in [Kurdish](/source/Kurdish_languages) to represent ll {{IPAslink|ɫ}} in [Soranî dialect](/source/Soran%C3%AE_dialect). Represents the "lj" [palatal lateral approximant](/source/palatal_lateral_approximant) {{IPAslink|ʎ}} phoneme in [Bosnian](/source/Bosnian_language). | style="font-size:85%;" | [U+06B5](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%DA%B5) | colspan="2" style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ◌ٚ }} | V pointing down | style="color:#E2E5EA;" | none | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ل }} | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ل }} |- | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic|[ڼ](/source/%DA%BC)}} | style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;" | represents the [retroflex nasal](/source/retroflex_nasal) {{IPA|/ɳ/}} phoneme in [Pashto](/source/Pashto_language). | style="font-size:85%;" | [U+06BC](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%DA%BC) | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ﮲ }} | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ﮿ }} | 1 dot | ring | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ں }} | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ن }} |- | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic|[ڻ](/source/%DA%BB)}} | style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;" | represents the [retroflex nasal](/source/retroflex_nasal) {{IPA|/ɳ/}} phoneme in [Sindhi](/source/Sindhi_language). | style="font-size:85%;" | [U+06BB](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%DA%BB) | colspan="2" style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ◌ؕ }} | small {{Script/Arabic| ط }} | style="color:#E2E5EA;" | none | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ں }} | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ن }} |- | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic|[ݨ](/source/%DD%A8)}} | style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;" | used in [Punjabi](/source/Punjabi_language) to represent {{IPAslink|ɳ}} and [Saraiki](/source/Saraiki_language) to represent {{IPAslink|ɲ}}. | style="font-size:85%;" | [U+0768](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%DD%A8) | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ﮲ }} | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ﯀ }} | 1 dot + small {{Script/Arabic| ط }} | style="color:#E2E5EA;" | none | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ں }} | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ن }} |- | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic|[ڽ](/source/%DA%BD)}} | style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;" | ''Nya'' {{IPAslink|ɲ}} in the [Jawi script](/source/Jawi_script) ڽـ ـڽـ ڽ., The isolated ڽ‎ and final ـڽ‎ resemble the form ڽ, while the initial ڽـ‎ and medial forms ـڽـ‎, resemble the form پ. | style="font-size:85%;" | [U+06BD](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%DA%BD) | colspan="2" style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ﮶ }} | 3 dots | style="color:#E2E5EA;" | none | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ں }} | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ن }} |- | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic|[ݩ](/source/%DD%A9)}} | style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;" | represents the "nj" [palatal nasal](/source/palatal_nasal) {{IPAslink|ɲ}} phoneme in [Bosnian](/source/Bosnian_language). | style="font-size:85%;" | [U+0769](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%DD%A9) | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ﮲ }} | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ◌ٚ }} | 1 dot
V pointing down | style="color:#E2E5EA;" | none | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ں }} | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ن }} |- | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic|ۅ}} | style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;" | ''Ö'', used to represent the phoneme {{IPAslink|ø}} in [Kyrgyz](/source/Kyrgyz_language). | style="font-size:85%;" | [U+0624](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%DB%85) | colspan="2" style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ◌̵ }} | [Strikethrough](/source/Strikethrough){{efn-ua|A variant that end up with loop also exists.