# American Left

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Left politics in the United States

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The **American Left** refers to the groups or ideas on the [left](/source/Left-wing_politics) of the [political spectrum](/source/Political_spectrum) in the United States. It is occasionally used as a shorthand for the [Democratic Party](/source/Democratic_Party_(United_States)) and groups aligned with the Democratic Party. At other times, it refers to groups that seek or have sought [egalitarian](/source/Egalitarianism) changes in the economic, political, and cultural institutions of the United States.[1] Various left subgroups with a national scope are active. [Liberals](/source/Modern_liberalism_in_the_United_States) and [progressives](/source/Progressivism_in_the_United_States) believe that equality can be accommodated into existing [capitalist](/source/Capitalism) structures, but they differ in their [criticism of capitalism](/source/Criticism_of_capitalism) and on the extent of [reform](/source/Reform) and the [welfare state](/source/Welfare_state). [Anarchists](/source/Anarchism_in_the_United_States), [communists](/source/Communism_in_the_United_States), and [socialists](/source/Socialism_in_the_United_States) with international imperatives are also present within this macro-movement.[2] Many [communes](/source/List_of_intentional_communities#United_States) and [egalitarian communities](/source/Egalitarian_community) have existed in the United States as a sub-category of the broader [intentional community](/source/Intentional_community) movement, some of which were based on [utopian socialist](/source/Utopian_socialism) ideals.[3] The left has been involved in both the Democratic and [Republican](/source/Republican_Party_(United_States)) parties at different times, having originated in the [Democratic-Republican Party](/source/Democratic-Republican_Party) as opposed to the [Federalist Party](/source/Federalist_Party).[4][5][6]

## Background

Although [left-wing politics](/source/Left-wing_politics) came to the United States in the 19th century, there are currently no major left-wing political parties in the country. Despite existing left-wing [factions](/source/Factions_in_the_Democratic_Party_(United_States)) within the [centre-left](/source/Centre-left_politics) Democratic Party,[7] as well as minor third parties such as the [Green Party](/source/Green_Party_of_the_United_States), [Communist Party USA](/source/Communist_Party_USA), [Party for Socialism and Liberation](/source/Party_for_Socialism_and_Liberation), [American Communist Party](/source/American_Communist_Party_(2024)), [Workers World Party](/source/Workers_World_Party), [Socialist Party](/source/Socialist_Party_USA), and [American Solidarity Party](/source/American_Solidarity_Party) (a [Christian-democratic](/source/Christian_democracy) party leaning left on economics), there have been few representatives of left-leaning third parties in Congress. Academic scholars have long studied the reasons why no viable socialist parties have emerged in the United States.[8] Some writers ascribe this to the failures of socialist organization and leadership, some to the incompatibility of socialism with [American values](/source/Culture_of_the_United_States), and others to the limitations imposed by the [United States Constitution](/source/Constitution_of_the_United_States).[9] [Vladimir Lenin](/source/Vladimir_Lenin) and [Leon Trotsky](/source/Leon_Trotsky) were particularly concerned with the lack of a viable American Left because it challenged [orthodox Marxist](/source/Orthodox_Marxism) beliefs that advanced industrial countries, like the United States, would provide a model for the future of less developed nations.[10] While branches of the [Working Men's Party](/source/Working_Men's_Party_(New_York)) were founded in the 1820s and 1830s in the United States, they advocated [land reform](/source/Land_reform), [universal education](/source/Universal_access_to_education) and improved working conditions in the form of [labor rights](/source/Labor_rights), not [collective ownership](/source/Collective_ownership), disappearing after their goals were taken up by [Jacksonian democracy](/source/Jacksonian_democracy). [Samuel Gompers](/source/Samuel_Gompers), the leader of the [American Federation of Labor](/source/American_Federation_of_Labor), opposed communism in favor of [Georgism](/source/Georgism) and thought that American workers must rely on themselves because any rights provided by the government could be revoked.[11]

