# Angela Merkel

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Chancellor of Germany from 2005 to 2021

"Merkel" redirects here. For other uses, see [Merkel (disambiguation)](/source/Merkel_(disambiguation)).

Angela Merkel Merkel in 2019 Chancellor of Germany In office 22 November 2005 – 8 December 2021 President Horst Köhler Jens Böhrnsen (acting) Christian Wulff Horst Seehofer (acting) Joachim Gauck Frank-Walter Steinmeier Vice Chancellor See list Franz Müntefering Frank-Walter Steinmeier Guido Westerwelle Philipp Rösler Sigmar Gabriel Olaf Scholz Preceded by Gerhard Schröder Succeeded by Olaf Scholz Leader of the Christian Democratic Union In office 10 April 2000 – 7 December 2018 General Secretary See list Ruprecht Polenz Laurenz Meyer Volker Kauder Ronald Pofalla Hermann Gröhe Peter Tauber Annegret Kramp-Karrenbauer Deputy See list Volker Bouffier Christian Wulff Ursula von der Leyen Annette Schavan Julia Klöckner Norbert Röttgen Armin Laschet Thomas Strobl Preceded by Wolfgang Schäuble Succeeded by Annegret Kramp-Karrenbauer Leader of the Opposition In office 22 September 2002 – 22 November 2005 Chancellor Gerhard Schröder Preceded by Friedrich Merz Succeeded by Wolfgang Gerhardt Leader of the CDU/CSU in the Bundestag In office 22 September 2002 – 21 November 2005 First Deputy Michael Glos Chief Whip Volker Kauder Norbert Röttgen Preceded by Friedrich Merz Succeeded by Volker Kauder Early federal, state politics 1991‍–‍2000 General Secretary of the Christian Democratic Union In office 7 November 1998 – 10 April 2000 Leader Wolfgang Schäuble Preceded by Peter Hintze Succeeded by Ruprecht Polenz Leader of the Christian Democratic Union in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern In office June 1993 – 20 May 2000 General Secretary Klaus Preschle Hubert Gehring Preceded by Günther Krause Succeeded by Steffie Schnoor Minister for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety In office 17 November 1994 – 26 October 1998 Chancellor Helmut Kohl Preceded by Klaus Töpfer Succeeded by Jürgen Trittin Minister for Women and Youth In office 18 January 1991 – 17 November 1994 Chancellor Helmut Kohl Preceded by Ursula Lehr Succeeded by Claudia Nolte Member of the Bundestag for Mecklenburg-Vorpommern In office 20 December 1990 – 26 October 2021 Preceded by Constituency established Succeeded by Anna Kassautzki Constituency Stralsund – Rügen – Grimmen (1990–2002) Stralsund – Nordvorpommern – Rügen (2002–2013) Vorpommern-Rügen – Vorpommern-Greifswald I (2013–2021) Personal details Born Angela Dorothea Kasner (1954-07-17) 17 July 1954 (age 71) Hamburg, West Germany Party Christian Democratic Union (since 1990) Other party Christian Democratic Union (East Germany, 1990) Democratic Awakening (1989–1990) Spouses Ulrich Merkel ​ ​ (m. 1977; div. 1982)​ Joachim Sauer ​ (m. 1998)​ Alma mater Leipzig University (BS) German Academy of Sciences at Berlin (Dr. rer. nat.)[1] Awards Full list Signature Website Official website Scientific career Fields Quantum chemistry Thesis Study of the mechanism of decay reactions with single bond rupture and calculation of their rate constants based on quantum chemical and statistical methods (1986) Doctoral advisor Lutz Zülicke [de] Merkel's voice Merkel's speech at an election rally for the 2009 federal election Recorded 4 September 2009

This article is part of a series about Angela Merkel Early career Karl Marx University German Academy of Sciences at Berlin Democratic Awakening 1990 East German election Council of Ministers deputy spokesperson Member of the Bundestag Vorpommern-Rügen – Vorpommern-Greifswald I CDU donations scandal Leader of the Christian Democratic Union Federal Minister for Women and Youth Federal Minister for the Environment Chancellor of Germany Foreign policy International trips First term 2005 German federal election First Merkel cabinet Berlin Declaration Treaty of Lisbon Elterngeld Second term 2009 German federal election Second Merkel cabinet Energiewende Bundeswehr reform German response to the Greek debt crisis Third term 2013 German federal election Third Merkel cabinet NSA surveillance Normandy Format 41st G7 summit National minimum wage Migrant crisis (Willkommenskultur) (Wir schaffen das) Introduction of same-sex marriage Fourth term 2017 German federal election 2017 Jamaica coalition exploratory talks Fourth Merkel cabinet 2018 government crisis Aachen Treaty COVID-19 pandemic protests Related Family Public image (Merkel-Raute) Freedom Awards and honours v t e

**Angela Dorothea Merkel**[a][b] ([née](/source/Birth_name#Maiden_and_married_names) **Kasner**; born 17 July 1954) is a German stateswoman and retired politician who served as [Chancellor of Germany](/source/Chancellor_of_Germany) from 2005 to 2021. She is the [only woman](/source/List_of_elected_and_appointed_female_heads_of_state_and_government) to have held the office and the only from former [East Germany](/source/East_Germany). She was [Leader of the Opposition](/source/Leader_of_the_Opposition_(Germany)) from 2002 to 2005 and [Leader of the Christian Democratic Union](/source/Leader_of_the_Christian_Democratic_Union) (CDU) from 2000 to 2018.

Merkel was born in Hamburg in [West Germany](/source/West_Germany). Her family moved to East Germany when she was an infant. A member of the communist East German [Free German Youth](/source/Free_German_Youth) (FDJ), Merkel obtained a doctorate in [quantum chemistry](/source/Quantum_chemistry) in 1986 and worked as a research scientist until 1989.[9] She then entered politics in the wake of the [Revolutions of 1989](/source/Revolutions_of_1989), briefly serving as deputy spokeswoman for the first democratically elected [government of East Germany](/source/Government_of_East_Germany), led by [Lothar de Maizière](/source/Lothar_de_Maizi%C3%A8re). Following [German reunification](/source/German_reunification) in 1990, Merkel was elected to the [Bundestag](/source/Bundestag) for the state of [Mecklenburg-Vorpommern](/source/Mecklenburg-Vorpommern). As the protégée of Chancellor [Helmut Kohl](/source/Helmut_Kohl), Merkel was appointed as [Minister for Women and Youth](/source/Federal_Ministry_of_Family_Affairs%2C_Senior_Citizens%2C_Women_and_Youth) in 1991, later becoming [Minister for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety](/source/Minister_for_the_Environment%2C_Nature_Conservation_and_Nuclear_Safety) in 1994. After the CDU lost the [1998 federal election](/source/1998_German_federal_election), Merkel was elected general secretary of the party. She then became the party's first female leader, and the first female leader of the Opposition, two years later.

Following the [2005 federal election](/source/2005_German_federal_election), Merkel was elected chancellor, leading [a grand coalition](/source/Grand_coalition_(Germany)) consisting of the CDU, the [Christian Social Union](/source/Christian_Social_Union_in_Bavaria) (CSU), and the [Social Democratic Party of Germany](/source/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany) (SPD). She was the first woman to be elected chancellor, and the first chancellor of reunified Germany to have been raised in the former East Germany.[c] In the [2009 federal election](/source/2009_German_federal_election), the CDU obtained the largest share of the vote, and Merkel subsequently formed a coalition government with the [Free Democratic Party](/source/Free_Democratic_Party_(Germany)) (FDP), an alliance more favourable to the CDU than the grand coalition.[11] In the [2013 federal election](/source/2013_German_federal_election), the CDU won a landslide victory and formed a second grand coalition with the SPD, after the FDP lost all of its representation in the Bundestag.[12] In the [2017 federal election](/source/2017_German_federal_election), Merkel led the CDU to become the largest party for the fourth time, resulting in the formation of a third grand coalition with the SPD.[13]

In [foreign policy](/source/Foreign_policy_of_the_Angela_Merkel_government), Merkel emphasised international cooperation, both in the context of the EU and [NATO](/source/NATO), and initiating the [Russian reset](/source/Russian_reset) and strengthening of [Eurasian](/source/Eurasia) and [transatlantic economic relations](/source/Transatlantic_Economic_Council). In the first half of 2007, Merkel served as [president of the European Council](/source/President_of_the_European_Council) and played a central role in the negotiation of the [Treaty of Lisbon](/source/Treaty_of_Lisbon) and the [Berlin Declaration](/source/Berlin_Declaration_(2007)). Merkel's governments managed the [2008 financial crisis](/source/2008_financial_crisis) and the [Euro area crisis](/source/Euro_area_crisis). She negotiated the [2008 European Union stimulus plan](/source/2008_European_Union_stimulus_plan), which focused on infrastructure spending and public investment to counteract the [Great Recession](/source/Great_Recession). Also in 2008, she actively blocked the access of [Ukraine](/source/Ukraine) and [Georgia](/source/Georgia_(country)) in the [enlargement of NATO](/source/Enlargement_of_NATO) during the [2008 Bucharest summit](/source/2008_Bucharest_summit).[14][15]

In domestic policy, Merkel's *[Energiewende](/source/Energiewende)* programme supported the development of [renewable energy](/source/Renewable_energy) sources and eventually phased out the use of [nuclear power in Germany](/source/Nuclear_power_in_Germany). Despite the [2014 Russian annexation of Crimea](/source/2014_Russian_annexation_of_Crimea), which prompted sanctions around the world, she initiated the construction of the controversial [Nord Stream 2](/source/Nord_Stream_2) pipelines to [Russia](/source/Russia) and protected their construction from [United States](/source/United_States) sanctions imposed in 2019. Reforms to the *[Bundeswehr](/source/Bundeswehr)*, [health care reform](/source/Health_care_reform), the 2010s [European migrant crisis](/source/European_migrant_crisis), and the [COVID-19 pandemic](/source/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Germany) were major issues during her chancellorship. Merkel stepped down as leader of the CDU in 2018 and did not seek a fifth term as chancellor in the [2021 federal election](/source/2021_German_federal_election). Following the [2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine](/source/2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine), her legacy came under increased scrutiny both in Germany and abroad for her relatively good [relations with Russia](/source/Germany-Russia_relations) and increasing the [German economy](/source/Economy_of_Germany)'s dependence on Russia, as well as the downsizing of the *[Bundeswehr](/source/Bundeswehr)* that occurred during her tenure.[16][17]

## Background and early life

Merkel's paternal grandparents when engaged: Margarethe and her betrothed, Ludwik Marian Kaźmierczak, in his Polish [Blue Army](/source/Blue_Army_(Poland)) uniform

See also: [Family of Angela Merkel](/source/Family_of_Angela_Merkel)

Merkel was born Angela Dorothea Kasner in 1954, in the [Eimsbüttel](/source/Eimsb%C3%BCttel_(quarter)) quarter of [Hamburg](/source/Hamburg),[18][19] the daughter of [Horst Kasner](/source/Horst_Kasner) (1926–2011; *né* Kaźmierczak),[20][21] a [Lutheran](/source/Lutheran) pastor and a native of Berlin, and his wife Herlind (1928–2019; née Jentzsch), born in [Danzig](/source/Free_City_of_Danzig) (now [Gdańsk](/source/Gda%C5%84sk), [Poland](/source/Poland)), a teacher of English and [Latin](/source/Latin). She has two younger siblings, [Marcus Kasner](/source/Marcus_Kasner), a physicist, and Irene Kasner, an occupational therapist. In her childhood and youth, Merkel was known among her peers by the nickname "Kasi", derived from her last name Kasner.[22][*[page needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources)*][23]

Merkel is of German and Polish descent. Her paternal grandfather, [Ludwik Kasner](/source/Ludwik_Ka%C5%BAmierczak), was a German policeman of Polish ethnicity. After being [captured](/source/Prisoner_of_war) in France during [World War I](/source/World_War_I), he joined the [Blue Army](/source/Blue_Army_(Poland)) and likely fought against Germany.[24][25] He married Merkel's grandmother Margarethe, a German from Berlin, and relocated to her hometown where he again worked in the police. In 1930, they Germanised the Polish name Kaźmierczak to Kasner.[26][27][28][29] Merkel's maternal grandparents were the [Danzig](/source/Danzig) politician [Willi Jentzsch](/source/Willi_Jentzsch) and Gertrud Alma (née Drange), a daughter of the [city clerk](/source/Clerk_(municipal_official)) of [Elbing](/source/Elbing) (now [Elbląg](/source/Elbl%C4%85g), Poland) Emil Drange. Since the mid-1990s, Merkel has publicly mentioned her Polish heritage on several occasions and described herself as a quarter Polish, but her Polish roots became better known as a result of a 2013 biography.[30]

Religion played a key role in the Kasner family's migration from West Germany to East Germany.[31] Merkel's paternal grandfather was originally Catholic but the entire family converted to Lutheranism during the childhood of her father,[27] who later studied Lutheran theology in [Heidelberg](/source/Heidelberg_University) and Hamburg. In 1954, when Angela was just three months old, her father received a pastorate at the church in [Quitzow](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Quitzow_(Perleberg)&action=edit&redlink=1) [[de](https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quitzow_(Perleberg))] (a district of [Perleberg](/source/Perleberg) in Brandenburg), which was then in [East Germany](/source/East_Germany).[32] The family moved to [Templin](/source/Templin) and Merkel grew up in the countryside 90 km (56 mi) north of [East Berlin](/source/East_Berlin).[32]

In 1968, Merkel joined the [Free German Youth](/source/Free_German_Youth) (FDJ), the official [communist](/source/Communist) youth movement sponsored by the ruling Marxist–Leninist [Socialist Unity Party of Germany](/source/Socialist_Unity_Party_of_Germany).[33][34] Membership was nominally voluntary, but those who did not join found it difficult to gain admission to higher education.[35] She did not participate in the secular [coming-of-age](/source/Coming_of_age) ceremony [Jugendweihe](/source/Jugendweihe), however, which was common in East Germany. Instead, she was [confirmed](/source/Confirmation_(sacrament)#Lutheran_view).[36] During this time, she participated in several compulsory courses on [Marxism–Leninism](/source/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism), with her grades only being regarded as "sufficient".[37] Merkel later said that "Life in the GDR was sometimes almost comfortable in a certain way, because there were some things one simply couldn't influence."[38] Merkel learned to speak Russian fluently at school, and she was awarded prizes for her proficiency in Russian and mathematics, being at the top of her class in these subjects. She completed her school education with the best possible average [Abitur](/source/Abitur) grade of 1.0.[39]

## Academic career

Merkel continued her education at [Karl Marx University, Leipzig](/source/Leipzig_University), where she studied [physics](/source/Physics) from 1973 to 1978.[32] While a student, she participated in the reconstruction of the ruin of the [Moritzbastei](/source/Moritzbastei), a project students initiated to create their own club and recreation facility on campus. Such an initiative was unprecedented in the [GDR](/source/East_Germany) of that period, and initially resisted by the university. With the backing of the local leadership of the [SED](/source/Socialist_Unity_Party_of_Germany) party, the project was allowed to proceed.[40]

Near the end of her studies, Merkel sought an assistant professorship at an engineering school. As a condition for getting the job, Merkel was told she would need to agree [to report](/source/Unofficial_collaborator_(Stasi)) on her colleagues to officers of the [Stasi](/source/Stasi). Merkel declined, using the excuse that she could not keep secrets well enough to be an effective spy.[41]

Merkel worked and studied at the Central Institute for [Physical Chemistry](/source/Physical_Chemistry) of the [Academy of Sciences](/source/German_Academy_of_Sciences_Berlin) in [Berlin-Adlershof](/source/Adlershof) from 1978 to 1990. At first, she and her husband [squatted](/source/Squatting) in [Mitte](/source/Mitte).[42] At the Academy of Sciences, she became a member of its FDJ secretariat. According to her former colleagues, she openly propagated [Marxism](/source/Marxism) as the secretary for "Agitation and Propaganda".[43] However, Merkel has denied this claim and stated that she was secretary for culture, which involved activities like obtaining theatre tickets and organising talks by visiting Soviet authors.[44] She stated: "I can only rely on my memory, if something turns out to be different, I can live with that."[43]

After being awarded a doctorate (*[Dr. rer. nat.](/source/Dr._rer._nat.)*) for her thesis on [quantum chemistry](/source/Quantum_chemistry) in 1986,[45] she worked as a researcher and published several [academic papers](/source/Academic_paper).[46][47] In 1986, she was allowed to travel to West Germany to attend a congress. She also participated in a multi-week Russian language course in [Donetsk](/source/Donetsk), in the then-[Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic](/source/Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic).[48]

## Early political career

### 1989–1990: German reunification

[Lothar de Maizière](/source/Lothar_de_Maizi%C3%A8re) and Merkel, 1990

The [fall of the Berlin Wall](/source/Fall_of_the_Berlin_Wall) in November 1989 served as the catalyst for Merkel's political career.[49] Although she did not participate in the crowd celebrations the night the wall came down, one month later Merkel became involved in the growing democracy movement, joining the new party [Democratic Awakening](/source/Democratic_Awakening) (*Demokratischer Aufbruch*, abbreviated to DA).[49] Party Leader [Wolfgang Schnur](/source/Wolfgang_Schnur) appointed her as press spokeswoman of the party in February 1990. However, Schnur was revealed to have served as an "[informal co-worker](/source/Unofficial_collaborator)" for the [Stasi](/source/Stasi) just a few weeks ahead of the [first (and only) multi-party election in 1990](/source/1990_East_German_general_election) and was later expelled from the party. As a result, the DA lost most of its electoral support, only managing to obtain four seats in the [Volkskammer](/source/Volkskammer). However, because the DA was a member party of the [Alliance for Germany](/source/Alliance_for_Germany), which won the election in a landslide, the DA was included in the government coalition. Merkel was appointed deputy spokesperson of this last pre-[unification](/source/German_reunification) government under [Lothar de Maizière](/source/Lothar_de_Maizi%C3%A8re).[50]

De Maizière was impressed with the way Merkel handled journalists investigating Schnur's role in the Stasi.[41][49] In April 1990, the DA merged with the [East German Christian Democratic Union](/source/Christian_Democratic_Union_(East_Germany)), which in turn merged with its western counterpart after reunification.[51][52]

### 1990–1994: Minister for Women and Youth

#### Elections

In the [German federal election of 1990](/source/1990_German_federal_election), the first to be held following reunification, Merkel successfully stood for election to the [Bundestag](/source/Bundestag) in the parliamentary constituency of [Stralsund – Nordvorpommern – Rügen](/source/Stralsund_%E2%80%93_Nordvorpommern_%E2%80%93_R%C3%BCgen_(electoral_district)) in North [Mecklenburg-Vorpommern](/source/Mecklenburg-Vorpommern).[53] She received the crucial backing of influential CDU minister and state party chairman [Günther Krause](/source/G%C3%BCnther_Krause). She was re-elected from this constituency (renamed, with slightly adjusted borders, [Vorpommern-Rügen – Vorpommern-Greifswald I](/source/Vorpommern-R%C3%BCgen_%E2%80%93_Vorpommern-Greifswald_I) in 2003) in every election until the CDU lost its [direct mandate](/source/Direktmandat) from the constituency in the [2021 federal election](/source/2021_German_federal_election).[54] Almost immediately following her entry into parliament, Merkel was appointed by [Chancellor](/source/Chancellor_of_Germany) [Helmut Kohl](/source/Helmut_Kohl) to serve as [Minister for Women and Youth](/source/Federal_Ministry_of_Family_Affairs%2C_Senior_Citizens%2C_Women_and_Youth) in the [federal cabinet](/source/Cabinet_of_Germany).

In November 1991, Merkel, with the support of the federal CDU, ran for the state leadership of the CDU in the state of Brandenburg, which neighbours Berlin. She lost to [Ulf Fink](/source/Ulf_Fink).[55] In June 1993, Merkel was elected leader of the CDU in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, succeeding her former mentor [Günther Krause](/source/G%C3%BCnther_Krause).[56]

#### Policy

Although Merkel had little interest in the political position as such, it has been described as instrumental in building her early political image.[57][58] During her tenure, the government codified the right to [preschool education](/source/Kindergarten), although the law only went into effect in 1996.[59] In June 1992, § 218 of the [StGB](/source/Strafgesetzbuch), which governed abortion rights, was rewritten to allow abortions until the 12th week of pregnancy.[60] Though she was personally opposed to abortion at the time, Merkel abstained during the vote on the bill.[61] The law was later overturned by the [Federal Constitutional Court](/source/Federal_Constitutional_Court) on the basis that there must be a general prohibition of abortion.[60][62]

### 1994–1998: Minister for the Environment

Merkel in a CDU campaign poster, 1995

In 1994, she was promoted to the position of [Minister for the Environment and Nuclear Safety](/source/Federal_Ministry_for_Environment%2C_Nature_Conservation_and_Nuclear_Safety), which gave her greater political visibility and a platform on which to build her personal political career. As one of Kohl's protégées and his youngest Cabinet Minister, she was frequently referred to by Kohl as "my girl" (*mein Mädchen*).[63] During this period, she was closely mentored by Kohl.[58]

As Minister of the Environment, Merkel was instrumental in setting up the United Nations [1995 Berlin Climate Change Conference](/source/1995_United_Nations_Climate_Change_Conference). She is often credited as having brought about its most notable result, the first international commitment to a reduction of [greenhouse gas emissions](/source/Greenhouse_gas_emissions).[64][57][65] Around this time, she also first hired [Beate Baumann](/source/Beate_Baumann), who would remain a close advisor to Merkel.[58] Merkel's performance as Minister of the Environment was criticised as "pitiful" by [Gerhard Schröder](/source/Gerhard_Schr%C3%B6der).[57]

### 1998–2000: General Secretary of the CDU

1998 CDU campaign poster depicting Merkel between [Wolfgang Schäuble](/source/Wolfgang_Sch%C3%A4uble) and [Matthias Wissmann](/source/Matthias_Wissmann)

After the [Kohl Government](/source/Helmut_Kohl) was [defeated at the 1998 election](/source/1998_German_federal_election), Merkel was appointed Secretary-General of the [CDU](/source/Christian_Democratic_Union_of_Germany).[58] The 1998 election had widespread impacts; it was the CDU's worst performance in a federal election since 1949, and it resulted in Germany's first post-war left-wing government,[d] led by the [SPD](/source/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany).[66]

In the wake of this defeat on the federal level, Merkel oversaw a string of CDU election victories in six out of seven state elections in 1999, breaking the long-standing SPD-[Green](/source/Alliance_90%2FThe_Greens) hold on the [Bundesrat](/source/Bundesrat_of_Germany). Following a [party funding scandal](/source/1999_CDU_contributions_scandal) that compromised many leading figures of the CDU – including Kohl himself and his successor as CDU Leader, [Wolfgang Schäuble](/source/Wolfgang_Sch%C3%A4uble) – Merkel criticised her former mentor publicly and advocated a fresh start for the party without him.[58]

### Early 2000s

#### Chairperson of the CDU

On 10 April 2000, Merkel was elected to replace Schäuble as Chairperson of the CDU, becoming the first female leader of a German party.[67] Her election surprised many observers, as her personality offered a contrast to the party she had been elected to lead; Merkel is a [centrist](/source/Centrism) [Protestant](/source/Protestant) originating from predominantly Protestant northern Germany, while the CDU is a male-dominated, [socially conservative](/source/Social_conservative) party with strongholds in western and southern Germany, and its Bavarian sister party, the CSU, has deep Catholic roots.[68]

Merkel and Russian president [Vladimir Putin](/source/Vladimir_Putin) in [Moscow](/source/Moscow), 8 February 2002

Following Merkel's election as CDU Leader, the CDU did not obtain electoral victories in subsequent state elections. In February 2001, her rival [Friedrich Merz](/source/Friedrich_Merz) voiced his intention to become [Gerhard Schröder](/source/Gerhard_Schr%C3%B6der)'s main challenger for Chancellorship in the [2002 election](/source/2002_German_federal_election). Merkel's ambition to become Chancellor was well-known, but she lacked the support of the most influential members within her own party. Rival candidate and leader of the CSU [Edmund Stoiber](/source/Edmund_Stoiber) was much more popular within the party at the time. In a private negotiation that came to be known as the [Wolfratshausen Breakfast,](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wolfratshausen_Breakfast&action=edit&redlink=1) [[de](https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfratshauser_Fr%C3%BChst%C3%BCck)] Merkel agreed to cede the opportunity to challenge Schröder to Stoiber; in exchange, she was to become leader of the CDU/CSU faction in the Bundestag following the election.[69][70][71] Although pre-election polling had indicated that voters strongly favoured Stoiber, he went on to lose the election by a thin margin. The election campaign was dominated by the [Iraq War](/source/Iraq_War). While Chancellor Schröder had made clear he would not join the war in Iraq,[72] Merkel was in support of the war at the time, although she later claimed that she had opposed it.[73][74]

