# Antrophyopsis
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{{Short description|Genus of ferns}}
{{automatic taxobox
| taxon = Antrophyopsis
| authority = (Benedict) Schuett.
| type_species = ''Antrophyopsis boryana''
| type_species_authority = ([Willd.](/source/Carl_Ludwig_Willdenow)) Schuett.
|synonyms =
* ''Antrophyum'' (''Antrophyopsis'') Benedict 1907
* ''Antrophyum'' (''Bathia'') Christensen 1925
}}
'''''Antrophyopsis''''' is a [genus](/source/genus) of [vittarioid](/source/vittarioid) [fern](/source/fern)s, a member of subfamily [Vittarioideae](/source/Vittarioideae) and family [Pteridaceae](/source/Pteridaceae). Like other vittarioids, ferns in the genus are [epiphyte](/source/epiphyte)s with simple, straplike leaves. They are native to tropical Africa and islands of the Indian Ocean. The presence of a midrib in their leaves, the shape of their spores, and the shape of cells at the tip of their [paraphyses](/source/paraphyses) (minute hairs on the spore-bearing structures) help to distinguish members of the genus from other vittarioids. The group was raised to the level of genus in 2016.
==Description==
Like most other [vittarioid](/source/vittarioid) ferns, members of the genus have simple, straplike leaves. The [rhizome](/source/rhizome) has a distinct upper and lower side, lacking radial symmetry. Leaves are borne in two ranks in a single plane and lack a [costa](/source/costa_(botany)) (midrib), unlike ''[Scoliosorus](/source/Scoliosorus)''. The leaves have netlike venation, with three or more rows of areolae ("gaps" in the net of veins) on either side of the midline, with the exception of ''[A. bivittata](/source/Antrophyopsis_bivittata)'', which has two to three freely branching veins. [Sori](/source/Sorus) follow the veins, forming a network in those species with netlike venation. The sori bear [paraphyses](/source/paraphyses) (minute hairs) with spherical cells at the tip. Spores are monolete, unlike ''[Antrophyum](/source/Antrophyum)'' ''sensu stricto'', which has trilete spores.[{{cite journal |last1=Schuettpelz |first1=Eric |last2=Chen |first2=Cheng-Wei |last3=Kessler |first3=Michael |last4=Pinson |first4=Jerald B. |last5=Johnson |first5=Gabriel |last6=Davila |first6=Alex |last7=Cochran |first7=Alyssa T. |last8=Huiet |first8=Layne |last9=Pryer |first9=Kathleen M. |author-link9=Kathleen M. Pryer |title=A revised generic classification of vittarioid ferns (Pteridaceae) based on molecular, micromorphological, and geographic data |journal=[Taxon](/source/Taxon_(journal)) |volume=65 |issue=4 |pages=708–722 |date=August 2016 |doi=10.12705/654.2 |url=https://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/125839/1/Taxon_2016_708-722.pdf }}]
==Taxonomy==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! colspan=1 | Phylogeny of ''Antrophyopsis''[{{cite journal |last1=Nitta |first1=Joel H. |last2=Schuettpelz |first2=Eric |last3=Ramírez-Barahona |first3=Santiago |last4=Iwasaki |first4=Wataru |display-authors=et al. |year=2022 |title=An Open and Continuously Updated Fern Tree of Life |journal=[Frontiers in Plant Science](/source/Frontiers_in_Plant_Science) |volume=13 |issue= |article-number= 909768| doi=10.3389/fpls.2022.909768 |pmid= 36092417|pmc= 9449725|bibcode= |doi-access=free}}][{{cite web|last1= |first1= |last2= |display-authors=et al. |year=2023 |title=Tree viewer: interactive visualization of FTOL |url=https://fernphy.github.io/viewer.html |version=FTOL v1.5.0 [GenBank release 256] |access-date=17 August 2023}}]
|-
| style="vertical-align:top|
{{Clade | style=font-size:90%;line-height:80%
|1={{clade
|1=''[A. manniana](/source/Antrophyopsis_manniana)'' (Hook.) Schuett.
|2={{clade
|1=''A. bivittata'' (C. Chr.) Schuett.
|2={{clade
|1=''A. boryana'' (Willd.) Schuett.
|2=''A. gigantea'' (Bory) Rouhan, Boullet & Schuettpelz
}}
}}
}}
}}
|}
The genus was originally defined in 1907 by Ralph C. Benedict as a subgenus of a (broadly defined) ''Antrophyum'', typified by ''[Antrophyum boryanum](/source/Antrophyopsis_boryana)'' and including three other species[{{cite journal |last=Benedict |first=Ralph C. |title=The genus Antrophyum—I. Synopsis of subgenera, and the American species |journal=[Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club](/source/Bulletin_of_the_Torrey_Botanical_Club) |volume=34 |issue=9 |year=1907 |pages=445–458 |doi=10.2307/2479065 |jstor=2479065 }}] (since reduced to two varieties of ''Antrophyopsis boryana'' and the species ''A. manniana'').[{{cite journal |last=Lindsay |first=Stuart |title=Considerations for a revision of the fern family Vittariaceae for Flora Malesiana |journal=[Telopea](/source/Telopea_(journal)) |volume=10 |issue=1 |year=2003 |pages=99–112|doi=10.7751/telopea20035609 |doi-access=free }}] Benedict noted that the subgenus was distinguished by sori not sunken into the leaf, forming a complete reticulate network, monolete ("diplanate") spores, bulging tips on the paraphyses on the sori, and bumpy cell walls on the scales of the [stipe](/source/stipe_(botany)).[{{cite journal | last=Benedict | first=Ralph C. | title=The genera of the fern tribe Vittarieae | journal=[Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club](/source/Bulletin_of_the_Torrey_Botanical_Club) | volume=38 | issue=4 | year=1911 | pages=153–190 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/12617283| doi=10.2307/2479298 | jstor=2479298 | hdl=2027/nnc1.cu56099444 | hdl-access=free }}]
The first molecular phylogenetic study of the vittarioids, by Edmund H. Crane, found ''Antrophyum boryanum'' to be sister to ''[Scoliosorus ensiformis](/source/Scoliosorus_ensiformis)''. As both species share monolete spores, Crane transferred ''A. boryanum'' and ''A. mannianum'' to ''Scoliosorus''.[{{cite journal |first=Edmund H. |last=Crane |title=A Revised Circumscription of the Genera of the Fern Family Vittariaceae |journal=[Systematic Botany](/source/Systematic_Botany) |volume=22 |issue=3 |pages=509–517 |year=1997 | doi=10.2307/2419824|jstor=2419824 }}] A more extensive phylogeny using multiple chloroplast markers, published in 2016 by Eric Schuettpelz ''et al.'', placed these species together with ''[A. bivittatum](/source/Antrophyopsis_bivittata)'' in a clade sister to the rest of ''Antrophyum'' and distant from ''Scoliosorus''. In light of their distinctive spore morphology and geographic distribution when compared to the remainder of ''Antrophyum'', Schuettpelz raised the subgenus to genus level, incorporating the three aforementioned species.