# Ara Pacis

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Ancient Roman religious monument in Rome, Italy

Altar of Augustan Peace Ara Pacis Augustae The altar as reassembled, showing original western side Click on the map for a fullscreen view Coordinates 41°54′23″N 12°28′32″E / 41.90639°N 12.47556°E / 41.90639; 12.47556

The **Ara Pacis Augustae** ([Latin](/source/Latin), "Altar of Augustan Peace"; commonly shortened to **Ara Pacis**) is an [altar](/source/Altar) in [Rome](/source/Rome) dedicated to the [Pax Romana](/source/Pax_Romana).[1] The monument was commissioned by the [Roman Senate](/source/Roman_Senate) on July 4, 13 BC to honour the return of [Augustus](/source/Augustus) to Rome after three years in [Hispania](/source/Hispania) and [Gaul](/source/Gaul)[2][3] and consecrated on January 30, 9 BC.[4] Originally located on the northern outskirts of Rome, a [Roman mile](/source/Roman_mile) from the boundary of the *[pomerium](/source/Pomerium)* on the west side of the [Via Flaminia](/source/Via_Flaminia),[5] the Ara Pacis stood in the northeastern corner of the [Campus Martius](/source/Campus_Martius), the former flood plain of the [Tiber River](/source/Tiber_River) and gradually became buried under 4 metres (13 ft) of silt deposits. It was reassembled in its current location, now the [Museum of the Ara Pacis](/source/Museum_of_the_Ara_Pacis), in 1938, turned 90° counterclockwise from its original orientation so that the original western side now faces south.

## Significance

View of the opposite (eastern) side with Tellus Panel at the left and Roma Panel at the right

Map showing the original location of the Ara Pacis

The altar reflects the Augustan vision of [Roman civil religion](/source/Religion_in_ancient_Rome).[6] The lower register of its [frieze](/source/Frieze) depicts agricultural imagery meant to evoke prosperity, abundance, and the renewed stability associated with the [Pax Romana](/source/Pax_Romana).[6][7] As a whole, the monument functions both as a site of civic ritual and as a propaganda statement supporting Augustus's regime.[6] The inclusion of the imperial household in the processional friezes further supports Augustus's efforts to legitimize dynastic succession and reconcile monarchical power with Roman cultural expectations.[8]

## Structure

Plan of the Ara Pacis. North is at the left

The Ara Pacis Augustae, or Altar of Augustan Peace, consists of a central sacrificial altar enclosed by precinct walls made of [Luna marble](/source/Carrara_marble). The monument sits on a podium and is entered from the west, where a small staircase would have led visitors into the open-air ritual space. The design combines a traditional Roman altar layout with carved marble panels that reflect Augustan religious and political themes.

### Altar

The central altar preserves fragments of scenes illustrating the lex arae, or the rules for sacrifices performed there. The surviving reliefs show attendants leading animals for sacrifice, carved in a style common in the late Republic as seen in works like the [Altar of Domitius Ahenobarbus](/source/Altar_of_Domitius_Ahenobarbus). These scenes focus on depicting the actual ritual rather than decorative detail, highlighting the altar’s practical role within Augustan religious ceremonies.

The interior walls of the precinct feature a frieze of [bucrania](/source/Bucranium) (ox skulls) alternating with garlands of fruit and flowers. These motifs were commonly used in Roman sacred art and often referred to ceremonial offerings and ritual purity.[7] The lower part of the wall is carved to imitate wooden planks, connecting the monument to earlier altars traditionally placed at the boundaries of Rome’s pomerium[9] and reinforcing its link to Rome’s ancestral ritual practices.

### Exterior wall decoration

Ara Pacis: the so-called [Tellus](/source/Tellus_(goddess)) panel

Sculpted detail of the Ara Pacis (Altar of Peace), 13–9 BC

The exterior decoration of the Ara Pacis Augustae is divided into two main zones: the lower register, which contains the vegetal frieze, and the upper register, which features the processional and mythological panels. Together, these elements communicate both the natural prosperity associated with the Pax Augusta and the human and divine figures who supported Augustus’s political authority. Early interpretations emphasized fertility and cosmic symbolism,[10] while more recent scholarship has examined how these images relate to Augustan ritual practice and ideological messaging.[6]

**Lower register**

The lower register shows a continuous [frieze](/source/Frieze) of [acanthus](/source/Acanthus_(plant)) scrolls filled with animals, small birds, insects, and mythological creatures. Scholars often interpret the twisting vines as symbols of growth, abundance, and the renewed prosperity associated with Augustus's rule.[10] The careful and dense carvings create a decorative base for the more symbolic scenes above and it links the natural world to the altar's broader themes of peace and stability.

[Roma](/source/Goddess_Roma), the personification of Rome

**Upper register**

**Mythological panels:** The upper register on the east and west sides contains four mythological scenes that relate to Rome’s origins, divine protection, and Augustan ideology. One well-preserved panel shows a seated female figure surrounded by children, vegetation, and personifications of breezes, plants, and animals. Scholars have proposed various identifications for her, such as [Pax](/source/Pax_(goddess)), Italia, [Venus](/source/Venus_(mythology)), or [Tellus](/source/Tellus_(mythology)), reflecting ongoing debate about the altar's symbolic emphasis on fertility, abundance, and civic harmony.[8]

Another panel portrays a bearded figure performing a sacrifice. This figure was traditionally identified as [Aeneas](/source/Aeneas), the Trojan ancestor of Rome’s founders, but modern scholars argue that he may instead represent [Numa Pompilius](/source/Numa_Pompilius), Rome’s second king, whose association with peace and religious rites aligns closely with the altar's themes.[11]

Relief showing a sacrifice performed by [Aeneas](/source/Aeneas) or [Numa Pompilius](/source/Numa_Pompilius).

