# Anaschisma

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Extinct genus of temnospondyls

Anaschisma Temporal range: Late Triassic, Carnian–Norian PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N Skeleton of Anaschisma at the AMNH Scientific classification Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Clade: Tetrapoda Order: †Temnospondyli Suborder: †Stereospondyli Family: †Metoposauridae Genus: †Anaschisma Branson, 1905 Type species †Anaschisma browni Branson, 1905 Synonyms Genus synonymy Borborophagus Branson & Mehl, 1929 Buettneria Case 1922 (preoccupied) Koskinonodon Branson & Mehl, 1929 Species synonymy Anaschisma brachygnatha Branson, 1905 Borborophagus wyomingensis Branson & Mehl, 1929 Buettneria perfecta Case, 1922 Koskinonodon perfectus (Case, 1922)

***Anaschisma*** ("ripped up") is an extinct genus of large [temnospondyls](/source/Temnospondyl). These animals were part of the family called [Metoposauridae](/source/Metoposauridae), which filled the crocodile-like predatory [niches](/source/Ecological_niche) in the late Triassic.[1] It had a large skull about 62 centimetres (24 in) long,[2] and possibly reached 3 metres (9.8 ft) long.[3] It was an ambush hunter, snapping up anything small enough to fit in its huge jaws.[3] It was very common during the Late [Triassic](/source/Triassic) ([Carnian](/source/Carnian)-[Norian](/source/Norian) age) in what is now the American Southwest.[4]

## History of discovery

*Anaschisma* was erected by Branson (1905) from two metoposaurid skulls from the [Popo Agie Formation](/source/Popo_Agie_Formation) ([Carnian](/source/Carnian)) of Wyoming. The generic name *Anaschisma* ("ripped up") was not explained but would derive from [Ancient Greek](/source/Ancient_Greek) ἀνασχίζω [anaskhizo] "rip up, rend", likely alluding to the fragmented state of the original fossils noted by Branson: "The skulls were incased in a hard matrix of arenaceous shale, and had been broken in many pieces." The type species, *A. browni*, was coined for the skull UC 447, while a second nominal species, *A. brachygnatha*, was erected for the skull UC 448.[5] Moodie (1908) considered *A. brachygnatha* a junior synonym of *A. browni*, although Branson and Mehl (1929) retained the two species as distinct.[6][7] Colbert and Imbrie (1956) synonymized *Anaschisma* with the Newark Supergroup genus *[Eupelor](/source/Eupelor)* but retained it as a valid *Eupelor* species endemic to the Popo Aggie Formation.[8] Chowdhury (1965) synonymized *Anaschisma* with *Metoposaurus* and sunk all North American metoposaurids from the Chinle and Dockum into *browni*.[9]

Hunt (1989) recovered *Anaschisma* as an advanced or highly derived form.[10] Some specimens attributed to *Anaschisma* from the Redonda Formation were renamed *[Apachesaurus](/source/Apachesaurus)* by Hunt (1993).[11][12]

### *Koskinonodon*

*Koskinonodon perfectus* skull, now thought to belong to *Anaschisma*

The genus *Koskinonodon* was formerly named *Buettneria* by Case in 1922, but in 2007, B.D. Mueller realized that the name *[Buettneria](/source/Buettneria_(insect))* had already been given to a bush cricket from the Republic of Congo by Karsch (1889), so he made the genus *Koskinonodon* the earliest available unpreoccupied name for the temnospondyl.[13] Lucas *et al.* (2007), however, petitioned the ICZN to suppress Karsch's name in favor of Case's name, citing evidence that the amphibian name is much more well known and widely used (the authors cited 75 uses of the name in scientific literature and books over the last 85 years), and that the bush cricket name had been seldom used in technical literature.[14] However, ICZN Opinion 2255 issued in 2010 rejected the petition.[15]

Known *Koskinonodon* fossils have been found in the [United States](/source/United_States), especially the [Chinle Formation](/source/Chinle_Formation) of Petrified Forest National Park and the *Placerias* Quarry in Arizona, the [Garita Creek Formation](/source/Garita_Creek_Formation) of central New Mexico (the quarry at Lamy), the [Petrified Forest Member](/source/Petrified_Forest_Member) of northern New Mexico, the [Bluewater Creek Formation](/source/Bluewater_Creek_Formation) of western New Mexico, the [New Oxford Formation](/source/New_Oxford_Formation) of Pennsylvania, the [Tecovas Formation](/source/Tecovas_Formation) of western Texas, and the [Popo Agie Formation](/source/Popo_Agie_Formation) of the Chugwater Group of Wyoming.[16][7]