Economic unrest in the 1890s was represented by [populism](/source/Populism_in_the_United_States) and the [People's Party](/source/People's_Party_(United_States)). Although using [anti-capitalist](/source/Anti-capitalism) rhetoric, it represented the views of small farmers who wanted to protect their own [private property](/source/Private_property), not a call for [communism](/source/Communism), [collectivism](/source/Collectivist_anarchism), or [socialism](/source/Socialism).[12] Progressives in the early 20th century criticized the way capitalism had developed but were essentially middle class and reformist; however, both populism and progressivism steered some to left-wing politics; many popular writers of the progressive period were left-wing.[13] Even the [New Left](/source/New_Left) relied on radical democratic traditions rather than left-wing ideology.[14] [Friedrich Engels](/source/Friedrich_Engels) thought that the lack of a feudal past was the reason for the [American working class](/source/Working_class_in_the_United_States) holding [middle-class](/source/Middle_class) values. Writing at a time when American industry was developing quickly towards the mass-production system known as [Fordism](/source/Fordism), [Max Weber](/source/Max_Weber) and [Antonio Gramsci](/source/Antonio_Gramsci) saw [individualism](/source/Individualism) and *[laissez-faire](/source/Laissez-faire)* liberalism as core shared American beliefs. According to the historian David De Leon, American radicalism was rooted in [libertarianism](/source/Libertarianism) and [syndicalism](/source/Syndicalism) rather than communism, [Fabianism](/source/Fabian_Society) and [social democracy](/source/Social_democracy), being opposed to [centralized](/source/Centralisation) power and collectivism.[15] The character of the [American political system](/source/Politics_of_the_United_States) is hostile toward [third parties](/source/Third_party_(U.S._politics)) and has also been presented as a reason for the absence of a strong socialist party in the United States.[16] [Political repression](/source/Political_repression) has also contributed to the weakness of the left in the United States. Many cities had [Red Squads](/source/Red_Squad) to monitor and disrupt leftist groups in response to labor unrest such as the [Haymarket Riot](/source/Haymarket_affair).[17] The legacy of slavery and racial discrimination created deep divisions within the working class, producing a racially stratified, two-tiered labor force. These divisions fostered divergent political priorities and undermined class solidarity, making it more difficult for left-wing movements to build broad-based coalitions.[18]

During World War II, the [Smith Act](/source/Smith_Act) made membership in revolutionary groups illegal. After the war, Senator [Joseph McCarthy](/source/Joseph_McCarthy) used the Smith Act to launch a crusade ([McCarthyism](/source/McCarthyism)) to purge alleged communists from government and the media. In the 1960s, the [FBI](/source/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation)'s [COINTELPRO](/source/COINTELPRO) program monitored, infiltrated, disrupted and discredited radical groups in the United States.[19] In 2008, Maryland police were revealed to have added the names and personal information of anti-war protesters and death penalty opponents to a database which was intended to be used for tracking terrorists.[20] Terry Turchie, a former deputy assistant director of the [FBI Counterterrorism Division](/source/FBI_Counterterrorism_Division), admitted that "one of the missions of the FBI in its counterintelligence efforts was to try to keep these people (progressives and self-described socialists) out of office."[21]

## History

Main articles: [History of left-wing politics in the United States](/source/History_of_left-wing_politics_in_the_United_States) and [History of the socialist movement in the United States](/source/History_of_the_socialist_movement_in_the_United_States)

