# Andrenidae > Mediated Wiki article. Canonical URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/Andrenidae > Markdown URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/Andrenidae.md > Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrenidae > Source revision: 1350803803 > License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/) {{Short description|Family of bees}} {{Automatic taxobox | taxon = Andrenidae | image = Bee February 2008-3.jpg | subdivision_ranks = Subfamilies | subdivision = * [Alocandreninae](/source/Alocandreninae) * [Andreninae](/source/Andreninae) * [Oxaeinae](/source/Oxaeinae) * [Panurginae](/source/Panurginae) }} thumb|''Andrena'' sp. The '''Andrenidae''' (commonly known as '''mining bees''') are a large, nearly [cosmopolitan](/source/cosmopolitan_distribution) family of solitary, ground-nesting [bee](/source/bee)s. Most of the family's diversity is located in temperate or arid areas (warm temperate [xeric](/source/xeric)). It includes some enormous genera (e.g., ''[Andrena](/source/Andrena)'' with over 1300 species, and ''[Perdita](/source/Perdita_(bee))'' with over 700). One of the subfamilies, [Oxaeinae](/source/Oxaeinae), is so different in appearance that they were typically accorded family status, but careful [phylogenetic](/source/phylogenetic) analysis reveals them to be an offshoot within the Andrenidae, very close to the [Andreninae](/source/Andreninae).{{Cite book|author= C. D. Michener |author-link= C. D. Michener|date=2007|title=The Bees of the World|edition=2|publisher=[Johns Hopkins University Press](/source/Johns_Hopkins_University_Press)|ISBN=0801885736}} ==Description== The Andrenidae are typically small to moderate-sized bees, which often have [scopae](/source/scopa_(biology)) on the basal segments of the leg in addition to the [tibia](/source/arthropod_leg), and are commonly [oligolectic](/source/oligolectic) (especially within the subfamily [Panurginae](/source/Panurginae)). They can be distinguished from other bee families by the presence of two subantennal sutures on the face, a primitive trait shared with the [sphecoid wasps](/source/spheciformes). Many groups also have depressions or grooves called "foveae" on the head near the upper margin of the eyes, another feature seen in [sphecoids](/source/sphecoids), and also shared by some [Colletidae](/source/Colletidae). Andrenids are among the few bee families that have no [kleptoparasite](/source/kleptoparasite)s. The family contains a very large number of taxa, especially among the Panurginae, whose [sting](/source/sting_(biology)) apparatus is so reduced that they are effectively unable to sting. The subfamily Oxaeinae is rather different in appearance from the other subfamilies, being large, fast-flying bees with large eyes, resembling some of the larger [Colletidae](/source/Colletidae). The Andrenidae are known from the [Eocene](/source/Eocene)-[Oligocene](/source/Oligocene) boundary, around 34 Mya, within [Florissant](/source/Florissant_Fossil_Beds_National_Monument) shale.{{cite journal |last1=Dewulf |first1=Alexandre |last2=De Meulemeester |first2=Thibaut |last3=Dehon |first3=Manuel |last4=Engel |first4=Michael S. |last5=Michez |first5=Denis |title=A new interpretation of the bee fossil Melitta willardi Cockerell (Hymenoptera, Melittidae) based on geometric morphometrics of the wing |journal=ZooKeys |date=2014 |issue=389 |pages=35–48 |doi=10.3897/zookeys.389.7076 |pmid=24715773 |pmc=3974431|doi-access=free }} === "Nocturnal" species === The Andrenidae are one of the four bee families that contain some [crepuscular](/source/crepuscular) species; these species are active only at dusk or in the early evening, and therefore technically considered [vespertine](/source/vespertine_(biology)). In the Andrenidae, such species occur primarily in the subfamily Panurginae. These bees, as is typical