}} | style="color:#E2E5EA;" | none | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| و }} | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| و }} |- | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ﻭٓ }} | style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;" | ''Uu'', used to represent the phoneme {{IPAslink|uː}} in [Somali](/source/Somali_language). | style="font-size:85%;" | {{Script/Arabic| [ﻭ](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%EF%BB%AD)}} + {{Script/Arabic| [◌ٓ](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%D9%93)}} [U+0648](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%EF%BB%AD) [U+0653](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%26) | colspan="2" style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ◌ٓ }} | Madda | style="color:#E2E5EA;" | none | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| و }} | {{Script/Arabic| [ﻭ](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%EF%BB%AD)}} + {{Script/Arabic| [◌ٓ](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%D9%93)}} |- | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic|[ۏ](/source/%DB%8F)}} | style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;" | ''Va'' in the [Jawi script](/source/Jawi_script). | style="font-size:85%;" | [U+06CF](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%DB%8F) | colspan="2" style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ﮲ }} | 1 dot | style="color:#E2E5EA;" | none | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| و }} | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| و }} |- | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic|[ۋ](/source/%DB%8B)}} | style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;" | represents a {{IPAslink|v}} in [Kyrgyz](/source/Kyrgyz_language), [Uyghur](/source/Uyghur_language), and Old Tatar; and {{IPA|/w, ʊw, ʉw/}} in [Kazakh](/source/Kazakh_language); also formerly used in [Nogai](/source/Nogai_language). | style="font-size:85%;" | [U+06CB](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%DB%8B) | colspan="2" style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ﮶ }} | 3 dots | style="color:#E2E5EA;" | none | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| و }} | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| و }} |- | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic|[ۆ](/source/%DB%86)}} | style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;" | represents "o" {{IPAslink|oː}} in [Kurdish](/source/Kurdish_languages), "ü" {{IPAslink|y}} in Azerbaijani, and {{IPAslink|ø}} in [Uyghur](/source/Uyghur_language) as part of the digraph ئۆ. It represents the "u" {{IPAslink|u}} phoneme in [Bosnian](/source/Bosnian_language). | style="font-size:85%;" | [U+06C6](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%DB%86) | colspan="2" style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ◌ٚ }} | V pointing down | style="color:#E2E5EA;" | none | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| و }} | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| و }} |- | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic|[ۇ](/source/%DB%87)}} | style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;" | ''U'', used to represents the {{IPAslink|u}} phoneme in [Azerbaijani](/source/Azerbaijani_language), [Kazakh](/source/Kazakh_language), [Kyrgyz](/source/Kyrgyz_language) and [Uyghur](/source/Uyghur_language). | style="font-size:85%;" | [U+06C7](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%DB%87) | colspan="2" style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ◌ُ }} | Damma{{efn-ua|Although the letter also known as ''Waw with Damma'', some publications and fonts features filled Damma that looks similar to comma.}} | style="color:#E2E5EA;" | none | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| و }} | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| و }} |- | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic|[ۉ](/source/%DB%89)}} | style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;" | represents the "o" {{IPAslink|ɔ}} phoneme in [Bosnian](/source/Bosnian_language). Also used to represent /[ø](/source/Close-mid_front_rounded_vowel)/ in [Kyrgyz](/source/Kyrgyz_language). | style="font-size:85%;" | [U+06C9](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%DB%89) | colspan="2" style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ◌ٛ }} | V pointing up | style="color:#E2E5EA;" | none | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| و }} | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| و }} |- | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ىٓ }} | style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;" | ''Ii'', used to represent the phoneme {{IPAslink|iː}} in [Somali](/source/Somali_language) and [Saraiki](/source/Saraiki_language). | style="font-size:85%;" | [U+0649](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%D9%89) [U+0653](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%D9%93) | colspan="2" style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ◌ٓ }} | Madda | style="color:#E2E5EA;" | none | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ى }} | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ي }} |- | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic|[ې](/source/%DB%90)}} | style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;" | ''Pasta Ye'', used to represent the phoneme {{IPAslink|e}} in [Pashto](/source/Pashto_language) and [Uyghur](/source/Uyghur_language). | style="font-size:85%;" | [U+06D0](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%DB%90) | colspan="2" style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ﮾ }} | style="color:#E2E5EA;" | none | 2 dots vertical | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ى }} | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ي }} |- | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic|[ۍ](/source/%DB%8D)}} | style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;" | ''X̌əźīna ye Ye'', used to represent the phoneme [əi] in [Pashto](/source/Pashto_language). | style="font-size:85%;" | [U+06CD](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%DB%8D) | colspan="2" | line | horizontal