Synonymy of *Koskinonodon* with *Anaschisma* started when Romer (1947) proposed that *Anaschisma* was a senior synonym of *Buettneria*, *Koskinonodon*, and *Borborophagus*.[16] This was followed by Gee *et al.* (2019), where they redescribed the holotypes of the two nominal *Anaschisma* species, and then synonymized *Koskinonodon*, *Buettneria* and *Borborophagus* with *Anaschisma*.[17] The species *B. bakeri* which has long been assigned to the various synonyms of *Anaschisma*, was moved to its own genus, *[Buettnererpeton](/source/Buettnererpeton)*, in 2022.[18]

## Description

Size of *Anaschisma* (large) and *[Apachesaurus](/source/Apachesaurus)* (small) compared to a human

The skull of *Anaschisma* differs from the skulls of other closely related organisms in a few key ways. It is wider overall and features eye sockets that are very [anterior](/source/Anterior) and forward oriented, more so than its contemporaries.[6] Also, the skull has prominent slime canals, which are used for transporting mucus, as well as large external nares.[19] In addition, the upper jaw is relatively weak and thin, used only for holding teeth.[19] Their large jaws could have held many teeth at once, maybe even over 100 on each side of the upper and lower jaws, but the actual number varies constantly over the animal's lifetime due to natural causes such as fighting, eating, disease, etc.[19] The sheer size of the skull is one of the most defining traits for the genus *Anaschisma*.[19]

Other more minor skull traits characterize *Anaschisma* as well: elongation of the [lacrimal](/source/Lacrimal_bone), shortening of the [prefrontal](/source/Prefrontal_bone), reduction of the [interclavicle](/source/Interclavicle), and the most characteristic is the center lachrymal entering margin of the [orbit](/source/Orbit).[3] While the shortened prefrontal is a characteristic of the family Metoposauridae, it is shorted even more in *Anaschisma*.[1] The interclavicle is reduced in the way that it has many hexagonal pits as well as grooves and ridges.[1] The skull of *Anaschisma* is also covered in this reticulate ornamentation.[20] Some researchers believe that *Anaschisma* has a shorter posterior process of the interclavicle, which may discriminate it from other closely related species, while others believe that there is not enough information to make that distinction.[1] *Anaschisma* also has ossified opisthotics, the more posterior of the bones surrounding the inner ear.[20]

*Anaschisma* had sharp, pointy teeth for catching and killing prey. They had marginal teeth as well as larger teeth on the palate, specifically [palatine](/source/Palatine) and ectopterygoid teeth.[1] They had two basic types: large with shallow grooves and small with deeper grooves. These grooves run lengthwise down the teeth and aided the animals in catching prey.[21] The teeth are elongated labio-lingually at their base and opposite, mesiodistally, at their tip. In the middle, they are not elongated either way but instead circular.[21] These dental adaptations enhanced the ability of *Anaschisma* to capture prey; the teeth are optimized for piercing prey and not allowing it to escape, resisting the bending force applied by the struggling organism, and propagating cracks in the hard parts of the object, such as bone, allowing for easier eating and digestion.[21]

*Anaschisma* had a wide, wedge-shaped, powerful tail to assist it with swimming, hunting and likely defense.[3] It was not long like the crocodiles of today, but more likely short and strong to enable it to quickly spring up from hiding and capture prey before it escapes.[3] The legs of *Anaschisma* display a sprawling stance and short legs with 4-digits on the front and 5 on the back limbs.[3] *Anaschisma* likely spent a lot of time motionless, waiting for prey, which these short legs were likely an adaptation to.[5]

## Paleobiology

Life restoration of *Anaschisma* chasing a fish

The hunting style of *Anaschisma* involved lying at the bottom of a shallow swamp, waiting for a fish, [crustacean](/source/Crustacean), smaller amphibian, or even a young phytosaur to wander by.[3] When it spotted prey, it used its huge jaws to engulf and consume them.[3] A few particular adaptations suggest *Koskinonodon* had this aquatic lifestyle. First, they had [lateral lines](/source/Lateral_line) formed by the sensory sulci. These are useful for detecting changes in water pressure made by the swimming motions of nearby organisms. Their sprawling limbs were also adapted for water. They would not move quickly or efficiently on land, although they may have done it to find another water pool with more food or other resource. Mass graves have been found, thought to be a result of a group of these animals gathering together in a withering water pool during a drought and all perishing because the water was never replenished.[19]