On the opposite side, a female figure commonly interpreted as [Roma](/source/Roma_(personification)) sits on a pile of captured weapons (war trophy), symbolizing victory and the peace that made the Pax Augusta possible. A fourth, now-fragmentary panel also depicts a female figure linked with themes of foundation and peace, although its poor preservation makes the original composition uncertain.[12] The general compositions of these panels have been reconstructed through comparisons with coins, literary descriptions, and related Augustan artwork.[10][13]

Ara Pacis: detail of the processional frieze showing priests at right and the Germanic hostage/guest (north face).

Ara Pacis: processional frieze showing members of the Imperial household (south face)

**Processional friezes:** The long processional friezes on the north and south walls depict a state ceremony held for the dedication of the altar. The figures are advancing toward the west side, where the sacrificial ritual would have taken place. The procession includes members from major priestly colleges (the [Pontifices](/source/Pontifex_maximus), [Septemviri](/source/Epulones), and [Quindecimviri](/source/Quindecimviri_sacris_faciundis)), Roman [magistrates](/source/Magistrate) carrying fasces. to show authority, attendants, and identifiable members of the imperial household ([Augustus](/source/Augustus), [Agrippa](/source/Marcus_Vipsanius_Agrippa), [Livia](/source/Livia), [Tiberius](/source/Tiberius), and Julia). The participants of the procession represent the religious and political power structure that supported Augustus and legitimized his rule. Women and children appear prominently in these scenes, a notable change from earlier Roman public monuments. Scholars often interpret their presence as reinforcing Augustus's social and moral reforms, particularly his emphasis on family life and generational continuity.[6] The inclusion of several foreign children has been interpreted as a representation of Rome's expanding empire and integration of diversity under the Roman rule.[8] The figures are carved in a naturalistic manner, with overlapping poses, and the artists use differences in clothing, hairstyles, and gestures to distinguish individuals and groups without relying on inscriptions.

## Excavation and conservation

Section of the interior frieze, showing a damaged original section amid the modern reconstruction.

External videos Ara Pacis, Smarthistory[14]

Fragmentary sculptures from the Ara Pacis were first rediscovered in 1568, when portions of the frieze were uncovered beneath the [Palazzo Peretti](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Palazzo_Peretti&action=edit&redlink=1) in Lucina (also known as [Palazzo Fano-Almagià](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Palazzo_Fano-Almagi%C3%A0&action=edit&redlink=1)), near the basilica [San Lorenzo in Lucina](/source/San_Lorenzo_in_Lucina) and the modern Via del Corso. Many of these early finds were eventually moved to collections such as the [Villa Medici](/source/Villa_Medici), the [Vatican](/source/Vatican_Museums), the [Uffizi](/source/Uffizi) and the [Louvre](/source/Louvre).

Further fragments were found in 1859 during excavations beneath the [Teatro Olimpia](/source/Cinema_Nuovo_Olimpia), another property belonging to the Peretti family. Scholars recognized that these newly uncovered pieces belonged to the same monument as the earlier finds.

A major turning point happened in 1903, when, after [Friedrich von Duhn](/source/Friedrich_von_Duhn)'s identification of the reliefs as belonging to the Ara Pacis (1879–81), the Ministry of Public Education received a formal request to continue the excavations. Progress was made possible by the generosity of Edoardo Almagià, who gave permission for the exploration and funded the work. However, the excavations soon encountered structural risks to the [Teatro Olimpia](/source/Cinema_Nuovo_Olimpia). After recovering 53 fragments, approximately half of the surviving material, the excavation was called to a halt for safety reasons.

Urban redevelopment plans also influenced the site's history. In 1909, the Italian government approved the demolition of several buildings surrounding the [Mausoleum of Augustus](/source/Mausoleum_of_Augustus) to bring the mausoleum back to view.[15] After the First World War, in 1918, Oreste Mattirolo, the President of the *Piedmontese Society of Archaeology and Fine Arts*, proposed assembling all known fragments to reconstruct the altar.[16]

Demolition of buildings around the mausoleum officially began in 1932, part of broader transformations occurring throughout Rome at the time.[17] In February 1937, the Italian Cabinet ordered the excavation and reconstruction of the Ara Pacis for the 2000th anniversary of the birth of Augustus. Engineers employed innovative techniques, including freezing approximately seventy cubic meters of soil under what was by then the [Cinema Nuovo Olimpia](/source/Cinema_Nuovo_Olimpia), to safely extract the remaining fragments.

Since the reconstruction had to be completed by 23 September 1938, and because only limited ancient material and documentation survived (primarily a few Roman coins), the project required significant artist intervention. The Italian artist [Odoardo Ferretti](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Odoardo_Ferretti&action=edit&redlink=1) assisted in designing the missing portions, allowing the fragments to be assembled into the monument's modern form.