#### 2002–2005: Leader of the Opposition

After Stoiber's defeat in 2002, in addition to her role as CDU Leader, Merkel became Leader of the Opposition in the [Bundestag](/source/Bundestag), as had been agreed upon between her and Stoiber. Friedrich Merz, who had held the post prior to the 2002 election, was eased out to make way for Merkel.[75]

Merkel supported a substantial [reform agenda](/source/Agenda_2010) for Germany's economic and social system and was considered more pro-market than her own party (the CDU). She advocated [German labour law](/source/German_labour_law) changes, specifically removing barriers to laying off employees and increasing the allowed number of work hours in a week. She argued that existing laws made the country less competitive, because companies could not easily control labour costs when business was slow.[76]

Merkel argued that Germany should phase out [nuclear power](/source/Nuclear_power) less quickly than the Schröder administration had planned.[77][78]

Merkel advocated a strong transatlantic partnership and German-American friendship. In the spring of 2003, defying strong public opposition, Merkel came out in favour of the 2003 invasion of Iraq, describing it as "unavoidable".[73] She also criticised the government's support for the [accession of Turkey to the European Union](/source/Accession_of_Turkey_to_the_European_Union), instead arguing in favour of a "[privileged partnership](/source/European_Union_Association_Agreement)".[79]

## Chancellorship (2005–2021)

### 2005–2009: First CDU–SPD grand coalition

Main article: [First Merkel cabinet](/source/First_Merkel_cabinet)

#### Election

On 30 May 2005, Merkel won the CDU/CSU nomination to challenge Chancellor [Gerhard Schröder](/source/Gerhard_Schr%C3%B6der) of the [SPD](/source/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany) in the [2005 federal elections](/source/2005_German_federal_election). Her party began the campaign with a 21–point lead over the [SPD](/source/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany) in national opinion polls, although her personal popularity lagged behind that of the incumbent. However, the CDU/CSU campaign suffered[80] when Merkel, having made economic competence central to the CDU's platform, confused [gross](/source/Gross_income) and [net income](/source/Net_income) twice during a televised debate.[81] She regained some momentum after she announced that she would appoint [Paul Kirchhof](/source/Paul_Kirchhof), a former judge at the German Constitutional Court and leading fiscal policy expert, as Minister of Finance.[80]

Merkel and the CDU lost ground after Kirchhof proposed the introduction of a [flat tax](/source/Flat_tax) in Germany, again undermining the party's broad appeal on economic affairs.[82] This was compounded by Merkel's proposal to increase [VAT](/source/VAT)[83] to reduce Germany's deficit and fill the gap in revenue from a flat tax. The SPD were able to increase their support simply by pledging not to introduce flat taxes or increase VAT.[80] Although Merkel's standing recovered after she distanced herself from Kirchhof's proposals, she remained considerably less popular than Schröder, who had been perceived as the more generally competent and trustworthy candidate.[84] The CDU's lead was down to 9 percentage points on the eve of the election, with Merkel having a significant lead in popularity based on opinion polls.[85][86] On 18 September 2005, Merkel's CDU/CSU and Schröder's SPD went head-to-head in the national elections, with the CDU/CSU winning 35.2% (CDU 27.8% / CSU 7.5%)[84] of the second votes[e] to the SPD's 34.2%.[86] The result was so close that both Schröder and Merkel initially claimed victory.[58][86] Neither the SPD–Green coalition nor the CDU/CSU and its preferred coalition partners, the [Free Democratic Party](/source/Free_Democratic_Party_(Germany)), held enough seats to form a majority in the Bundestag.[86] A [grand coalition](/source/Grand_coalition) between the CDU/CSU and SPD would face the challenge of both parties demanding the chancellorship.[86][87] However, after three weeks of [negotiations](/source/Negotiation_(process)), the two parties reached a deal for a grand coalition whereby Merkel would become Chancellor and the SPD would hold 8 of the 16 seats in the cabinet.[87] The deal was approved by both parties at party conferences on 14 November 2005.[88]

Merkel was elected Chancellor by the majority of delegates (397 to 217) in the newly assembled Bundestag on 22 November 2005, but 51 members of the governing coalition voted against her.[89] Reports at the time indicated that the grand coalition would pursue a mix of policies, some of which differed from Merkel's political platform as leader of the opposition and candidate for Chancellor. The coalition's intent was to cut public spending whilst increasing [VAT](/source/VAT) (from 16 to 19%), [social insurance](/source/Social_insurance) contributions and the top rate of [income tax](/source/Income_tax).[90]

When announcing the coalition agreement, Merkel stated that the main aim of her government would be to reduce unemployment, and that it was this issue on which her government would be judged.[91]

#### Healthcare reform

Reform of the [German healthcare system](/source/Healthcare_in_Germany) was a salient issue during the 2005 election; the previous system had been criticised as inefficient and overly bureaucratic.[92] After a significant period of negotiations, a deal was passed in 2006. While this agreement was described as having "saved the coalition government", it was also widely criticised as ineffectual. The deal also increased the tax burden on employers and their publicly insured employees.[93][94] The 2006 round of reforms introduced the "health insurance duty", which establishes that individuals must be insured either through the public insurance system or through private insurance firms and accordingly cannot be uninsured.[95] The reforms also targeted [preventive healthcare](/source/Preventive_healthcare) as a priority, particularly with regards to [eldercare](/source/Elderly_care).[95]

#### Eurozone crisis

Main articles: [Euro area crisis](/source/Euro_area_crisis) and [2008 financial crisis](/source/2008_financial_crisis)

See also: [Greek government-debt crisis § Germany's_role_in_Greece](/source/Greek_government-debt_crisis#Germany's_role_in_Greece)

On 4 October 2008, following the [Irish Government](/source/Government_of_Ireland)'s decision to guarantee all deposits in private savings accounts, a move she had strongly criticised,[96] Merkel said there were no plans for the [German Government](/source/German_Government) to do the same. The following day, Merkel stated that the government would guarantee private savings account deposits, after all.[97] However, two days later, on 6 October 2008, it emerged that the pledge was simply a political move that would not be backed by legislation.[98] Most other European governments eventually either raised the limits or promised to guarantee savings in full.[98]

The German government stepped in to assist the [mortgage](/source/Mortgage_loan) company [Hypo Real Estate](/source/Hypo_Real_Estate) with a bailout. The deal was agreed upon on 6 October, with German banks contributing €30 billion and the [Bundesbank](/source/Deutsche_Bundesbank) €20 billion to an emergency credit line.[99]

At the time of the [Greek government-debt crisis](/source/Greek_government-debt_crisis), Germany was the largest creditor of the Greek government, giving it significant negotiating power.[100] Merkel is often credited as having "saved the Euro", primarily due to her coordinating role in the development of debt relief policy.[100][101][102] The austerity measures imposed on debtors such as Greece, which were a significant part of Merkel's position in the negotiations, have been criticised as overly harsh by some observers.[103][101] Critics also highlighted Germany's own debt management issues.[104] A [Bloomberg](/source/Bloomberg_News) opinion piece noted that "irresponsible borrowers can't exist without irresponsible lenders"; accordingly, "Germany's banks were Greece's enablers."[105]

In the course of the [2008 financial crisis](/source/2008_financial_crisis), the Merkel cabinet increased the budget of the [Kurzarbeit](/source/Kurzarbeit) programme significantly and extended the permitted duration of such contracts from 6 months to 18 months.[106] Although similar provisions had existed previously, the Merkel cabinet's expansion of the programme was widely praised and is credited with having saved 500,000 jobs during the [2008 financial crisis](/source/2008_financial_crisis).[107][108][109]

### 2009–2013: CDU–FDP coalition

Merkel's CDU was [re-elected in 2009](/source/2009_German_federal_election) with an increased number of seats and could form a governing coalition with the [FDP](/source/Free_Democratic_Party_(Germany)). After brief negotiations, the [second Merkel cabinet](/source/Second_Merkel_cabinet) was sworn in on 28 October 2009.[110] In early 2011, Merkel's approval ratings plummeted, resulting in heavy losses in state elections for her party.[111] An August 2011 poll found her coalition had only 36% support compared to a rival potential coalition's 51%.[112] Notwithstanding the effects of the [2008 financial crisis](/source/2008_financial_crisis), unemployment sank below 3 million unemployed people in 2011.[113]

#### Abolition of conscription

Following increased debate on the subject in the summer of 2010,[114] the German government announced plans to abolish [conscription in Germany](/source/Conscription_in_Germany), making the *[Bundeswehr](/source/Bundeswehr)* a [volunteer military](/source/Volunteer_military), in November 2010.[115] The decision was finalised in December that year,[116] and conscription was suspended on 1 July 2011.[117] Although somewhat popular at the time, the decision has later come under scrutiny, particularly following to the [2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine](/source/2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine).[118][119] It has also been criticised in conjunction with Germany's financial commitments to [NATO](/source/NATO).[120] In 2023, 61% of Germans said that they were in favour of reestablishing conscription.[121]

#### Healthcare reform

Responding to a budget deficit of €11 billion in the public healthcare system in 2009, the Merkel government passed widely unpopular healthcare reforms in 2010. The changes reduced healthcare spending in certain areas and increased employer and employee contributions to 15.5% of gross wages.[122][123][124] The reforms also established that future contribution increases would only affect the contributions by employers, which was criticised by opposition parties and [trade unions](/source/Trade_union).[122]

### 2013–2017: Second CDU–SPD grand coalition

Merkel at the signing of the coalition agreement for the 18th election period of the Bundestag, December 2013

In the [election of September 2013](/source/2013_German_federal_election), Merkel won one of the most decisive victories in German history, achieving the best result for the CDU/CSU since reunification and coming within five seats of the first absolute majority in the Bundestag since 1957.[125] However, their preferred coalition partner, the FDP, failed to enter parliament for the first time since 1949, being below the minimum of 5% of second votes required to enter parliament.[12][126]

The CDU/CSU turned to the SPD to form the third [grand coalition](/source/Grand_coalition_(Germany)) in postwar German history and the second under Merkel's leadership. The [third Cabinet of Angela Merkel](/source/Third_Merkel_cabinet) was sworn in on 17 December 2013.[127]

Merkel scored well in opinion polls on her handling of the recent euro crisis (69% rated her performance as good rather than poor), and her approval rating reached an all-time high of 77% in February 2012 and again in July 2014.[128]

#### 2015 European migrant crisis

Main article: [2015 European migrant crisis](/source/2015_European_migrant_crisis)

See also: [Wir schaffen das](/source/Wir_schaffen_das)

Spanish prime minister [Pedro Sánchez](/source/Pedro_S%C3%A1nchez_(politician)) and Merkel in [Sanlúcar de Barrameda](/source/Sanl%C3%BAcar_de_Barrameda), 2018

Throughout the course of the [European migrant crisis](/source/2015_European_migrant_crisis), Merkel encouraged cooperation between EU member states, urging that Europe needs to act "as a whole".[129]

In late August 2015, at the height of the crisis, Merkel's government suspended the [Dublin Regulation](/source/Dublin_Regulation), which stipulated that asylum seekers must seek asylum in the first EU country they arrive in. Merkel announced that Germany would also process asylum applications from Syrian refugees if they had come to Germany through other EU countries.[130] That year, nearly 1.1 million asylum seekers entered Germany.[131][132] Merkel coined the phrase *[Wir schaffen das](/source/Wir_schaffen_das)* (literally 'We can do this') around this time.[133][134]

Junior coalition partner and Vice Chancellor [Sigmar Gabriel](/source/Sigmar_Gabriel) said that Germany could take in 500,000 refugees annually for the next several years.[135] German opposition to the government's admission of the new wave of migrants was strong and coupled with a rise in anti-immigration protests.[136] Merkel insisted that Germany had the economic strength to cope with the influx of migrants and reiterated that there is no legal maximum limit on the number of migrants Germany can take.[137] In September 2015, enthusiastic crowds across the country welcomed arriving refugees and migrants.[138]

[Horst Seehofer](/source/Horst_Seehofer), leader of the [Christian Social Union in Bavaria](/source/Christian_Social_Union_in_Bavaria) (CSU)—the sister party of Merkel's [Christian Democratic Union](/source/Christian_Democratic_Union_of_Germany)—and then-[Bavarian](/source/Bavaria) Minister President, attacked Merkel's policies.[139] Seehofer criticised Merkel's decision to allow in migrants, saying that "[they were] in a state of mind without rules, without system and without order because of a German decision."[140] Seehofer argued that as many as 30% of asylum seekers arriving in Germany claiming to be from Syria are in fact from other countries.[141] He argued for a punitive reduction in EU funding for member countries that rejected mandatory refugee quotas.[142] Meanwhile, [Yasmin Fahimi](/source/Yasmin_Fahimi), secretary-general of the [Social Democratic Party](/source/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany) (SPD), the junior partner of the ruling coalition, praised Merkel's policy allowing migrants in Hungary to enter Germany as "a strong signal of humanity to show that Europe's values are valid also in difficult times".[139] Merkel's approval rating dropped to 54% in October 2015, the lowest it had been since 2011.[143]

In November 2015, there were talks inside the governing coalition to stop family unification for migrants for two years and to establish "Transit Zones" on the border. Additionally, there were plans to provide housing to migrants with a low likelihood of getting approved for asylum until the processing of their application. This led to increased tensions between the CSU, who were generally in favour of these measures and threatened to leave the coalition without them, and the SPD, who opposed them; Merkel agreed to the measures.[144] The [November 2015 Paris attacks](/source/November_2015_Paris_attacks) prompted a reevaluation of the German government's stance on EU migration policy.[145] While she did not directly limit the number of immigrants, Merkel tightened asylum policy in Germany, for example through more thorough vetting of migrants with respect to internal safety and security.[146][145]

In August 2016, following the [Würzburg train attack](/source/W%C3%BCrzburg_train_attack) in Germany and various other Islamist [terror attacks](/source/List_of_Islamist_terrorist_attacks_in_2016) in Europe, Merkel's approval rating dropped to 47%.[147] Half of Germans did not want her to serve a fourth term in office, with only 42% in favour of another term in office.[148] In a poll from October that year, her approval rating was found to have risen again; 54% of Germans were found to be satisfied with the work of Merkel as Chancellor.[149] According to another poll taken in November 2016, 59% were to found to be in favour of a renewed Chancellorship candidature in 2017.[150] According to a poll carried out shortly after the [2016 Berlin truck attack](/source/2016_Berlin_truck_attack), 56% of Germans named Merkel as a political leader they trusted to solve their country's problems.[151]

Migrants in Germany, October 2015

In October 2016, Merkel travelled to [Mali](/source/Mali) and [Niger](/source/Niger). The diplomatic visit took place to discuss how their governments could improve conditions which caused people to flee those countries and how illegal migration through and from these countries could be reduced.[152]

The migrant crisis spurred right-wing electoral preferences across Germany with the Alternative for Germany (AfD) gaining 12% of the vote in the [2017 German federal election](/source/2017_German_federal_election). These developments prompted debates over the reasons for increased right-wing populism in Germany. Some researchers have argued that increased right-wing preferences are a result of the European migrant crisis, particularly the increasingly common perception that refugees constitute an ethnic and cultural threat to Germany.[153]

Some observers have described Merkel's policymaking with respect to the migrant crisis as a success.[154] In 2022, the United Nations' [High Commissioner for Refugees](/source/United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Refugees) granted Merkel the Nansen Award for her "courage and compassion" during the crisis.[155][156] However, Merkel has also faced significant criticism, particularly with regards to her policymaking early in the crisis, which some critics describe as hypocritically unilateral.[157][158]

### 2018–2021: Third CDU–SPD grand coalition

#### Election

In the [2017 federal election](/source/2017_German_federal_election), Merkel led her party to victory for the fourth time. However, both the CDU/CSU and the SPD received a significantly lower proportion of the vote than they did in 2013, and the [CDU/CSU subsequently attempted to form a coalition with the FDP and Greens](/source/2017_Jamaica_coalition_exploratory_talks).[159][160] The SPD announced that they would go into the Opposition, both due to their loss of popular support and because the idea of another grand coalition was widely unpopular at the time.[161][162][163]

The FDP eventually withdrew from negotiations with the CDU/CSU, leading to a stalemate.[164][165] The German President [Frank-Walter Steinmeier](/source/Frank-Walter_Steinmeier) subsequently appealed successfully to the SPD to change their hard stance against coalition with the CDU/CSU, and the SPD agreed to a third grand coalition with the CDU/CSU.[166] The negotiations leading up to this agreement were the longest in German post-war history, lasting almost six months.[167][168]

A YouGov survey published in late December 2017 found that just 36% of all respondents wanted Merkel to stay at the helm until 2021, while half of those surveyed voters called for a change at the top before the end of the legislature.[169]

The [Fourth Merkel cabinet](/source/Fourth_Merkel_cabinet) was sworn in on 14 March 2018.[170]

#### 2018 government crisis

Main article: [2018 German government crisis](/source/2018_German_government_crisis)

As part of the newly formed government, the CSU's [Horst Seehofer](/source/Horst_Seehofer) took over the role of Interior Minister.[171] Seehofer announced that he had a "master plan for faster asylum procedures, and more consistent deportations."[172] Under Seehofer's plan, Germany would immediately reject prospective immigrants who had already been deported or were subject to an entry ban. Additionally, the police would be instructed to turn away all applicants who had previously registered elsewhere in the EU, no matter if these countries agreed to take them back.[173][174] Merkel feared that unilaterally sending migrants back to neighbouring countries without seeking a multilateral European agreement could endanger the stability of the European Union.[175]

In June 2018, Seehofer issued an ultimatum to Merkel; as Interior Minister, he could unilaterally implement the policy without her support. Although he eventually agreed to cooperate with Merkel while she negotiated with other EU member countries, he went on to reject the EU agreement that she obtained.[176] On 1 July 2018, during a meeting with party leadership, Seehofer declared his intention to resign from his position in protest.[177][178][179] During the night of 2 July 2018, Seehofer and Merkel announced they had settled their differences and agreed to instead accept a compromise of tighter border control.[180][181] As a result of the agreement, Seehofer agreed to not resign,[182] and to negotiate bilateral agreements with the specific countries himself. Seehofer received some criticism for his stance in the crisis.[183][184]

#### COVID-19 pandemic

Main articles: [COVID-19 pandemic in Germany](/source/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Germany) and [German government response to the COVID-19 pandemic](/source/German_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic)

Merkel with UN Secretary-General [António Guterres](/source/Ant%C3%B3nio_Guterres) and Polish Prime Minister [Mateusz Morawiecki](/source/Mateusz_Morawiecki) in Brussels, 24 June 2021

In the initial phases of the pandemic, Germany established a crisis team to manage Germany's containment policy and pandemic response.[185] In late February 2020, referring to this crisis team, Merkel recommended an approach characterised by moderation and an avoidance of extreme or universal measures (*Maß und Mitte*).[186]

On 18 March 2020, Merkel gave a widely publicised speech on the COVID-19 pandemic, comparing its challenges to the [Second World War](/source/Second_World_War):[187]

Please also take this seriously. Since German reunification, no, since the Second World War, there has not been a challenge for our country in which action in a spirit of solidarity on our part was so important.

— Angela Merkel

The speech was well-received both nationally and internationally, receiving widespread attention and an award for "speech of the year".[188][189][190]

On 6 April 2020, Merkel stated: "In my view ... the European Union is facing the biggest test since its foundation and member states must show greater solidarity so that the bloc can emerge stronger from the economic crisis unleashed by the pandemic".[191] Merkel has won international plaudits for her handling of the pandemic in Germany.[192][9]

Later that month, Merkel was praised for her accessible explanation of the [basic reproduction number](/source/Basic_reproduction_number), which had been an important metric in the German government's pandemic response.[193][194][195] Merkel opposed [mandatory vaccinations](/source/Vaccination_policy), instead stressing scientific literacy and education.[196]

During the German presidency of the [European Council](/source/European_Council), Merkel spearheaded negotiations for the [Next Generation EU reconstruction package](/source/Next_Generation_EU).[197]

### Succession

On 29 October 2018, Merkel announced that she would not seek reelection as leader of CDU at their party conference in December 2018, but intended to remain as chancellor until the [2021 German federal election](/source/2021_German_federal_election) was held. She stated that she did not plan to seek any political office after this. The resignations followed October setbacks for the CSU in the [Bavarian state election](/source/2018_Bavarian_state_election) and for the CDU in the [Hessian state election](/source/2018_Hessian_state_election).[198][199] In August 2019, Merkel hinted that she might return to academia at the end of her term in 2021.[200]

She decided not to suggest any person as her successor as leader of the CDU.[201] However, political observers had long considered [Annegret Kramp-Karrenbauer](/source/Annegret_Kramp-Karrenbauer) as Merkel's protégé groomed for succession. This view was confirmed when Kramp-Karrenbauer – widely seen as the chancellor's favourite for the post – was voted to succeed Merkel as leader of the CDU in December 2018.[202] Kramp-Karrenbauer's elevation to [Defence Minister](/source/Federal_Ministry_of_Defence_(Germany)) after [Ursula von der Leyen](/source/Ursula_von_der_Leyen)'s departure to become [president of the European Commission](/source/President_of_the_European_Commission) also boosted her standing as Merkel's most likely candidate for succession.[203] In 2019, media outlets speculated that Kramp-Karrenbauer might take over Merkel's position as [Chancellor](/source/Chancellor_of_Germany) sooner than planned if the current [governing coalition](/source/Grand_coalition_(Germany)) proved unsustainable.[204][205] The possibility was neither confirmed nor denied by [the party](/source/Christian_Democratic_Union_of_Germany).[206] In February 2020, Kramp-Karrenbauer announced that she would resign as party leader of the CDU in the summer, after party members in [Thuringia](/source/Thuringia) defied official party lines and voted with [Alternative for Germany](/source/Alternative_for_Germany) to [support](/source/2020_Thuringian_government_crisis) an FDP candidate for minister-president.[207] Kramp-Karrenbauer was succeeded by [Armin Laschet](/source/Armin_Laschet) at the [2021 CDU leadership election](/source/January_2021_Christian_Democratic_Union_of_Germany_leadership_election).[208]

In the [2021 federal election](/source/2021_German_federal_election), the SPD won the most votes. This necessitated long negotiations among the various parties to form a government. On 23 November 2021, a [new coalition](/source/Scholz_cabinet) was announced, with [Olaf Scholz](/source/Olaf_Scholz) nominated to succeed Merkel.[209] Merkel continued to serve as chancellor until 8 December 2021, when Scholz was sworn in.[210] The constituency she had held since its establishment in the German reunification was won by [Anna Kassautzki](/source/Anna_Kassautzki) ([SPD](/source/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany)).[211]

## Post–chancellorship (2021–present)

On 31 January 2022, less than two months after she left office, her long-time rival Friedrich Merz, whom she beat in 2002 to become [leader of the opposition](/source/Leader_of_the_Opposition_(Germany)), took over as [leader of the CDU](/source/Leader_of_the_Christian_Democratic_Union).[212]

On 25 February 2022, only 24 hours after the [2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine](/source/2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine) began, Merkel told the [*DPA*](/source/Deutsche_Presse-Agentur) that she "condemned in the strongest terms [...] the war of aggression led by Russia, which marks a profound break in the history of post-Cold War Europe."[213]

In April that year, a spokesperson for Merkel stated that she "stood by her position at the [NATO summit in Bucharest](/source/2008_Bucharest_summit) in 2008", when she had opposed Ukraine's membership in the [North Atlantic Alliance](/source/North_Atlantic_Alliance), a decision that had come under increased scrutiny.[213]

On 1 June 2022, Merkel made her first semi-public comments about political affairs since leaving office, at a retirement party for [Reiner Hoffmann](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reiner_Hoffmann&action=edit&redlink=1) [[de](https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reiner_Hoffmann)], the president of the [German Trade Union Confederation](/source/German_Trade_Union_Confederation). She criticised the "blatant violation of international law by Russia", expressed solidarity with Ukraine, and argued that "peace and freedom can never be taken for granted."[213]

On 7 June 2022, Merkel made her first public comments. In an interview with journalist [Alexander Osang](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Osang&action=edit&redlink=1) [[de](https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Osang)], she defended her past decisions on [Ukraine](/source/Ukraine) and called Putin's aggression,[214]

not just unacceptable, but also a major mistake from Russia... It's an objective breach of all international laws and of everything that allows us in Europe to live in peace at all. If we start going back through the centuries and arguing over which bit of territory should belong to whom, then we will only have war. That's not an option whatsoever.

