# Anglicisation

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Form of cultural assimilation

Not to be confused with [Anglicism](/source/Anglicism).

For linguistic anglicisation, see [Anglicisation (linguistics)](/source/Anglicisation_(linguistics)).

**Anglicisation**, or **anglicization**, is a form of [cultural assimilation](/source/Cultural_assimilation) whereby something non-English becomes assimilated into or influenced by the [culture of England](/source/Culture_of_England). It can be sociocultural, in which a non-English place adopts the [English language](/source/English_language) or culture; institutional, in which institutions are influenced by those of [England](/source/England) or the [United Kingdom](/source/United_Kingdom); or [linguistic](/source/Anglicisation_(linguistics)), in which a non-English term or name is altered due to the cultural influence of the English language.[1][2] It can also refer to the influence of English [soft power](/source/Soft_power), which includes media, cuisine, popular culture, technology, business practices, laws and political systems.[3]

Anglicisation first occurred in the [British Isles](/source/British_Isles), when [Celts](/source/Celts) under the sovereignty of the [king of England](/source/List_of_English_monarchs) underwent a process of anglicisation.[4] The [Celtic language decline in England](/source/Celtic_language_decline_in_England) was mostly complete by 1000 AD, but continued in [Cornwall](/source/Cornwall) and other regions until the 18th century. In [Scotland](/source/Scotland), the decline of [Scottish Gaelic](/source/Scottish_Gaelic) began during the reign of [Malcolm III of Scotland](/source/Malcolm_III_of_Scotland) to the point where by the mid-14th century the [Scots language](/source/Scots_language) was the dominant national language among the [Scottish people](/source/Scottish_people).[5][6]: 139 In [Wales](/source/Wales), however, the [Welsh language](/source/Welsh_language) has continued to be spoken by a large part of the country's population due to [language revival](/source/Language_revival) measures aimed at countering historical anglicisation measures such as the [Welsh not](/source/Welsh_not).[1][4]

## History and examples

See also: [Legacy of the British Empire](/source/Legacy_of_the_British_Empire)

### Europe

### Channel Islands

Further information: [History of Jersey § Anglicisation](/source/History_of_Jersey#Anglicisation)

In the early parts of the 19th century, mostly due to increased immigration from the rest of the British Isles, the town of [St Helier](/source/St_Helier) in the [Channel Islands](/source/Channel_Islands) became a predominantly English-speaking place, though bilingualism was still common. This created a divided linguistic geography, as the people of the countryside continued to use forms of [Norman French](/source/Norman_language), and many did not even know English.[7]: 38–9[8]: 268 English became seen in the Channel Islands as "the language of commercial success and moral and intellectual achievement".[8]: 269 The growth of English and the decline of French brought about the adoption of more values and social structures from [Victorian era](/source/Victorian_era) England.[8] Eventually, this led to the Channel Islands's culture becoming mostly anglicised, which supplanted the traditional Norman-based culture of the Islands.[8]: 270

From 1912, the educational system of the Channel Islands was delivered solely in English, following the norms of the [English educational system](/source/Education_in_England).[7] Anglicisation was supported by the [British government](/source/Government_of_the_United_Kingdom), and it was suggested that anglicisation would not only encourage loyalty and congeniality between the Channel Islands and Britain, but also provide economic prosperity and improved "general happiness". During the 19th century, there was concern over the practise of sending young Channel Islanders to France for education, as they might have brought back French culture and viewpoints back to the Islands. The [upper class](/source/Upper_class) in the Channel Islands supported anglicising the Islands, due to the social and economic benefits it would bring. [Anglophiles](/source/Anglophile) such as John Le Couteur strove to introduce [English culture](/source/Culture_of_England) to [Jersey](/source/Jersey).[8]: 268

### British Isles

Main article: [Cultural history of the United Kingdom](/source/Cultural_history_of_the_United_Kingdom)

