# Apil-kin

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King of Mari

Apil-kin 𒀀𒉈𒄀 King of Mari Reign c. 2127 - c. 2091 BC Predecessor Ishgum-Addu Successor Iddi-ilum Died c. 2091 BC Issue Ili-Ishar Tura-Dagan Taram-Uram Dynasty Shakkanakku dynasty Father Ishgum-Addu

Mari

Location of Mari

**Apil-kin** (𒀀𒉈𒄀 *a-pil-gin6*; died c. 2091 BC),[1] was a ruler of the city of [Mari](/source/Mari%2C_Syria), northern [Mesopotamia](/source/Mesopotamia), after the fall of [Akkad](/source/Akkadian_Empire).[2] He was a son of [Ishgum-Addu](/source/Ishgum-Addu), and ruled 35 years, according to the *Shakkanakku Dynasty List*.[3][4] He had two sons, who succeeded him in turn: [Ili-Ishar](/source/Ili-Ishar) and [Tura-Dagan](/source/Tura-Dagan).[5]

He held the title of [Shakkanakku](/source/Shakkanakku) (military governor), which was borne by all the princes of a dynasty who reigned at [Mari](/source/Mari%2C_Syria) in the late third millennium and early second millennium BC. These kings were the descendants of the military governors appointed by the kings of [Akkad](/source/Akkad_(city)).[6] He was contemporary of the [Third Dynasty of Ur](/source/Third_Dynasty_of_Ur), and probably their vassal.[7]

He was a contemporary of [Ur-Nammu](/source/Ur-Nammu).[8] He had a daughter named [Taram-Uram](/source/Taram-Uram), who became the First Queen of king [Shulgi](/source/Shulgi) of [Ur III](/source/Ur_III).[9][10] In a dedication, she called herself "daughter-in-law of [Ur-Nammu](/source/Ur-Nammu)", and "daughter of Apil-kin, *[Lugal](/source/Lugal)* ("King") of Mari", suggesting for Apil-kin a position as a supreme ruler, and pointing to a marital alliance between Mari and [Ur](/source/Ur).[11][12]

On some of his inscriptions, Apil-kin uses the title *dannum'* ("the Great") in front of his function *[Shakkanakku](/source/Shakkanakku)* ("Military Governor"), a practice for which he is the first to be attested at Mari, and which was initially introduced by [Naram-Sin](/source/Naram-Sin_of_Akkad) of [Akkad](/source/Akkadian_Empire).[13] Apil-kin and his successors generally used the Akkadian style of royal inscriptions and titulature.[14] It is considered that the Shakkanakkus gained some form of independence and came to be considered as "Kings" from the time of Apil-kin.[15]

One of the inscriptions of Apil-kin, inscribed on a bronze plaque, reads:

Apil-kin inscription (reconstitution, in standard Sumero-Akkadian [cuneiform](/source/Cuneiform)).[16]

𒀀𒉈𒄀 𒁕𒈝 𒄊𒀴 𒈠𒌷𒆠 𒁶 𒊓𒄷𒌷

*a-pil-kin, da-num Shakkanakku ma-ri ki, DIM sa-ḫu-ri*

"Apil-kin, the Great Shakkanakku of Mari, built the *Sahuri*"

— Inscription of Apil-kin.[17]

The "*Sahuri*" built by Apil-kin is thought to be the name of a building or structure at Mari.[18]

Apil-kin of Mari Regnal titles Preceded by Ishgum-Addu King of Mari c. 2127 - c. 2091 BC Succeeded by Iddi-ilum