She also said that by the end of her chancellorship in [September 2021](/source/2021_German_federal_election), it had been clear that Putin was moving in the direction of conflict and that he was finished with the [Normandy Format](/source/Normandy_Format) talks.[215]

Following her retirement, Merkel wrote a memoir called *Freedom* (Freiheit), with her longtime assistant and adviser, Beate Baumann. It was released on 26 November 2024 with the title *Freedom: Memories 1954–2021*. The book was published in 30 languages and consists of 736 pages.[216][217]

In January 2025, Merkel criticised Friedrich Merz for introducing a non-binding resolution supporting restrictions on immigration that passed in the Bundestag with the help of the [AfD](/source/Alternative_for_Germany).[218] Following the CDU/CSU's victory in the [2025 German federal election](/source/2025_German_federal_election), Merkel attended the first round of voting in the Bundestag to elect Merz as Chancellor on 6 May 2025.[219]

In October 2025 Merkel gave a long interview to Hungarian media in which she made a number of controversial statements, partly reverting her previous position. She said that in 2021 she attempted to build a "new diplomatic format" to speak to Putin "as EU", but this was "opposed by Poland and Baltic states" and then she left her position shortly before the war broke out in 2022, thus indirectly blaming the countries for the war. She also said that "coronavirus pandemic that played a decisive role in Russia’s invasion of Ukraine" because Putin was afraid of the virus and didn't want to talk face to face.[220][221]

## Political positions

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### Immigration, refugees and migration

In October 2010, Merkel told a meeting of younger members of her conservative Christian Democratic Union (CDU) party at [Potsdam](/source/Potsdam) that attempts to build a multicultural society in Germany had "utterly failed",[222] stating that: "The concept that we are now living side by side and are happy about it" does not work[223] and "we feel attached to the Christian concept of mankind, that is what defines us. Anyone who doesn't accept that is in the wrong place here."[224] She continued to say that immigrants should integrate and adopt Germany's culture and values. This added to a growing debate within Germany on the acceptable levels and mechanisms of immigration, its effects on Germany, and the degree to which Muslim immigrants had integrated into German society.[225]

Merkel is in favour of a "mandatory solidarity mechanism" for [relocation of asylum-seekers](/source/European_migrant_crisis#Quota_system_(relocation)) from Italy and Greece to other [EU member states](/source/Member_state_of_the_European_Union) as part of the long-term solution to Europe's migrant crisis.[226][227]

### Foreign policy

Main articles: [Foreign policy of the Angela Merkel government](/source/Foreign_policy_of_the_Angela_Merkel_government) and [List of international trips made by Angela Merkel](/source/List_of_international_trips_made_by_Angela_Merkel)

Merkel's foreign policy has focused on strengthening European cooperation and international trade agreements. She and her governments have been closely associated with the [change through trade](/source/Wandel_durch_Handel) (*Wandel durch Handel*) policy.[101] For this, she has come under criticism, especially after the [2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine](/source/2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine).[228][229] Merkel has been widely described as the *de facto* leader of the [European Union](/source/European_Union) throughout her tenure as Chancellor.[230][231][232]

In [2015](/source/2015_G20_Antalya_summit), with the absence of [Stephen Harper](/source/Stephen_Harper), Merkel became the only leader to have attended every [G20](/source/G20) meeting since the first in [2008](/source/2008_G20_Washington_summit), having been present at a record [fifteen summits](/source/List_of_G20_summits) as of [2021](/source/2021_G20_Rome_summit). She hosted the twelfth meeting at the [2017 G20 Hamburg summit](/source/2017_G20_Hamburg_summit).[233]

Merkel favors the [Association Agreement](/source/EU-Ukraine_relations#European_Union_Association_Agreement) between [Ukraine](/source/Ukraine) and the [European Union](/source/European_Union). In December 2012, she stated that its implementation depends on reforms in Ukraine.[234]

Merkel expressed support for Israel's right to self-defence in the context of the [2014 Israel–Gaza conflict](/source/2014_Israel%E2%80%93Gaza_conflict). She telephoned Israeli Prime Minister [Benjamin Netanyahu](/source/Benjamin_Netanyahu) on 9 July to condemn "without reservation rocket fire on Israel".[235]

On 20 June 2018, which was [World Refugee Day](/source/World_Refugee_Day), Merkel said that there had been "no moral or political justification" for the post-war [expulsion of ethnic Germans](/source/Flight_and_expulsion_of_Germans_(1944%E2%80%9350)) from Central and Eastern European countries.[236]

### Social expenditure

At the [World Economic Forum](/source/World_Economic_Forum) in Davos, 2013, Merkel said that Europe had only 7% of the global population and produced only 25% of the global GDP, but that it accounted for almost 50% of global social expenditure. She went on to say that Europe could only maintain its prosperity by being innovative and measuring itself against the best.[237] After this, the comparison became a central element in major speeches.[238] The international financial press has widely commented on her thesis, with *[The Economist](/source/The_Economist)* saying:

If Mrs Merkel's vision is pragmatic, so too is her plan for implementing it. It can be boiled down to three statistics, a few charts and some facts on an [A4](/source/A4_paper) [*](/source/ISO_216#A_series) sheet of paper. The three figures are 7 percent, 25 percent and 50 percent. Mrs Merkel never tires of saying that Europe has 7 percent of the world's population, 25 percent of its GDP and 50 percent of its social spending. If the region is to prosper in competition with emerging countries, it cannot continue to be so generous.[239] ... She produces graphs of unit labour costs ... at EU meetings in much the same way that the late [Margaret Thatcher](/source/Margaret_Thatcher) used to pull passages from [Friedrich Hayek](/source/Friedrich_Hayek)'s *[Road to Serfdom](/source/The_Road_to_Serfdom)* from her handbag.[239]

The *[Financial Times](/source/Financial_Times)* commented: "Although Ms Merkel stopped short of suggesting that a ceiling on social spending might be one yardstick for measuring competitiveness, she hinted as much in the light of soaring social spending in the face of an ageing population.[240]

### Climate policy

Merkel has been credited as a key part of 2007 [G8](/source/G8) negotiations that led to a significantly more ambitious [renewable energy](/source/Renewable_energy) transition commitment than had been anticipated.[241]

In September 2010, the coalition government published a long-term plan for [sustainable](/source/Sustainability) development of the [electrical grid](/source/Electrical_grid) until 2050; efforts to transition to sustainable and otherwise preferable sources of energy have been termed [Energy Transition](/source/Energiewende) (*Energiewende*). Although the initial plan was criticised for lifetime extensions of [nuclear power plants](/source/Nuclear_power_plant), it was amended following the [Fukushima nuclear disaster](/source/Fukushima_nuclear_disaster), and the last nuclear power plants in Germany were shut down in April 2023.[242][243][244] The plan also aimed at a 40% reduction of greenhouse gas emissions by 2020, a goal that was initially achieved largely due to reductions in demand during the COVID-19 pandemic.[245] However, emissions increased to a level above the target in 2022.[246][247]

In preparation for the 2015 [Paris Climate Change Conference](/source/2015_United_Nations_Climate_Change_Conference), Merkel announced that Germany would significantly increase its contributions to international climate aid and financing by 2020.[248] In 2016, some observers criticised Merkel's lack of action with regards to climate change that year.[249][250] In 2017, Merkel criticised the [Trump administration](/source/First_presidency_of_Donald_Trump)'s decision to withdraw from the 2015 [Paris Agreement](/source/Paris_Agreement) and reaffirmed the commitment of the remaining [G20](/source/G20) members to the treaty.[251][252]

In early 2019, a governmental commission appointed by the coalition government approved a plan to phase out [coal power plants](/source/Coal-fired_power_station) by 2038, allocating a budget of €40 billion to the plan.[253][254]

In September 2019, the Merkel government announced a set of climate change mitigation policies with a total budget of €54 billion.[255] Although described as a "new beginning for Germany's climate policy" by then-minister of the environment [Svenja Schulze](/source/Svenja_Schulze),[256] the package was widely criticised; environmental protection groups have labelled it insufficient, and opposition parties have argued that it is ineffective.[257][258][259] Prominent climate scientists have called it "a failure of the political system"[260] and "ridiculous".[261]

### Fiscal policy

In 2009, Merkel announced plans to take on additional government debt in order to stimulate economic growth, arguing that this should take priority over other fiscal concerns.[262] The Merkel government's tax policy at the time was widely criticised, mostly for taking on additional debt instead of increasing tax rates at high levels of income.[263][264] In 2010, Merkel expressed support for a global financial transaction tax, but was ultimately unsuccessful in international negotiations on the matter.[265][266]

In 2019, Merkel argued for the importance of a [balanced government budget](/source/Government_budget_balance), rejecting calls for additional investment to stimulate growth.[267]

## Criticism

This "criticism" or "controversy" section may compromise the article's neutrality. Please help integrate negative information into other sections or remove undue focus on minor aspects through discussion on the talk page. (July 2025)

Merkel has been criticised for being personally present and involved at the M100 Media Award handover[268] to Danish cartoonist [Kurt Westergaard](/source/Kurt_Westergaard), who had triggered the [Muhammad cartoons controversy](/source/Jyllands-Posten_Muhammad_cartoons_controversy). This happened at a time of fierce debate over a book by the former [Deutsche Bundesbank](/source/Deutsche_Bundesbank) executive and finance senator of Berlin [Thilo Sarrazin](/source/Thilo_Sarrazin), which was critical of Muslim immigration.[269] At the same time, she condemned a planned burning of [Qurans](/source/Quran) by a fundamentalist pastor in Florida.[270] The [Central Council of Muslims in Germany](/source/Central_Council_of_Muslims_in_Germany)[271][272] and the Left Party[273] ([Die Linke](/source/The_Left_(Germany))) as well as the [German Green Party](/source/German_Green_Party)[f][274] criticised the action by the centre-right chancellor. The *[Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung](/source/Frankfurter_Allgemeine_Zeitung)* newspaper wrote: "This will probably be the most explosive moment of her chancellorship so far."[275]

The term *alternativlos* (German for "without an alternative"), which was frequently used by Angela Merkel to describe her measures addressing the [European sovereign-debt crisis](/source/European_sovereign-debt_crisis), was named the [Un-word of the Year 2010](/source/Un-word_of_the_year) by a jury of linguistic scholars. The wording was criticised as undemocratic, as any discussion on Merkel's politics would thus be deemed unnecessary or undesirable.[276] The expression is credited for the name of the political party [Alternative for Germany](/source/Alternative_for_Germany), which was founded in 2013.[277]

During a visit of U.S. President Barack Obama in Berlin, Merkel said on 19 June 2013 in the context of the [2013 mass surveillance disclosures](/source/2013_mass_surveillance_disclosures): "The Internet is uncharted territory for us all" (German: *Das Internet ist für uns alle Neuland*). This statement led to various [internet memes](/source/Internet_memes) and online mockery of Merkel.[278][279]

During a state visit of the Turkish prime minister [Ahmet Davutoğlu](/source/Ahmet_Davuto%C4%9Flu) in January 2015, Merkel, citing former German president [Christian Wulff](/source/Christian_Wulff), stated that "Islam is part of Germany",[280] which induced criticism from within her party. [Parliamentary group leader](/source/Parliamentary_group_leader) [Volker Kauder](/source/Volker_Kauder) stated that Muslims belong to Germany, but Islam does not, and that Muslims should "ask themselves why so many violent people refer to the [Quran](/source/Quran)."[281][282]

At the conclusion of the May 2017 [Group of Seven](/source/Group_of_Seven)'s leaders in Sicily, Merkel criticised American efforts to renege on earlier commitments on climate change. According to Merkel, the discussions were difficult and marred by dissent. "Here we have the situation where six members, or even seven if you want to add the EU, stand against one."[283]

Merkel has faced criticism for failing to take a tough line on the People's Republic of China.[284][285][286] The *[Asia Times](/source/Asia_Times)* reported that "Unlike certain of her European counterparts, her China diplomacy has focused on non-interference in Beijing's internal affairs. As such, Merkel was reportedly furious when her Foreign Minister [Heiko Maas](/source/Heiko_Maas) received Hong Kong dissident [Joshua Wong](/source/Joshua_Wong) in Berlin in September [2019], a move that Beijing publicly protested."[287]

Merkel's government decided to phase out both [nuclear power](/source/Nuclear_power_in_Germany) and coal plants and supported the European Commission's [Green Deal](/source/European_Green_Deal) plans.[288][289] Critics blamed the [European Union Emissions Trading System](/source/European_Union_Emissions_Trading_System) (EU ETS) and [closure of nuclear plants](/source/Nuclear_power_phase-out) for contributing to the [2021–2022 global energy crisis](/source/2021%E2%80%932022_global_energy_crisis).[289][290][291]

Following the [2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine](/source/2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine), Merkel faced renewed criticisms that she had failed to curb Russian president Vladimir Putin's ambitions and aggression by insisting on diplomacy and [détente](/source/D%C3%A9tente) policies.[292][293][294] Critics argued that under her tenure, Germany and Europe was weakened by a [dependency on Russian natural gas](/source/Russia_in_the_European_energy_sector), including the [Nord Stream 1](/source/Nord_Stream_1) and [Nord Stream 2](/source/Nord_Stream_2) pipelines,[292][293] and that the [German military](/source/Bundeswehr) was neglected, disorganised, and underfunded.[295][294] By late 2021, Germany was importing 55% of its gas, 34% of its oil, and 52% of its coal from Russia.[296]

Merkel's chancellorship has become tightly associated with the policy of [Wandel durch Handel](/source/Wandel_durch_Handel), which advocates pursuing close economic ties with authoritarian governments with the goal of inducing [democratization](/source/Democratization). When the *Wandel durch Handel* policy came under intense domestic and international scrutiny following the Russian invasion, Merkel received much of the blame,[101][229] leading [Politico](/source/Politico) to write "[n]o German is more responsible for the crisis in Ukraine than Merkel".[228] Ukrainian president [Volodymyr Zelenskyy](/source/Volodymyr_Zelenskyy) also blamed Merkel and then-French president [Nicolas Sarkozy](/source/Nicolas_Sarkozy)'s decision to block Ukraine from joining NATO in 2008 for the war; Merkel released a statement that she stands by her decision,[297] later adding that the war would have broken out earlier at a greater military disadvantage for Ukraine.[298]

Merkel's handling of the [European sovereign-debt crisis](/source/European_sovereign-debt_crisis) likewise attracted criticism. Commentators and politicians in several EU member states argued that Berlin's insistence on fiscal consolidation and structural reforms amounted to excessive austerity, deepening social hardship in countries such as Greece, Spain and Portugal and fuelling anti-EU sentiment there.[299][300] In early 2015 Merkel came under fire after reports that her government was prepared to contemplate a Greek exit from the eurozone if the new Greek government abandoned agreed reforms, a scenario widely described as *Grexit*.[301] During the climactic 2015 bailout negotiations, opposition politicians and commentators inside Germany and abroad accused Merkel and finance minister [Wolfgang Schäuble](/source/Wolfgang_Sch%C3%A4uble) of blackmailing Athens and risking a split in Europe by using the threat of Grexit as leverage.[302][303]

Scholars have linked the eurozone crisis and the subsequent austerity policies to the rise of [Euroscepticism](/source/Euroscepticism) and radical parties across the continent, arguing that the management of the crisis helped to erode trust in EU institutions and mainstream parties in several member states.[304][305]

Merkel's response to the [European migrant crisis](/source/European_migrant_crisis) of 2015 was similarly divisive. Her decision to allow large numbers of asylum seekers to enter Germany, captured in the phrase *Wir schaffen das* ("We can manage this"), was praised by supporters as a humanitarian stance but criticised by opponents for encouraging further irregular migration and overstretching local authorities.[306][307] Analysts have argued that the size and speed of the inflow, and subsequent management failures, contributed to a backlash that benefited the right-wing [Alternative for Germany](/source/Alternative_for_Germany) party and reshaped the German party system.[308][309]

More broadly, the eurozone crisis and the refugee crisis have been identified in the academic literature as key drivers of rising Euroscepticism and support for radical parties across Europe in the 2010s.[310][311][312] In debates about the [United Kingdom's withdrawal from the EU](/source/United_Kingdom_withdrawal_from_the_European_Union), some politicians and commentators argued that continental Europe, including Germany under Merkel, bore part of the responsibility for [Brexit](/source/Brexit), either because EU leaders did not do enough to accommodate British concerns or because the migration and eurozone crises had strengthened anti-EU sentiment in the UK.[313][314] Studies of far-right discourse in Germany have noted that AfD politicians sometimes portrayed Merkel's refugee policy as contributing to the UK's decision to leave the EU.[315]

## Legacy and public image

Main article: [Public image of Angela Merkel](/source/Public_image_of_Angela_Merkel)

### International perceptions

Angela Merkel's tenure as Chancellor compared to heads of government in the EU and UK

Merkel was widely described as the *de facto* leader of the [European Union](/source/European_Union) throughout her tenure as Chancellor. She was named [the world's second most powerful person](/source/Forbes_list_of_The_World's_Most_Powerful_People) by *[Forbes](/source/Forbes)* magazine in 2012 and 2015, following [Barack Obama](/source/Barack_Obama) and [Vladimir Putin](/source/Vladimir_Putin) respectively, the highest ranking ever achieved by a woman.[316][317][318] On 26 March 2014, Merkel became the longest-serving incumbent [head of government](/source/Head_of_government) in the [European Union](/source/European_Union). In December 2015, Merkel was named as *Time* magazine's [Person of the Year](/source/Time_Person_of_the_Year), with the magazine's cover declaring her to be the "Chancellor of the Free World".[319] In 2018, Merkel was named the [most powerful woman](/source/Forbes_list_of_The_World's_100_Most_Powerful_Women) in the world for a record fourteenth time by *Forbes*.[320] Following the election of [Donald Trump](/source/Donald_Trump) to the US presidency in 2016, Merkel was described by *[The New York Times](/source/The_New_York_Times)* as "the Liberal West's Last Defender",[321] and as the "[leader of the free world](/source/Leader_of_the_free_world)" by a number of commentators, including Hillary Clinton.[322][323][324] In a 2018 survey, Merkel was found to be the most widely respected world leader.[325] *[The Atlantic](/source/The_Atlantic)* described her in 2019 as "the world's most successful living politician, on the basis of both achievement and longevity".[326] Harvard University President [Larry Bacow](/source/Larry_Bacow) described her as "one of the most widely admired and broadly influential statespeople of our time".[327]

Critics have argued that Merkel's policymaking during the 2015 migrant crisis has damaged the integrity of the EU.[157][328][158] Some have also commented that Germany's failure to meet financial commitments to [NATO](/source/NATO),[120] Merkel's blocking of the accession of Ukraine to NATO in 2008,[329] and the abolishment of conscription have together weakened the positions of Germany and Europe following the [2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine](/source/2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine).

### Domestic image

Merkel has been described as having significantly shaped the political landscape of Germany, particularly the perceptions of those who grew up during her chancellorship; this demographic group has been referred to *Merkelkinder* (transl. children of Merkel).[330][331]

### Comparisons

As a woman who is a politician from a centre-right party and also a scientist, Merkel has been compared by many in the English-language press to 20th-century British Prime Minister [Margaret Thatcher](/source/Margaret_Thatcher). Thatcher also had a science degree from [Oxford University](/source/Oxford_University) in chemistry. Some have referred to her as "Iron Lady", "Iron Girl", and even "The Iron Frau", all alluding to Thatcher, whose nickname was "The Iron Lady". Political commentators have debated the precise extent to which their agendas are similar.[332] Later in her tenure, Merkel acquired the nickname *"Mutti"* (a German familiar form of "mother"). She has also been called the "Iron Chancellor", in reference to [Otto von Bismarck](/source/Otto_von_Bismarck).[333][334]

*[Al Jazeera](/source/Al_Jazeera_Arabic)* has criticised the "Iron Lady" nickname for Merkel as "wrong-headed", noting her pro-European stance, her efforts to combat "profit-seeking speculators" during the euro crisis, and her lacking Thatcher's "my-way-or-the-highway" attitude towards politics.[335]

## Personal life

Main article: [Family of Angela Merkel](/source/Family_of_Angela_Merkel)

Spanish Prime Minister [Pedro Sánchez](/source/Pedro_S%C3%A1nchez), [Begoña Gómez](/source/Bego%C3%B1a_G%C3%B3mez), Merkel, and her husband [Joachim Sauer](/source/Joachim_Sauer), 2018

In 1977, at the age of 23, Merkel, then Angela Kasner, married physics student Ulrich Merkel (born 1953)[336] and took his surname. The couple divorced in 1982.[337] Her second and current husband is quantum chemist and professor [Joachim Sauer](/source/Joachim_Sauer), who has largely avoided media attention during and after Merkel's political career.[338][339] They first met in 1981[340] and married in 1998.[341] Merkel has no children, but Sauer has two adult sons from a previous marriage.[342]

Having grown up in East Germany, Merkel learned Russian at school. She was able to speak informally to Vladimir Putin in Russian but conducted diplomatic dialogue through an interpreter. She rarely spoke English in public, but delivered a small section of an address to the British Parliament in English in 2014.[343][344]

Merkel is a fervent [football](/source/Association_football) fan and was known to listen to games while in the Bundestag and to attend games of the [national team](/source/Germany_national_football_team) in her official capacity, including [Germany's 1–0 victory against Argentina in the 2014 World Cup Final](/source/2014_FIFA_World_Cup_final).[345][346][347]

Merkel has stated that her favorite film is *[The Legend of Paul and Paula](/source/The_Legend_of_Paul_and_Paula)*, an East German movie released in 1973.[348]

Merkel has a fear of dogs, which developed after she was attacked by one in 1995.[349] Vladimir Putin brought in his [Labrador Retriever](/source/Labrador_Retriever) during a press conference in 2007. Putin claims he did not mean to scare her, though Merkel later observed, "I understand why he has to do this – to prove he's a man. ... He's afraid of his own weakness."[349]

Since 2017, Merkel has occasionally been seen shaking visibly on several public occasions, recovering shortly afterwards.[350][351][352] After one such occasion, she attributed the shaking to dehydration, saying that she felt better after a drink of water.[353]

In September 2021, after evading the question for most of her career, Merkel said that she considered herself a [feminist](/source/Feminism). The statement came in a conference along with Nigerian writer and feminist [Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie](/source/Chimamanda_Ngozi_Adichie).[354]

Since her retirement, Merkel has commented on the [Russo-Ukrainian war](/source/Russo-Ukrainian_war_(2022%E2%80%93present)), but has otherwise limited her involvement in political matters. She has instead focused on travelling, attending only "feel-good events" (*Wohlfühltermine*) in a private capacity.[355][356]

Merkel reportedly "detested" U.S. President Donald Trump, according to *Politico*, citing a forthcoming book by [Jonathan Karl](/source/Jonathan_Karl).[357]

### Religion

Merkel speaking at the 2011 [German Protestant Church Assembly](/source/German_Protestant_Church_Assembly) in [Dresden](/source/Dresden)

Angela Merkel is a [Lutheran](/source/Lutheran) member of the [Evangelical Church in Berlin, Brandenburg and Silesian Upper Lusatia](/source/Evangelical_Church_in_Berlin%2C_Brandenburg_and_Silesian_Upper_Lusatia) (German: *Evangelische Kirche Berlin-Brandenburg-schlesische Oberlausitz – EKBO*), a [United](/source/United_and_uniting_churches) [Protestant](/source/Protestant) (i.e. both [Reformed](/source/Reformed_tradition) and Lutheran) [church body](/source/Landeskirche) under the umbrella of the [Protestant Church in Germany](/source/Protestant_Church_in_Germany). The EKBO is a member of the [Union of Protestant Churches in the EKD](/source/Union_of_Protestant_Churches_in_the_EKD).[358] Before the 2004 merger of the Evangelical Church in Berlin-Brandenburg and the Evangelical Church in Silesian Upper Lusatia, Merkel belonged to the former. In 2012, Merkel said, regarding her faith: "I am a member of the Protestant Church. I believe in God and religion is also my constant companion, and has been for the whole of my life. We as Christians should above all not be afraid of standing up for our beliefs."[359] She also publicly declared that Germany suffers not from "too much Islam" but "too little Christianity".[360]