### Protective pavilion

In 1938 the finally reconstructed Ara was placed near the [Mausoleum of Augustus](/source/Mausoleum_of_Augustus), and a big pavilion was built around it by architect [Vittorio Ballio Morpurgo](/source/Vittorio_Ballio_Morpurgo) as part of [Benito Mussolini](/source/Benito_Mussolini)'s attempt to create an ancient Roman "theme park" to glorify [Fascist Italy](/source/Kingdom_of_Italy#Fascist_regime_(1922–1943)).[4] Several dozen buildings surrounding the Mausoleum were levelled to free up space around the monument. This led to a great number of complaints from locals, starting a long series of arguments and criticisms of the Ara Pacis project. These arguments are ongoing despite the original pavilion being replaced by a new one in 2006, known as the "[Ara Pacis museum](/source/Museum_of_the_Ara_Pacis)".

### Museum of the Ara Pacis

This section needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (July 2023)

The historic Fascist style building around the Altar, locally known as "teca del [Morpurgo](/source/Vittorio_Ballio_Morpurgo)", was pulled down in 2006, and replaced by a glass and steel structure in modern style, designed by architect [Richard Meier](/source/Richard_Meier). The new cover building, which has been named "[Ara Pacis museum](/source/Museum_of_the_Ara_Pacis)", now stands on the same site as Mussolini's structure.[4] This new structure is much bigger than the previous one and it is divided into multiple rooms and sections besides the main one containing the altar.

Meier's building construction caused new arguments and criticism, after the ones which accompanied the first building construction, both from Roman inhabitants and foreign observers, probably due both to political memory tied to the pre-existing pavilion and to the visual impact of the new pavilion, which in the opinion of many is in stark contrast with surrounding historical buildings.

[Nicolai Ouroussoff](/source/Nicolai_Ouroussoff), of *[The New York Times](/source/The_New_York_Times)* called the building "a contemporary expression of what can happen when an architect fetishizes his own style out of a sense of self-aggrandizement. Absurdly over-scale, it seems indifferent to the naked beauty of the dense and richly textured city around it."[18] Former mayor [Gianni Alemanno](/source/Gianni_Alemanno), backed in July 2008 by culture undersecretary Francesco Maria Giro, pledged to tear down the new structure.[19][20][21] He later changed his stance on the building and has agreed with Mr. Meier to modifications including drastically reducing the height of the wall between an open-air space outside the museum and a busy road along the Tiber river. The city plans to build a wide pedestrian area along the river and run the road underneath it. "It's an improvement," says Meier, adding that "the reason that wall was there has to do with traffic and noise. Once that is eliminated, the idea of opening the piazza to the river is a good one." The mayor's office said Alemanno hopes to complete the project before the end of his term in 2013.[22]

## Gallery of reliefs

		- Ara Pacis relief in the [Louvre Museum, Paris](/source/Louvre_Museum%2C_Paris).

		- Ara Pacis relief

		- Ara Pacis relief

		- Ara Pacis relief

		- Ara Pacis relief

## See also

- [Temple of Hadrian](/source/Temple_of_Hadrian) – Ancient religious monument in Rome, Italy

- [Roman Forum](/source/Roman_Forum) – Ancient Roman centre of Rome, Italy

- Naming of asteroid [100731 Ara Pacis](/source/Meanings_of_minor-planet_names%3A_100001%E2%80%93101000#m731)

- [Imperial cult](/source/Imperial_cult_(Ancient_Rome))

- [List of Ancient Roman temples](/source/List_of_Ancient_Roman_temples)

## References and notes

1. **[^](#cite_ref-1)** ["Ara Pacis (article) | Early empire"](https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/ancient-art-civilizations/roman/early-empire/a/ara-pacis). *Khan Academy*. Retrieved 2023-04-09.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Ara_Pacis_Augustae_2-0)** Diana E. E. Kleiner. [*Ara Pacis Augustae*](https://web.archive.org/web/20171107021218/https://class.coursera.org/romanarchitecture-001/lecture/105) (Multimedia presentation). Yale University. Archived from [the original](https://class.coursera.org/romanarchitecture-001/lecture/105) on 2017-11-07. Retrieved 2014-02-16.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-3)** *[Res Gestae Divi Augusti](#refResGestae)*, 8.5, 12.2

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-crow_4-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-crow_4-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-crow_4-2) [Crow 2006](#CITEREFCrow2006), p. 5

1. **[^](#cite_ref-5)** [Torelli 1982](#CITEREFTorelli1982)

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-:1_6-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-:1_6-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-:1_6-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-:1_6-3) [***e***](#cite_ref-:1_6-4) [Holliday 1990](#CITEREFHolliday1990), p. 542

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-:3_7-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-:3_7-1) [Zanker 1990](#CITEREFZanker1990), p. 117