### Origins and developments (17th century–20th century)

Part of a series on Socialism in the United States Ideologies African African-American Agrarian Anarchism Individualist Bill of Rights Browderism Christian De Leonism Democratic Ecological Feminist Libertarian Maoism Marxism–Leninism Maoist Owenism Sewer Social democracy Shachtmanism Syndicalism Trotskyism History Utopian socialism United Order Bishop Hill Commune Brook Farm Icarians Looking Backward New Harmony Oneida Community Progressive Era 1877 St. Louis general strike Christian socialism in Utah 1912 Lawrence textile strike Catholic Worker Movement Green Corn Rebellion Labor unionization Haymarket affair Women's suffrage Red Scare American Defense Society American Protective League Communist Party USA and African Americans Communist Party USA in the labor movement 1919–1937 1937–1957 Espionage Act of 1917 First Red Scare John Birch Society McCarthyism Seattle General Strike Smith Act Smith Act trials Anti-war and civil rights movements Black power movement COINTELPRO "I Have a Dream" March on Washington Jonestown New Left Poor People's Campaign New Communist movement Contemporary 1999 Seattle WTO protests 2008 financial crisis Occupy Wall Street Contemporary progressivism Gaza war protests at universities Activists Allen Alston Avakian Balagoon Berkman Berrigan Bond Clark Dennis Dixon Ehrenreich Ervin Flynn Goldman Goodman Grace Guthrie Hammett Hampton Hay Haywood (Bill) Haywood (Harry) Hill Hoffman Jackson Jones Kahn Keller King Knudsen Labadie London (Jack) Lovestone Marcy McNeill Mitchell Morello Newton Ochs Parsons (Albert) Parsons (Lucy) Reed (John) Robbins Rocha Rustin Sacco and Vanzetti Seale Seeger Shakur Siddique Walker Commentators Ameringer Al-Din Bruenig (Elizabeth) Bruenig (Matt) Cockburn Featherstone Ford (Glen) Harrington Hedges Hinkle Kochinski Macdonald Magdoff Moore Most Piker Sinclair Stone Turner Intellectuals Albert Andrews Avrich Bellamy (Edward) Bellamy (Francis) Bookchin Braverman Brisbane Butler Cabet Cannon Cantor Carmichael Chomsky Cleaver Davis (Angela) Davis (Mike) Dean Dreiser Du Bois Fearing Feinberg Foster Fraser Gilmore Graeber Greene Hahnel Heywood (Angela) Heywood (Ezra) Jameson Kelley Lum Mills Noyes Parenti Piven Reed (Adolph) Ripley Robinson (Cedric) Rocker Roediger Sandburg Schweickart Shachtman Smith Sweezy West Wolff Wood Wright Zinn Politicians Abern Berger Conyers Cozzini Debs De Leon De la Cruz Dellums Ford (James) Foster Gitlow Hall Hillquit Hoan Hoopes Johns Lee London (Meyer) Mamdani Marcantonio Maurer McLevy Ocasio-Cortez Panken Pason Randolph Ruthenberg Sanders Sawant Seidel Stedman Stein Thomas Thompson Vladeck Wilson Zeidler Parties Active American Communist Party Black Riders Liberation Party Communist Party USA Freedom Party of New York Freedom Socialist Party Green Mountain Peace and Justice Party Green Party of the United States Legal Marijuana Now Party New Afrikan Black Panther Party Party for Socialism and Liberation Peace and Freedom Party Progressive Dane Progressive Labor Party Revolutionary Black Panther Party Revolutionary Communist Party, USA Socialist Action Socialist Alternative South Carolina Workers Party Socialist Equality Party Socialist Labor Party of America Socialist Party USA Socialist Workers Party Spartacist League/U.S. Working Families Party Workers World Party Working Class Party World Socialist Party of the United States Defunct American Labor Party American Workers Party Black Panther Party Citizens Party Communist League of America Communist League of Struggle Communist Workers' Party Farmer–Labor Party Human Rights Party Independent Socialist League International Socialists Justice Party Labor Party of the United States Labor Party New Party Nonpartisan League Patriot Party People's Party Proletarian Party of America Raza Unida Party Red Guard Party Revolutionary Socialist League Social Democracy of America Social Democratic Federation Social Democratic Party of America Socialist Party of America White Panther Party Workers Party of the United States Organizations Active Antifa Committees of Correspondence for Democracy and Socialism Democratic Socialists of America Freedom Road Socialist Organization Industrial Workers of the World Platypus Affiliated Society Redneck Revolt Social Democrats, USA Socialist Rifle Association Solidarity Spark Defunct American Union of Associationists Black Socialists in America Democratic Socialist Federation Democratic Socialist Organizing Committee International Socialist Organization International Workingmen's Association Maoist Internationalist Movement Rainbow Coalition Red Guards New American Movement Revolutionary Youth Movement SDS Weather Underground Young Lords Young Patriots Organization Media Newspapers Appeal to Reason The Black Panther Current Affairs Daily Worker Dissent International Socialist Review The Militant Monthly Review New Masses The New Nation People's World Websites AlterNet Double Down News World Socialist Web Site Marxists Internet Archive The Grayzone ZNetwork Podcasts Chapo Trap House Literature Looking Backward (1888) Voluntary Socialism (1896) The Jungle (1906) Why Socialism? (1949) The Other America (1962) Monopoly Capital (1966) Revolutionary Suicide (1973) A People's History of the United States (1980) Settlers: The Mythology of the White Proletariat (1983) Related topics American Left Alternative media (U.S. political left) Intercommunalism Labor history Labor laws Labor unions Left-conservatism Millennial socialism Minimum wage Progressivism in the United States Socialism portal United States portal v t e