## In the arts and media

Since 1991, Merkel has sat annually for sitting and standing portraits by, and interview with, [Herlinde Koelbl](/source/Herlinde_Koelbl).[361][362]

Merkel was portrayed by Swiss actress [Anna Katarina](/source/Anna_Katarina) in the 2012 [political satire](/source/Political_satire) film *[The Dictator](/source/The_Dictator)*.[363]

Merkel features as a main character in two of the three plays that make up the Europeans Trilogy (*Bruges*, *Antwerp*, and *Tervuren*) by Paris-based UK playwright [Nick Awde](/source/Nick_Awde): *Bruges* (2014) and *Tervuren* (2016). A character named Merkel, accompanied by a sidekick called [Schäuble](/source/Wolfgang_Sch%C3%A4uble), also appears as the sinister female henchman in [Michael Paraskos](/source/Michael_Paraskos)'s novel *In Search of Sixpence*.[364]

On the American sketch-comedy series *[Saturday Night Live](/source/Saturday_Night_Live)*, Merkel has been parodied by [Kate McKinnon](/source/Kate_McKinnon).[365][366][367]

On the British sketch-comedy *[Tracey Ullman's Show](/source/Tracey_Ullman's_Show)*, comedian [Tracey Ullman](/source/Tracey_Ullman) has parodied Merkel to international acclaim.[368][369][370][371]

In 2016, a documentary film *Angela Merkel – The Unexpected* was produced by [Broadview TV](/source/Broadview_TV) and [MDR](/source/Mitteldeutscher_Rundfunk) in collaboration with [Arte](/source/Arte) and [Das Erste](/source/Das_Erste).[372]

In 2024, a German TV show called 'Miss Merkel' [reimagined](/source/Real_person_fiction) her as a [detective](/source/Detective_fiction).[373] It is based on the bestselling novels by German writer [David Safier](/source/David_Safier) and is a comedy that was a hit in Germany and then shown on public broadcaster [RAI](/source/RAI), dubbed into Italian.[374]

## See also

- [Public image of Angela Merkel](/source/Public_image_of_Angela_Merkel)

- *[Willkommenskultur](/source/Willkommenskultur)*

## Explanatory notes

1. **[^](#cite_ref-2)** German pronunciation: [\[aŋˈɡeːla doʁoˈteːa ˈmɛʁkl̩\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German) [ⓘ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:De-Angela_Dorothea_Merkel.ogg)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-10)** The English pronunciation of her first name could be [/ˈɑːŋɡələ/](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English) [*AHNG-gə-lə*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key) (a closer approximation of the German) or [/ˈæŋɡələ/](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English) [*ANG-gə-lə*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key). The English pronunciation of her last name is either [/ˈmɛərkəl/](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English) [*MAIR-kəl*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key) (reported for American English and a closer approximation of the German) or [/ˈmɜːrkəl/](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English) [*MUR-kəl*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key) (reported for British English by the Oxford and Merriam-Webster dictionaries, which base their editing on actual usage rather than recommendations).[2][3][4] In German, her last name is pronounced [\[ˈmɛʁkl̩\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German),[5][6] and her first name is pronounced [\[ˈaŋɡela\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German) or [\[aŋˈɡeːla\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German),[7] but according to her biographer Langguth, Merkel prefers the latter pronunciation, with stress on the second syllable.[8]

1. **[^](#cite_ref-13)** This is significant in so far as East Germany has remained economically and socially disadvantaged post-reunification.[10] See also [Economic history of the German reunification](/source/Economic_history_of_the_German_reunification) and [New states of Germany](/source/New_states_of_Germany).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-69)** Although some [previous governments](/source/List_of_Federal_Republic_of_Germany_governments) had been led by the SPD, this was the first government to contain only left-wing parties.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-91)** In the [electoral system of Germany](/source/Electoral_system_of_Germany), "first votes" are cast for a constituency-level local representative, i.e. an individual, whereas "second votes" are cast for a party.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-280)** Grüne/Bündnis 90 Spokesman Renate Künast: "I wouldn't have done it", said Green Party floor leader Renate Künast. It was true that the right to freedom of expression also applies to cartoons, she said. "But if a chancellor also makes a speech on top of that, it serves to heat up the debate."[274]

## References

1. **[^](#cite_ref-1)** ["Angela Merkel: Her bio in brief"](https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Europe/2013/0920/Angela-Merkel-her-bio-in-brief). *[The Christian Science Monitor](/source/The_Christian_Science_Monitor)*. 20 September 2013. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20181129184354/https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Europe/2013/0920/Angela-Merkel-her-bio-in-brief) from the original on 29 November 2018. Retrieved 29 November 2018.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-3)** ["Merkel, Angela"](https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/us/merkel,_angela) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20190407183217/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/us/merkel,_angela) 7 April 2019 at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine) (US) and ["Merkel, Angela"](https://web.archive.org/web/20200210233231/https://www.lexico.com/definition/merkel%2C_angela). *[Lexico](/source/Lexico) UK English Dictionary*. [Oxford University Press](/source/Oxford_University_Press). Archived from [the original](http://www.lexico.com/definition/Merkel,+Angela) on 10 February 2020.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-4)** ["Merkel"](https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Merkel). *[Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary](/source/Merriam-Webster)*. Merriam-Webster. [OCLC](/source/OCLC_(identifier)) [1032680871](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1032680871). Retrieved 7 April 2019.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-5)** Wells, J. C. (2008). *Longman Pronunciation Dictionary*. Pearson Education Limited.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-6)** [Mangold, Max](/source/Max_Mangold), ed. (1995). [*Duden, Aussprachewörterbuch*](https://archive.org/details/dudenaussprachew0006unse/page/501) (in German) (6th ed.). Dudenverlag. p. [501](https://archive.org/details/dudenaussprachew0006unse/page/501). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-3-411-20916-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-411-20916-3). **Merkel** ˈmɛrkl̩

1. **[^](#cite_ref-7)** Krech, Eva-Maria; Stock, Eberhard; Hirschfeld, Ursula; Anders, Lutz Christian; et al., eds. (2009). *Deutsches Aussprachewörterbuch* (1st ed.). Walter de Gruyter. p. 739. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-3-11-018202-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-018202-6). **Merkel** mˈɛʶkl̩

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Dudenverlag-1995_8-0)** Mangold, Max, ed. (1995). [*Duden, Aussprachewörterbuch*](https://archive.org/details/dudenaussprachew0006unse/page/139) (in German) (6th ed.). Dudenverlag. p. [139](https://archive.org/details/dudenaussprachew0006unse/page/139). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-3-411-20916-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-411-20916-3). **Angela** ˈaŋɡela *auch:* aŋˈɡeːla.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Langguth50_9-0)** Langguth, Gerd (2005). *Angela Merkel* (in German). Munich: dtv. p. 50. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [3-423-24485-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-423-24485-2). Merkel wollte immer mit der Betonung auf dem 'e' Angela genannt werden. (Merkel always wanted her first name pronounced with the stress on the 'e'.)

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-covid19-atlantic_11-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-covid19-atlantic_11-1) Miller, Saskia (20 April 2020). ["The Secret to Germany's COVID-19 Success: Angela Merkel Is a Scientist"](https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2020/04/angela-merkel-germany-coronavirus-pandemic/610225/). *The Atlantic*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20200502085127/https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2020/04/angela-merkel-germany-coronavirus-pandemic/610225/) from the original on 2 May 2020. Retrieved 21 April 2020.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-12)** ["The Price of a Failed Reunification"](http://www.spiegel.de/international/spiegel/0,1518,373639,00.html). Spiegel International. 5 September 2005. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20071120093208/http://www.spiegel.de/international/spiegel/0,1518,373639,00.html) from the original on 20 November 2007. Retrieved 28 November 2006.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-BBCnewterm2_14-0)** ["Germany's Merkel begins new term"](https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/8329490.stm). BBC. 28 October 2009. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20091031061627/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/8329490.stm) from the original on 31 October 2009. Retrieved 1 November 2009.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-cwn_15-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-cwn_15-1) ["German Chancellor Angela Merkel makes a hat-trick win in 2013 Elections"](https://web.archive.org/web/20130926184317/http://www.classworld.us/german-chancellor-angela-merkel-makes-a-hat-trick-win-in-2013-elections/). Archived from [the original](http://www.classworld.us/german-chancellor-angela-merkel-makes-a-hat-trick-win-in-2013-elections/) on 26 September 2013. Retrieved 23 September 2013.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-16)** Oltermann, Philip; Connolly, Kate (14 March 2018). ["Angela Merkel faces multiple challenges in her fourth term"](https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/mar/14/angela-merkel-sworn-in-for-fourth-term-as-german-chancellor). *The Guardian*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20180314131346/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/mar/14/angela-merkel-sworn-in-for-fourth-term-as-german-chancellor) from the original on 14 March 2018. Retrieved 14 March 2018.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-17)** [No fast-track NATO membership for Georgia: Merkel](https://www.france24.com/en/20180824-no-fast-track-nato-membership-georgia-merkel), *[France 24](/source/France_24)*, 24 August 2018

1. **[^](#cite_ref-18)** [Angela Merkel defends ties with Russia and blocking Ukraine from Nato](https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c3e8y1qly52o), *[BBC News](/source/BBC_News)*, 25 November 2024

1. **[^](#cite_ref-19)** ["Angela who? Merkel's legacy looks increasingly terrible"](https://www.economist.com/europe/2024/10/24/angela-who-merkels-legacy-looks-increasingly-terrible). *The Economist*. Retrieved 13 November 2024.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-20)** ["In Germany, Angela Merkel's legacy is being re-evaluated critically"](https://www.lemonde.fr/en/international/article/2024/10/12/in-germany-angela-merkel-s-legacy-re-evaluated-and-under-fire_6729133_4.html). *Le Monde*. 12 October 2024. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20241030192059/https://www.economist.com/europe/2024/10/24/angela-who-merkels-legacy-looks-increasingly-terrible) from the original on 30 October 2024. Retrieved 13 November 2024.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-21)** ["Angela Merkel: Pfarrertochter aus Hamburg, Physikerin, Kanzlerin"](https://www.abendblatt.de/politik/deutschland/article108521228/Angela-Merkel-Pfarrertochter-aus-Hamburg-Physikerin-Kanzlerin.html). *Hamburger Abendblatt* (in German). 27 September 2009.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-22)** ["Altkanzlerin: Angela Merkel wird 70"](https://www.zdfheute.de/panorama/angela-merkel-70-bilder-17-juli-100.html). *ZDFheute* (in German). 17 July 2024.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-23)** [Langguth, Gerd](/source/Gerd_Langguth) (August 2005). *Angela Merkel* (in German). Deutscher Taschenbuch Verlag. p. 10. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [3-423-24485-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-423-24485-2).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-24)** ["Kanzlerin Merkel hat polnische Wurzeln"](https://www.sueddeutsche.de/politik/familiegeschichte-der-kanzlerin-merkel-hat-polnische-wurzeln-1.1623363). *Süddeutsche.de* (in German). 13 March 2013. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20171109144341/http://www.sueddeutsche.de/politik/familiegeschichte-der-kanzlerin-merkel-hat-polnische-wurzeln-1.1623363) from the original on 9 November 2017. Retrieved 20 June 2023.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-25)** Qvortrup, Matthew (2016). "In the Shadow of the Berlin Wall". *Angela Merkel: Europe's Most Influential Leader*. The Overlook Press. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-4683-1408-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4683-1408-3).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-26)** ["Merkel, power player who changed Germany"](https://thewest.com.au/politics/merkel-power-player-who-changed-germany-c-3790345). *The West Australian*. 26 August 2021. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20230621114733/https://thewest.com.au/politics/merkel-power-player-who-changed-germany-c-3790345) from the original on 21 June 2023. Retrieved 21 June 2023.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-27)** ["Picturing the Family: Media, Narrative, Memory | Research"](http://blogs.bbk.ac.uk/research/2014/06/18/picturing-the-family-media-narrative-memory/). 18 June 2014. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20170501082559/http://blogs.bbk.ac.uk/research/2014/06/18/picturing-the-family-media-narrative-memory/) from the original on 1 May 2017. Retrieved 11 February 2017.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-28)** Schuller, Konrad; Warschau (22 March 2013). ["Merkels polnische Wurzeln: Großvaters Krieg"](https://www.faz.net/aktuell/politik/ausland/merkels-polnische-wurzeln-grossvaters-krieg-12124653.html). *FAZ.NET* (in German). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [0174-4909](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0174-4909). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210119001700/https://www.faz.net/aktuell/politik/ausland/merkels-polnische-wurzeln-grossvaters-krieg-12124653.html) from the original on 19 January 2021. Retrieved 7 August 2023.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-29)** [Kornelius, Stefan](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stefan_Kornelius&action=edit&redlink=1) (March 2013). *Angela Merkel: Die Kanzlerin und ihre Welt* (in German). Hoffmann und Campe. p. 7. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-3-455-50291-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-455-50291-6).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Kornelius-2013_30-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Kornelius-2013_30-1) Kornelius, Stefan (10 September 2013). ["Six things you didn't know about Angela Merkel"](https://www.theguardian.com/world/german-elections-blog-2013/2013/sep/10/angela-merkel-origins-germany-election). *[The Guardian](/source/The_Guardian)*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20130910133147/http://www.theguardian.com/world/german-elections-blog-2013/2013/sep/10/angela-merkel-origins-germany-election) from the original on 10 September 2013. Retrieved 29 October 2013.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-31)** ["The German chancellor's Polish roots"](https://web.archive.org/web/20130503221041/http://www.dw.de/the-german-chancellors-polish-roots/a-16698783). [Deutsche Welle](/source/Deutsche_Welle). Archived from [the original](http://www.dw.de/the-german-chancellors-polish-roots/a-16698783) on 3 May 2013.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-32)** ["Merkel hat polnische Wurzeln"](http://www.sueddeutsche.de/politik/familiegeschichte-der-kanzlerin-merkel-hat-polnische-wurzeln-1.1623363) [Merkel has Polish roots]. *[Süddeutsche Zeitung](/source/S%C3%BCddeutsche_Zeitung)*. 13 March 2013. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20130906161618/http://www.sueddeutsche.de/politik/familiegeschichte-der-kanzlerin-merkel-hat-polnische-wurzeln-1.1623363) from the original on 6 September 2013.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-33)** Krauel, Torsten (13 March 2013). ["Ahnenforschung: Kanzlerin Angela Merkel ist zu einem Viertel Polin"](https://www.welt.de/politik/deutschland/article114407379/Kanzlerin-Angela-Merkel-ist-zu-einem-Viertel-Polin.html). *Die Welt* (in German). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20180910211006/https://www.welt.de/politik/deutschland/article114407379/Kanzlerin-Angela-Merkel-ist-zu-einem-Viertel-Polin.html) from the original on 10 September 2018. Retrieved 18 November 2016.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-34)** Boyes, Roger (25 July 2005). ["Angela Merkel: Forged in the Old Communist East, Germany's Chancellor-in-Waiting Is Not like the Others"](https://www.questia.com/read/1G1-135063118/angela-merkel-forged-in-the-old-communist-east-germany-s). *New Statesman*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20170428142525/https://www.questia.com/read/1G1-135063118/angela-merkel-forged-in-the-old-communist-east-germany-s) from the original on 28 April 2017. Retrieved 28 April 2017.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Werner-2005_35-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Werner-2005_35-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-Werner-2005_35-2) Werner, Reutter (1 December 2005). ["Who's Afraid of Angela Merkel?: The Life, Political Career, and Future of the New German Chancellor"](https://www.questia.com/read/1P3-1042718031/who-s-afraid-of-angela-merkel-the-life-political). *International Journal*. **61**. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20170428144045/https://www.questia.com/read/1P3-1042718031/who-s-afraid-of-angela-merkel-the-life-political) from the original on 28 April 2017. Retrieved 28 April 2017.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-36)** Vasagar, Jeevan (1 September 2013). ["Angela Merkel, the girl who never wanted to stand out, to win big again"](https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/germany/10278014/Angela-Merkel-the-girl-who-never-wanted-to-stand-out-to-win-big-again.html). *The Daily Telegraph*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20170419115550/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/germany/10278014/Angela-Merkel-the-girl-who-never-wanted-to-stand-out-to-win-big-again.html) from the original on 19 April 2017. Retrieved 19 April 2017.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-37)** Patterson, Tony (17 November 2015). ["Angela Merkel's journey from Communist East Germany to Chancellor"](https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/politics/angela-merkels-unlikely-journey-from-communist-east-germany-to-the-chancellorship-a6738271.html). *The Independent*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20170419104415/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/politics/angela-merkels-unlikely-journey-from-communist-east-germany-to-the-chancellorship-a6738271.html) from the original on 19 April 2017. Retrieved 19 April 2017.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-38)** *The Study of international relations : the state of the art*. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Macmillan, in association with Millennium, journal of international studies. 1989. p. 328. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-349-20275-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-349-20275-1). [OCLC](/source/OCLC_(identifier)) [647091179](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/647091179).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-39)** Spohr, Kristina (8 July 2017). ["The learning machine: Angela Merkel"](https://www.newstatesman.com/world/europe/2017/07/learning-machine-angela-merkel). *New Statesman*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20180112043002/https://www.newstatesman.com/world/europe/2017/07/learning-machine-angela-merkel) from the original on 12 January 2018. Retrieved 11 January 2018.

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1. **[^](#cite_ref-41)** ["Life in Communist East Germany was 'almost comfortable' at times, Merkel says"](https://www.reuters.com/article/us-germany-berlinwall-merkel/life-in-communist-east-germany-was-almost-comfortable-at-times-merkel-says-idUSKBN1XI287). *Reuters*. 8 November 2019. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20191111153300/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-germany-berlinwall-merkel/life-in-communist-east-germany-was-almost-comfortable-at-times-merkel-says-idUSKBN1XI287) from the original on 11 November 2019. Retrieved 14 November 2019.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-42)** [Langguth, Gerd](/source/Gerd_Langguth) (August 2005). *Angela Merkel* (in German). DTV. p. 50. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [3-423-24485-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-423-24485-2).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-43)** Reitler, Torsten (27 March 2009). ["Drogenwahn auf der Dauerbaustelle"](https://www.spiegel.de/geschichte/legendaere-clubs-a-949765.html). *Der Spiegel* (in German). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20100113154152/http://einestages.spiegel.de/static/authoralbumbackground/3852/drogenwahn_auf_der_baustelle.html) from the original on 13 January 2010. Retrieved 19 August 2011.

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1. **[^](#cite_ref-276)** BBC: Germany's Central Muslim Council (Zentralrat der Muslime in Deutschland) criticised Mrs. Merkel for attending the award ceremony. 8 September 2010. A ZMD spokesman, Aiman Mazyek, told public broadcaster Deutschlandradio that the Chancellor was honouring someone "who in our eyes kicked our prophet, and therefore kicked all Muslims". He said giving Mr Westergaard the prize in a "highly charged and heated time" was "highly problematic".

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1. **[^](#cite_ref-343)** ["Biographie: Angela Merkel, geb. 1954"](http://www.dhm.de/lemo/html/biografien/MerkelAngela/index.html). *DHM*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20090225210100/http://www.dhm.de/lemo/html/biografien/MerkelAngela/index.html) from the original on 25 February 2009. Retrieved 2 March 2010.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-344)** Huggler, Justin (27 May 2016). ["Rare sighting of Angela Merkel's publicity-shy husband at G7 summit"](https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/05/27/rare-sighting-of-angela-merkels-publicity-shy-husband-at-g7-summ/). *The Telegraph*. [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [0307-1235](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0307-1235). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20160527134105/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/05/27/rare-sighting-of-angela-merkels-publicity-shy-husband-at-g7-summ/) from the original on 27 May 2016. Retrieved 21 July 2023.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-345)** Taylor, Adam. ["We Pretty Much Only Know These 8 Things About Angela Merkel's Husband"](https://www.businessinsider.com/we-pretty-much-only-know-these-8-things-about-angela-merkels-husband-2012-5). *Business Insider*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20120519042220/https://www.businessinsider.com/we-pretty-much-only-know-these-8-things-about-angela-merkels-husband-2012-5) from the original on 19 May 2012. Retrieved 21 July 2023.

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1. **[^](#cite_ref-364)** ["Bundeskanzlerin Merkel ohne fertige Antworten in Templin"](https://www.rbb-online.de/panorama/beitrag/2014/10/Brandenburg-Feiertage-Reformationstag-Gottesdienste-Merkel-in-Templin.html). Retrieved 1 December 2015.{{[cite web](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_web)}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service ([link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_deprecated_archival_service))

1. **[^](#cite_ref-365)** Spencer, Nick (6 January 2016). ["Angela Merkel: How Germany's Iron Chancellor is shaped by her Christianity | Christian News on Christian Today"](https://www.christiantoday.com/article/angela.merkel.how.germanys.iron.chancellor.is.shaped.by.her.christianity/75803.htm). Christiantoday.com. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20170331121013/https://www.christiantoday.com/article/angela.merkel.how.germanys.iron.chancellor.is.shaped.by.her.christianity/75803.htm) from the original on 31 March 2017. Retrieved 5 April 2017. ["Video Podcast of the German Chancellor #37/2012"](http://www.bundesregierung.de/Content/DE/Podcast/2012/2012-11-03-Video-Podcast/links/download-PDF.pdf?__blob=publicationFile) (PDF) (in German). 3 November 2012. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20170511061827/http://www.bundesregierung.de/Content/DE/Podcast/2012/2012-11-03-Video-Podcast/links/download-PDF.pdf?__blob=publicationFile) (PDF) from the original on 11 May 2017. Retrieved 6 April 2017. Ich bin Mitglied der evangelischen Kirche. Ich glaube an Gott, und die Religion ist auch mein ständiger Begleiter – eigentlich in meinem ganzen Leben – gewesen.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-366)** ["Bericht der Vorsitzenden der CDU Deutschlands Bundeskanzlerin Dr. Angela Merkel MdB"](https://www.karlsruhe2010.cdu.de/images/stories/docs/101115-Rede-Merkel.pdf) [Report of the Chairwoman of the German CDU Federal Chancellor Dr. Angela Merkel] (PDF) (in German). 9 September 2011. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20180930023812/http://www.karlsruhe2010.cdu.de/images/stories/docs/101115-Rede-Merkel.pdf) (PDF) from the original on 30 September 2018. Retrieved 6 April 2017. Es ist doch nicht so, dass wir ein Zuviel an Islam haben, sondern wir haben ein Zuwenig an Christentum.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-367)** Philip Oltermann (5 April 2017). ["The many faces of Angela Merkel: 26 years of photographing the German chancellor"](https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2017/apr/05/angela-merkel-portraits-26-years-herlinde-koelbl). *The Guardian*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20181120221014/https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2017/apr/05/angela-merkel-portraits-26-years-herlinde-koelbl) from the original on 20 November 2018. Retrieved 20 November 2018.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-368)** Max Bearak (29 March 2017). ["Decades of yearly portraits show how power has transformed Angela Merkel"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/in-sight/wp/2017/03/29/decades-of-yearly-portraits-show-how-power-has-transformed-angela-merkel/). *The Washington Post*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20181221120823/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/in-sight/wp/2017/03/29/decades-of-yearly-portraits-show-how-power-has-transformed-angela-merkel/) from the original on 21 December 2018. Retrieved 20 November 2018.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-369)** ["The Dictator"](https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/the_dictator_2012). *[Rotten Tomatoes](/source/Rotten_Tomatoes)*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20230619075138/https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/the_dictator_2012) from the original on 19 June 2023. Retrieved 19 June 2023.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-370)** Paraskos, Michael, *In Search of Sixpence* (London: Friction Press, 2016).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-371)** Grossman, Samantha. ["See the Best of Kate McKinnon's Hilarious Angela Merkel Impression"](https://time.com/4142893/angela-merkel-kate-mckinnon-snl/). *Time*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20180930141435/http://time.com/4142893/angela-merkel-kate-mckinnon-snl/) from the original on 30 September 2018. Retrieved 23 January 2017.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-372)** Moran, Lee (11 December 2016). ["'SNL' Version of Angela Merkel Is Not Happy Donald Trump Is Time's 'Person of the Year'"](https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/snl-angela-merkel-donald-trump-time-perso_us_584d13f9e4b04c8e2bb03e77). *HuffPost*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20170202014252/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/snl-angela-merkel-donald-trump-time-perso_us_584d13f9e4b04c8e2bb03e77) from the original on 2 February 2017. Retrieved 23 January 2017.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-373)** ["Impressions – Angela Merkel"](http://www.snlarchives.net/Impressions/?3375). SNL Archives. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20160121134412/http://snlarchives.net/Impressions/?3375) from the original on 21 January 2016. Retrieved 23 January 2017.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-374)** ["True total hottie Frau": Die bislang beste Merkel – Parodie kommt von der BBC](http://meedia.de/2016/01/21/true-total-hottie-frau-die-bislang-beste-merkel-parodie-kommt-von-der-bbc/) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20161219002605/http://meedia.de/2016/01/21/true-total-hottie-frau-die-bislang-beste-merkel-parodie-kommt-von-der-bbc/) 19 December 2016 at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine), Buzzer, 21 January 2016.