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-:2_8-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-:2_8-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-:2_8-2) Rehak, Paul (2001). ["Aeneas or Numa? Rethinking the Meaning of the Ara Pacis Augustae"](https://doi.org/10.2307/3177206). *The Art Bulletin*. **83** (2): 190. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.2307/3177206](https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3177206). [hdl](/source/Hdl_(identifier)):[1808/7063](https://hdl.handle.net/1808%2F7063). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [0004-3079](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0004-3079).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-9)** Torelli, 29–30.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-:0_10-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-:0_10-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-:0_10-2) Van Buren, Albert W. (1913). ["The Ara Pacis Augustae"](https://doi.org/10.2307/296027). *Journal of Roman Studies*. **3**: 134–141. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.2307/296027](https://doi.org/10.2307%2F296027). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [0075-4358](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0075-4358).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-11)** Rehak, Paul (2001). ["Aeneas or Numa? Rethinking the Meaning of the Ara Pacis Augustae"](https://doi.org/10.2307/3177206). *The Art Bulletin*. **83** (2): 190. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.2307/3177206](https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3177206). [hdl](/source/Hdl_(identifier)):[1808/7063](https://hdl.handle.net/1808%2F7063). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [0004-3079](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0004-3079).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-12)** Rehak, Paul (2001). ["Aeneas or Numa? Rethinking the Meaning of the Ara Pacis Augustae"](https://doi.org/10.2307/3177206). *The Art Bulletin*. **83** (2): 190. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.2307/3177206](https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3177206). [hdl](/source/Hdl_(identifier)):[1808/7063](https://hdl.handle.net/1808%2F7063). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [0004-3079](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0004-3079).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-13)** Klemm, Alfred (2003-03-01). ["Die Sonne, der Obelisk und die Ara Pacis Augustae/ The Sun, the Obelisk, and the Ara Pacis Augustae"](https://doi.org/10.1515/zna-2003-2-301). *Zeitschrift für Naturforschung A*. **58** (2–3): 1–2. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1515/zna-2003-2-301](https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fzna-2003-2-301). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [1865-7109](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1865-7109).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-smarth_14-0)** ["Ara Pacis"](http://smarthistory.khanacademy.org/ara-pacis.html). Smarthistory at Khan Academy. Retrieved December 17, 2012.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-15)** ["Scheda 6 FORMAZIONE DELLA CITTA' INDUSTRIALE XIX secolo"](http://www.cittasostenibili.it/industriale/industriale_Scheda_7.htm).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-16)** BOLLETTINO della SOCIETÀ PIEMONTESE DI ARCHEOLOGIA E BELLE ARTI 4 (Jan-Dec. 1920), 1-28 --translated into English by Gaius Stern at academia.edu; Kallis, Aristotele (2011). *The Third Rome, 1922-43: The Making of the Fascist Capital*.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-17)** Coccia, Benedetto (2008). *Il mondo classico nell'immaginario contemporaneo*. Apes. p. 142.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-18)** [Ouroussoff, Nicolai](/source/Nicolai_Ouroussoff) (2006-09-25). ["An Oracle of Modernism in Ancient Rome"](https://www.nytimes.com/2006/09/25/arts/design/25paci.html?_r=1&oref=slogin). *The New York Times*. Retrieved 2007-02-28.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-19)** Kington, Tom (13 August 2008). ["I just don't get modern art, says Italy's culture minister"](https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2008/aug/13/architecture.art). *[The Guardian](/source/The_Guardian)*. London. Retrieved 2008-08-13.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-20)** Sanderson, Rachel; Mills, Don (2006-04-22). "Modern building stirs Roman passions". *[National Post](/source/National_Post)*. pp. A.19.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-21)** ["Rome mayor vows to remove museum"](https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7379564.stm). *[BBC News](/source/BBC_News)*. 2008-05-02. Retrieved 2008-08-17. The city of Rome's newly elected right-wing mayor has caused waves by vowing to rip down a controversial museum created by a US architect. Gianni Alemanno said the Ara Pacis Museum, which encases a 2,000-year-old sacrificial altar, "will be removed".

1. **[^](#cite_ref-22)** [*Times of Malta*, press release](https://www.timesofmalta.com/articles/view/20100408/world/modern-scar-housing-roman-altar-to-be-modified.301780) (accessed July 6, 2016)

## Bibliography

- Crow, Charlotte (June 2006). "The Ara Pacis". *History Today*. **56** (6).

- Augustus. [*Res Gestae Divi Augusti*](https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Res_Gestae_(Anon)) [*The Achievements of the Deified Augustus*]. c. 14 AD.

- Galinsky (1966). "Venus in a relief of the Ara Pacis Augustae". *American Journal of Archaeology*. **70** (3): 223–243. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.2307/501892](https://doi.org/10.2307%2F501892). [JSTOR](/source/JSTOR_(identifier)) [501892](https://www.jstor.org/stable/501892). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [191379048](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:191379048).

- Holliday (December 1990). "Time, History, and Ritual on the Ara Pacis Augustae". *The Art Bulletin*. **72** (4): 542–557. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.2307/3045761](https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3045761). [JSTOR](/source/JSTOR_(identifier)) [3045761](https://www.jstor.org/stable/3045761).

- Sieveking (1907). "Zur Ara Pacis". *Jahresheft des Österreichischen Archeologischen Institut* (in German). **10**.

- Rehak (2001). "Rethinking the Meaning of the Ara Pacis Augustae". *The Art Bulletin*. **83**. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.2307/3177206](https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3177206). [hdl](/source/Hdl_(identifier)):[1808/7063](https://hdl.handle.net/1808%2F7063). [JSTOR](/source/JSTOR_(identifier)) [3177206](https://www.jstor.org/stable/3177206).