Many [indigenous tribes in North America](/source/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States) practiced what Marxists would later call [primitive communism](/source/Primitive_communism), meaning they practiced economic cooperation among the members of their tribes.[22]

The first European socialists to arrive in North America were a Christian sect known as [Labadists](/source/Labadists), who founded the commune of Bohemia Manor in 1683, about 60 miles (97 km) west of [Philadelphia](/source/Philadelphia), [Pennsylvania](/source/Pennsylvania). Their communal way of life was based on the communal practices of the apostles and early Christians.[23]

The first secular American socialists were German [Marxist](/source/Marxism) immigrants who arrived following the [Revolutions of 1848](/source/Revolutions_of_1848), also known as [Forty-Eighters](/source/Forty-Eighters).[24] [Joseph Weydemeyer](/source/Joseph_Weydemeyer), a German colleague of [Karl Marx](/source/Karl_Marx) who sought refuge in New York in 1851 following the 1848 revolutions, established the first Marxist journal in the U.S., called *Die Revolution*, but it folded after two issues. In 1852, he established the *Proletarierbund*, which would become the American Workers' League, the first Marxist organization in the U.S., but it too was short-lived, having failed to attract a native English-speaking membership.[25]

In 1866, [William H. Sylvis](/source/William_H._Sylvis) formed the [National Labor Union](/source/National_Labor_Union) (NLU). Frederich Albert Sorge, a German who had found refuge in New York following the 1848 revolutions, took Local No. 5 of the NLU into the [First International](/source/International_Workingmen's_Association) as Section One in the U.S. By 1872, there were 22 sections, which were able to hold a convention in New York. The General Council of the International moved to New York with Sorge as General Secretary, but following internal conflict, it dissolved in 1876.[26]

A larger wave of German immigrants followed in the 1870s and 1880s, which included social democratic followers of [Ferdinand Lassalle](/source/Ferdinand_Lassalle). Lassalle believed that state aid through political action was the road to revolution and was opposed to trade unionism, which he saw as futile, believing that according to the [iron law of wages](/source/Iron_law_of_wages), employers would only pay subsistence wages. The Lassalleans formed the Social Democratic Party of North America in 1874 and both Marxists and Lassalleans formed the [Workingmen's Party of the United States](/source/Workingmen's_Party_of_the_United_States) in 1876. When the Lassalleans gained control in 1877, they changed the name to the [Socialist Labor Party of North America](/source/Socialist_Labor_Party_of_America) (SLP). However, many socialists abandoned political action altogether and moved to trade unionism. Two former socialists, [Adolph Strasser](/source/Adolph_Strasser) and [Samuel Gompers](/source/Samuel_Gompers), formed the [American Federation of Labor](/source/American_Federation_of_Labor) (AFL) in 1886.[24]