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## Further reading

- Clark, Claudia. *Dear Barack: The Extraordinary Partnership of Barack Obama and Angela Merkel* (2021)

- Crossley-Frolick, Katy A. "Domestic Constraints, German Foreign Policy and Post-Conflict Peacebuilding." *German Politics and Society* 31.3 (2013): 43–75.

- Czuczka, Tony and Alan Crawford. *Angela Merkel: A Chancellorship Forged in Crisis* (2013) [excerpt](https://www.amazon.com/Angela-Merkel-Chancellorship-Forged-Crisis/dp/1118641108/)

- Ferree, Myra Marx. "Angela Merkel: What Does It Mean to Run as a Woman?" *German Politics & Society* 2006. 24#78: 93–107. [online](http://www.jstor.org/stable/23742714)

- Faas, Thorsten. "The German federal election of 2013: Merkel's triumph, the disappearance of the liberal party, and yet another grand coalition." *West European Politics* 38.1 (2015): 238–247.

- Kornelius, Stefan. *Angela Merkel: The Chancellor and Her World: The Authorized Biography* (Alma Books, 2014).

- [Marton, Kati.](/source/Kati_Marton) *The Chancellor: The Remarkable Odyssey of Angela Merkel* (Simon & Schuster, 2021)

- Masch, Lena, and Oscar W. Gabriel. "How Emotional Displays of Political Leaders Shape Citizen Attitudes: The Case of German Chancellor Angela Merkel." *German Politics* 29.2 (2020): 158–179.

- Mills, Cliff. *Angela Merkel* (2008), for middle schools [online](https://archive.org/details/angelamerkel0000mill_y6v1)

- [Mushaben, Joyce Marie](/source/Joyce_Mushaben). "The Best of Times, the Worst of Times: Angela Merkel, the Grand Coalition, and 'Majority Rule' in Germany." *German Politics and Society* 34.1 (2016): 1–25.

- Mushaben, Joyce Marie. *Becoming Madam Chancellor: Angela Merkel and the Berlin Republic* (2017) [excerpt](https://www.amazon.com/Becoming-Madam-Chancellor-Angela-Republic/dp/1108405630/)

- Mushaben, Joyce Marie. "A Spectre Haunting Europe: Angela Merkel and the Challenges of Far-Right Populism." *German Politics and Society* 38.1 (2020): 7–29.

- Mushaben, Joyce Marie. "The reluctant feminist: Angela Merkel and the modernization of gender politics in Germany." *Femina Politica–Zeitschrift für feministische Politikwissenschaft* 27.2 (2018): 83–95. [online](https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/bitstream/handle/document/60425/ssoar-fempol-2018-2-mushaben-The_Reluctant_Feminist_Angela_Merkel.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=n)

- Qvortrup, Matthew. *Angela Merkel: Europe's most influential leader* (2016) [excerpt](https://www.amazon.com/Angela-Merkel/dp/0715653997/)

- Saalfeld, Thomas. "Coalition Governance under Chancellor Merkel's Grand Coalition: A Comparison of the Cabinets Merkel I and Merkel II." *German Politics and Society* 28.3 (2010): 82–102.

- [Schramm, Julia.](/source/Julia_Schramm) *Fifty Shades of Merkel*. (Hoffmann & Campe, 2016), [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-3-455-50410-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-455-50410-1)

- Schnee, Christian. "Sticking to her guns or going with the flow: assessing rigidity and flexibility in Angela Merkel's political decision making." *German Politics and Society* 37.1 (2019): 24–46.

- Schoen, Harald. "Merely a referendum on Chancellor Merkel? Parties, issues and candidates in the 2009 German federal election." *German Politics* 20.1 (2011): 92–106.

- Schoen, Harald, and Robert Greszki. "A Third Term for a Popular Chancellor: An Analysis of Voting Behaviour in the 2013 German Federal Election." *German Politics* 23.4 (2014): 251–267.

- [Skard, Torild](/source/Torild_Skard) (2014) "Angela Merkel" in *Women of Power – Half a Century of Female presidents and Prime Ministers Worldwide*, Bristol: Policy Press, [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-4473-1578-0](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4473-1578-0)

- Van Halsema, Catherine. 2019. "Merkel the Mutti? A Linguistic Analysis of Domestic Language in European News Media Coverage of Angela Merkel." *Women & Language*. 42(1): 7–22.

- Voigt, Linda. "Get the party started: The social policy of the grand coalition 2013–2017." *German Politics* 28.3 (2019): 426–443.

- Zehfuss, Maja. "'We Can Do This': Merkel, Migration and the Fantasy of Control." *International Political Sociology* 15.2 (2021): 172–189.

### In German

- Plickert, Philip (Editor) (2017) *Merkel. Eine kritische Bilanz*, FinanzBuch Verlag, [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-3-95972-065-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-95972-065-6).

- Margaret Heckel: *So regiert die Kanzlerin. Eine Reportage.* Piper, München 2009, [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-3-492-05331-0](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-492-05331-0).

- Volker Resing: *Angela Merkel. Die Protestantin. Ein Porträt.* St. Benno-Verlag, Leipzig 2009, [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-3-7462-2648-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-7462-2648-4).

- Gertrud Höhler: *Die Patin. Wie Angela Merkel Deutschland umbaut.* Orell Füssli, Zürich 2012, [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-3-280-05480-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-280-05480-2).

- Stefan Kornelius: *Angela Merkel. Die Kanzlerin und ihre Welt.* Hoffmann und Campe, Hamburg 2013, [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-3-455-50291-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-455-50291-6).

- [Nikolaus Blome](/source/Nikolaus_Blome): *Angela Merkel – Die Zauderkünstlerin.* Pantheon, München 2013, [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-3-570-55201-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-570-55201-8).

- Stephan Hebel: *Mutter Blamage – Warum die Nation Angela Merkel und ihre Politik nicht braucht.* Westend, Frankfurt am Main 2013, [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-3-86489-021-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-86489-021-5).

- Günther Lachmann, [Ralf Georg Reuth](/source/Ralf_Georg_Reuth): *Das erste Leben der Angela M.* Piper, München 2013, [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-3-492-05581-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-492-05581-9).

- Judy Dempsey: *Das Phänomen Merkel – Deutschlands Macht und Möglichkeiten.* Edition Körber-Stiftung, Hamburg 2013, [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-3-89684-097-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-89684-097-4).

- Dirk Kurbjuweit: *Alternativlos – Merkel, die Deutschen und das Ende der Politik.* Hanser, München, 2014, [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-3-446-24620-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-446-24620-1).

## External links

- [Official Website of Angela Merkel's office](https://www.buero-bundeskanzlerin-ad.de/) (in German)

- [Former Official Website of The Federal Chancellor](https://web.archive.org/web/20211203212840/https://www.bundeskanzlerin.de/bkin-en) at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine) (archived 3 December 2021)

- [Merkel's personal website](https://web.archive.org/web/20211207112303/https://www.angela-merkel.de/) at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine) (archived 7 December 2021) (in German)

- [Angela Merkel](https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/711465) at the *[Encyclopædia Britannica](/source/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica)*

- [Appearances](https://www.c-span.org/person/?angelamerkel) on [C-SPAN](/source/C-SPAN)

- [Angela Merkel](https://www.imdb.com/name/nm1361767/) on [IMDb](/source/IMDb)

- ["Angela Merkel collected news and commentary"](https://www.bloomberg.com/topics/angela-merkel/). *[Bloomberg News](/source/Bloomberg_L.P.)*.

- [Angela Merkel](https://www.economist.com/topics/angela-merkel) collected news and commentary at *[The Economist](/source/The_Economist)*

- [Angela Merkel](https://www.forbes.com/profile/angela-merkel/) collected news and commentary at *[Forbes](/source/Forbes)*

- ["Angela Merkel collected news and commentary"](https://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/people/m/angela_merkel/index.html). *[The New York Times](/source/The_New_York_Times)*.

- [Angela Merkel](https://web.archive.org/web/20131106080817/http://topics.time.com/angela-merkel/) collected news and commentary at *[Time](/source/Time_(magazine))*

- [Packer, George](/source/George_Packer) (1 December 2014). ["The Quiet German"](https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2014/12/01/quiet-german). *[The New Yorker](/source/The_New_Yorker)*: 46–63. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20141209073023/http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2014/12/01/quiet-german) from the original on 9 December 2014. Retrieved 9 December 2014. The article describes Angela Merkel's life and career in [East Germany](/source/East_Germany) and her subsequent rise to [Chancellor of Germany](/source/Chancellor_of_Germany) following [German reunification](/source/German_reunification).

- [Deutsche Welle documentary about Merkel's term in office](https://www.dw.com/en/dw-documentary-angela-merkel-navigating-a-world-in-crisis/a-59189401) by *[Deutsche Welle](/source/Deutsche_Welle)* (in English).

Offices and distinctions Political offices Preceded by Ursula Lehr Minister for Women and Youth 1991–1994 Succeeded by Claudia Nolte Preceded by Klaus Töpfer Minister for the Environment 1994–1998 Succeeded by Jürgen Trittin Preceded by Gerhard Schröder Chancellor of Germany 2005–2021 Succeeded by Olaf Scholz Party political offices Preceded by Peter Hintze General Secretary of the Christian Democratic Union 1998–2000 Succeeded by Ruprecht Polenz Preceded by Friedrich Merz Chair of the CDU/CSU Bundestag Parliamentary Group 2002–2005 Succeeded by Volker Kauder Preceded by Wolfgang Schäuble Leader of the Christian Democratic Union 2000–2018 Succeeded by Annegret Kramp-Karrenbauer Diplomatic posts Preceded by Vladimir Putin Chair of the Group of Eight 2007 Succeeded by Yasuo Fukuda Preceded by Herman Van Rompuy José Manuel Barroso Chair of the Group of Seven 2015 Succeeded by Shinzō Abe Preceded by Xi Jinping Chair of the Group of 20 2017 Succeeded by Mauricio Macri Academic offices Preceded by Jerzy Buzek Invocation Speaker of the College of Europe 2010 Succeeded by Giorgio Napolitano