- Stern, Gaius (2006). *[Women, Children, and Senators on the Ara Pacis Augustae](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Women,_Children,_and_Senators_on_the_Ara_Pacis_Augustae&action=edit&redlink=1)*. Berkeley, CA.{{[cite book](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book)}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ([link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher))

- Zanker, Paul (1990). *The power of images in the Age of Augustus*. Translated by Alan Shapiro. Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan Press. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [9780472081240](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780472081240).

- Roberts, John, ed. (2007). "Āra Pācis". [*Oxford Dictionary of the Classical World*](https://web.archive.org/web/20150504055011/http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780192801463.001.0001/acref-9780192801463-e-187?rskey=vwaHo9&result=1&q=Ara%20Pacis). Oxford University Press. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [9780191727061](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780191727061). Archived from [the original](http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780192801463.001.0001/acref-9780192801463-e-187?rskey=vwaHo9&result=1&q=Ara%20Pacis) on 4 May 2015. Retrieved 2 February 2013. Subscription required.

- Torelli, Mario (1982). *Typology and Structure of Roman Historical Reliefs*. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0472081713](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0472081713).

- [Dumézil, Georges](/source/Georges_Dum%C3%A9zil) (1958). [*L'Idéologie tripartie des Indo-Européens: réponse à MM. Walter Pötscher et Martin van den Bruwaene*](https://books.google.com/books?id=rLAUAAAAIAAJ). Brussels: Latomus.

- Dumézil, Georges (1941). *Jupiter Mars Quirinus*. Gallimard. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [2070220680](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/2070220680). {{[cite book](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book)}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility ([help](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#invalid_isbn_date))

- Freibergs, G. (June 1986). "Indo-European Tripartition and the Ara Pacis Augustae: An Excursus in Ideological Archeology". *Numen*. **33** (1): 3–32. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1163/156852786x00075](https://doi.org/10.1163%2F156852786x00075).

- de Grummond, Nancy (1990). "Pax Augusta and the Horae on the Ara Pacis Augustae". *American Journal of Archaeology*. **94** (4): 663–677. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.2307/505125](https://doi.org/10.2307%2F505125). [JSTOR](/source/JSTOR_(identifier)) [505125](https://www.jstor.org/stable/505125).

- Weinstock, Stefan (1960). "Pax and the 'Ara Pacis'". *The Journal of Roman Studies*. **50** (1–2): 44–58. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.2307/298286](https://doi.org/10.2307%2F298286). [JSTOR](/source/JSTOR_(identifier)) [298286](https://www.jstor.org/stable/298286). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [161690264](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161690264).

## Further reading

[Library resources](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library) about
 **Ara Pacis Augustae**

- [Online books](https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Ara+Pacis&library=OLBP)

- [Resources in your library](https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Ara+Pacis)

- [Resources in other libraries](https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Ara+Pacis&library=0CHOOSE0)

- Conlin, Diane Atnally (1997). *The Artists of the Ara Pacis: The Process of Hellenization in Roman Relief Sculpture* (Studies in the History of Greece and Rome). University of North Carolina Press.

- Peter J. Holliday (December 1990), "Time, History, and Ritual on the Ara Pacis Augustae" *The Art Bulletin* **72**.4. pp. 542-557. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.2307/3045761](https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3045761).

- Rossini, Orietta (2006). *Ara Pacis*, Milan, Electa. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [88-370-4379-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/88-370-4379-1).

- Sebastiani, Alessandro (2023). *Ancient Rome and the Modern Italian State. Ideological Placemaking, Archaeology, and Architecture 1870–1945*, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1009354103](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1009354103).

## External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to [Ara Pacis](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Ara_Pacis).

- [Official web site of the Ara Pacis Museum of Rome, English version](https://arapacis.it/en)

- [Comprehensive, high quality photo documentation of the Ara Pacis Augustae](http://cdm.reed.edu/ara-pacis/)

- [Samuel Ball Platner, *A Topographical Dictionary of Ancient Rome*: Ara Pacis](https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Places/Europe/Italy/Lazio/Roma/Rome/_Texts/PLATOP*/Ara_Pacis.html)

- [Browser with high-quality images](https://arachne.uni-koeln.de/arapacis/index.html)

- [Several pages with photos of the sculpture](https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Places/Europe/Italy/Lazio/Roma/Rome/Ara_Pacis/home.html)

- ["Roman Power and Roman Imperial Sculpture"](http://employees.oneonta.edu/farberas/arth/arth200/politics/roman_imp_sculpt.html)

- ["An Oracle of Modernism in Ancient Rome"](https://web.archive.org/web/20070205084911/http://travel2.nytimes.com/2006/09/25/arts/design/25paci.html) by Nicolai Ouroussoff, *The New York Times*, September 25 2006

- [Ara Pacis Bibliography annotated with links](http://cdm.reed.edu/ara-pacis/bibliography.php/)

- [Moreno Maggi](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Moreno_Maggi&action=edit&redlink=1), [*A black and white photographic insight about Richard Meier's Ara Pacis in Rome*](https://web.archive.org/web/20130618042827/http://www.morenomaggi.com/portfolio-richard-meier)

- [Ara Pacis photos](https://web.archive.org/web/20140718080738/http://www.go-2-nice-places.com/2014/06/altar-of-augustan-peace.html)

- "Ara Pacis", [Smarthistory essay](https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/ancient-art-civilizations/roman/early-empire/a/ara-pacis) by Dr. Jeffrey Becker.