Anglicisation was an essential element in the development of British society and of the development of a unified British polity.[1] Within the [British Isles](/source/British_Isles), anglicisation can be defined as influence of English culture in [Scotland](/source/Scotland), [Wales](/source/Wales), [Ireland](/source/Ireland), the [Isle of Man](/source/Isle_of_Man) and the [Channel Islands](/source/Channel_Islands). Until the 19th century, most significant period for anglicisation in those regions was the [High Middle Ages](/source/High_Middle_Ages). Between 1000 and 1300, the British Isles became increasingly anglicised. Firstly, the ruling classes of England, who were of Norman origin after the [Norman Conquest](/source/Norman_Conquest) of 1066, became anglicised as their separate [Norman](/source/Normans) identity, different from the identity of the native [Anglo-Saxons](/source/Anglo-Saxons), became replaced with a single [English national identity](/source/English_national_identity).[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*]

Secondly, English communities in Wales and Ireland emphasised their English identities, which became established through the settlement of various parts of Wales and Ireland between the 11th and 17th centuries under the guidance of successive English kings. In Wales, this primarily occurred during the [conquest of Wales by Edward I](/source/Conquest_of_Wales_by_Edward_I), which involved English and [Flemish](/source/Flemish_people) settlers being ["planted"](/source/Plantation_(settlement_or_colony)) in various newly established settlements in Welsh territory. English settlers in Ireland mostly resided in [the Pale](/source/The_Pale_(Ireland)), a small area concentrated around [Dublin](/source/Dublin). However, much of the land the English settled was not intensively used or densely populated. The culture of settling English populations in Wales and Ireland remained heavy influenced by that of England. These communities were also socially and culturally segregated from the native Irish and Welsh, a distinction which was reinforced by government legislation such as the [Statutes of Kilkenny](/source/Statutes_of_Kilkenny).[4]

#### Ireland

See also: [British rule in Ireland](/source/British_rule_in_Ireland) and [Ireland–United Kingdom relations](/source/Ireland%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations)

#### Wales

During the [Middle Ages](/source/Middle_Ages), Wales was gradually conquered by the English. The institutional anglicisation of Wales was finalised with the [Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542](/source/Laws_in_Wales_Acts_1535_and_1542), which fully incorporated Wales into the [Kingdom of England](/source/Kingdom_of_England). This not only institutionally anglicised Wales, but brought about the anglicisation of the [Welsh culture](/source/Welsh_culture) and language. Motives for anglicising Wales included securing [Protestant](/source/Protestantism) England against incursions from Catholic powers in [Continental Europe](/source/Continental_Europe) and promoting the power of the Welsh [Tudor dynasty](/source/House_of_Tudor) in the rest of England.[1]

Scholars have argued that [industrialisation](/source/Industrialisation) prevented Wales from being anglicised to the extent of Ireland and Scotland, as the majority of the Welsh people did not move abroad in search of employment during the early modern era, and thus did not have to learn to speak English. Furthermore, migration patterns created a cultural division of labour, with national migrants tending to work in coalfields or remain in rural villages, while non-national migrants were attracted to coastal towns and cities. This preserved monocultural Welsh communities, ensuring the continued prominence of the Welsh language and customs within them. However, other scholars argue that industrialisation and [urbanisation](/source/Urbanization) led to economic decline in rural Wales, and given that the country's large towns and cities were anglicised, this led to an overall anglicisation of the nation.[1]

The [Elementary Education Act 1870](/source/Elementary_Education_Act_1870) and the [Welsh Intermediate Education Act 1889](/source/Welsh_Intermediate_Education_Act_1889) introduced compulsory English-language education into the [Welsh educational system](/source/Education_in_Wales). English "was perceived as the language of progress, equality, prosperity, mass entertainment and pleasure". This and other administrative reforms resulted in the institutional and cultural dominance of English and marginalisation of Welsh, especially in the more urban [south](/source/South_Wales) and [north-east](/source/North_East_Wales) of Wales.[1] In 2022, the Commission for Welsh-speaking Communities warned that the emigration of Anglophones to Welsh-speaking villages and towns was putting the Welsh language at risk.[9] In May 2026, Welsh [councillor](/source/Councillor) Einir Williams[10] criticized *Ordnance Survey* 'for using names that have "no basis in tradition" across online, signs and publications'[11].