Other articles related to Angela Merkel v t e Chancellors of Germany (since 1867) North German Confederation Bundeskanzler (1867–1871) Otto von Bismarck German Empire Reichskanzler (1871–1918) Otto von Bismarck Leo von Caprivi Prince Chlodwig zu Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst Bernhard von Bülow Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg Georg Michaelis Georg von Hertling Prince Maximilian of Baden Weimar Republic Reichskanzler (1919–1933) Friedrich Ebert Philipp Scheidemann (as Ministerpräsident) Gustav Bauer (as Ministerpräsident, later Chancellor) Hermann Müller Constantin Fehrenbach Joseph Wirth Wilhelm Cuno Gustav Stresemann Wilhelm Marx Hans Luther Wilhelm Marx Hermann Müller Heinrich Brüning Franz von Papen Kurt von Schleicher Adolf Hitler Nazi Germany Reichskanzler (1933–1945) Adolf Hitler Joseph Goebbels (de facto) Count Schwerin von Krosigk (de facto) Federal Republic Bundeskanzler (1949–present) Konrad Adenauer Ludwig Erhard Kurt Georg Kiesinger Willy Brandt Helmut Schmidt Helmut Kohl Gerhard Schröder Angela Merkel Olaf Scholz Friedrich Merz List of chancellors v t e Chancellor candidates of Germany For CDU/CSU Konrad Adenauer (1949, 1953, 1957, 1961) Ludwig Erhard (1965) Kurt Georg Kiesinger (1969) Rainer Barzel (1972) Helmut Kohl (1976, 1983, 1987, 1990, 1994, 1998) Franz Josef Strauß (1980) Edmund Stoiber (2002) Angela Merkel (2005, 2009, 2013, 2017) Armin Laschet (2021) Friedrich Merz (2025) For SPD Kurt Schumacher (1949) Erich Ollenhauer (1953, 1957) Willy Brandt (1961, 1965, 1969, 1972) Helmut Schmidt (1976, 1980) Hans-Jochen Vogel (1983) Johannes Rau (1987) Oskar Lafontaine (1990) Rudolf Scharping (1994) Gerhard Schröder (1998, 2002, 2005) Frank-Walter Steinmeier (2009) Peer Steinbrück (2013) Martin Schulz (2017) Olaf Scholz (2021, 2025) For FDP Guido Westerwelle (2002) For Greens Annalena Baerbock (2021) For AfD Alice Weidel (2025) For BSW Sahra Wagenknecht (2025) Note: The candidate became chancellor in the marked election years. v t e Fourth Kohl Cabinet (1991–1994) Helmut Kohl (CDU) Hans-Dietrich Genscher (FDP) Rudolf Seiters (until 7 July 1993, CDU) Manfred Kanther (since 7 July 1993, CDU) Gerhard Stoltenberg (until 1 April 1992, CDU) Volker Rühe (since 1 April 1992, CDU) Wolfgang Schäuble (CDU) Theo Waigel (CSU) Klaus Kinkel (FDP) Jürgen Möllemann (FDP) Norbert Blüm (CDU) Ignaz Kiechle (until 21 January 1993, CSU) Jochen Borchert (since 21 January 1993, CDU) Günther Krause (CDU) Irmgard Schwaetzer (FDP) Hannelore Rönsch (CDU) Angela Merkel (CDU) Gerda Hasselfeldt (until 6 May 1992, CSU) Horst Seehofer (since 6 May 1992, CSU) Heinz Riesenhuber (until 1 April 1992, CDU) Matthias Wissmann (since 1 April 1992, CDU) Rainer Ortleb (until 4 February 1994, FDP) Karl-Hans Laermann (since 4 February 1994, FDP) Carl-Dieter Spranger (CSU) Klaus Töpfer (CDU) Christian Schwarz-Schilling (CDU) Friedrich Bohl (CDU) Sabine Leutheusser-Schnarrenberger (FDP) Wolfgang Bötsch (CSU) Günter Rexrodt (FDP) Paul Krüger (CDU) v t e Fifth Kohl Cabinet (1994–1998) Helmut Kohl (CDU) Klaus Kinkel (FDP) Friedrich Bohl (CDU) Volker Rühe (CDU) Manfred Kanther (CDU) Theo Waigel (CSU) Sabine Leutheusser-Schnarrenberger (until 17 January 1996, FDP) Edzard Schmidt-Jortzig (since 17 January 1996, FDP) Günter Rexrodt (FDP) Norbert Blüm (CDU) Jochen Borchert (CDU) Matthias Wissmann (CDU) Klaus Töpfer (until 14 January 1998, CDU) Eduard Oswald (since 14 January 1998, CSU) Claudia Nolte (CDU) Horst Seehofer (CSU) Jürgen Rüttgers (CDU) Carl-Dieter Spranger (CSU) Angela Merkel (CDU) Wolfgang Bötsch (CSU) v t e First Merkel cabinet (2005–2009) Angela Merkel (CDU) Franz Müntefering/Olaf Scholz (since 22 November 2007; SPD) Frank-Walter Steinmeier (SPD) Wolfgang Schäuble (CDU) Brigitte Zypries (SPD) Peer Steinbrück (SPD) Michael Glos/Karl-Theodor zu Guttenberg (since 10 February 2009; CSU) Horst Seehofer/Ilse Aigner (since 31 October 2008; CSU) Franz Josef Jung (CDU) Ursula von der Leyen (CDU) Ulla Schmidt (SPD) Wolfgang Tiefensee (SPD) Sigmar Gabriel (SPD) Annette Schavan (CDU) Heidemarie Wieczorek-Zeul (SPD) Thomas de Maizière (CDU) v t e Second Merkel cabinet (2009–2013) Guido WesterwelleV Philipp RöslerAV Angela Merkel Thomas de Maizière Hans-Peter FriedrichC Sabine Leutheusser-Schnarrenberger Wolfgang Schäuble Rainer Brüderle Franz Josef Jung Ursula von der LeyenB Ilse Aigner Karl-Theodor zu Guttenberg Thomas de MaizièreC Ursula von der Leyen Kristina SchröderB Daniel BahrC Peter Ramsauer Norbert Röttgen Peter AltmaierD Annette SchavanE Dirk Niebel Ronald Pofalla Johanna Wanka Bold: Chancellor; A: Served as Minister of Health 2009–2011 and then served as Minister of Economics and Technology and Vice-Chancellor (2011–present); B: Served from 2009; C: Served from 2011; D: Served from 2012; E: Served until 2013 V: Vice-Chancellor. v t e Third Merkel cabinet (2013–2018) Angela Merkel (CDU) Sigmar Gabriel (SPD) Frank-Walter Steinmeier (until 27 January 2017, SPD) Brigitte Zypries (since 27 January 2017, SPD) Thomas de Maizière (CDU) Heiko Maas (SPD) Wolfgang Schäuble (CDU) Andrea Nahles (SPD) Christian Schmidt (since 17 February 2014, CSU) Hans-Peter Friedrich (until 17 February 2014, CSU) Ursula von der Leyen (CDU) Manuela Schwesig (until 2 June 2017, SPD) Katarina Barley (since 2 June 2017, SPD) Hermann Gröhe (CDU) Alexander Dobrindt (CSU) Barbara Hendricks (SPD) Johanna Wanka (CDU) Gerd Müller (CSU) Peter Altmaier (CDU) v t e Fourth Merkel cabinet (2018–2021) Angela Merkel (CDU) Olaf Scholz (SPD) Heiko Maas (SPD) Horst Seehofer (CSU) Katarina Barley (until 27 June 2019, SPD) Christine Lambrecht (since 27 June 2019, SPD) Peter Altmaier (CDU) Hubertus Heil (SPD) Julia Klöckner (CDU) Ursula von der Leyen (until 17 July 2019, CDU) Annegret Kramp-Karrenbauer (since 17 July 2019, CDU) Franziska Giffey (SPD) Jens Spahn (CDU) Andreas Scheuer (CSU) Svenja Schulze (SPD) Anja Karliczek (CDU) Gerd Müller (CSU) Helge Braun (CDU) v t e Christian Democratic Union President of Germany Heinrich Lübke Karl Carstens Richard von Weizsäcker Roman Herzog Horst Köhler Christian Wulff Chancellor of Germany Konrad Adenauer Ludwig Erhard Kurt Georg Kiesinger Helmut Kohl Angela Merkel Friedrich Merz Federal chairmen Konrad Adenauer Ludwig Erhard Kurt Georg Kiesinger Rainer Barzel Helmut Kohl Wolfgang Schäuble Angela Merkel Annegret Kramp-Karrenbauer Armin Laschet Friedrich Merz Leaders in the Bundestag Konrad Adenauer Heinrich von Brentano di Tremezzo Heinrich Krone Heinrich von Brentano di Tremezzo Rainer Barzel Karl Carstens Helmut Kohl Alfred Dregger Wolfgang Schäuble Friedrich Merz Angela Merkel Volker Kauder Ralph Brinkhaus Friedrich Merz General Secretaries Bruno Heck Konrad Kraske Kurt Biedenkopf Heiner Geißler Volker Rühe Peter Hintze Angela Merkel Ruprecht Polenz Laurenz Meyer Volker Kauder Ronald Pofalla Hermann Gröhe Peter Tauber Annegret Kramp-Karrenbauer Paul Ziemiak Mario Czaja Governments Adenauer (I II III IV V) Erhard (I II) Kiesinger Kohl (I II III IV V) Merkel (I II III IV) Merz Affiliated organisations Konrad Adenauer Foundation Young Union Association of Christian Democratic Students Christian Democratic Employees' Association Evangelical Working Group of the CDU/CSU Economic Council Germany Centrist Democrat International International Democrat Union European People's Party European People's Party group Related articles Grand coalition Jamaica coalition Kenya coalition Category v t e Presidents of the European Council President-in-Office (1975–2009) Cosgrave Moro Thorn Den Uyl Callaghan Tindemans Jørgensen Schmidt Giscard d'Estaing Lynch Cossiga Haughey Werner Van Agt Thatcher Martens Jørgensen Schlüter Kohl Papandreou Mitterrand FitzGerald Craxi Santer Lubbers Martens González Mitterrand Andreotti Lubbers Cavaco Major Nyrup Rasmussen Dehaene Chirac González Dini Prodi Bruton Kok Juncker Blair Klima Schröder Lipponen Guterres Chirac Persson Verhofstadt Aznar Fogh Rasmussen Simitis Berlusconi Ahern Balkenende Juncker Blair Schüssel Vanhanen Merkel Sócrates Janša Sarkozy Topolánek Fischer Reinfeldt Permanent President (since 2009) Van Rompuy Tusk Michel Costa v t e Recipients of the Charlemagne Prize 1950–1975 1950 Richard von Coudenhove-Kalergi 1951 Hendrik Brugmans 1952 Alcide De Gasperi 1953 Jean Monnet 1954 Konrad Adenauer 1955 1956 Winston Churchill 1957 Paul-Henri Spaak 1958 Robert Schuman 1959 George C. Marshall 1960 Joseph Bech 1961 Walter Hallstein 1962 1963 Edward Heath 1964 Antonio Segni 1965 1966 Jens Otto Krag 1967 Joseph Luns 1968 1969 European Commission 1970 François Seydoux de Clausonne 1971 1972 Roy Jenkins 1973 Salvador de Madariaga 1974 1975 1976–2000 1976 Leo Tindemans 1977 Walter Scheel 1978 Konstantinos Karamanlis 1979 Emilio Colombo 1980 1981 Simone Veil 1982 King Juan Carlos I 1983 1984 1985 1986 People of Luxembourg 1987 Henry Kissinger 1988 François Mitterrand / Helmut Kohl 1989 Brother Roger 1990 Gyula Horn 1991 Václav Havel 1992 Jacques Delors 1993 Felipe González 1994 Gro Harlem Brundtland 1995 Franz Vranitzky 1996 Queen Beatrix 1997 Roman Herzog 1998 Bronisław Geremek 1999 Tony Blair 2000 Bill Clinton 2001–present 2001 György Konrád 2002 Euro 2003 Valéry Giscard d'Estaing 2004 Pat Cox / Pope John Paul II1 2005 Carlo Azeglio Ciampi 2006 Jean-Claude Juncker 2007 Javier Solana 2008 Angela Merkel 2009 Andrea Riccardi 2010 Donald Tusk 2011 Jean-Claude Trichet 2012 Wolfgang Schäuble 2013 Dalia Grybauskaitė 2014 Herman Van Rompuy 2015 Martin Schulz 2016 Pope Francis 2017 Timothy Garton Ash 2018 Emmanuel Macron 2019 António Guterres 2020 Klaus Iohannis 2022 Sviatlana Tsikhanouskaya, Maria Kalesnikava, Veronika Tsepkalo 2023 Volodymyr Zelensky, the Ukrainian people 2024 Pinchas Goldschmidt and the Jewish communities in Europe 2025 Ursula von der Leyen 2026 Mario Draghi 1 Received extraordinary prize. v t e Time Persons of the Year 1927–1950 Charles Lindbergh (1927) Walter Chrysler (1928) Owen D. Young (1929) Mahatma Gandhi (1930) Pierre Laval (1931) Franklin D. Roosevelt (1932) Hugh S. Johnson (1933) Franklin D. Roosevelt (1934) Haile Selassie (1935) Wallis Simpson (1936) Chiang Kai-shek / Soong Mei-ling (1937) Adolf Hitler (1938) Joseph Stalin (1939) Winston Churchill (1940) Franklin D. Roosevelt (1941) Joseph Stalin (1942) George Marshall (1943) Dwight D. Eisenhower (1944) Harry S. Truman (1945) James F. Byrnes (1946) George Marshall (1947) Harry S. Truman (1948) Winston Churchill (1949) The American Fighting-Man (1950) 1951–1975 Mohammed Mosaddeq (1951) Elizabeth II (1952) Konrad Adenauer (1953) John Foster Dulles (1954) Harlow Curtice (1955) Hungarian Freedom Fighters (1956) Nikita Khrushchev (1957) Charles de Gaulle (1958) Dwight D. Eisenhower (1959) U.S. Scientists: George Beadle / Charles Draper / John Enders / Donald Glaser / Joshua Lederberg / Willard Libby / Linus Pauling / Edward Purcell / Isidor Rabi / Emilio Segrè / William Shockley / Edward Teller / Charles Townes / James Van Allen / Robert Woodward (1960) John F. Kennedy (1961) Pope John XXIII (1962) Martin Luther King Jr. (1963) Lyndon B. Johnson (1964) William Westmoreland (1965) The Generation Twenty-Five and Under (1966) Lyndon B. Johnson (1967) The Apollo 8 Astronauts: William Anders / Frank Borman / Jim Lovell (1968) The Middle Americans (1969) Willy Brandt (1970) Richard Nixon (1971) Henry Kissinger / Richard Nixon (1972) John Sirica (1973) King Faisal (1974) American Women: Susan Brownmiller / Kathleen Byerly / Alison Cheek / Jill Conway / Betty Ford / Ella Grasso / Carla Hills / Barbara Jordan / Billie Jean King / Susie Sharp / Carol Sutton / Addie Wyatt (1975) 1976–2000 Jimmy Carter (1976) Anwar Sadat (1977) Deng Xiaoping (1978) Ayatollah Khomeini (1979) Ronald Reagan (1980) Lech Wałęsa (1981) The Computer (1982) Ronald Reagan / Yuri Andropov (1983) Peter Ueberroth (1984) Deng Xiaoping (1985) Corazon Aquino (1986) Mikhail Gorbachev (1987) The Endangered Earth (1988) Mikhail Gorbachev (1989) George H. W. Bush (1990) Ted Turner (1991) Bill Clinton (1992) The Peacemakers: Yasser Arafat / F. W. de Klerk / Nelson Mandela / Yitzhak Rabin (1993) Pope John Paul II (1994) Newt Gingrich (1995) David Ho (1996) Andrew Grove (1997) Bill Clinton / Ken Starr (1998) Jeff Bezos (1999) George W. Bush (2000) 2001–present Rudolph Giuliani (2001) The Whistleblowers: Cynthia Cooper / Coleen Rowley / Sherron Watkins (2002) The American Soldier (2003) George W. Bush (2004) The Good Samaritans: Bono / Bill Gates / Melinda Gates (2005) You (2006) Vladimir Putin (2007) Barack Obama (2008) Ben Bernanke (2009) Mark Zuckerberg (2010) The Protester (2011) Barack Obama (2012) Pope Francis (2013) Ebola Fighters: Dr. Jerry Brown / Dr. Kent Brantly / Ella Watson-Stryker / Foday Gollah / Salome Karwah (2014) Angela Merkel (2015) Donald Trump (2016) The Silence Breakers (2017) The Guardians: Jamal Khashoggi / Maria Ressa / Wa Lone / Kyaw Soe Oo / Staff of The Capital (2018) Greta Thunberg (2019) Joe Biden / Kamala Harris (2020) Elon Musk (2021) Volodymyr Zelenskyy / Spirit of Ukraine (2022) Taylor Swift (2023) Donald Trump (2024) The Architects of AI: Sam Altman / Dario Amodei / Demis Hassabis / Jensen Huang / Fei-Fei Li / Elon Musk / Lisa Su / Mark Zuckerberg (2025) v t e Members of the 12th Bundestag (1990–1994) President: Rita Süssmuth (CDU) CDU/CSU CDU and CSU Speaker: Alfred Dregger until 25 November 1991; Wolfgang Schäuble from 25 November 1991 CDU: Ackermann (from 22 October 1991) Adam Altherr Augustin Augustinowitz Austermann Bargfrede Bauer Baumeister Bayha (until 3 November 1993) Belle Bentrup Bergmann-Pohl Bierling Blank Blens Bleser Blüm Bohl Bohlsen Böhm Böhmer Borchert Börnsen Brähmig Breuer Brudlewsky Brunnhuber Bühler Büttner Buwitt Carstens Carstensen Clemens Dehnel Dempwolf Deres Diemers Doppmeier (until 8 March 1992) Dörflinger Doss Dregger Echternach Ehlers Ehrbar Engelmann Eppelmann Erler (from 6 September 1993) Eylmann Eymer Falk Feilcke Fell Fischer Fischer Fockenberg Francke Fritz Fuchtel Ganz Geiger (from 29 September 1992) Geisler (until 12 February 1991) Geißler Geldern Gerster Gibtner Göhner Göttsching Götz Gres Grochtmann Grotz Grünewald Günther Hammerstein Handschack (from 1 July 1994) Harries Haschke Haschke Haungs Hauser Hedrich Heise Hellwig Helmrich (until 21 May 1992) Hennig (until 31 May 1992) Herkenrath Herr (from 11 November 1993) Hiebing (from 8 December 1993) Hintze Hoffacker Hornhues Hornung Hörsken Hörster Hüppe (from 1 February 1991) Jaffke Jäger Jagoda (until 7 February 1993) Jahn Janovsky Jeltsch Jork Jung Junghanns Jüttner Kahl Kampeter Kansy Kappes (until 24 August 1992) Karwatzki Kauder Kittelmann Klein Klinkert Kohl Köhler Köhler Kolbe Kors Kossendey Krause Krause Krey Kriedner Kronberg Krüger Krziskewitz Lamers Lammert Lamp Lattmann Laufs Laumann Lehne (from 12 March 1992) Lehr Lenzer Lieberoth Limbach Link Lippold Lischewski Lohmann Louven Löwisch (from 12 October 1991) Lummer Luther Maaß Magin Mahlo Maizière (until 15 October 1991) Marienfeld Marschewski Marten Meckelburg Meinl Merkel Meseke (until 6 December 1993) Michalk (from 13 February 1991) Michels Mildner Möller Molnar Müller Müller Müller Nelle Neuling Neumann Niedenthal (from 8 February 1993) Nitsch Nolte Olderog Ost Otto Päselt Paziorek Pesch Petzold Pfeffermann (until 6 September 1993) Pfeifer Pfeiffer Pfennig Pflüger Pinger Pofalla Pohler Priebus Pützhofen Rahardt-Vahldieck Rau Rauen Rawe Reddemann Reichenbach Reinartz Reinhardt Repnik Rieder Riegert (from 10 June 1992) Riesenhuber Ringkamp (from 1 June 1992) Rode Roitzsch Romer Rönsch Roth Rother Rühe Rüttgers Sauer Sauer Scharrenbroich (until 23 March 1994) Schartz Schätzle Schäuble Schell (from 22 July 1993) Schemken Schmalz Schmidbauer Schmidt (from 1 February 1994) Schmidt Schmidt Schmidt Schmitz Schmude Schockenhoff Scholz Schönburg-Glauchau (until 30 June 1994) Schorlemer Schreiber (until 30 June 1993) Schroeder (until 20 October 1991) Schulhoff Schulte Schulz Schwalbe Schwarz Schwarz-Schilling Schwörer Seesing Seibel Seiters Sikora (from 22 May 1992) Skowron Sopart (until 3 January 1993) Sothmann Sprung Stavenhagen (until 31 May 1992) Steinbach-Hermann Stercken Stetten Stockhausen Stoltenberg Strube Stübgen Susset Süssmuth Szwed (from 24 March 1994) Tillmann Töpfer Uelhoff Uldall Verhülsdonk Vogel Vogt Voigt Vondran Waffenschmidt Waldburg-Zeil Warrikoff Werner Wetzel Wiechatzek Wieczorek (until 31 January 1994) Wilms Wilz Wimmer Wisniewski Wissmann Wohlrabe (from 5 January 1993) Wonneberger Worms (until 31 January 1991) Wülfing Würzbach Yzer CSU: Blank Bötsch Dess Eichhorn Faltlhauser Frankenhauser Friedrich Geiger Geis Glos Götzer Gröbl Hasselfeldt Hauser Hinsken Hollerith Jobst Kalb Keller Kiechle Klein Koschyk Kraus Lintner Männle Mayer Müller Oswald Probst Protzner Raidel Ramsauer Regenspurger Riedl Rose Rossmanith Ruck Scheu Schmidt Schneider Seehofer Spilker Spranger Waigel Warnke Wittmann Wittmann Zeitlmann Zierer Zöller SPD SPD Speaker: Hans-Jochen Vogel until 12 November 1991; Hans-Ulrich Klose from 12 November 1991 Members: Adler Alltschekow (from 3 August 1994) Andres Antretter Bachmaier Barbe Bartsch Becker Becker-Inglau Berger Bernrath Bersch (from 22 August 1994) Beucher Bindig Blunck Bock (from 4 July 1991) Böhme Börnsen Brandt (until 8 October 1992) Brandt-Elsweier Brecht Büchler Büchner (from 10 June 1991) Bulmahn Bülow Burchardt Bury Büttner Caspers-Merk Catenhusen Conradi Daubertshäuser Däubler-Gmelin Dehm (from 16 August 1994) Diederich Diller Dobberthien Dreßler Duve Ebert Eckardt Ehmke Eich Elmer Erler Esters Ewen Ferner Fischer Fischer Formanski Fuchs Fuchs Fuhrmann Ganseforth Gansel Gautier Gerster (until 7 June 1991) Gilges Gleicke Glotz Götte (until 7 June 1991) Graf Großmann Haack Hacker Hämmerle (until 31 July 1994) Hampel Hanewinckel Hartenstein Hasenfratz Hauchler Heistermann Heyenn Hiller Hilsberg Holtz Horn Huonker Ibrügger Iwersen Jäger Janz Janzen Jaunich Jens Jung Jungmann Kastner Kastning Kemper (from 3 May 1993) Kirschner Klappert Klejdzinski (from 30 October 1992) Klemmer Klose Knaape Kolbe Kolbow Koltzsch Körper Koschnick Kretkowski Kubatschka Kübler Kuessner Kuhlwein Küster Lambinus Lange Larcher Leidinger Lennartz Leonhard Lohmann Lörcher (from 3 September 1993) Lucyga Maaß Marx Mascher Matschie Matterne Matthäus-Maier Mattischeck Meckel Mehl Meißner Mertens Meyer Mosdorf Müller Müller Müller Müller Müller Müntefering (until 8 December 1992) Neumann Neumann Niehuis Niese Niggemeier Niggemeyer (from 22 October 1992 until 29 October 1992) Odendahl Oesinghaus Oostergetelo Opel Ostertag Otto Palis (from 12 July 1993) Paterna Penner Peter Pfaff Pfuhl Pick Poß Purps Rappe Reimann Rempe (until 22 April 1993) Renesse Rennebach Reschke Reuschenbach Reuter Rixe Roth (until 2 September 1992) Schäfer (until 27 June 1992) Schaich-Walch Schanz Scheer Scheffler Schily Schloten Schluckebier Schmidbauer Schmidt Schmidt Schmidt Schmidt-Zadel Schmude Schnell Schöfberger Schöler (from 8 December 1992) Schreiner Schröter Schröter Schulte Schuster Schütz Schwanhold Schwanitz Seidenthal Seuster Sielaff Simm Singer Skarpelis-Sperk Soell Sonntag-Wolgast Sorge Sperling Steen Steiner Stiegler Struck Tappe Terborg Thalheim Thierse Tietjen (until 7 July 1993) Titze-Stecher Toetemeyer Urbaniak Vergin Verheugen Vogel Voigt Vosen Wagner Wallow Waltemathe Walter (from 10 June 1991 until 21 August 1994) Walther Wartenberg Wegner Weiermann Weiler (until 14 August 1994) Weis Weisheit (from 29 June 1992) Weißgerber Weisskirchen Welt Wernitz Wester Westrich Wettig-Danielmeier Wetzel Weyel Wieczorek Wieczorek Wieczorek-Zeul Wiefelspütz Wimmer With Wittich Wohlleben Wolf Zapf Zöpel Zumkley (until 3 July 1991) FDP FDP Speaker: Hermann Otto Solms Members: Albowitz Babel Baum Beckmann (until 27 May 1994) Blunk (from 7 August 1992) Bredehorn Cronenberg Eimer Engelhard Essen Feldmann Friedhoff Friedrich Funke Funke-Schmitt-Rink Gallus Ganschow Gattermann (until 27 January 1994) Genscher Gries Grünbeck Grüner Günther Guttmacher Hansen Haussmann Heinrich Hirsch Hitschler Homburger Hoth Hoyer Hübner (until 12 May 1992) Irmer Jordan (from 8 June 1994) Kleinert Kohn Kolb Koppelin Kubicki (until 2 August 1992) Laermann Lambsdorff Leutheusser-Schnarrenberger Lüder Lühr Menzel Mischnick Möllemann Nolting Ortleb Otto Paintner Parr (from 1 February 1994) Peters Pohl Richter Rind Röhl Schäfer Schmalz-Jacobsen Schmidt Schmieder Schnittler (from 22 May 1992) Schüßler Schuster Schwaetzer Sehn Seiler-Albring Semper Solms Starnick Teichman Thiele Thomae Timm Türk Walz Weng Wolfgramm Würfel Zurheide Zywietz PDS PDS Speaker: Gregor Gysi Members: Bläss Braband (until 2 May 1992) Enkelmann Fischer Fuchs (from 11 March 1992) Gysi Henn Heuer Höll Jelpke Keller Lederer Modrow Philipp (from 21 May 1992) Riege (until 15 February 1992) Schumann Seifert GRÜNE GRUENE Speaker: Werner Schulz Members: Feige Köppe Poppe Schulz Ullmann Weiß Wollenberger OTHER Independent Members: Briefs Hackel Krause Lowack Schenk Stachowa List of members of the 12th Bundestag v t e Members of the 13th Bundestag (1994–1998) President: Rita Süssmuth (CDU) CDU/CSU CDU and CSU Speaker: Wolfgang Schäuble CDU: Adam Altmaier Augustin Augustinowitz Austermann Bargfrede Basten Bauer Baumeister Belle Bergmann-Pohl Bierling Blank Blens Bleser Blüm Bohl Böhmer Borchert Börnsen Bosbach Brähmig Braun Breuer Brudlewsky Brunnhuber Bühler Büttner Buwitt Carstens Carstensen Dehnel Deittert Dempwolf Diemers Dietzel Dörflinger Doss Dregger Engelmann Eppelmann Eßmann Eylmann Eymer Falk Feilcke Fell Fink Fischer Fischer Francke Fritz Fuchtel Geißler Glücklich Göhner Götz Gres Grill Gröhe Grotz Grund Günther Hammerstein Haschke Haungs Hauser Hedrich Heiderich Heise Helling Hellwig Hintze Holzapfel Hornhues Hornung Hörsken Hörster Hüppe Jacoby Jaffke Janovsky Jork Jung Junghanns Jüttner Kahl Kampeter Kansy Kanther Karwatzki Kauder Klaeden Klaußner Klinkert Kohl Köhler Kolbe Königshofen Kors Koslowski Kossendey Kramp-Karrenbauer Krause