- High-resolution 360° Panoramas and Images of [Ara Pacis | Art Atlas](https://mcid.mcah.columbia.edu/art-atlas/ancient-and-early-christian-sites-rome/ara-pacis)

- [Riferimenti diretti all'Ara Pacis Augustae nelle fonti letterarie e iconografiche antiche. Una galleria, in “La Rivista di Engramma” n. 58 giugno/agosto 2007](http://www.engramma.it/eOS2/index.php?id_articolo=38) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20170708160729/http://www.engramma.it/eOS2/index.php?id_articolo=38) 2017-07-08 at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine)

- [Simona Dolari, Riscoperta e fortuna dei rilievi dell'Ara Pacis nell'età della Rinascita, in “La Rivista di Engramma” n. 75 ottobre/novembre 200](http://www.engramma.it/eOS2/index.php?id_articolo=1801) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20170615101803/http://www.engramma.it/eOS2/index.php?id_articolo=1801) 2017-06-15 at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine) 9

- [Simona Dolari, Ara Pacis 1938. Storia di una anastilosi difficile, in “La Rivista di Engramma” n. 75 ottobre/novembre 2009](http://www.engramma.it/eOS2/index.php?id_articolo=1803) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20170615094228/http://www.engramma.it/eOS2/index.php?id_articolo=1803) 2017-06-15 at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine)

- Castriota, David, *The Ara Pacis Augustae and the Imagery of Abundance in Later Greek and Early Roman Imperial Art*, Princeton University Press, 1995, [*Bryn Mawr Classical Review* 95.09.05](https://web.archive.org/web/20121123075403/http://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/1995/95.09.05.html), reviewed by [Jas Elsner](/source/Jas_Elsner).

- Lucentini, M. (31 December 2012). [*The Rome Guide: Step by Step through History's Greatest City*](https://books.google.com/books?id=laMDAQAAQBAJ). Interlink. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [9781623710088](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781623710088).

Preceded by Baths of Trajan Landmarks of Rome Ara Pacis Succeeded by Temple of Antoninus and Faustina

v t e Augustus Gaius Octavius · Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus (Octavian) · Imperator Caesar Augustus (Early life · Rise · Reign) Titles Princeps Augustus Caesar Imperator Divi filius Pater patriae Pontifex maximus Wars of Augustus Second Triumvirate War of Mutina battle Forum Gallorum Liberators' Civil War Philippi Perusine War Bellum Siculum War of Actium battle Alexandria Roman Empire Cantabrian Wars Conquest of Rhetia and the Alps Bellum Batonianum Germanic War Teutoburg Legislative activity Constitutional Reforms leges Juliae Coinage reform Coins of Augustus Bierzo Edict Propaganda Reign of Augustus Buildings Forum of Augustus Campus Martius Baths of Agrippa Porticus Argonautarum Mausoleum Solarium Augusti obelisk Saepta Julia Diribitorium Campus Agrippae Porticus Vipsania Porticus Octaviae Porticus of Livia Macellum Liviae Library of Palatine Apollo Theatre of Marcellus Roman Agora Tropaeum Alpium Actian dekanaia Caesareum of Alexandria Campsite Memorial of Augustus Palaces House of Augustus Gardens of Maecenas Palazzo a Mare Villa Giulia Villa of Augustus Religious structures Ara Pacis Pantheon Basilica of Neptune Temples Caesar Apollo Palatinus Apollo Sosianus Mars Ultor Castor and Pollux Augustus Rome and Augustus Aqueducts Aqua Virgo Aqua Alsietina Aqua Julia Roads Milliarium Aureum Via Julia Augusta Via Augusta Arches Aosta Berà Fano Orange Rome Rimini Susa Works Res Gestae Divi Augusti Memoirs of Augustus Culture Literature Augustan and Julio-Claudian art Gaius Maecenas Family Parents and siblings Gaius Octavius (father) Julius Caesar (adoptive father) Atia (mother) Octavia the Elder (sister) Octavia the Younger (sister) Wives Claudia Livia Scribonia Children Julia (daughter) Gaius & Lucius (adopted) Agrippa Postumus (adopted) Nero Drusus (stepson) Tiberius (adopted) Cornelia (stepdaughter) Circle Generals Agrippa‎ Piso Caesoninus Germanicus Marcellus Freedmen Julius Licinus Gaius Julius Hyginus Epaphroditus Portraits Prima Porta Via Labicana Meroë Head Legacy Temples of Augustus Rome Athens Nola Barcelona Roman Temple of Évora Imperial cult Sodales Augustales Felicior Augusto, melior Traiano Cultural depictions Category Outline