in such cases, have greatly enlarged [ocelli](/source/ocellus), though one crepuscular subgenus of ''[Andrena](/source/Andrena)'' has normal ocelli. The other families with some crepuscular species are [Halictidae](/source/Halictidae), Colletidae, and [Apidae](/source/Apidae). == Genera == * Subfamily [Alocandreninae](/source/Alocandreninae){{cite web |url=http://www.moure.cria.org.br/catalogue?id=604 |title=Catalogue of Bees (Hymenoptera, Apoidea) in the Neotropical Region - online version |publisher=J. S. Moure, D. Urban & A. Dal Molin, 2008. Andrenini Latreille, 1802. In Moure, J. S., Urban, D. & Melo, G. A. R. (Orgs) |date= |access-date=2012-03-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101224002108/http://moure.cria.org.br/catalogue?id=604 |archive-date=2010-12-24 |url-status=dead }} ** ''[Alocandrena](/source/Alocandrena)'' {{Au|[Michener](/source/C._D._Michener), 2000}} * Subfamily [Andreninae](/source/Andreninae) ** ''[Ancylandrena](/source/Ancylandrena)'' {{Au|[Cockerell](/source/Theodore_Cockerell), 1930}}{{cite web |title=Report: Ancylandrena |url=https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=634010#null |website=Integrated Taxonomic Information System |access-date=1 June 2025}}{{cite web |title=Subfamily Andreninae - Mining Bees |url=https://bugguide.net/node/view/103771/bgpage |website=BugGuide |publisher=Iowa State University Department of Plant Pathology, Entomology, and Microbiology |access-date=1 June 2025 |language=en}} ** ''[Andrena](/source/Andrena)'' {{Au|[Fabricius](/source/J._C._Fabricius), 1775}}{{cite web |title=''Andrena'' Fabricius, 1775 |url=https://www.gbif.org/species/1345710 |website=Global Biodiversity Information Facility |access-date=1 June 2025 |language=en}} ** ''[Euherbstia](/source/Euherbstia)'' {{Au|Friese, 1925}}{{Cite web|url=https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=634117#null|title=ITIS Standard Report Page: Euherbstia|website=Integrated Taxonomic Information System|access-date=2018-08-26}} ** ''[Megandrena](/source/Megandrena)'' {{Au|Cockerell, 1927}}{{cite web |title=Report: ''Megandrena'' |url=https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=634186#null |website=Integrated Taxonomic Information System |access-date=1 June 2025}} ** ''[Orphana](/source/Orphana)'' {{Au|Vachal, 1909}}{{cite journal |last1=Engel |first1=Michael S. |title=A review of the genera and subgenera of Oxaeinae (Hymenoptera: Andrenidae) |journal=Journal of Melittology |date=18 September 2015 |issue=52 |pages=1–18 |doi=10.17161/jom.v0i52.4902 |access-date=1 June 2025|url=https://journals.ku.edu/melittology/article/view/4902|hdl=1808/20578 |hdl-access=free }}{{cite journal |author1=Jerome G. Rozen, Jr. |title=Systematics of the South American bee genus ''Orphana'' (Hymenoptera, Apoidea) |journal=American Museum Novitates |date=30 April 1971 |issue=2462 |url=https://archive.org/details/systematicssout2462roze/systematicssout2462roze/ |access-date=1 June 2025 |publisher=New York, N.Y. : American Museum of Natural History}}{{cite web |last1=Myers |first1=P. |last2=Espinosa |first2=R. |last3=Parr |first3=C.S. |last4=Jones |first4=T. |last5=Hammond |first5=G.S. |last6=Dewey |first6=T.A. |title=''Orphana'' |url=https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Orphana/classification/ |website=Animal Diversity Web |publisher=University of Michigan Museum of Zoology |access-date=1 June 2025 |date=2025}} * Subfamily [Oxaeinae](/source/Oxaeinae) ** ''[Mesoxaea](/source/Mesoxaea)'' {{Au|Hurd & Linsley, 1976}}{{cite web |title=Report: ''Mesoxaea'' |url=https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=752053#null |website=Integrated Taxonomic Information System |access-date=1 June 2025}} ** ''[Notoxaea](/source/Notoxaea)'' {{Au|Hurd & Linsley, 1976}}{{cite web |title=Notoxaea Hurd & Linsley, 1976 |url=https://www.gbif.org/species/1355649 |website=Global Biodiversity Information Facility |access-date=1 June 2025 |language=en}} ** ''[Oxaea](/source/Oxaea)'' {{Au|Klug, 1807}}{{cite web |title=Report: ''Oxaea'' |url=https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt;jsessionid=2670B35DA30F04605A14BBF8BE51E665?search_topic=TSN&search_value=634245#null |website=Integrated Taxonomic Information System |access-date=1 June 2025}} ** ''[Protoxaea](/source/Protoxaea)'' {{Au|Hurd & Linsley}}{{cite web |title=''Protoxaea'' Cockerell & Porter, 1899 |url=https://www.gbif.org/species/1355800 |website=Global Biodiversity Information Facility |access-date=1 June 2025 |language=en}} * Subfamily [Panurginae](/source/Panurginae){{cite journal | last1 = Gonzalez | first1 = V.H. | last2 = Smith-Pardo | first2 = A.H. | last3 = Engel | first3 = M.S. | year = 2017 | title = Phylogenetic relationships of a new genus of calliopsine bees from Peru, with a review of ''Spinoliella'' Ashmead (Hymenoptera: Andrenidae) | url = https://zenodo.org/record/5407146 | journal = Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History | volume = 412 | pages = 1–71 | doi=10.1206/0003-0090-412.1.1| s2cid = 90051560 }} ** Tribe [Protandrenini](/source/Protandrenini) *** ''[Anthemurgus](/source/Anthemurgus)'' *** ''[Anthrenoides](/source/Anthrenoides)'' *** ''[Chaeturginus](/source/Chaeturginus)'' *** ''[Liphanthus](/source/Liphanthus)'' *** ''[Neffapis](/source/Neffapis)'' *** ''[Parapsaenythia](/source/Parapsaenythia)'' *** ''[Protandrena](/source/Protandrena)'' *** ''[Psaenythia](/source/Psaenythia)'' *** ''[Pseudopanurgus](/source/Pseudopanurgus)'' *** ''[Rhophitulus](/source/Rhophitulus)'' ** Tribe [Panurgini](/source/Panurgini) *** ''[Avpanurgus](/source/Avpanurgus)'' *** ''[Camptopoeum](/source/Camptopoeum)'' *** ''[Panurginus](/source/Panurginus)'' *** ''[Panurgus](/source/Panurgus)'' ** Tribe [Nolanomelissini](/source/Nolanomelissini) *** ''[Nolanomelissa](/source/Nolanomelissa)'' ** Tribe [Melitturgini](/source/Melitturgini) *** ''[Belliturgula](/source/Belliturgula)'' *** ''[Borgatomelissa](/source/Borgatomelissa)'' *** ''[Flavomeliturgula](/source/Flavomeliturgula)'' *** ''[Gasparinahla](/source/Gasparinahla)'' *** ''[Khuzimelissa](/source/Khuzimelissa)'' *** ''[Melitturga](/source/Melitturga)'' *** ''[Meliturgula](/source/Meliturgula)'' *** ''[Mermiglossa](/source/Mermiglossa)'' *** ''[Plesiopanurgus](/source/Plesiopanurgus)'' ** Tribe [Protomeliturgini](/source/Protomeliturgini) *** ''[Protomeliturga](/source/Protomeliturga)'' ** Tribe [Perditini](/source/Perditini) *** ''[Macrotera](/source/Macrotera)'' *** ''[Perdita](/source/Perdita_(bee))'' ** Tribe [Calliopsini](/source/Calliopsini) *** ''[Acamptopoeum](/source/Acamptopoeum)'' *** ''[Arhysosage](/source/Arhysosage)'' *** ''[Calliopsis](/source/Calliopsis_(bee))'' *** ''[Callonychium](/source/Callonychium)'' *** ''[Litocalliopsis](/source/Litocalliopsis)'' *** ''[Spinoliella](/source/Spinoliella)'' *** ''[Xeranthrena](/source/Xeranthrena)'' == References == {{Reflist}} ==External links == *[http://zoologie.umh.ac.be/hymenoptera/galerie/exploredb.aspx?parent=43 ''Andrena'' Image Gallery from Atlas Hymenoptera] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303231217/http://zoologie.umh.ac.be/hymenoptera/galerie/exploredb.aspx?parent=43 |date=2016-03-03 }} *[http://bugguide.net/node/view/4968: North American Andrenidae] * [http://www.discoverlife.org/20/q?search=Apoidea#Identification Identification guides to eastern North American Andrenidae] {{Hymenoptera|2}} {{Taxonbar|from=Q853287}} {{Authority control}} Category:Andrenidae Category:Bee families --- Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Andrenidae](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrenidae) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrenidae?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.