## Paleoecology

Multiple fossils, [National Museum of Natural History](/source/National_Museum_of_Natural_History)

They lived mostly in the late Triassic; by the time the [Jurassic](/source/Jurassic) began, most temnospondyls, *Anaschisma* included, were gone.[22] It is likely that they went extinct during the [Triassic-Jurassic extinction event](/source/Triassic-Jurassic_extinction_event), along with the majority of other large amphibians, the class of [Conodonts](/source/Conodonts) and 34% of all marine genera. It is unknown what caused this [mass extinction](/source/Mass_extinction); hypotheses include huge volcanic eruptions (the [Central Atlantic magmatic province](/source/Central_Atlantic_magmatic_province) is a prime example), climate change, [oceanic acidification](/source/Oceanic_acidification), or an asteroid impact. It is known, however, that over half of the species living on Earth at that time went extinct from this event.[23] It lived alongside many other smaller amphibians, and its fossils are also commonly found with [phytosaur](/source/Phytosaur) fossils.[19][24] It was named in 1931 by Case. The best conditions for [fossilization](/source/Fossil) occur in river valleys or floodplains where deposition is occurring, and this animal likely lived in similar shallow, swampy habitats. As it follows, *Anaschisma* is famous for having extremely well preserved fossils, and they are often found in groups.[19]

## See also

- [Prehistoric amphibian](/source/Prehistoric_amphibian)

- [List of prehistoric amphibians](/source/List_of_prehistoric_amphibians)

## References

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-r8_1-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-r8_1-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-r8_1-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-r8_1-3) [***e***](#cite_ref-r8_1-4) Brusatte, Stephen L (2015). "A new species of *Metoposaurus* from the Late Triassic of Portugal and comments on the systematics and biogeography of metoposaurid temnospondyls". *Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology*. **35** (3) e912988. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1080/02724634.2014.912988](https://doi.org/10.1080%2F02724634.2014.912988). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [84007744](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:84007744).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-2)** Hunt, Adrian P.; Lucas, Spencer G. (1993). "Taxonomy and stratigraphic distribution of Late Triassic metoposaurid amphibians from Petrified Forest National Park, Arizona". *Journal of the Arizona-Nevada Academy of Science*. **27** (1): 89–96. [JSTOR](/source/JSTOR_(identifier)) [40023709](https://www.jstor.org/stable/40023709).