v t e Landmarks of Rome Walls and gates Aurelian Walls Ardeatina Asinaria Latina Maggiore Metronia Nomentana Pia Pinciana Popolo Portese San Pancrazio San Paolo San Giovanni San Sebastiano Settimiana Tiburtina Leonine Wall Cavalleggeri Pertusa Santo Spirito Castra Praetoria Janiculum Wall Terreus Wall Romuli Wall Servian Wall Caelimontana Capena Collina Dolabella Esquilina Fontinalis Gallienus Viminale Naevia Querquetulana Trigemina Ancient obelisks Lateran Obelisk Flaminian Obelisk Obelisk of Minerveo Obelisk of Montecitorio Art Apollo Belvedere Augustus of Prima Porta Colossus of Constantine La Bocca della Verità Laocoön and His Sons Ludovisi Battle sarcophagus Ecstasy of Saint Teresa Pietà Portonaccio sarcophagus Raphael Rooms Sistine Chapel ceiling Velletri Sarcophagus Ancient Roman landmarks Triumphal arches Arch of Constantine Arch of Dolabella Arch of Drusus Arch of Gallienus Arch of Janus Arch of Septimius Severus Arch of Titus Arcus Novus Aqueducts Aqua Appia Aqua Alexandrina Aqua Anio Vetus Aqua Anio Novus Aqua Claudia Aqua Julia Aqua Marcia Aqua Tepula Sewers Cloaca Maxima Cloaca Circi Maximi Public baths Baths of Agrippa Baths of Caracalla Baths of Diocletian Baths of Nero Baths of Trajan Religious Ara Pacis Temple of Antoninus and Faustina Temple of Apollo Palatinus Temple of Apollo Sosianus Temple of Hadrian Temple of Hercules Victor Temple of Janus Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus Temple of Jupiter Tonans Temple of Minerva Medica Temple of Portunus Temple of Saturn Temple of Vesta House of the Vestals Largo di Torre Argentina Lupercal Pantheon Porta Maggiore Basilica Fora Roman Forum Imperial fora Forum of Augustus Forum of Caesar Forum of Nerva Forum of Vespasian Trajan's Forum Forum Boarium Forum Holitorium Civic Basilica Argentaria Basilica Julia Basilica of Junius Bassus Basilica of Maxentius Basilica of Neptune Basilica Ulpia Comitium Curia Julia Portico Dii Consentes Porticus Octaviae Tabularium Entertainment Circus Maximus Circus of Maxentius Circus of Nero Colosseum Ludus Magnus Gardens of Maecenas Gardens of Sallust Stadium of Domitian Theatre of Marcellus Theatre of Pompey Palaces and villae Domus Augustana Domus Aurea Domus Transitoria Flavian Palace House of Augustus Palace of Domitian Villa Gordiani Villa of Livia Insula dell'Ara Coeli Villa of the Quintilii Villa of the sette bassi Column monuments Column of Antoninus Pius Column of Marcus Aurelius "Column of Phocas" Trajan's Column Five-Columns Monument Commerce Porticus Aemilia Trajan's Market Tombs Casal Rotondo Catacombs of Domitilla Catacomb of Priscilla Catacombs of Rome Catacombs of San Sebastiano Columbarium of Pomponius Hylas Mausoleum of Augustus Mausoleum of Helena Mausoleum of Maxentius Pyramid of Cestius Tomb of Eurysaces the Baker Tomb of Hilarus Fuscus Tomb of the Haterii Tomb of the Scipios Tombs of Via Latina Tomb of Priscilla Vigna Randanini Bridges Pons Cestius Pons Fabricius Ponte Milvio Ponte Sant'Angelo Roman Catholic basilicas Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran Basilica of Saint Mary Major Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls Basilica of Saint Peter in the Vatican S. Lorenzo fuori le mura S. Agnese fuori le mura S. Agostino S. Anastasia al Palatino S. Andrea delle Fratte S. Andrea della Valle S. Antonio da Padova in Via Merulana S. Apollinare alle Terme Ss. Apostoli S. Balbina S. Bartolomeo all'Isola Ss. Bonifacio ed Alessio S. Camillo de Lellis S. Carlo al Corso S. Cecilia in Trastevere Ss. Celso e Giuliano S. Clemente Ss. Cosma e Damiano S. Crisogono S. Croce in Via Flaminia S. Croce in Gerusalemme S. Eugenio S. Eustachio S. Francesca Romana S. Giovanni a Porta Latina S. Giovanni dei Fiorentini Ss. Giovanni e Paolo S. Lorenzo in Damaso S. Lorenzo in Lucina S. Maria Ausiliatrice S. Marco S. Maria degli Angeli S. Maria dei Miracoli S. Maria in Montesanto S. Maria in Cosmedin S. Maria in Domnica S. Maria in Aracoeli S. Maria del Popolo S. Maria sopra Minerva S. Maria in Trastevere S. Maria in Via S. Maria in Via Lata S. Maria della Vittoria S. Martino ai Monti Ss. Nereo e Achilleo S. Nicola in Carcere S. Pancrazio Pantheon S. Pietro in Vincoli S. Prassede S. Pudenziana Ss. Quattro Coronati S. Saba S. Sabina Sacro Cuore di Maria Sacro Cuore di Cristo Re Sacro Cuore di Gesù a Castro Pretorio S. Sebastiano fuori le mura S. Silvestro in Capite S. Sisto Vecchio S. Sofia a Via Boccea S. Stefano Rotondo S. Teresa S. Vitale Other churches List of churches in Rome Castles and palaces Arx Casa dei Cavalieri di Rodi Castel Sant'Angelo Domus Internationalis Paulus VI Palazzo Aragona Gonzaga Palazzo Barberini Palazzo Barberini ai Giubbonari Palazzo Borghese Palazzo della Cancelleria Palazzo Chigi Palazzo Colonna Palazzo della Consulta Palazzo Farnese Palazzo Fusconi-Pighini Palazzo Giustinani Lateran Palace Palazzo Madama Palazzo Malta Palazzo di Giustizia Palazzo Massimo alle Colonne Palazzo Mattei Palazzo del Quirinale Palazzo Pamphilj Palazzo Poli Palazzo Riario Palazzo Ruspoli Palazzo Spada Palazzo Valentini Palazzo Vidoni-Caffarelli Palazzo del Viminale Palazzo Wedekind Palazzo Zuccari Villa Farnesina Villa Giulia Villa Madama Fountains Api Acqua Felice Acqua Paola Babuino Barcaccia Il Facchino Libri Marforio Moro Nasone Navicella Neptune Nettuno del Pantheon Pianto di Piazza d'Aracoeli di Piazza Colonna di Piazza Farnese della Piazza dei Quiriti di Piazza Nicosia in Piazza Santa Maria in Trastevere di Ponte Sisto Quattro Fiumi Quattro Fontane Tartarughe Trevi Fountain Tritons Tritone Other landmarks Altare della Patria (Tomb of the Unknown Soldier of Italy) Campo Verano Capocci Tower Column of the Immaculate Conception Conti Tower Hospital of the Holy Spirit Milizie Tower Sisto Bridge Spanish Steps Railway stations Squares, streets and public spaces Appian Way Campo de' Fiori Clivus Capitolinus Piazza Colonna Piazza d'Aracoeli Piazza del Popolo Piazza della Minerva Piazza della Repubblica Piazza dei Cinquecento Piazza Farnese Piazza Navona Piazza San Pietro Piazza di Spagna Piazza Venezia Via dei Coronari Via del Corso Via della Conciliazione Via dei Fori Imperiali Via Sacra Via Veneto Parks, gardens and zoos Bioparco Villa Ada Villa Borghese gardens Villa Doria Pamphili Villa Medici Villa Torlonia Parco degli Acquedotti Museums and art galleries Boncompagni Ludovisi Decorative Art Museum Capitoline Museums Casa di Goethe Galleria Borghese Galleria Comunale d'Arte Moderna Galleria Doria Pamphilj Galleria Nazionale d'Arte Antica Galleria Nazionale d'Arte Moderna Giorgio de Chirico House Museum Galleria Spada Jewish Museum of Rome Keats–Shelley Memorial House MAXXI Museo Archeologico Ostiense Museo di Scultura Antica Giovanni Barracco Museo Civico di Zoologia Museo delle anime del Purgatorio Museo delle Mura Museo di Roma Museo di Roma in Trastevere Museo nazionale del Palazzo di Venezia Museo Nazionale Etrusco Museo Nazionale Romano Museo Storico Nazionale dell'Arte Sanitaria Museum of Contemporary Art of Rome Museum of Roman Civilization Museum of the Ara Pacis Museum of the Liberation of Rome National Museum of Oriental Art Palazzo Colonna Palazzo delle Esposizioni Pigorini National Museum Porta San Paolo Railway Museum Santa Cecilia Musical Instruments Museum Venanzo Crocetti Museum Landscape Seven Hills Aventine Caelian Capitoline Esquiline Palatine Quirinal Viminal Tiber Island Monte Testaccio Metropolitan City of Rome Capital Appian Way Regional Park Capo di Bove Castello Orsini-Odescalchi Frascati Hadrian's Villa Ostia Antica Villa Aldobrandini Villa d'Este Villa Farnese Events and traditions Festa della Repubblica Rome Quadriennale Rome Film Festival Enclave Vatican City