line | style="color:#E2E5EA;" | none | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ى }} | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ي }} |- | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic|[ۑ](/source/%DB%91)}} | style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;" | ''Nya'' {{IPAslink|ɲ}} in the [Pegon script](/source/Pegon_script). | style="font-size:85%;" | [U+06D1](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%DB%91) | colspan="2" style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ﮹ }} | style="color:#E2E5EA;" | none | 3 dots | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ى }} | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic|ي}} |- | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic|[ێ](/source/%DB%8E)}} | style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;" | represents ê {{IPAslink|eː}} in [Kurdish](/source/Kurdish_languages). | style="font-size:85%;" | [U+06CE](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%DB%8E) | colspan="2" style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ◌ٚ }} | V pointing down | 2 dots
(start + mid) | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ى }} | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ي }} |- ! colspan="9" |Additional letters with shape alteration |- | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic|[ک](/source/Kh%C4%93)}} | style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;" | ''Khē'', represents {{IPAslink|kʰ}} in [Sindhi](/source/Sindhi_language). | style="font-size:85%;" | [U+06A9](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%DA%A9) | colspan="2" | none | style="color:#E2E5EA;" | none | style="color:#E2E5EA;" | none | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ک }} | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ك }} |- | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic|[ڪ](/source/Kh%C4%93)}} | style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;" | "Swash kāf" is a stylistic variant of {{Script/Arabic| ك }} in Arabic, but represents un- [aspirated](/source/aspirated_consonants) {{IPAslink|k}} in [Sindhi](/source/Sindhi_language). | style="font-size:85%;" | [U+06AA](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%DA%AA) | colspan="2" | none | style="color:#E2E5EA;" | none | style="color:#E2E5EA;" | none | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ڪ }} | {{Script/Arabic| ك }} |- | style="font-size:130%;" | {{Script/Arabic|[ھ](/source/%DA%BE)}}
{{uninastaliq| [ھ](/source/%DA%BE)}} | style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;" | ''Do-chashmi he'' (two-eyed hāʼ), used in digraphs for aspiration {{IPAslink|ʰ}} and breathy voice {{IPAslink|ʱ}} in [Punjabi](/source/Punjabi_language) and [Urdu](/source/Urdu_alphabet). Also used to represent {{IPAslink|h}} in [Kazakh](/source/Kazakh_language), [Sorani](/source/Sorani) and [Uyghur](/source/Uyghur_language).{{efn-ua|Shown in [Naskh](/source/Naskh_(script)) (top) and [Nastaliq](/source/Nastaliq) (bottom) styles. The Nastaliq version of the connected forms are connected to each other, because the tatweel character [U+0640](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%D9%80) used to show the other forms does not work in many [Nastaliq fonts](/source/Nastaliq).}} | style="font-size:85%;" | [U+06BE](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%DA%BE) | colspan="2" | none | style="color:#E2E5EA;" | none | style="color:#E2E5EA;" | none | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ھ }} | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ه }} / {{Script/Arabic|هـ}} |- | style="font-size:130%;" | {{Script/Arabic|[ە](/source/%DB%95)}} | style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;" | ''Ae'', used represent {{IPAslink|æ}} and {{IPAslink|ɛ}} in [Kazakh](/source/Kazakh_language), [Sorani](/source/Sorani) and [Uyghur](/source/Uyghur_language). | style="font-size:85%;" | [U+06D5](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%DB%95) | colspan="2" | none | style="color:#E2E5EA;" | none | style="color:#E2E5EA;" | none | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic|ه}} | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ه }} / {{Script/Arabic|هـ}} |- | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic|[ے](/source/%DB%92)}} | style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;" | ''Baṛī ye'' ('big ''yāʼ'''), is a stylistic variant of ي in Arabic, but represents "ai" or "e" {{IPAslink|ɛː}}, {{IPAslink|eː}} in [Urdu](/source/Urdu_alphabet) and [Punjabi](/source/Punjabi_language). | style="font-size:85%;" | [U+06D2](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%DB%92) | colspan="2" | none | style="color:#E2E5EA;" | none | style="color:#E2E5EA;" | none | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ے }} | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ي }} |- ! colspan="9" |Additional [Digraph](/source/Digraph_(orthography)) letters |- | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| أو }} | style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;" |''Oo'', used to represent the phoneme {{IPAslink|oː}} in [Somali](/source/Somali_language). | style="font-size:85%;" |[U+0623](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%D8%A3) [U+0648](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%D9%88) | colspan="2" |{{Script/Arabic| ◌ٔ }} |[Hamza](/source/Hamza) |none |{{Script/Arabic| او }} |{{Script/Arabic| أ }} + {{Script/Arabic| و }} |- | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| اٖى }} | style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;" | represents the "i" {{IPAslink|i}} phoneme in [Bosnian](/source/Bosnian_language). | style="font-size:85%;" | [U+0627](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%D8%A7) [U+0656](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%D9%96) [U+0649](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%D9%89) | colspan="2" style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ◌ٖ }} | Alef | style="color:#E2E5EA;" | none | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| اى }} | {{Script/Arabic| اٖ }} + {{Script/Arabic| ى }} |- | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic|أي}} | style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;" | ''Ee'', used to represent the phoneme {{IPAslink|eː}} in [Somali](/source/Somali_language). | style="font-size:85%;" |[U+0623](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%D8%A3) [U+064A](/source/%3Awiktionary%3A_%D9%8A) |{{Script/Arabic| ◌ٔ }} |{{Script/Arabic| ﮵ }} |[Hamza](/source/Hamza) |2 dots |{{Script/Arabic| اى }} |{{Script/Arabic| أ }} + {{Script/Arabic| ي }} |} {{notelist-ua}} == Letter construction == Most languages that use alphabets based on the Arabic alphabet use the same base shapes. Most additional letters in languages that use alphabets based on the Arabic alphabet are built by adding (or removing) diacritics to existing Arabic letters. Some stylistic variants in Arabic have distinct meanings in other languages. For example, variant forms of ''kāf'' {{Script/Arabic| ك ک ڪ }} are used in some languages and sometimes have specific usages. In Urdu and some neighbouring languages, the letter Hā has diverged into two forms {{Script/Arabic| ھ }} ''dō-čašmī hē'' and {{Script/Arabic| ہ ہـ ـہـ ـہ }} ''gōl hē'', while a variant form of {{Script/Arabic| ي }} ''yā'' referred to as ''baṛī yē'' {{Script/Arabic| ے }} is used at the end of some words.{{cite web |title=Urdu Alphabet |url=http://www.user.uni-hannover.de/nhtcapri/urdu-alphabet.html |website=www.user.uni-hannover.de |access-date=4 May 2020 |archive-date=11 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190911052959/http://www.user.uni-hannover.de/nhtcapri/urdu-alphabet.html |url-status=dead }} == Table of letter components == {{further|List of Arabic letter components}} == See also == * [Arabic (Unicode block)](/source/Arabic_(Unicode_block)) * [Eastern Arabic numerals](/source/Eastern_Arabic_numerals) (digit shapes commonly used with Arabic script) * [History of the Arabic alphabet](/source/History_of_the_Arabic_alphabet) * [Transliteration of Arabic](/source/Transliteration_of_Arabic) * [Xiao'erjing](/source/Xiao'erjing) == Explanatory notes == {{Notelist}} ==References== {{Reflist}} ==External links== {{Commons category}} * [https://www.unicode.org/charts/collation/ Unicode collation charts]—including Arabic letters, sorted by shape * "[http://edition.cnn.com/2010/LIVING/09/06/arabic.difficulty.learning/ Why the right side of your brain doesn't like Arabic]" * [https://software.sil.org/arabicfonts/ Arabic fonts by SIL's Non-Roman Script Initiative] * Alexis Neme and Sébastien Paumier (2019), [https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02113751 "Restoring Arabic vowels through omission-tolerant dictionary lookup"], ''Lang Resources & Evaluation'', Vol. 53, pp. 1–65. {{arxiv|1905.04051}}; {{doi|10.1007/s10579-019-09464-6}} * {{cite web |title=Preliminary proposal to encode Arabic Crown Letters |publisher=Unicode |url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2024/24110-arabic-crown-letters.pdf}} * {{cite web |title=Proposal to encode Arabic Crown Letters |publisher=Unicode |url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2024/24131-arabic-crown-letters.pdf}} {{Arabic alphabets}} {{Arabic language}} {{List of writing systems}} {{Authority control}} Category:Arabic script Category:Arabic orthography Category:Right-to-left writing systems Category:Abjad writing systems --- Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Arabic script](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_script) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_script?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.