Krautscheid Kriedner Kronberg Krüger Krziskewitz Kues Kuhn Lamers Lamers Lammert Lamp Laschet Lattmann Laufs Laumann Lengsfeld Lensing Lenzer Letzgus Limbach Link Lippold Lischewski Lohmann Louven Löwisch Lummer Luther Maaß Mahlo Marienfeld Marschewski Marten Meckelburg Meinl Meister Merkel Merz Meyer Michels Müller Nelle Neumann Nitsch Nolte Olderog Ost Otto Päselt Paziorek Pesch Petzold Pfeifer Pfeiffer Pfennig Pflüger Philipp Pinger Pofalla Pohler Polenz Pretzlaff Pützhofen Rachel Rau Rauber Rauen Reichard Reichardt Reinartz Reinhardt Repnik Richter Richwien Rieder Riegert Riesenhuber Romer Rönsch Ronsöhr Roth Röttgen Rühe Rüttgers Sauer Schätzle Schäuble Schauerte Schemken Scherhag Schindler Schlee Schmalz Schmidbauer Schmidt Schmidt Schmiedeberg Schmitz Schmude Schnieber-Jastram Schockenhoff Scholz Schorlemer Schuchardt Schulhoff Schulte Schulz Schulze Schütze Schwalbe Schwarz-Schilling Sebastian Seibel Seiffert Seiters Selle Siebert Sikora Sothmann Späte Steiger Steinbach Stetten Stoltenberg Storm Stübgen Susset Süssmuth Teiser Tiemann Töpfer Tröger Uelhoff Uldall Vogt Waffenschmidt Waldburg-Zeil Wetzel Wilhelm Willner Wilz Wimmer Wissmann Wonneberger Wülfing Würzbach Yzer CSU: Blank Bötsch Deß Eichhorn Faltlhauser Frankenhauser Friedrich Geiger Geis Glos Götzer Gröbl Hasselfeldt Hauser Hinsken Hollerith Jawurek Jobst Kalb Keller Klein Koschyk Kraus Lintner Mayer Michelbach Müller Oswald Probst Protzner Raidel Ramsauer Regenspurger Riedl Rose Rossmanith Ruck Scheu Schmidt Seehofer Seib Singhammer Spranger Straubinger Strebl Waigel Warnke Wittmann Wittmann Wöhrl Zeitlmann Zierer Zöller SPD SPD Speaker: Rudolf Scharping Members: Adler Andres Antretter Bachmaier Bahr Barnett Barthel Bauer Becker-Inglau Behrendt Berger Bernrath Bertl Beucher Bindig Blunck Böhme Börnsen Brandt-Elsweier Braune Brecht Bulmahn Burchardt Bürsch Bury Büttner Caspers-Merk Catenhusen Conradi Däubler-Gmelin Deichmann Diller Dobberthien Dreßen Dreßler Duve Eich Enders Erler Ernstberger Faße Ferner Fischer Fograscher Follak Folta Formanski Freitag Fuchs Fuchs Fuhrmann Ganseforth Gansel Gilges Gleicke Gloser Glotz Göllner Graf Graf Grasedieck Großmann Haack Hacker Hagemann Hampel Hanewinckel Hartenbach Hartenstein Hasenfratz Hauchler Heinzig Heistermann Hemker Hempelmann Hendricks Heubaum Hiksch Hiller Hilsberg Höfer Hoffmann Hofmann Holzhüter Horn Hovermann Ibrügger Ilte Imhof Irber Iwersen Jäger Janssen Janz Jens Jung Kaspereit Kastner Kastning Kemper Kirschner Klappert Klemmer Klose Knaape Kolbow Körper Kressl Kröning Krüger Kubatschka Kuhlwein Kühn-Mengel Kunick Kurzhals Küster Labsch Lafontaine Lange Larcher Lehn Leidinger Lennartz Leonhard Lohmann Lörcher Lotz Lucyga Maaß Mante Marx Mascher Matschie Matthäus-Maier Mattischeck Meckel Mehl Meißner Mertens Meyer Mogg Mosdorf Müller Müller Müller Neumann Neumann Niehuis Niese Odendahl Oesinghaus Onur Opel Ostertag Palis Papenroth Penner Pfaff Pfannenstein Pick Poß Purps Rappe Rehbock-Zureich Renesse Rennebach Reschke Reuter Richter Rixe Robbe Rübenkönig Rupprecht Schäfer Schaich-Walch Schanz Scharping Scheelen Scheer Scheffler Schild Schily Schloten Schluckebier Schmidbauer Schmidt Schmidt Schmidt Schmidt-Zadel Schmitt Schnell Schöler Schreiner Schröter Schubert Schuhmann Schulte Schultz Schultz Schumann Schuster Schütz Schwall-Düren Schwanhold Schwanitz Seidenthal Seuster Sielaff Simm Singer Skarpelis-Sperk Sonntag-Wolgast Sorge Spanier Sperling Spiller Steen Stiegler Struck Tappe Tauss Teichmann Terborg Teuchner Thalheim Thierse Thieser Thönnes Titze-Stecher Tröscher Urbaniak Vergin Verheugen Vogt Voigt Vosen Wagner Wallow Wegner Weiermann Weis Weisheit Weißgerber Weisskirchen Welt Wester Westrich Wettig-Danielmeier Wieczorek Wieczorek Wieczorek-Zeul Wiefelspütz Wittich Wodarg Wohlleben Wolf Wright Zapf Zöpel Zumkley GRÜNE GRUENE Speaker: Joschka Fischer and Kerstin Müller Members: Altmann Altmann Beck Beck Beer Berninger Buntenbach Dietert-Scheuer Eichstädt-Bohlig Eid Fischer Fischer Grießhaber Häfner Hermenau Heyne Höfken Hustedt Kiper Knoche Köster-Loßack Lemke Lippelt Metzger Müller Nachtwei Nickels Nitsch Özdemir Poppe Probst Rochlitz Saibold Scheel Schewe-Gerigk Schlauch Schmidt Schmitt Schönberger Schoppe Schulz Steenblock Steindor Sterzing Such Vollmer Volmer Wilhelm Wolf FDP FDP Speaker: Hermann Otto Solms Members: Albowitz Babel Braun Bredehorn Essen Feldmann Frick Friedhoff Friedrich Funke Genscher Gerhardt Günther Guttmacher Haussmann Heinrich Hirche Hirsch Homburger Hoyer Irmer Kinkel Kleinert Kohn Kolb Koppelin Laermann Lambsdorff Lanfermann Leutheusser-Schnarrenberger Lühr Möllemann Nolting Ortleb Peters Rexrodt Röhl Schäfer Schmalz-Jacobsen Schmidt-Jortzig Schwaetzer Solms Stadler Thiele Thomae Türk Weng Westerwelle PDS PDS Speaker: Gregor Gysi Members: Bierstedt Bläss Böttcher Bulling-Schröter Einsiedel Elm Enkelmann Fuchs Gysi Hartmann Heuer Heym Höll Jacob Jelpke Jüttemann Knake-Werner Köhne Kutzmutz Lederer Luft Lüth Maleuda Müller Neuhäuser Rössel Schenk Tippach Warnick Wolf Zwerenz OTHER Independent Members: Neumann List of members of the 13th Bundestag v t e Members of the 14th Bundestag (1998–2002) President: Wolfgang Thierse (SPD) SPD SPD Speaker: Peter Struck, since 25 July 2002 Ludwig Stiegler Members: Adler Andres Arndt-Brauer Arnold Bachmaier Bahr Barnett Bartels Barthel Barthel Becker-Inglau Behrendt Berg Bertl Beucher Bierwirth Bindig Binding Bodewig Brandner Brandt-Elsweier Brase Brecht Brinkmann Brinkmann Bruckmann Bulmahn Burchardt Bürsch Bury Büttner Caspers-Merk Catenhusen Danckert Däubler-Gmelin Deichmann Diller Dreßen Dreßler Dzembritzki Dzewas Eckardt Edathy Eich Elser Enders Erler Ernstberger Faße Fischer Fograscher Follak Formanski Fornahl Forster Freitag Friedrich Friedrich Friese Fuchs Fuhrmann Ganseforth Gilges Gleicke Gloser Göllner Gradistanac Graf Graf Grasedieck Griefahn Griese Großmann Grotthaus Haack Hacker Hagemann Hampel Hanewinckel Hartenbach Hartnagel Hasenfratz Hauer Heil Hemker Hempel Hempelmann Hendricks Herzog Heubaum Hiksch Hilbrecht Hiller Hilsberg Höfer Hoffmann Hoffmann Hoffmann Hofmann Holzhüter Hovermann Humme Ibrügger Imhof Irber Iwersen Jäger Janssen Janz Jens Jung Kahrs Kasparick Kaspereit Kastner Kelber Kemper Kirschner Klappert Klemmer Klose Kolbow Körper Kortmann Kramme Kressl Kröning Krüger-Leißner Kubatschka Küchler Kühn-Mengel Kumpf Kunick Küster Labsch Lafontaine Lambrecht Lange Lange Larcher Lehder Lehn Leidinger Lennartz Leonhard Lewering Lohmann Lösekrug-Möller Lotz Lucyga Maaß Mante Manzewski Marhold Mark Mascher Matschie Matthäus-Maier Mattischeck Meckel Mehl Merten Mertens Meyer Mogg Moosbauer Mosdorf Müller Müller Müller Müntefering Nahles Neumann Neumann Niehuis Niese Nietan Oesinghaus Ohl Onur Opel Ortel Ostertag Palis Papenroth Penner Pfaff Pfannenstein Pflug Pick Poß Rehbock-Zureich Reimann Renesse Rennebach Reuter Richter Robbe Roos Röspel Rossmann Roth Roth Rübenkönig Rupprecht Sauer Schäfer Schaich-Walch Scharping Scheelen Scheer Scheffler Schild Schily Schloten Schmidbauer Schmidt Schmidt Schmidt Schmidt Schmidt Schmidt-Zadel Schmitt Schneider Schnell Schöler Scholz Schönfeld Schösser Schreiner Schröder Schubert Schuhmann Schulte Schultz Schultz Schumann Schurer Schuster Schütz Schwall-Düren Schwanhold Schwanitz Seidenthal Simm Skarpelis-Sperk Sonntag-Wolgast Sorge Spanier Spielmann Spiller Staffelt Steen Stiegler Stöckel Streb-Hesse Strobl Struck Stünker Tappe Tauss Teuchner Thalheim Thierse Thönnes Titze-Stecher Tröscher Urbaniak Veit Verheugen Violka Vogt Wagner Wegener Wegner Weiermann Weis Weisheit Weißgerber Weisskirchen Weizsäcker Welt Wend Wester Westrich Wettig-Danielmeier Wetzel Wieczorek Wieczorek Wieczorek Wieczorek-Zeul Wiefelspütz Wiese Wiesehügel Wimmer Wistuba Wittig Wodarg Wohlleben Wolf Wolff Wright Zapf Zöpel Zumkley CDU/CSU CDU and CSU Speaker: Wolfgang Schäuble; since 29 February 2000 Friedrich Merz CDU: Adam Altmaier Austermann Barthle Bauer Baumann Baumeister Belle Bergmann-Pohl Bernhardt Bierling Blank Blens Bleser Blüm Blumenthal Bohl Böhmer Bonitz Borchert Börnsen Bosbach Brähmig Brauksiepe Breuer Brudlewsky Brunnhuber Bühler Büttner Buwitt Caesar Carstens Carstensen Dautzenberg Dehnel Deittert Diemers Dietzel Dörflinger Doss Dött Eppelmann Eymer Falk Faust Feibel Fink Fischbach Fischer Fischer Francke Fritz Fromme Fuchtel Gehb Geißler Göhner Götz Grill Gröhe Grund Günther Hammerstein Haschke Hauser Hedrich Heiderich Heinen-Esser Heise Helias Helling Henke Hintze Hohmann Hornhues Hornung Hörster Hüppe Jacoby Jaffke Janovsky Jork Jüttner Kahl Kampeter Kansy Kanther Karwatzki Kauder Klaeden Klinkert Kohl Kolbe Königshofen Kors Kossendey Krogmann Krüger Kues Kuhn Lamers Lamers Lammert Lamp Laufs Laumann Lengsfeld Lensing Letzgus Lietz Link Lippold Lischewski Lohmann Louven Luther Maaß Marschewski Meckelburg Meister Merkel Merz Michels Müller Müller Neumann Nolte Nooke Ost Otto Paziorek Pfeifer Pflüger Philipp Pofalla Polenz Pretzlaff Pützhofen Rachel Rauber Rauen Reichard Reiche Reinhardt Repnik Riegert Riesenhuber Romer Rönsch Ronsöhr Roth Röttgen Rühe Rüttgers Schäfer Schäuble Schauerte Schemken Scherhag Schindler Schlee Schmidbauer Schmidt Schmidt Schmitz Schmude Schnieber-Jastram Schockenhoff Scholz Schorlemer Schuchardt Schulhoff Schulz Schütze Schwalbe Schwarz-Schilling Sebastian Seiffert Seiters Siebert Siemann Sothmann Späte Steiger Steinbach Stetten Storm Störr-Ritter Strobl Stübgen Süssmuth Tiemann Töpfer Uldall Vaatz Volquartz Voßhoff Weiß Weiß Widmann-Mauz Wiese Wilhelm Willner Willsch Wilz Wimmer Wissmann Wittlich Wülfing Würzbach CSU: Aigner Blank Bötsch Deß Eichhorn Frankenhauser Friedrich Friedrich Geiger Geis Girisch Glos Götzer Hasselfeldt Hauser Hinsken Hofbauer Holetschek Hollerith Kalb Koschyk Kraus Lintner Mayer Michelbach Müller Obermeier Oswald Protzner Raidel Ramsauer Rose Rossmanith Ruck Scheu Schmidt Seehofer Seib Singhammer Spranger Straubinger Strebl Uhl Waigel Wöhrl Wolf Zeitlmann Zierer Zöller GRÜNE GRUENE Speaker: Rezzo Schlauch and Kerstin Müller Members: Altmann Beck Beck Beer Berninger Bettin Buntenbach Deligöz Dietert-Scheuer Dückert Eichstädt-Bohlig Eid Fell Fischer Fischer Göring-Eckardt Grießhaber Häfner Hermann Hermenau Heyne Höfken Hustedt Knoche Köster-Loßack Lemke Lippelt Loske Metzger Müller Müller Nachtwei Nickels Özdemir Probst Roth Scheel Schewe-Gerigk Schlauch Schmidt Schulz Simmert Sterzing Ströbele Trittin Vollmer Volmer Voß Wilhelm Wolf FDP FDP Speaker: Wolfgang Gerhardt Members: Albowitz Braun Brüderle Burgbacher Essen Flach Frick Friedhoff Friedrich Funke Gerhardt Goldmann Günther Guttmacher Haupt Haussmann Heinrich Hirche Homburger Hoyer Irmer Kinkel Kolb Kopp Koppelin Lenke Leutheusser-Schnarrenberger Möllemann Niebel Nolting Otto Parr Pieper Rexrodt Schmidt-Jortzig Schüßler Schwaetzer Sehn Serowiecki Solms Stadler Thiele Thomae Türk Westerwelle PDS PDS Speaker: Gregor Gysi; since 2. October 2000 Roland Claus Members: Balt Bartsch Bierstedt Bläss Böttcher Bulling-Schröter Claus Ehlert Fink Fuchs Gebhardt Gehrcke Grehn Grygier Gysi Höll Hübner Jelpke Jünger Jüttemann Kenzler Knake-Werner Kutzmutz Lippmann Lötzer Luft Lüth Maier Marquardt Müller Neuhäuser Ostrowski Pau Rössel Schenk Schur Seifert Steinke Wolf OTHER Independent Members: Lörcher List of members of the 14th Bundestag v t e Members of the 15th Bundestag (2002–2005) President: Wolfgang Thierse (SPD) SPD SPD Speaker: Franz Müntefering Members: Akgün Andres Arndt-Brauer Arnold Bachmaier Bahr Barnett Bartels Barthel Barthel Bartol Bätzing-Lichtenthäler Beckmeyer Benneter Berg Berg Bertl Bierwirth Bindig Binding Bodewig Bollmann Brandner Brase Brinkmann Bruckmann Bulmahn Bülow Burchardt Bürsch Bury Büttner Caspers-Merk Danckert Däubler-Gmelin Diller Dörmann Dreßen Drobinski-Weiß Dzembritzki Edathy Ehrmann Eichel Eickhoff Elser Erler Ernstberger Evers-Meyer Faße Ferner Fograscher Fornahl Forster Frechen Freitag Friedrich Gleicke Gloser Göllner Gradistanac Graf Grasedieck Griefahn Griese Groneberg Großmann Grotthaus Haack Hacker Hagedorn Hagemann Hartenbach Hartmann Hartnagel Hauer Heil Hemker Hempelmann Hendricks Herzog Heß Heubaum Hilbrecht Hiller-Ohm Hilsberg Höfer Hoffmann Hoffmann Hoffmann Hofmann Hovermann Hübner Humme Ibrügger Imhof Irber Jäger Janssen Jonas Kahrs Kasparick Kastner Kelber Kemper Kirschner Klingbeil Klose Klug Kofler Köhler Kolbow Körper Kortmann Kramer Kramme Kranz Kressl Kröning Krüger Krüger-Leißner Kubatschka Küchler Kühn-Mengel Kumpf Küster Lambrecht Lange Lehder Lehn Leonhard Lewering Lohmann Lösekrug-Möller Lotz Lucyga Manzewski Marhold Mark Marks Matschie Mattheis Meckel Mehl Merkel Merten Mertens Mogg Müller Müller) Multhaupt Müntefering Mützenich Neumann Nietan Ober Ortel Paula Pflug Poß Priesmeier Pronold Raabe Rehbock-Zureich Reichenbach Reimann Riemann-Hanewinckel Riester Robbe Röspel Rossmann Roth Roth Rübenkönig Runde Rupprecht Sauer Schaaf Schäfer Schaich-Walch Scharping Scheelen Scheer Scheffler Schild Schily Schmidbauer Schmidt Schmidt Schmidt Schmidt Schmitt Schneider Schöler Scholz Schönfeld Schösser Schreck Schreiner Schröder Schulte Schultz Schulz Schwall-Düren Schwanholz Schwanitz Simm Skarpelis-Sperk Sonntag-Wolgast Spanier Spielmann Spiller Staffelt Stiegler Stöckel Strässer Streb-Hesse Struck Stünker Tauss Teuchner Thalheim Thierse Thönnes Uhl Veit Violka Vogelsänger Vogt Volkmer Wagner Wegener Weigel Weis Weis Weisheit Weißgerber Weisskirchen Weizsäcker Welt Wend Wester Westrich Wettig-Danielmeier Wetzel Wicklein Wieczorek Wieczorek-Zeul Wiefelspütz Wimmer Wistuba Wittig Wodarg Wohlleben Wolff Wright Zapf Zöllmer Zöpel CDU/CSU CDU and CSU Speaker: Angela Merkel CDU: Adam Altmaier Austermann Barthle Bauer Baumann Beck Bellmann Bergner Bernhardt Bietmann Binninger Bismarck Bleser Blumenthal Böhmer Borchert Börnsen Bosbach Brähmig Brandt Brauksiepe Braun Breuer Brüning Brunnhuber Butalikakis Büttner Caesar Carstens Carstensen Connemann Dautzenberg Deittert Dieckmann Dominke Dörflinger Dött Eppelmann Eymer Falk Faust Feibel Ferlemann Fischbach Fischer Fischer Fischer Flachsbarth Flosbach Fritz Fromme Fuchs Fuchtel Gehb Gewalt Gienger Göbel Göhner Gönner Götz Granold Grill Grindel Gröhe Grosse-Brömer Grübel Grund Gutting Haibach Hedrich Heiderich Heinen-Esser Helias Heller Hennrich Herrmann Heynemann Hintze Hochbaum Hohmann Hörster Hüppe Jaffke Jahr Jüttner Kampeter Karwatzki Kaster Kauder Kauder Klaeden Klimke Klöckner Kolbe Königshofen Kossendey Kretschmer Krichbaum Krings Krogmann Kues Kuhn Lamers Lammert Lamp Laumann Lengsfeld Lensing Letzgus Lietz Link Lippold Lips Luther Marschewski Mayer-Bonde Meckelburg Meister Merkel Merz Meyer Michalk Minkel Müller Müller Neumann Nitzsche Noll Nolte Nooke Pawelski Paziorek Petzold Pfeiffer Pfeiffer Pflüger Philipp Pofalla Polenz Rachel Rauber Rauen Reichard Reiche Repnik Riegert Riesenhuber Romer Ronsöhr Röttgen Rühe Rzepka Schäfer Schäuble Schauerte Schindler Schirmbeck Schmid Schmidbauer Schmidt Schockenhoff Schröder Schröder Schulte-Drüggelte Schummer Sebastian Segner Seiffert Siebert Spahn Steinbach Stetten Storjohann Storm Störr-Ritter Strobl Strothmann Stübgen Tillmann Töpfer Vaatz Vogel Volquartz Voßhoff Wächter Wanderwitz Weiß Weiß Wellenreuther Widmann-Mauz Willsch Wimmer Wissmann Wittlich Wülfing Zylajew CSU: Aigner Auernhammer Blank Bötsch Deß Dobrindt Eichhorn Fahrenschon Frankenhauser Friedrich Gauweiler Geis Girisch Glos Göppel Götzer Guttenberg Hasselfeldt Hinsken Hofbauer Kalb Kaupa Koschyk Kraus Lanzinger Lintner Ludwig Mantel Mayer Mayer Meyer Michelbach Mortler Müller Müller Nüßlein Obermeier Oßwald Oswald Raidel Ramsauer Roedel Rose Rossmanith Ruck Rupprecht Scheuer Schmidt Seehofer Sehling Seib Silberhorn Singhammer Straubinger Strebl Uhl Wöhrl Zeitlmann Zöller GRÜNE GRUENE Speaker: Katrin Göring-Eckardt and Krista Sager Members: Andreae Beck Beck Behm Bender Berninger Bettin Bonde Deligöz Dückert Dümpe-Krüger Eichstädt-Bohlig Eid Fell Fischer Göring-Eckardt Hajduk Hermann Hermenau Hettlich Höfken Hoppe Hustedt Krüger-Jacob Kuhn Künast Kurth Kurth Lazar Loske Lührmann Montag Müller Nachtwei Neuforn Nickels Ostendorff Probst Roth Sager Scheel Schewe-Gerigk Schlauch Schmidt Schulz Selg Sowa Steenblock Ströbele Trittin Tritz Ulrich Vogel-Sperl Vollmer Volmer Winkler Wolf FDP FDP Speaker: Wolfgang Gerhardt Members: Addicks Bahr Brüderle Brunkhorst Burgbacher Daub Eberl Essen Flach Fricke Friedrich Funke Gerhardt Goldmann Günther Guttmacher Happach-Kasan Hartmann Haupt Heinrich Homburger Hoyer Kauch Kolb Königshaus Kopp Koppelin Kubicki Laurischk Leibrecht Lenke Leutheusser-Schnarrenberger Löning Möllemann Niebel Nolting Otto Otto Parr Pieper Piltz Pinkwart Rexrodt Sehn Solms Stadler Stinner Terwiesche Thiele Thomae Türk Westerwelle Winterstein Wissing Wolf OTHER Independent Members: Lötzsch Pau List of members of the 15th Bundestag v t e Members of the 16th Bundestag (2005–2009) President: Norbert Lammert (CDU) CDU/CSU CDU and CSU Speaker: Angela Merkel and Volker Kauder CDU: Adam Albach Altmaier Bareiß Barthle Bauer Baumann Beck Bellmann Bergner Bernhardt Binninger Bismarck Bleser Blumenthal Böhmer Borchert Börnsen Bosbach Brähmig Brand Brandt Brauksiepe Brüning Brunnhuber Connemann Dautzenberg Deittert Dörflinger Dött Eymer Falk Faust Ferlemann Fischbach Fischer Fischer Fischer Flachsbarth Flosbach Fritz Fromme Fuchs Fuchtel Gehb Gienger Göbel Göhner Götz Granold Grindel Gröhe Grosse-Brömer Grübel Grund Grütters Gutting Haibach Heinen Heller Hennrich Herrmann Heynemann Hintze Hochbaum Holzenkamp Hörster Hübinger Hüppe Jaffke Jahr Jordan Jung Jung Kammer Kampeter Kaster Kauder Kauder Klaeden Klimke Klöckner Koeppen Köhler Kolbe Königshofen Koschorrek Kossendey Kretschmer Krichbaum Krings Krogmann Krummacher Kues Lamers Lämmel Lammert Landgraf Liebing Lippold Lips Luther Meckelburg Meister Merkel Merz Meyer Michalk Mißfelder Möllring Müller Müller Müller Neumann Nitzsche Noll Otte Pawelski Paziorek Petzold Pfeiffer Pfeiffer Pflüger Philipp Pofalla Polenz Rachel Rauen Rehberg Reiche Riegert Riesenhuber Romer Röring Röttgen Rzepka Schäfer Scharf Schäuble Schauerte Schavan Schiewerling Schindler Schirmbeck Schmidbauer Schmidt Schmitt Schockenhoff Schröder Schulte-Drüggelte Schummer Sebastian Segner Siebert Spahn Steinbach Stetten Storjohann Storm Strobl Strothmann Stübgen Tillmann Vaatz Vogel Voßhoff Wächter Wanderwitz Wegner Weinberg Weiß Weiß Wellenreuther Wellmann Widmann-Mauz Willsch Wimmer Winkelmeier-Becker Zylajew CSU: Aigner Blank Dobrindt Eichhorn Fahrenschon Frankenhauser Friedrich Gauweiler Geis Glos Göppel Götzer Guttenberg Hasselfeldt Hinsken Hofbauer Kalb Karl Koschyk Lehmer Lehrieder Lintner Mantel Mayer Michelbach Mortler Müller Müller Nüßlein Obermeier Oswald Raab Raidel Ramsauer Rossmanith Ruck Rupprecht Scheuer Schmidt Seehofer Silberhorn Singhammer Straubinger Uhl Wöhrl Zöller SPD SPD Speaker: Franz Müntefering and Peter Struck Members: Akgün Amann Andres Annen Arndt-Brauer Arnold Bahr Barnett Bartels Barthel Bartol Bätzing-Lichtenthäler Becker Beckmeyer Benneter Berg Berg Bierwirth Binding Blumentritt Bodewig Bollen Bollmann Botz Brandner Brase Brinkmann Bulmahn Bülow Burchardt Burkert Bürsch Carstensen Caspers-Merk Danckert Däubler-Gmelin Diller Dörmann Dressel Drobinski-Weiß Duin Dzembritzki Edathy Ehrmann Eichel Erler Ernstberger Evers-Meyer Faße Ferner Fograscher Fornahl Frechen Freitag Friedrich Gabriel Gerster Gleicke Gloser Gradistanac Graf Grasedieck Griefahn Griese Groneberg Großmann Grotthaus Gunkel Hacker Hagedorn Hagemann Hartenbach Hartmann Hauer Heil Hemker Hempelmann Hendricks Herzog Heß Hiller-Ohm Hilsberg Hinz Höfer Hoffmann Hofmann Hovermann Hübner Humme Ibrügger Irber Jung Juratovic Kahrs Kasparick Kastner Kelber Kleiminger Klose Klug Kofler Kolbow Körper Kortmann Kramer Kramme Kranz Kressl Kröning Krüger Krüger-Leißner Kucharczyk Kühn-Mengel Kumpf Küster Lambrecht Lange Lauterbach Lehn Lopez Lösekrug-Möller Manzewski Mark Marks Mast Mattheis Meckel Merkel Merten Miersch Mogg Mühlstein Müller Müller Multhaupt Müntefering Mützenich Nahles Oppermann Ortel Paula Pflug Poß Pries Priesmeier Pronold Raabe Rawert Reiche Reichel Reichenbach Reimann Riemann-Hanewinckel Riester Rix Röspel Rossmann Roth Roth Runde Rupprecht Schaaf Schäfer Scheelen Scheer Schieder Schily Schmidt Schmidt Schmidt Schmidt Schmitt Schneider Scholz Schreiner Schultz Schulz Schurer Schwabe Schwall-Düren Schwanholz Schwanitz Schwarzelühr-Sutter Spanier Spielmann Spiller Staffelt Steppuhn Stiegler Stöckel Strässer Struck Stünker Tabillion Teuchner Thierse Thießen Thönnes Uhl Veit Violka Vogelsänger Volkmer Wegener Weigel Weis Weißgerber Weisskirchen Wend Westrich Wetzel Wicklein Wieczorek-Zeul Wiefelspütz Wistuba Wodarg Wolff Wright Zapf Zöllmer Zypries FDP FDP Speaker: Wolfgang Gerhardt and Guido Westerwelle Members: Ackermann Addicks Ahrendt Bahr Barth Brüderle Brunkhorst Burgbacher Döring Dyckmans Essen Flach Fricke Friedhoff Friedrich Geisen Gerhardt Goldmann Gruß Günther Happach-Kasan Haustein Hoff Homburger Hoyer Kauch Kolb Königshaus Kopp Koppelin Kurth Lanfermann Laurischk Leibrecht Lenke Leutheusser-Schnarrenberger Link Löning Meierhofer Meinhardt Mücke Müller-Sönksen Niebel Otto Parr Pieper Piltz Rohde Schäffler Schily Schuster Solms Stadler Stinner Thiele Toncar Waitz Westerwelle Winterstein Wissing Wolff Zeil LINKE LINKE Speaker: Gregor Gysi and Oskar Lafontaine Members: Aydın Bartsch Binder Bisky Bluhm Bulling-Schröter Bunge Claus Dağdelen Dehm Dreibus Enkelmann Ernst Gehrcke-Reymann Golze Gysi Hänsel Heilmann Hill Hirsch Höger-Neuling Höll Hultsch Jelpke Jochimsen Keskin Kipping Knoche Korte Kunert Lafontaine Leutert Lötzer Lötzsch Maurer Menzner Möller Naumann Neskovic Paech Pau Ramelow Reinke Schäfer Schneider Schui Seifert Sitte Spieth Tackmann Tempel Troost Ulrich Winkelmeier Wunderlich Zimmermann GRÜNE GRUENE Speaker: Renate Künast and Fritz Kuhn Members: Andreae Beck Beck Behm Bender Berninger Bonde Deligöz Dückert Eid Fell