## References

1. **[^](#cite_ref-1)** Loisel, Anne-Caroline Rendu. ["Ilum-Isar et Apil-Kin, deux nouvelles inscriptions de Mari/Tell Hariri"](https://www.academia.edu/3891160). *In L. Feliu / J. Llop / A. Millet Alba / J. Sanmartin (Ed), Time and History in the Ancient Near East, Proceedings of Rencontre Assyriologique Internationale 56, Barcelone, Juillet 2010, Pp.633-643*: 650.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-2)** Leick, Gwendolyn (2002). [*Who's Who in the Ancient Near East*](https://books.google.com/books?id=nAGFAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA18). Routledge. p. 18. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-134-78796-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-78796-8).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-3)** Leick, Gwendolyn (2002). [*Who's Who in the Ancient Near East*](https://books.google.com/books?id=3A2GAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT36). Routledge. p. 36. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-134-78795-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-78795-1).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-4)** Oliva, Juan (2008). [*Textos para un historia política de Siria-Palestina I*](https://books.google.com/books?id=MM3SJvJgGKoC&pg=PA86) (in Spanish). Ediciones AKAL. p. 86. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-84-460-1949-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-460-1949-7).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-GL_5-0)** Leick, Gwendolyn (2002). [*Who's Who in the Ancient Near East*](https://books.google.com/books?id=nAGFAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA168). Routledge. p. 168. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-134-78796-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-78796-8).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-6)** Louvre. "The Statuette of Iddi-Ilum," Department of Near Eastern Antiquities: Mesopotamia. Accessed December 1, 2014. [http://www.louvre.fr/en/oeuvre-notices/statuette-iddi-ilum](http://www.louvre.fr/en/oeuvre-notices/statuette-iddi-ilum)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-7)** Unger, Merrill F. (2014). [*Israel and the Aramaeans of Damascus: A Study in Archaeological Illumination of Bible History*](https://books.google.com/books?id=qw6vCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA5). Wipf and Stock Publishers. p. 5. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-62564-606-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-62564-606-4).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-8)** Abusch, I. Tzvi; Noyes, Carol (2001). [*Proceedings of the XLV Rencontre Assyriologique Internationale: historiography in the cuneiform world*](https://books.google.com/books?id=4ZntAAAAMAAJ). CDL Press. p. 60. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-883053-67-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-883053-67-3).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-9)** Sharlach, T. M. (2017). [*An Ox of One's Own: Royal Wives and Religion at the Court of the Third Dynasty of Ur*](https://books.google.com/books?id=s-Y3DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT207). Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. p. 207. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-5015-0522-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5015-0522-5).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-10)** Eppihimer, Melissa (2019). [*Exemplars of Kingship: Art, Tradition, and the Legacy of the Akkadians*](https://books.google.com/books?id=iCeeDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA121). Oxford University Press. p. 121. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-19-090303-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-090303-9).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-11)** Lipiński, Edward (1995). [*Immigration and Emigration Within the Ancient Near East*](https://books.google.com/books?id=thIxCmwfNoMC&pg=PA187). Peeters Publishers. p. 187. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [9789068317275](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789068317275).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-12)** CIVIL, Michel (1962). "Un nouveau synchronisme Mari-III e dynastie d'Ur". *Revue d'Assyriologie et d'archéologie orientale*. **56** (4): 213. [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [0373-6032](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0373-6032). [JSTOR](/source/JSTOR_(identifier)) [23295098](https://www.jstor.org/stable/23295098).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-13)** Loisel, Anne-Caroline Rendu. ["Ilum-Isar et Apil-kin, deux nouvelles inscriptions de Mari/Tell Hariri"](https://www.academia.edu/3891160). *In L. Feliu / J. Llop / A. Millet Alba / J. Sanmartin (Ed), Time and History in the Ancient Near East, Proceedings of Rencontre Assyriologique Internationale 56, Barcelone, Juillet 2010, Pp.633-643*: 649.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-14)** Eppihimer, Melissa (2019). [*Exemplars of Kingship: Art, Tradition, and the Legacy of the Akkadians*](https://books.google.com/books?id=iCeeDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA121). Oxford University Press. p. 121. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-19-090303-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-090303-9).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-15)** Loisel, Anne-Caroline Rendu. ["Ilum-Isar et Apil-Kin, deux nouvelles inscriptions de Mari/Tell Hariri"](https://www.academia.edu/3891160). *In L. Feliu / J. Llop / A. Millet Alba / J. Sanmartin (Ed), Time and History in the Ancient Near East, Proceedings of Rencontre Assyriologique Internationale 56, Barcelone, Juillet 2010, Pp.633-643*: 650.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-16)** Loisel, Anne-Caroline Rendu. ["Ilum-Isar et Apil-Kin, deux nouvelles inscriptions de Mari/Tell Hariri"](https://www.academia.edu/3891160). *In L. Feliu / J. Llop / A. Millet Alba / J. Sanmartin (Ed), Time and History in the Ancient Near East, Proceedings of Rencontre Assyriologique Internationale 56, Barcelone, Juillet 2010, Pp.633-643*: 650.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-17)** Loisel, Anne-Caroline Rendu. ["Ilum-Isar et Apil-Kin, deux nouvelles inscriptions de Mari/Tell Hariri"](https://www.academia.edu/3891160). *In L. Feliu / J. Llop / A. Millet Alba / J. Sanmartin (Ed), Time and History in the Ancient Near East, Proceedings of Rencontre Assyriologique Internationale 56, Barcelone, Juillet 2010, Pp.633-643*: 650.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-18)** Loisel, Anne-Caroline Rendu. ["Ilum-Isar et Apil-Kin, deux nouvelles inscriptions de Mari/Tell Hariri"](https://www.academia.edu/3891160). *In L. Feliu / J. Llop / A. Millet Alba / J. Sanmartin (Ed), Time and History in the Ancient Near East, Proceedings of Rencontre Assyriologique Internationale 56, Barcelone, Juillet 2010, Pp.633-643*: 650.

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Apil-kin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apil-kin) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apil-kin?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.