#### Modern non-British Isles diasporas

See also: [Modern immigration to the United Kingdom](/source/Modern_immigration_to_the_United_Kingdom)

[Harold Abrahams](/source/Harold_Abrahams), an Anglicised athlete celebrated by British Jews for obtaining gold in the [1924 Olympics 100m sprint](/source/Athletics_at_the_1924_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men's_100_metres)[12]

Jewish refugees in Britain at the turn of the 20th century were encouraged to Anglicise themselves by playing [British sports](/source/British_sports).[13] Such assimilation was desired by both the immigrants and the local Anglo-Jewish elite, as it would preempt antisemitic and xenophobic prejudices.[14]

### Continental Europe

#### Germany

Philosophically, England's political ideals and strength were inspirational for Prussia in the 19th century.[15] British art has also had a significant influence on Germany.[16]

### Americas

### Anglo-America

See also: [Anglo-America](/source/Anglo-America) and [British America](/source/British_America)

#### Canada

See also: [Canada–United Kingdom relations § Cultural relations](/source/Canada%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations#Cultural_relations)

The term Anglicisation started being used around the time that the question of Anglicising white populations outside of the British Isles first presented itself in the late 18th century, when the [British Empire](/source/British_Empire) had to decide how to conciliate French Canadians to its rule.[17] Anglicisation was also expected of immigrants, particularly at the time that the country envisioned itself as part of a global British imperial community, until the [cultural mosaic](/source/Cultural_mosaic) model took root in the late 20th century.[18]

#### Caribbean

See also: [British West Indies](/source/British_West_Indies)

#### United States

See also: [United Kingdom–United States relations § Culture and media](/source/United_Kingdom%E2%80%93United_States_relations#Culture_and_media)

The United States was the first major British colony to become independent. Early into the [American Revolution](/source/American_Revolution), the majority of the colonists still felt loyal to Britain and preferred reconciliation over independence.[19] Close cultural relations eased the resumption of post-Revolution ties between the two nations and later aided their cooperation during [World War II](/source/World_War_II), giving rise to what became known as the [Special Relationship](/source/Special_Relationship).[20] Both nations' cultural legacies and rising global stature led them to consider themselves as successors in certain ways [to the Roman Empire](/source/Succession_of_the_Roman_Empire),[21] and [American hegemony](/source/American_hegemony) was able to peacefully succeed the British Empire's [dominance](/source/Pax_Britannica) in part due to the widely shared heritage.[22]

During the 19th and 20th centuries, there was a nationwide effort in the [United States](/source/United_States) to anglicise all [immigrants to the US](/source/Immigration_to_the_United_States). This was carried out through methods including (but not limited to) mandating the teaching of [American English](/source/American_English) and having all immigrants change their first and last names to English-sounding names. This movement was known as [Americanisation](/source/Americanization_(immigration)) and is considered a subset of Anglicisation due to English being the dominant language in the United States.

### Latin America

This section is an excerpt from [Latin America–United Kingdom relations § Independence era after 1820](/source/Latin_America%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations#Independence_era_after_1820).[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Latin_America%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations&action=edit)]

Admiral Thomas Cochrane, the 10th Earl of Dundonald.

#### Mexico

Cornish miners introduced some of their cuisine in the 19th century. Mexico's proximity to the United States has also furthered its uptake of the English language, particularly in the border regions.[23]

### Africa

See also: [British diaspora in Africa § Culture](/source/British_diaspora_in_Africa#Culture)

### East Africa

In Kenya, Christian missionaries played a significant role in advancing British culture. Though initially the colonial education system allowed for a more localised pedagogy, in the aftermath of the [Mau Mau rebellion](/source/Mau_Mau_rebellion) the curriculum was revised to feature a greater emphasis on British culture and positive involvement in the region.[24]

### Southern Africa

#### South Africa

Anglicisation came into greater effect after the [Anglo-Boer War](/source/Anglo-Boer_War), when the British decided to inculcate Afrikaner children in the English language and culture, contesting prior Dutch societal influences.[25]

### West Africa

This section is an excerpt from [British West Africa § Historical jurisdiction](/source/British_West_Africa#Historical_jurisdiction).[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=British_West_Africa&action=edit)]

A sketch of the town of [Bathurst](/source/Banjul), [The Gambia](/source/The_Gambia), published in 1824