v t e Museums and art galleries in Rome List of museums in Rome National museums Galleria Borghese Galleria Nazionale d'Arte Moderna Boncompagni Ludovisi Decorative Art Museum Galleria Spada MAXXI Museo Archeologico Ostiense Museo Nazionale Etrusco Museo Storico Nazionale dell'Arte Sanitaria National Museum of Oriental Art Pigorini National Museum Galleria Nazionale d'Arte Antica Palazzo Barberini Palazzo Corsini Museo Nazionale Romano Baths of Diocletian Crypta Balbi Palazzo Altemps Palazzo Massimo alle Terme VIVE Museo nazionale del Palazzo di Venezia Victor Emmanuel II Monument Civic museums Capitoline Museums Centrale Montemartini Galleria Comunale d'Arte Moderna Museum of Contemporary Art of Rome Museo di Scultura Antica Giovanni Barracco Museo Civico di Zoologia Museo delle Mura Museo di Roma Museo di Roma in Trastevere Museum of Roman Civilization Museum of the Ara Pacis Ara Pacis Other Casa di Goethe Galleria Doria Pamphilj Giorgio de Chirico House Museum Jewish Museum of Rome Keats–Shelley Memorial House Museo delle anime del Purgatorio Museum of the Liberation of Rome Palazzo Colonna Porta San Paolo Railway Museum Santa Cecilia Musical Instruments Museum Venanzo Crocetti Museum Vatican Museums Anima Mundi Modern Religious Art Museo Pio Cristiano Raphael Rooms Sistine Chapel Vatican Historical Museum

Authority control databases International VIAF GND National Czech Republic Norway Geographic Pleiades Other Kulturenvanteri monument

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Ara Pacis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ara_Pacis) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ara_Pacis?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.