Anarchists split from the Socialist Labor Party to form the Revolutionary Socialist Party in 1881. By 1885, they had 7,000 members, double the membership of the SLP.[27] They were inspired by the International Anarchist Congress of 1881 in London. There were two federations in the United States that pledged adherence to the International. A convention of immigrant anarchists in Chicago formed the International Working People's Association (Black International), while a group of Native Americans in San Francisco formed the International Workingmen's Association (Red International).[28] Following a [violent demonstration at Haymarket](/source/Haymarket_affair) in Chicago in 1886, public opinion turned against anarchism. While very little violence could be attributed to anarchists, the attempted murder of a financier by an anarchist in 1892 and the 1901 [assassination](/source/Assassination_of_William_McKinley) of the American president, [William McKinley](/source/William_McKinley), by a professed anarchist led to the ending of political asylum for anarchists in 1903.[29] In 1919, following the [Palmer Raids](/source/Palmer_Raids), anarchists were imprisoned and many, including [Emma Goldman](/source/Emma_Goldman) and [Alexander Berkman](/source/Alexander_Berkman), were deported. Yet anarchism again reached great public notice with the trial of the anarchists [Sacco and Vanzetti](/source/Sacco_and_Vanzetti), who would be executed in 1927.[30]

[Daniel De Leon](/source/Daniel_De_Leon), who became leader of the SLP in 1890, took it in a Marxist direction. [Eugene V. Debs](/source/Eugene_V._Debs), who had been an organizer for the [American Railway Union](/source/American_Railway_Union), formed the rival [Social Democratic Party of America](/source/Social_Democratic_Party_of_America) in 1898. Members of the SLP, led by [Morris Hillquit](/source/Morris_Hillquit) and opposed to the De Leon's domineering personal rule and his anti-AFL trade union policy joined with the Social Democrats to form the [Socialist Party of America](/source/Socialist_Party_of_America) (SPA). In 1905, a convention of socialists, anarchists and trade unionists disenchanted with the bureaucracy and [craft unionism](/source/Craft_unionism) of the AFL, founded the rival [Industrial Workers of the World](/source/Industrial_Workers_of_the_World) (IWW), led by such figures as [William D. "Big Bill" Haywood](/source/Bill_Haywood), [Helen Keller](/source/Helen_Keller), De Leon and Debs.[31]

The organizers of the IWW disagreed on whether electoral politics could be employed to liberate the working class. Debs left the IWW in 1906, and De Leon was expelled in 1908, forming a rival "Chicago IWW" that was closely linked to the SLP. The (Minneapolis) IWW's ideology evolved into [anarcho-syndicalism](/source/Anarcho-syndicalism), or "revolutionary industrial unionism", and avoided electoral political activity altogether.[32] It was successful in organizing unskilled migratory workers in the lumber, agriculture, and construction trades in the Western states and immigrant textile workers in the Eastern states and occasionally accepted violence as part of industrial action.[33]

The SPA was divided between reformers who believed that socialism could be achieved through gradual reform of capitalism and revolutionaries who thought that socialism could only develop after capitalism was overthrown, but the party steered a center path between the two.[34] The SPA achieved the peak of its success by 1912 when its presidential candidate received 5.9% of the popular vote. The first Socialist congressman, [Victor L. Berger](/source/Victor_L._Berger), had been elected in 1910. By the beginning of 1912, there were 1,039 Socialist officeholders, including 56 mayors, 305 aldermen and councilmen, 22 police officials, and some state legislators. Milwaukee, Berkeley, Butte, Schenectady, and Flint were run by Socialists. A Socialist challenger to Gompers took one-third of the vote in a challenge for leadership of the AFL. The SPA had five English and eight foreign-language daily newspapers, 262 English and 36 foreign-language weeklies, and 10 English and two foreign-language monthlies.[35]

American entry into the First World War in 1917 led to a patriotic hysteria aimed against Germans, immigrants, African Americans, class-conscious workers, and Socialists, and the ensuing [Espionage Act](/source/Espionage_Act_of_1917) and [Sedition Act](/source/Sedition_Act_of_1918) were used against them. The government harassed Socialist newspapers, the post office denied the SP use of the mails, and anti-war militants were arrested. Soon Debs and more than sixty IWW leaders were charged under the acts.[36]