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1. **[^](#cite_ref-4)** Gee, B. M.; Jasinski, S. E. (2021). "Description of the metoposaurid *Anaschisma browni* from the New Oxford Formation of Pennsylvania". *Journal of Paleontology*. **95** (5): 1061–1078. [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[2021JPal...95.1061G](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021JPal...95.1061G). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1017/jpa.2021.30](https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fjpa.2021.30). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [235546289](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:235546289).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Branson_1905_5-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Branson_1905_5-1) Branson, E. B. (1905). ["Structure and Relationships of American Labyrinthodontidæ"](https://doi.org/10.1086%2F621258). *The Journal of Geology*. **13** (7): 568–610. [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[1905JG.....13..568B](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1905JG.....13..568B). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1086/621258](https://doi.org/10.1086%2F621258). [hdl](/source/Hdl_(identifier)):[2027/njp.32101055916710](https://hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fnjp.32101055916710).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Moodie,_R._L_1908_6-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Moodie,_R._L_1908_6-1) Moodie, Roy L. (1908). ["The lateral line system in extinct amphibia"](https://zenodo.org/record/2174606). *Journal of Morphology*. **19** (2): 511–540. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1002/jmor.1050190206](https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fjmor.1050190206). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [83822416](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:83822416).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Branson,_E._B._1929_7-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Branson,_E._B._1929_7-1) Branson, E. B. & Mehl, M. G. 1929. Triassic amphibians from the Rocky Mountain region. The University of Missouri Studies, 4, 154–253.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-8)** Colbert, Edwin; Imbrie, John (1956). ["Triassic metoposaurid amphibians"](http://digitallibrary.amnh.org/handle/2246/431). *Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History*. **110**: 399–452. [hdl](/source/Hdl_(identifier)):[2246/431](https://hdl.handle.net/2246%2F431).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-9)** Chowdhury, T. Roy (1965). "A new metoposaurid amphibian from the upper Triassic Maleri formation of Central India". *Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences*. **250** (761): 1–52. [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[1965RSPTB.250....1C](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1965RSPTB.250....1C). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1098/rstb.1965.0019](https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frstb.1965.0019). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [86592771](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:86592771).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Hunt_1989_10-0)** Hunt, A.P. (1989). ["Comments on the taxonomy of North American metoposaurids and a preliminary phylogenetic analysis of the family Metoposauridae"](http://www.nmnaturalhistory.org/publications/assets/files/Bulletins/DawnAgeDinos/dawn_16_hunt.pdf) (PDF). In Lucas, SG; Hunt, AP (eds.). *Dawn of the age of dinosaurs in the American Southwest*. Albuquerque: New Mexico Museum of Natural History. pp. 292–300.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-11)** Sulej, T. (2002). ["Species discrimination of the Late Triassic temnospondyl amphibian *Metoposaurus diagnosticus*"](https://www.app.pan.pl/archive/published/app47/app47-535.pdf) (PDF). *Acta Palaeontologica Polonica*. **47** (3): 535–546.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-12)** Hunt, A.P. 1993. Revision of the Metoposauridae (Amphibia: Temnospondyli) and description of a new genus from Western North America. In: M. Morales (eds.), Aspects of Mesozoic Geology and Paleontology of the Colorado Plateau. Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin 59: 67–97.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-first_13-0)** Mueller, B.D. (2007). "*Koskinonodon* Branson and Mehl, 1929, a replacement name for the preoccupied temnospondyl *Buettneria* Case, 1922". *Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology*. **27** (1): 225. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1671/0272-4634(2007)27\[225:KBAMAR\]2.0.CO;2](https://doi.org/10.1671%2F0272-4634%282007%2927%5B225%3AKBAMAR%5D2.0.CO%3B2). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [85763026](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:85763026).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-last_14-0)** Lucas, SG; Rinehart, LF; Spielmann, JA (2008). ["Comments on the proposed conservation of *Buettneria* Case, 1922 (Amphibia) 2 (Case 3420)"](http://iczn.org/content/comments-proposed-conservation-buettneria-case-1922-amphibia-2-case-3420-0). *Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature*. **65** (3): 218–219.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-15)** ["OPINION 2255 (Case 3420) Buettneria Case, 1922 (Amphibia): Generic name not conserved | International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature"](https://web.archive.org/web/20181004112343/http://iczn.org/content/opinion-2255-case-3420-buettneria-case-1922-amphibia-generic-name-not-conserved). Archived from [the original](http://iczn.org/content/opinion-2255-case-3420-buettneria-case-1922-amphibia-generic-name-not-conserved) on 2018-10-04. Retrieved 2019-06-09.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Romer,_A._S_1947_16-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Romer,_A._S_1947_16-1) Romer, A.S. (1947). ["Review of the Labyrinthodontia"](https://archive.org/stream/cbarchive_48224_1947reviewofthelabyrinthodonti1863/1947reviewofthelabyrinthodonti1863#page/n1/mode/2up). *Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology*. **99** (1): 1–368.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-17)** Gee, Bryan M.; Parker, William G.; Marsh, Adam D. (2020). ["Redescription of *Anaschisma* (Temnospondyli: Metoposauridae) from the Late Triassic of Wyoming and the phylogeny of the Metoposauridae"](https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1200&context=natlpark). *Journal of Systematic Palaeontology*. **18** (3): 233–258. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1080/14772019.2019.1602855](https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14772019.2019.1602855). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [190896742](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:190896742).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Buettnererpeton_18-0)** Gee, Bryan M.; Kufner, Aaron M. (2022). ["Revision of the Late Triassic metoposaurid *"Metoposaurus" bakeri* (Amphibia: Temnospondyli) from Texas, USA and a phylogenetic analysis of the Metoposauridae"](https://doi.org/10.7717%2Fpeerj.14065). *PeerJ*. **10** e14065. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.7717/peerj.14065](https://doi.org/10.7717%2Fpeerj.14065).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-r4_19-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-r4_19-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-r4_19-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-r4_19-3) [***e***](#cite_ref-r4_19-4) [***f***](#cite_ref-r4_19-5) [***g***](#cite_ref-r4_19-6) Peredo, Carlos. ["*Koskinonodon perfectus*"](https://eol.org/pages/47451546/articles). *Encyclopedia of Life*.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-r11_20-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-r11_20-1) Rinehart, Larry F; Lucas, Spencer G (2013). "The functional morphology of dermal bone ornamentation in temnospondyl amphibians". In Tanner, Lawrence H.; Justin A. Spielmann; Spencer G. Lucas (eds.). [*The Triassic System: New Developments in Stratigraphy and Paleontology*](https://books.google.com/books?id=BqF-oAEACAAJ). Bulletin of the New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science. Vol. 61. pp. 524–532.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-r5_21-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-r5_21-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-r5_21-2) Tanner, Lawrence H.; Justin A. Spielmann; Spencer G. Lucas, eds. (2013). [*The Triassic System: New Developments in Stratigraphy and Paleontology*](https://books.google.com/books?id=BqF-oAEACAAJ). Bulletin of the New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science. Vol. 61.