Fischer Gehring Göring-Eckardt Hajduk Haßelmann Hermann Hettlich Hinz Höfken Hofreiter Höhn Hoppe Koczy Kotting-Uhl Kuhn Künast Kurth Kurth Lazar Loske Lührmann Montag Müller Nachtwei Pothmer Roth Sager Scharfenberg Scheel Schewe-Gerigk Schick Staffelt Steenblock Stokar von Neuforn Ströbele Terpe Trittin Wieland Winkler Wolf OTHER Independent Members: Tauss List of members of the 16th Bundestag v t e Members of the 17th Bundestag (2009–2013) President: Norbert Lammert (CDU) CDU/CSU CDU and CSU Speaker: Volker Kauder CDU: Altmaier Bareiß Barthle Baumann Beck Behrens Bellmann Bergner Beyer Bilger Binninger Bleser Böhmer Börnsen Bosbach Brackmann Brähmig Brand Brandt Brauksiepe Braun Brehmer Brinkhaus Caesar Connemann Dautzenberg de Maizière Dörflinger Dött Feist Ferlemann Fischbach Fischer Fischer Fischer Flachsbarth Flosbach Fritz Fuchs Fuchtel Funk Gädechens Gebhart Gerig Gienger Götz Granold Grindel Gröhe Grosse-Brömer Grotelüschen Grübel Grund Grütters Gutting Haibach Harbarth Hardt Heider Heiderich Heil Heinen-Esser Heinrich Henke Hennrich Herrmann Heveling Hintze Hirte Hochbaum Holzenkamp Hörster Hübinger Hüppe Jarzombek Jasper Jung Jung Jüttner Kammer Kampeter Kaster Kauder Kauder Kaufmann Kiesewetter von Klaeden Klamt Klein Klimke Klöckner Knoerig Koeppen Kolbe Koschorrek Kossendey Kretschmer Krichbaum Krings Krogmann Kruse Kudla Kues Lach Lamers Lämmel Lammert Landgraf von der Leyen Liebing Lietz Linnemann Lips Luczak Luther Maag von der Marwitz Mattfeldt Meister Merkel Michalk Middelberg Mißfelder Monstadt Müller Murmann Neumann Noll Otte Paul Pawelski Petzold Pfeiffer Pfeiffer Philipp Pofalla Poland Polenz Pols Puttrich Rachel Rehberg Reiche Riebsamen Rief Riegert Riesenhuber Röring Röttgen Rüddel Schäfer Schäuble Schavan Schiewerling Schindler Schipanski Schirmbeck Schnieder Schockenhoff Schröder Schröder Schulte-Drüggelte Schummer Schuster Seif Selle Sendker Sensburg Siebert Spahn Stauche Steffel Steinbach von Stetten Stier Storjohann Strenz Strobl Strothmann Stübgen Tauber Tillmann Vaatz Vogel Vogelsang Voßhoff Wadephul Wanderwitz Wegner Weinberg Weiss Weiß Wellenreuther Wellmann Wichtel Widmann-Mauz Willsch Winkelmeier-Becker Zimmer Zylajew CSU: Aigner Aumer Bär Brandl Dobrindt Frankenhauser Friedrich Frieser Gauweiler Geis Glos Göppel Götzer zu Guttenberg Hahn Hasselfeldt Hinsken Holmeier Kalb Karl Koschyk Lange Lehmer Lehrieder Mayer Michelbach Mortler Müller Müller Nüßlein Obermeier Oswald Raab Ramsauer Ruck Rupprecht Scheuer Schmidt Silberhorn Singhammer Stracke Straubinger Uhl Wöhrl Zöller SPD SPD Speaker: Frank-Walter Steinmeier Members: Arndt-Brauer Arnold Barchmann Barnett Bartels Barthel Bartol Bas Bätzing-Lichtenthäler Becker Beckmeyer Binding Bollmann Brandner Brase Brinkmann Bulmahn Bülow Burchardt Burkert Crone Danckert Dörmann Drobinski-Weiß Duin Edathy Egloff Ehrmand Erler Ernstberger Evers-Meyer Ferner Fograscher Franke Freitag Friedrich Gabriel Gerdes Gerster Gleicke Gloser Gottschalck Graf Griese Groneberg Groschek Groß Gunkel Hacker Hagedorn Hagemann Hartmann Heil Hellmich Hempelmann Hendricks Herzog Hiller-Ohm Hinz Hofmann Högl Humme Juratović Kaczmarek Kahrs Kastner Kelber Klingbeil Klose Klug Kofler Kolbe Körper Kramme Kressl Krüger-Leißner Kumpf Lambrecht Lange Lauterbach Lemme Lischka Lösekrug-Möller Lühmann Marks Mast Mattheis Merkel Meßmer Miersch Müntefering Mützenich Nahles Nietan Nink Oppermann Ortel Özoğuz Paula Pflug Poß Priesmeier Pronold Raabe Rawert Rebmann Reichenbach Reimann Rix Röspel Rossmann Roth Roth Rupprecht Sawade Schaaf Schäfer Scheelen Scheer Schieder Schieder Schmidt Schmidt Schneider Scholz Schreiner Schulz Schurer Schwabe Schwall-Düren Schwanholz Schwanitz Schwartze Schwarzelühr-Sutter Sieling Steffen Steinbrück Steinmeier Strässer Tack Thierse Thönnes Tiefensee Veit Vogt Volkmer Wicklein Wieczorek-Zeul Wiefelspütz Wolff Zapf Ziegler Zöllmer Zypries FDP FDP Speaker: Birgit Homburger and Rainer Brüderle Members: Ackermann Ahrendt Aschenberg-Dugnus Bahr Bernschneider Blumenthal Bögel Bracht-Bendt Breil Brüderle Brunkhorst Burgbacher Buschmann Canel Daub Deutschmann Djir-Sarai Döring Drexler Dyckmans Ehrenberg Erdel van Essen Flach Fricke Friedhoff Geisen Gerhardt Goldmann Golombeck Gruß Günther Happach-Kasan Haustein Höferlin Hoff Homburger Hoyer Kamp Kauch Knopek Kober Kolb Königshaus Kopp Koppelin Körber Krestel Kurth Lanfermann Laurischk Leibrecht Leutheusser-Schnarrenberger Lindemann Lindner Lindner Link Lotter Luksic Meierhofer Meinhardt Molitor Mücke Müller Müller-Sönksen Neumann Niebel Otto Pieper Piltz von Polheim Ratjen-Damerau Reinemund Reinhold Röhlinger Ruppert Sänger Schäffler Schnurr Schulz Schuster Schweickert Simmling Skudelny Solms Spatz Stadler Staffeldt Stinner Thiele Thomae Todtenhausen Toncar Tören Vogel Volk Westerwelle Winterstein Wissing Wolff LINKE LINKE Speaker: Gregor Gysi Members: Alpers Bartsch Behrens Binder Birkwald Bluhm Bockhahn Buchholz Bulling-Schröter Bunge Claus Dağdelen Dehm-Desoi Dittrich Dreibus Enkelmann Ernst Gehrcke-Reymann Gohlke Golze Groth Gysi Hänsel Hein Höger Höll Hunko Jelpke Jochimsen Kipping Koch Korte Krellmann Kunert Lafontaine Lay Leidig Lenkert Leutert Liebich Lötzer Lötzsch Lutze Maurer Menzner Möhring Möller Movassat Naumann Nord Pau Petermann Pitterle Ploetz Remmers Schäfer Schlecht Schui Seifert Senger-Schäfer Sharma Sitte Stüber Süßmair Tackmann Tempel Troost Ulrich van Aken Vogler Voß Wagenknecht Wawzyniak Weinberg Werner Wunderlich Zimmermann GRÜNE GRUENE Speaker: Renate Künast and Jürgen Trittin Members: Andreae Beck Beck Behm Bender Bonde Deligöz Dörner Ebner Fell Gambke Gehring Göring-Eckardt Haßelmann Herlitzius Hermann Hinz Höfken-Deipenbrock Hofreiter Höhn Hönlinger Hoppe Kekeritz Keul Kieckbusch Kilic Kindler Klein-Schmeink Koczy Koenigs Kotting-Uhl Krischer Krumwiede Kuhn Kühn Künast Kurth Kurth Lazar Lindner Maisch Malczak Montag Müller Müller-Gemmeke Nestle Nouripour Ostendorff Ott Paus Pothmer Rößner Roth Sager Sarrazin Scharfenberg Scheel Schick Schmidt Schneider Seiler Steiner Strengmann-Kuhn Ströbele Terpe Tressel Trittin von Cramon-Taubadel von Notz Wagner Wagner Walter-Rosenheimer Wieland Wilms Winkler OTHER Independent Members: Nešković List of members of the 17th Bundestag v t e Members of the 18th Bundestag (2013–2017) President: Norbert Lammert (CDU) CDU/CSU CDU and CSU Speaker: Volker Kauder CDU: Albani Altmaier Bareiß Barthle Baumann Beermann Behrens Bellmann Benning Berghegger Bergner Bertram Beyer Bilger Binninger Bleser Böhmer Bosbach Brackmann Brähmig Brand Brandt Brauksiepe Braun Brehmer Brinkhaus Caesar Connemann Dinges-Dierig Donth Dörflinger Dött Eckenbach Färber Feiler Feist Ferlemann Fischbach Fischer Fischer Flachsbarth Flosbach Frei Fuchs Fuchtel Funk Gädechens Gebhart Gerig Gienger Giousouf Grindel Groden-Kranich Gröhe Gröhler Grosse-Brömer Grotelüschen Grübel Grund Grundmann Grütters Gundelach Güntzler Gutting Haase Hajek Harbarth Hardt Hauer Hauptmann Heck Heider Heiderich Heil Heinrich Helfrich Heller Hellmuth Henke Hennrich Herdan Heveling Hintze Hinz Hirte Hirte Hochbaum Hoffmann Holzenkamp Hoppenstedt Horb Höschel Hornhues Huber Hübinger Hüppe Jarzombek Jepsen Jörrißen Jung Jung Jung Jüttner Kammer Kampeter Kanitz Karliczek Kaster Kauder Kaufmann Kemmer Kiesewetter Kippels Klein Klimke Knoerig Koeppen Koob Körber Kovac Kretschmer Krichbaum Krings Kruse Kudla Kühne Lach Lagosky Lamers Lämmel Lammert Landgraf Leikert Lengsfeld Leyen Lezius Liebing Lietz Linnemann Lips Lorenz Lücking-Michel Luczak Maag Magwas Mahlberg Maizière Manderla Marschall Marwitz Mattfeldt Meister Merkel Metzler Michalk Middelberg Mißfelder Monstadt Möring Mosblech Motschmann C. Müller Murmann Nick Noll Nowak Oellers Ostermann Otte Pahlmann Pantel Patzelt Pätzold Petzold Pfeiffer Pfeiffer Pofalla Pols Rachel Radomski Rehberg Reiche Riebsamen Rief Riesenhuber Ripsam Röring Rösel Röttgen Rüddel Schäfer Schäuble Schavan Schiewerling Schimke Schindler Schipanski Schmelzle Schmidt Schnieder Schockenhoff Schön Schröder Schröder Schulte-Drüggelte Schulze Schummer Schuster Schwarzer Seif Selle Sendker Sensburg Siebert Sorge Spahn Stauche Steffel Stegemann Stein Steineke Steiniger Stetten Stier Stockhofe Storjohann Strenz Stritzl Strobl Strothmann Stübgen Sütterlin-Waack Tauber Tillmann Timmermann-Fechter Uhl Vaatz Veith Viesehon Vietz Vogel Volmering Voßbeck-Kayser Vries Wadephul Wanderwitz Wange Warken Wegner Weiler Weinberg Weiß Weiss Wellenreuther Wellmann Wendt Westermayer Whittaker Wichtel Widmann-Mauz Wiese Willsch Winkelmeier-Becker Wittke Woltmann Zertik Zimmer CSU: Albsteiger Auernhammer Bär Brandl Dobrindt Durz Eberl Fabritius Freudenstein Friedrich Frieser Gauweiler Göppel Hahn Hasselfeldt Hoffmann Holmeier Irlstorfer Kalb Karl Koschyk Lange Lanzinger Launert Lehrieder Lenz Lerchenfeld Lindholz Ludwig Mayer Meier Michelbach Mortler G. Müller S. Müller Nüßlein Obermeier Oßner Radwan Rainer Ramsauer Rupprecht Scheuer Schmidt Silberhorn Singhammer Stefinger Stracke Straubinger Strebl Uhl Ullrich Weisgerber Wöhrl Zech Zeulner Zollner SPD SPD Speaker: Frank-Walter Steinmeier, Thomas Oppermann Members: Annen Arndt-Brauer Arnold Baehrens Bahr Bähr-Losse Barchmann Barley Barnett Bartels Barthel Bartke Bartol Bas Bätzing-Lichtenthäler Becker Beckmeyer Binding Blienert Brase Brunner Bulmahn Bülow Burkert Castellucci Coße Crone Daldrup De Ridder Diaby Dittmar Dörmann Drobinski-Weiß Edathy Ehrmann Engelmeier-Heite Erler Ernstberger Esken Evers-Meyer Fechner Felgentreu Ferner Finckh-Krämer Flisek Fograscher Franke Freese Freitag Gabriel Gerdes Gerster Gleicke Glöckner Gottschalck Griese Groneberg Groß Grötsch Gunkel Hagedorn Hagl-Kehl Hakverdi Hampel Hartmann Hartmann Heidenblut Heil Heinrich Held Hellmich Hendricks Henn Herzog Hiller-Ohm Hinz Hitschler Högl Ilgen Jantz Jost Junge Juratovic Jurk Kaczmarek Kahrs Kampmann Kapschack Katzmarek Kelber Kermer Kiziltepe Klare Klingbeil Kofler Kolbe Kömpel Kramme Krüger Krüger-Leißner Kühn-Mengel Lambrecht Lange Lauterbach Lemme Lischka Lösekrug-Möller Lotze Lühmann Malecha-Nissen Marks Mast Mattheis Miersch Mindrup Mittag Müller Müller Müntefering Mützenich Nahles Nietan Nissen Oppermann Özdemir Özoğuz Paschke Petry Pflugradt Pilger Poschmann Poß Post Post Priesmeier Pronold Raabe Raatz Rabanus Rawert Rebmann Reichenbach Reimann Rimkus Rix Rode-Bosse Rohde Rosemann Röspel Rossmann Roth Rüthrich Rützel Ryglewski Saathoff Sawade Schabedoth Schäfer Scheer Schieder Schiefner Schlegel Schmidt Schmidt Schmidt Schneider Scho-Antwerpes Schulte Schulz Schurer Schwabe Schwartze Schwarz Schwarzelühr-Sutter Sieling Spiering Spinrath Stadler Stamm-Fibich Steffen Steinbrück Steinmeier Strässer Tack Tausend Thews Thissen Thönnes Tiefensee Träger Veit Vogt Vöpel Weber Westphal Wicklein Wiese Wolff Yüksel Ziegler Zierke Zimmermann Zöllmer Zypries LINKE LINKE Speaker: Gregor Gysi, Dietmar Bartsch, Sahra Wagenknecht Members: Aken Alpers Bartsch Behrens Binder Birkwald Bluhm Buchholz Bulling-Schröter Claus Dağdelen Dehm Ernst Gehrcke Gohlke Golze Groth Gysi Hahn Hänsel Hein Höger Hunko Hupach Jelpke Karawanskij Kassner Kipping Korte Krellmann Kunert Lay Leidig Lenkert Leutert Liebich Lötzsch Lutze Menz Möhring Movassat Müller Neu Nord Pau Petzold Pitterle Renner Schlecht Sitte Steinke Tackmann Tank Tempel Troost Ulrich Vogler Wagenknecht Wawzyniak Weinberg Werner Wöllert Wunderlich Zdebel Zimmermann Zimmermann GRÜNE GRUENE Speaker: Katrin Göring-Eckardt, Anton Hofreiter Members: Amtsberg Andreae Baerbock Beck Beck Brantner Brugger Deligöz Dörner Dröge Ebner Gambke Gastel Gehring Göring-Eckardt Hajduk Haßelmann Hinz Hofreiter Höhn Janecek Kekeritz Keul Kindler Klein-Schmeink Koenigs Kotting-Uhl Krischer Kühn Kühn Künast Kurth Lazar Lemke Lindner Maisch Meiwald Mihalic Müller-Gemmeke Mutlu Notz Nouripour Ostendorff Özdemir Paus Pothmer Rößner Roth Rüffer Sarrazin Scharfenberg Schauws Schick Schmidt Schulz-Asche Strengmann-Kuhn Ströbele Terpe Tressel Trittin Verlinden Wagner Walter-Rosenheimer Wilms OTHER Independent Members: Steinbach List of members of the 18th Bundestag v t e Members of the 19th Bundestag (2017–2021) President Wolfgang Schäuble (CDU) CDU/CSU CDU and CSU Speaker: Ralph Brinkhaus CDU: Abercron Albani Altenkamp Altmaier Amthor Bareiß Barthle Beermann Behrens Bellmann Benning Berghegger Bernstein Bernstiel Beyer Biadacz Bilger Bleser Brackmann Brand Brauksiepe (until 4 November 2018) Braun Breher Brehmer Brinkhaus Brodesser Connemann Damerow Donth Dött Färber Feiler Ferlemann Fischer Flachsbarth Frei Friemann-Jennert (from 7 April 2021) Fuchtel Gädechens Gebhart Gerig Gienger Gnodtke Groden-Kranich Gröhe Gröhler Grosse-Brömer Grotelüschen Grübel Grund Grundmann Grütters Güntzler Gutting Haase Harbarth (until 30 November 2018) Hardt Hauer Hauptmann (until 19 March 2021) Heider Heil Heilmann Heinrich Helfrich Henke Hennrich Henrichmann Heveling Hirte Hirte Hoppenstedt Irmer Jarzombek Jung Jung Karliczek Kartes Kauder Kaufmann Kemmer Kiesewetter Kippels Klein Knoerig Koeppen Koob Körber Kovac (from 17 March 2021) Krauß Krichbaum Krings Kruse Kühne Lamers Lämmel Landgraf Lehmann Leikert Leyen (until 31 July 2019) Lezius Linnemann Lips Löbel (until 10 March 2021) Luczak Ludwig (from 3 December 2019) Maag Magwas Maizière Manderla (from 5 November 2018) Mannes Marschall Marwitz Mattfeldt Meister Merkel Metzler Middelberg Monstadt Möring Motschmann Müller Müller Müller Natterer (from 11 November 2020) Nick Nicolaisen Noll Nordt (from 22 March 2021) Oellers Oster Ostermann (from 1 May 2021) Otte Pahlmann (from 1 August 2019) Pantel Patzelt Pfeiffer Ploß Pols Rachel Radomski Rehberg Riebsamen Rief Röring Röttgen Rouenhoff Rüddel Sauer Schäfer Schäuble Schimke Schipanski Schmidtke Schnieder Schön Schreiner Schulze Schummer Schuster (until 9 November 2020) Schweiger Seif Selle Sendker Sensburg Siebert (from 2 March 2020) Simon Sorge Spahn Steffel Stegemann Steier Stein Steineke Steiniger Stetten Stier Storjohann Strenz (until 21 March 2021) Stübgen (until 2 December 2019) Tauber (until 7 May 2021) Tebroke Thies Throm Tiemann Tillmann Uhl Vaatz Veith (until 1 March 2020) Vieregge Viesehon (from 8 May 2021) Vogel Vries Vries Wadephul Wanderwitz Warken (from 5 December 2018) Wegner Weiler Weinberg Weiß Weiss Wellenreuther Wendt Whittaker Widmann-Mauz Wiesmann Willsch Winkelmeier-Becker Wittke (until 30 April 2021) Ziemiak Zimmer CSU: Auernhammer Aumer Bär Brandl Brehm Dobrindt Durz Erndl Fabritius (from 22 March 2021) Freudenstein (from 2 July 2019, until 15 May 2020) Friedrich Frieser Hahn Hoffmann Holmeier Irlstorfer Karl Kießling Kuffer Lange Launert Lehrieder Lenz Lindholz Loos Ludwig Mayer Michelbach Mortler (until 1 July 2019) Müller Müller Oßner Pilsinger Radwan Rainer Ramsauer Rupprecht Scheuer Schmidt Silberhorn Staffler Stefinger Stracke Straubinger Ullrich Weisgerber Zech (from 25 May 2020, until 19 March 2021) Zeulner SPD SPD Speaker: Rolf Mützenich Other members: Annen Arndt-Brauer Bach Baehrens Bahr Baradari Barley (until 1 July 2019) Barnett Bartke Bartol Bas Binding Brecht Breymaier Brunner Budde Castellucci Daldrup Diaby Dilcher Dittmar Esdar Esken Fahimi Fechner Felgentreu Franke Freese Freitag Gerdes Gerster Glöckner Gremmels Griese Groß Grötsch Hagedorn Hagl-Kehl Hakverdi Hartmann Heidenblut Heil Heinrich Held Hellmich Hendricks Herzog Hiller-Ohm Hitschler Högl (until 25 May 2020) Junge Juratovic Jurk Kaczmarek Kahrs (until 6 May 2020) Kaiser Kapschack Katzmarek Kiziltepe Klare Klingbeil Kofler Kolbe Korkmaz Kramme Lambrecht Lange Lauterbach Lehmann Lindh Lotze (from 24 November 2020) Lühmann Maas Mackensen-Geis (from 2 July 2019) Marks Dorothee Martin from (11 May 2020) Mast Matschie Mattheis Miersch Mindrup Mittag Mohrs Moll Möller Müller Müller Müntefering Mützenich Nahles (until 31 October 2019) Nietan Nissen Oppermann (until 25 October 2020) Ortleb Özdemir Özoğuz Paschke Petry Pilger Poschmann Post Post Pronold Raabe Rabanus Mechthild Rawert (from 26 May 2020) Ridder Rimkus Rix Rohde Rosemann Röspel Rossmann Roth Rüthrich Rützel Ryglewski Saathoff Schäfer Scheer Schieder Schiefner Schmid Schmidt Schmidt Schmidt Schneider Schraps Schrodi Schulte Schulz Schulz Schwabe Schwartze Schwarz Schwarzelühr-Sutter Spiering Stadler Stamm-Fibich Steffen Stein Tack Tausend Thews Töns Träger Vogt Völlers Vöpel Weber Weingarten (from 1 November 2019) Westphal Wiese Yüksel Ziegler Zierke Zimmermann AfD AfD Speaker: Alexander Gauland, Alice Weidel Other members: Baumann Bernhard Bleck Boehringer Brandner Braun Bühl Büttner Bystron Chrupalla Cotar Curio Droese Ehrhorn Elsner von Gronow Espendiller Felser Friedhoff Friesen Frohnmaier Frömming Gauland Gehrke (until 23 September 2021) Glaser Gminder Gottberg Gottschalk Hampel Harder-Kühnel Hartwig Haug Hebner Hemmelgarn Herdt Hess Heßenkemper Hilse Höchst Hohmann Hollnagel Holm Huber Jacobi Jongen Kestner Keuter Kleinwächter Komning König Kotré Kraft Lucassen Magnitz Maier Maier Malsack-Winkemann Miazga Mrosek Müller Münz Münzenmaier Neumann Nolte Oehme Otten Pasemann Peterka Podolay Pohl Protschka Reichardt Renner Reusch Schielke-Ziesing Schlund Schneider Schulz Seitz Sichert Spangenberg Spaniel Springer Storch Weidel Weyel Wiehle Wildberg Wirth Witt FDP FDP Speaker: Christian Lindner Other members: Aggelidis Alt Aschenberg-Dugnus Bauer Beeck Beek Beer (until 30 June 2019) Brandenburg Brandenburg Bubendorfer-Licht Buschmann Busen Cronenberg Dassler Djir-Sarai Dürr Ebbing Faber Föst Gohl (from 1 May 2021) Fricke Hacker Hanke (from 15 November 2019) Heidt (from 1 July 2019) Helling-Plahr Herbrand Herbst Hessel Hocker Höferlin Hoffmann Houben Ihnen Jensen Jung (until 30 April 2021) Kemmerich (until 14 November 2019) Klein Klinge Kluckert Kober Köhler Konrad Kubicki Kuhle Kulitz Lambsdorff Lechte Lindner Link Luksic Mansmann Martens Meyer Müller Müller-Böhm Müller-Rosentritt Neumann Nölke (from 28 April 2020) Reinhold Reuther Ruppert (until 27 April 2020) Sattelberger Sauter Schäffler Schinnenburg Seestern-Pauly Sitta Skudelny Solms Stark-Watzinger Strack-Zimmermann Strasser Suding Teuteberg Theurer Thomae Todtenhausen Toncar Ullmann Ullrich Vogel Weeser Westig Willkomm LINKE LINKE Speaker: Dietmar Bartsch, Amira Mohamed Ali Other members: Achelwilm Akbulut Barrientos Bartsch Beutin Birkwald Bluhm Brandt Buchholz Bull-Bischoff Cezanne Dağdelen Dehm Domscheit-Berg Ernst Ferschl Freihold Gabelmann Gohlke Gysi Hahn Hänsel Höhn Hunko Jelpke Kassner Kessler Kipping Korte Krellmann Lay Leidig Lenkert Leutert (until 14 February 2021) Liebich Lötzsch Lutze Masi Meiser Mohamed Ali Möhring Movassat Müller Nastić Neu Nord Pau Pellmann Perli Pflüger Remmers Renner Riexinger Schreiber Sitte Sommer Steinke Straetmanns Tackmann Tatti Axel Troost (from 16 February 2021) Ulrich Vogler Wagenknecht Wagner Weinberg Werner Zdebel Zimmermann Zimmermann GRÜNE GRÜNE Speaker: Katrin Göring-Eckardt, Anton Hofreiter Other members: Amtsberg Andreae (until 31 October 2019) Badum Baerbock Bause Bayaz Bayram Brantner Brugger Christmann Dahmen (from 12 November 2020) Deligöz Dörner (until 31 October 2020) Dröge Ebner Gastel Gehring Gelbhaar Göring-Eckardt Grundl Hajduk Haßelmann Hoffmann Hofreiter von Holtz Janecek Kappert-Gonther Kekeritz Keul Kindler Klein-Schmeink Kotting-Uhl Krischer Kühn Kühn (until 18 October 2020) Künast Kurth Lazar Lehmann Lemke Lindner Mihalic Müller Müller-Gemmeke Nestle Notz Nouripour Ostendorff Özdemir Paus Polat Rößner Roth Rottmann Rüffer Sarrazin Schauws Schick (until 31 December 2018) Schmidt Schmidt Schneidewind-Hartnagel (from 1 November 2019) Schulz-Asche Strengmann-Kuhn Stumpp Tressel Trittin Verlinden Wagner Walter-Rosenheimer Wetzel (from 21 October 2020) Zickenheiner (from 1 January 2019) OTHER Independent Members: Bülow Hartmann Herrmann Kamann Mieruch Nüßlein Petry List of members of the 19th Bundestag v t e Members of the German Bundestag from Mecklenburg-Vorpommern SPD Frank Junge Sonja Steffen CDU Philipp Amthor Maika Friemann-Jennert (from 7 April 2021) Angela Merkel Dietrich Monstadt Eckhardt Rehberg Peter Stein Karin Strenz (until 21 March 2021) Greens Claudia Müller FDP Hagen Reinhold AfD Leif-Erik Holm Enrico Komning Ulrike Schielke-Ziesing The Left Dietmar Bartsch Heidrun Bluhm Kerstin Kassner

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- [Europe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Europe)
- [Germany](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Germany)
- [Politics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Politics)
- [Biography](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Biography)
- [Liberalism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Liberalism)
- [Conservatism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Conservatism)

**Angela Merkel** at Wikipedia's [sister projects](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects):

- [**Media**](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Angela_Merkel) from Commons
- [**Quotations**](https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Angela_Merkel) from Wikiquote
- [**Texts**](https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Angela_Merkel) from Wikisource
- [**Data**](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q567) from Wikidata

Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF 2 GND FAST WorldCat National United States France BnF data Japan Italy Czech Republic Spain Portugal Netherlands Norway Latvia Greece Korea Sweden Poland Vatican Israel Catalonia Academics CiNii Mathematics Genealogy Project Scopus Artists MusicBrainz FID People LibraryThing Deutsche Biographie DDB Other IdRef Open Library SNAC Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine Yale LUX

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Angela Merkel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angela_Merkel) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angela_Merkel?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.