British West Africa was originally founded at the urging of the prominent abolitionist [Fowell Buxton](/source/Fowell_Buxton), who felt that ending the Atlantic slave trade required some level of British control of the coastline.[26] Development was solely based on [modernization](/source/Modernization), and autonomous educational systems were the first step to modernising indigenous culture. Cultures and interests of indigenous peoples were ignored. A new social order, as well as European influences within schools and libraries[27] and local traditions, helped mould British West Africa's culture. The British West African colonial school curriculum helped play a role in this. Local elites developed, with new values and philosophies, who changed the overall cultural development.[28]

### Asia

### East Asia

#### China

This section is an excerpt from [Culture of Hong Kong § Cultural identity](/source/Culture_of_Hong_Kong#Cultural_identity).[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Hong_Kong&action=edit)]

After 156 years of rule as a separate British colony, Hong Kong's political separation from the rest of the Lingnan area has resulted in a unique local identity.[29] Elements of traditional Cantonese culture combined with British influences have shaped every aspect of the city, including its law, politics, education, languages, cuisines, and way of thinking. It is for this reason that locals refer to themselves as Hongkongers (Jyutping: *Hoeng1 gong2 yan4*; Traditional Chinese: 香港人), to distinguish themselves and their culture from that of Han Chinese from mainland China. The sense of Hong Kong people asserting their unique identity and nationality has increased over time. This is due to the rising phenomena of conflicts between Hong Kongers and Mainlanders.[30][31]

### South Asia

See also: [Cultural history of India § Colonial era](/source/Cultural_history_of_India#Colonial_era)

#### Bangladesh

See also: [Bhadralok](/source/Bhadralok)

#### India

Cricket is the [most popular sport](/source/Cricket_in_South_Asia) in South Asia. The local spirit of [innovating under duress](/source/Jugaad) has led to [gully (street) cricket](/source/Backyard_cricket).[32]

Two centuries of [imperial British influence](/source/British_India) saw India become the subject of intense discussions around the merit of [Westernisation](/source/Westernisation) and modernisation on an ancient, unchanging culture. In the decades after India's 1947 [independence](/source/Independence_of_India), Anglicisation actually became more apparent in some respects: more people had learned English, which now was more significant in its capacity as a world language, and cricket was greatly popularised. Universal adult suffrage and higher levels of college attendance were also achieved.[33]

#### Pakistan

Main article: [British influence in Pakistan](/source/British_influence_in_Pakistan)

### Southeast Asia

#### Singapore

Malay was Singapore's lingua franca late into the colonial era until English started to predominate; after Singapore became independent from British rule, it decided to keep English as its main language to maximise economic efficiency.[34][*[failed verification](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability)*][*[better source needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Questionable_sources)*] Various politicians associated with Singapore's founding postcolonial period have measuredly praised British influences that they claim laid the foundation for the city to become more successful.[35][36]

### West Asia

During the late colonial era, British planners were preoccupied with combating growing anti-Western sentiments among Arabs; the instrumentalisation of the [British Council](/source/British_Council) was seen as the best way to create stronger cultural ties.[37]

### Oceania

#### Australia

See also: [Australia–United Kingdom relations § Culture](/source/Australia%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations#Culture)

Australians had very significant ties to the United Kingdom until the mid-20th century, with racial and historical ties cited as reasons to keep the relationship strong. The breakup of the British Empire then reoriented Australia towards American influences.[38]

## Language

### Linguistic anglicisation

Main article: [Anglicisation (linguistics)](/source/Anglicisation_(linguistics))

Linguistic anglicisation is the practice of modifying foreign words, names, and phrases to make them easier to spell, pronounce or understand in [English](/source/English_language).[1][2] The term commonly refers to the respelling of foreign words, often to a more drastic degree than that implied in, for example, [romanisation](/source/Romanization).