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1. **[^](#cite_ref-23)** ["End-Triassic extinction"](https://www.britannica.com/science/end-Triassic-extinction). *Encyclopedia Britannica*.

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v t e Stereospondyli Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Clade: Tetrapodomorpha Order: Temnospondyli Tetrapodomorpha see Tetrapodomorpha Temnospondyli see Temnospondyli Stereospondyli see below↓ Stereospondyli Stereospondyli Arachana Capulomala Peltobatrachus Lapillopsidae Lapillopsis Manubrantlia Rhigerpeton Rotaurisaurus Rhinesuchidae Australerpeton? Broomistega Laccosaurus Parapytanga? Rastosuchus Rhineceps Rhinesuchoides Rhinesuchus Uranocentrodon Lydekkerinidae Chomatobatrachus Cryobatrachus Deltacephalus Eolydekkerina Indobenthosuchus Luzocephalus? Lydekkerina Capitosauria Antarctosuchus Bukobaja Calmasuchus Capitosaurus Cherninia Cyclotosaurus Edingerella Eocyclotosaurus Eryosuchus Heptasaurus Huangfuchuansuchus Jammerbergia Kestrosaurus Kupferzellia Mastodonsaurus Meyerosuchus Odenwaldia Paracyclotosaurus Parotosuchus Quasicyclotosaurus Procyclotosaurus Promastodonsaurus Rhadalognathus Samarabatrachus Sassenisaurus Sclerothorax Selenocara Stanocephalosaurus Stenotosaurus Subcyclotosaurus Tatrasuchus Vladlenosaurus Volgasaurus Volgasuchus Warrenisuchus Watsonisuchus Wellesaurus Wetlugasaurus Xenotosuchus Yuanansuchus Trematosauria see below↓ Trematosauria Trematosauria Almasaurus Bothriceps Callistomordax Chinlestegophis Keratobrachyops Laidleria Latiscopus Qantas Rileymillerus Syrtosuchus Uruyiella Benthosuchidae Benthosuchus Kwatisuchus Trematosauridae Angusaurus Aphaneramma Cosgriffius Erythrobatrachus Gonioglyptus Hyperokynodon Icanosaurus Indolyrocephalus Inflectosaurus Lyrocephaliscus Microposaurus Panchetosaurus Platystega Prothoosuchus Stoschiosaurus Tertrema Tertremoides Thoosuchus Tirraturhinus Trematolestes Trematosuchoides Trematosaurus Trematosuchus Trematotegmen Wantzosaurus Metoposauridae Anaschisma Apachesaurus Arganasaurus Buettnererpeton Dutuitosaurus Metoposaurus Panthasaurus Rhytidosteidae Boreopelta Mahavisaurus Nanolania Peltostega Pneumatostega Rhytidosteus Sangaia Trucheosaurus Derwentiinae Arcadia Acerastia Deltasaurus Derwentia Indobrachyops Rewana Chigutisauridae Arenaerpeton Chigutisaurus Compsocerops Koolasuchus Pelorocephalus Siderops Brachyopidae Banksiops Bathignathus Batrachosaurus Batrachosuchoides Batrachosuchus Blinasaurus Brachyops Gobiops Hadrokkosaurus Notobrachyops Platycepsion Sinobrachyops Vanastega Vigilius Xenobrachyops Plagiosauridae Gerrothorax Megalophthalma Plagiobatrachus Plagiorophus Plagiosaurus Plagioscutum Plagiosternum Plagiosuchus See also: Trematosauroidea Metoposauroidea Rhytidosteoidea Brachyopomorpha Brachyopoidea Plagiosauroidea Category

Taxon identifiers Anaschisma Wikidata: Q4751797 GBIF: 4815788 IRMNG: 1155174 Paleobiology Database: 64933

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