# Anne Daniel

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{{Short description|American physician and public health reformer}}
{{Infobox person
| birth_name  = 
| birth_date  = {{birth date|1858|10|21}}
| birth_place = 
| death_date  = {{death date and age|1944|08|11|1858|10|21}}
| death_place = 
| alma_mater = Woman's Medical College of the New York Infirmary
| occupation  = Physician, public health reformer
}}

'''Anne Daniel''' (also known as '''Annie Sturgis Daniel''') (September 21, 1858 – August 11, 1944)<ref name=obit>{{cite news|title=Woman Doctor Dies|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/3441588/woman_doctor_dies_the_bee_danville/|accessdate=19 October 2015|publisher=The Bee|date=12 August 1944|location=Danville, Virginia|page=6|via = [Newspapers.com](/source/Newspapers.com)}} {{open access}}</ref> was an American physician and public health reformer who focused on improving living conditions of the [tenement](/source/Tenement_Housing) population and female prison population in New York City.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title = The Biographical Dictionary of Women in Science: Pioneering Lives from Ancient Times to the Mid-Twentieth Century|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=QmfyK0QtsRAC|publisher = Taylor & Francis|date = 2000-07-27|isbn = 9780203801451|language = en|first1 = Joy|last1 = Harvey|first2 = Marilyn|last2 = Ogilvie|authorlink2=Marilyn Bailey Ogilvie|authorlink1=Joy Harvey}}</ref>

== Education ==
Daniel attended the Woman's Medical College of the New York Infirmary, where she specialized in [obstetrics](/source/Obstetrics_and_gynaecology), [gynecology](/source/Gynaecology), and [pediatrics](/source/pediatrics). As a student in New York City, she was exposed to the poverty and illness inherent in tenement life. The connection she saw between health and social environment sparked her interest in public reform.<ref name=":0" />

== Career ==
For over 60 years, Daniel taught and supervised students at the [New York Infirmary](/source/New_York_Infirmary_for_Indigent_Women_and_Children). She focused especially on educating the tenement population on hygiene, childcare, and preventative medicine. She wanted to prevent tenement dwellers from working from their homes, which often involved female and child labor.<ref name=":0" />

Daniel was also heavily involved in local government, pushing for legislation to improve the lives of women and children and women's status in the public sphere. She was a member of the [Working Women's Society](/source/Working_Women's_Society) and a supporter of the early [suffrage](/source/Women's_suffrage) movement, but much of her legislative efforts dealt with the female prison population. A report she wrote for the [Women's Prison Association of New York](/source/Women's_Prison_Association_of_New_York) in 1886 led to the requirement of prisons to hire female wardens to supervise female prisoners.<ref name=":0" />

Daniel wrote a history of the hospital in the 1930s, entitled  ''′A cautious experiment.′ The history of the New York Infirmary for Women and Children and the Woman's Medical College of the New York Infirmary'', which was serialized in the ''Medical Woman’s Journal'' (46) between May 1939 and December 1939.<ref name="Bittel2012">{{cite book|last=Bittel|first=Carla|title=Mary Putnam Jacobi and the Politics of Medicine in Nineteenth-Century America|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u-rA4igX19UC&pg=PT275|date=1 June 2012|publisher=UNC Press Books|isbn=978-1-4696-0644-6|pages=275}}</ref>

== Influence ==
At the New York Infirmary, Daniel's course “The Normal Child” led to [Sara Josephine Baker](/source/Sara_Josephine_Baker)'s fascination with children's healthcare. Baker went on to implement public health measures that, once recognized, saved the lives of millions worldwide.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=http://www.nybooks.com/articles/2013/09/26/doctor-who-made-revolution/|title=The Doctor Who Made a Revolution|last=Epstein|first=Helen|journal=The New York Review of Books|date=26 September 2013|volume=60 |issue=14 |access-date=2016-07-03}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Daniel, Anne}}
Category:1858 births
Category:1944 deaths
Category:American women academics
Category:American public health doctors
Category:American women public health doctors

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Anne Daniel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_Daniel) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_Daniel?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.