Non-English words may be anglicised by changing their form and/or pronunciation to something more familiar to English speakers. Some foreign place names are commonly anglicised in English. Examples include the [Danish](/source/Denmark) city København ([Copenhagen](/source/Copenhagen)), the [Russian](/source/Russia) city of Moskva ([Moscow](/source/Moscow)), the [Swedish](/source/Sweden) city of Göteborg ([Gothenburg](/source/Gothenburg)), the [Dutch](/source/Netherlands) city of Den Haag ([The Hague](/source/The_Hague)), the [Spanish](/source/Spain) city of Sevilla ([Seville](/source/Seville)), the [Egyptian](/source/Egypt) city of Al-Qāhira ([Cairo](/source/Cairo)), the [German](/source/Germany) city of Braunschweig ([Brunswick](/source/Braunschweig)), and the [Italian](/source/Italy) city of Firenze ([Florence](/source/Florence)). The [Indian](/source/India) city of Kolkata was once anglicised as [Calcutta](/source/Kolkata), until the city chose to change its official name back to Kolkata in 2001. Anglicisation of words and names from indigenous languages occurred across the [English-speaking world](/source/English-speaking_world) in former parts of the [British Empire](/source/British_Empire). [Toponyms](/source/Toponymy) in particular have been affected by this process.

In the past, the names of people from other language areas were anglicised to a higher extent than today. This was the general rule for names of Latin or (classical) Greek origin. Today, the anglicised name forms are often retained for the more well-known persons, like [Aristotle](/source/Aristotle) for Aristoteles, and [Hadrian](/source/Hadrian) (or later [Hadrian](/source/Hadrian)) for Hadrianus. During the time in which there were large influxes of immigrants from [Europe](/source/Europe) to the [United States](/source/United_States) and [United Kingdom](/source/United_Kingdom) during the 19th and 20th centuries, the names of many immigrants were never changed by immigration officials but only by personal choice.

### Dominance of Anglo-/British English

Britishisms (terms unique to British English) have entered American English over the centuries and continuing to this day, despite the modern global predominance of American English.[39] Globalisation and the increasing role of British journalists are cited as factors for this in the present day.[40]

### Englishisation

This section is an excerpt from [Englishisation](/source/Englishisation).[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Englishisation&action=edit)]

An amalgamation of the flags that represent the [United States](/source/Flag_of_the_United_States) and the [United Kingdom](/source/Union_Jack), the two countries at the forefront of spreading English across the world

[Englishisation](/source/Englishisation) refers to the introduction of [English](/source/English_language)-language influences into other languages. English, as a [world language](/source/World_language), has had a very significant impact on other languages, with many languages borrowing words or grammar from English or forming [calques](/source/Calque) based on English words.[41] Englishisation is often paired with the introduction of [Western culture](/source/Western_culture) into other cultures,[42] and has resulted in a significant degree of [code-mixing](/source/Code-mixing) of English with other languages as well as the appearance of new [varieties of English](/source/Varieties_of_English).[43][44] Other languages have also synthesised new literary genres through their contact with English,[45] and various forms of "language play" have emerged through this interaction.[46] Englishisation has also occurred in subtle ways because of the massive amount of English content that is translated into other languages.[47]

Englishisation first happened on a worldwide scale because of the spread of the [British Empire](/source/British_Empire) and [American cultural influence](/source/American_Century), as the English language historically played a major role in the administration of Britain's colonies and is highly relevant in the modern wave of [globalisation](/source/Globalisation).[48][49][50] One of the reasons for Englishisation is because other languages sometimes lacked vocabulary to talk about certain things, such as modern technologies or scientific concepts.[51] Another reason is that English is often considered a [prestige language](/source/Prestige_language) which symbolises or improves the educatedness or status of a speaker.[52]

## Sports

This section is an excerpt from [History of sport § The British Empire and post-colonial sports](/source/History_of_sport#The_British_Empire_and_post-colonial_sports).[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_sport&action=edit)]

The influence of British sports and their codified rules began to spread across the world in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.[53] A number of major teams elsewhere in the world still show these British origins in their names, such as [A.C. Milan](/source/A.C._Milan) in Italy, [Grêmio Foot-Ball Porto Alegrense](/source/Gr%C3%AAmio_Foot-Ball_Porto_Alegrense) in Brazil, and [Athletic Bilbao](/source/Athletic_Bilbao) in Spain. [Cricket](/source/Cricket) became popular in several of the nations of the then British Empire, such as Australia, South Africa, and South Asian nations such as India, Sri Lanka and Pakistan (see also: [Sport in British India](/source/Sport_in_British_India)). Today, 90% of the sport's fans are [in the subcontinent](/source/Cricket_in_South_Asia),[54] with the game remaining popular in and beyond today's [Commonwealth of Nations](/source/Commonwealth_of_Nations). The revival of the [Olympic Games](/source/Olympic_Games) by Baron [Pierre de Coubertin](/source/Pierre_de_Coubertin) was also heavily influenced by the amateur ethos of the English public schools.[55] The British played a major role in defining amateurism, professionalism, the tournament system and the concept of fair play.[56] Some sports developed in England, spread to other countries and then lost its popularity in England while remaining actively played in other countries, a notable example being [bandy](/source/Bandy) which remains popular in [Finland](/source/Finland), [Kazakhstan](/source/Kazakhstan), Norway, Russia, and Sweden.[57]

European morals and views on empires were embedded in the structure of sports. Ideas of "social discipline" and "loyalty" were key factors in European empire etiquette, which eventually transferred into sports etiquette. Also ideas of "patient and methodical training", were enforced to make soldiers stronger, and athletes better. Diffusion helped with the process of connecting these two concepts and has helped shaped the values of sports as we know it today. Sports like baseball, football (soccer), and cricket all came from European influence, and all share the same values based on European empires.[58] In the case of the British Empire, the victory of the colonies in sports helped in transitioning out of empire.[59]

### Indirect influence

See also: [Americanization § Sports](/source/Americanization#Sports), and [History of sports in the United States](/source/History_of_sports_in_the_United_States)

[Baseball](/source/Baseball), the American pastime, originates from England, with its predecessors' first mention in print being in [A Little Pretty Pocket-Book](/source/A_Little_Pretty_Pocket-Book) (1744).

English pastimes and ideas influenced early American sporting practices significantly.[60] For example, Mark Dyreson has argued that American attempts to improve the world through sport took inspiration from British imperial models.[61] The England-originated philosophy of [Muscular Christianity](/source/Muscular_Christianity) also played a role in shaping American attitudes towards sport and its global role by the turn of the 20th century.[62]

## See also

Look up ***[anglicise](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/anglicise)*** or ***[anglicize](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/anglicize)*** in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

- [British Invasion](/source/British_Invasion) – US cultural phenomenon of the mid-1960s

- [English diaspora](/source/English_diaspora)

- Education: - [English-medium education](/source/English-medium_education) - [Macaulayism](/source/Macaulayism)

- Religion: - [Christianization § British North America, Australia, New Zealand, Asia and Africa](/source/Christianization#British_North_America,_Australia,_New_Zealand,_Asia_and_Africa)

## References

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-:0_1-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-:0_1-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-:0_1-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-:0_1-3) [***e***](#cite_ref-:0_1-4) [***f***](#cite_ref-:0_1-5) [***g***](#cite_ref-:0_1-6) Coupland, Nikolas; Thomas, Alan Richard (1990). ["2. The Anglicisation of Wales"](https://books.google.com/books?id=tPwYt3gVbu4C&dq=Anglicisation&pg=PA19). *English in Wales: Diversity, Conflict, and Change*. Multilingual Matters. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-85359-031-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85359-031-3). [OCLC](/source/OCLC_(identifier)) [44961554](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/44961554).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-ReferenceB_2-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-ReferenceB_2-1) Bridge, Carl, and Fedorowich, Kent. *The British World: Diaspora, Culture, and Identity*, 2003, p. 89. "Beyond gaps in our information about who or what was affected by anglicisation is the matter of understanding the process more fully in terms of agency, periodisation, and extent and limitations."

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Breen,_pp._467-499_3-0)** Breen, T.H. (October 1986). ["An Empire of Goods: The Anglicization of Colonial America, 1690–1776"](https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-british-studies/article/abs/an-empire-of-goods-the-anglicization-of-colonial-america-16901776/0F37F013A68599667122B478D0CF1147). *Journal of British Studies*. **25** (4). [Cambridge University Press](/source/Cambridge_University_Press): 467–499. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1086/385874](https://doi.org/10.1086%2F385874). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [144798714](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144798714). Retrieved 13 July 2021.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-:1_4-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-:1_4-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-:1_4-2) Davies, R.R. (2000). "The Anglicization of the British Isles". *First English Empire: Power and Identities in the British Isles 1093–1343 (Ford lectures; 1998)*. Oxford University Press. [OCLC](/source/OCLC_(identifier)) [940657419](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/940657419).

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Anglicisation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglicisation) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglicisation?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.