### Communist–Socialist split, the New Deal and Red Scare (1910s–1940s)

Further information: [First Red Scare](/source/First_Red_Scare), [McCarthyism](/source/McCarthyism), and [New Deal coalition](/source/New_Deal_coalition)

Part of a series on Modern liberalism in the United States History The New Freedom New Deal Fair Deal New Frontier Great Society Affordable Care Act Build Back Better Plan Activists and intellectuals Berle Commager Croly Dworkin (Ronald) Galbraith Hansen Hofstadter Krugman Nussbaum Obama (Michelle) Rawls Rorty Roosevelt (Eleanor) Schlesinger Wilson (Katie) Commentators Begala Bonnell Colbert Favreau Huffington Klein Marshall Olbermann Sharpton Sisson Tarlov Thompson Politicians Booker Brown Buttigieg Church Clyburn Cuomo (Andrew) Cuomo (Mario) Franken Harris Humphrey Jackson (Jesse) Kaine Kefauver Kerry Klobuchar Lewis McCarthy (Eugene) McGovern McMath Mondale Muskie Obama Pelosi Pritzker Roosevelt (Franklin) Schumer Spanberger Stevenson Wallace (Henry) Wilson (Woodrow) Jurists Blackmun Brandeis Brennan Breyer Ginsburg (Ruth Bader) Jackson (Ketanji Brown) Kagan Marshall (Thurgood) Sotomayor Souter Stevens Warren (Earl) Williams Think tanks Center for American Progress Center for Budget and Policy Priorities Demos Economic Policy Institute Roosevelt Institute Urban Institute Other organizations AFL-CIO ACLU American Constitution Society American Humanist Association Americans United Brennan Center for Justice Congress of Racial Equality Congressional Progressive Caucus Equal Justice Works Fair Fight Action Human Rights Campaign NAACP NARAL NOW People for the American Way Southern Christian Leadership Conference Southern Center for Human Rights SNCC National Urban League Parties Active Democratic Party (1930s–present) Defunct Progressive Party (factions) 1912–1920 1924–1934 1948–1955) Media Journals The American Prospect The Atlantic The New Republic Sojourners TV channels MS NOW Websites Daily Kos Reddit Salon ThinkProgress See also Civil rights movements Liberalism in the United States Woke Liberalism portal United States portal v t e

In 1919, [John Reed](/source/John_Reed_(journalist)), [Benjamin Gitlow](/source/Benjamin_Gitlow) and other Socialists formed the [Communist Labor Party of America](/source/Communist_Labor_Party_of_America), while Socialist foreign sections led by [C. E. Ruthenberg](/source/C._E._Ruthenberg) formed the Communist Party. These two groups would be combined as the [Communist Party USA](/source/Communist_Party_USA) (CPUSA).[37] The Communists organized the [Trade Union Unity League](/source/Trade_Union_Unity_League) to compete with the AFL and claimed to represent 50,000 workers.[38]

In 1928, following divisions inside the Soviet Union, [Jay Lovestone](/source/Jay_Lovestone), who had replaced Ruthenberg as general secretary of the CPUSA following his death, joined with [William Z. Foster](/source/William_Z._Foster) to expel Foster's former allies, [James P. Cannon](/source/James_P._Cannon) and [Max Shachtman](/source/Max_Shachtman), who were followers of [Leon Trotsky](/source/Leon_Trotsky). Following another Soviet factional dispute, Lovestone and Gitlow were expelled, and [Earl Browder](/source/Earl_Browder) became party leader.[39]

Cannon, Shachtman, and [Martin Abern](/source/Martin_Abern) then set up the [Trotskyist](/source/Trotskyism) [Communist League of America](/source/Communist_League_of_America), and recruited members from the CPUSA.[40] The League then merged with [A. J. Muste](/source/A._J._Muste)'s [American Workers Party](/source/American_Workers_Party) in 1934, forming the [Workers Party](/source/Workers_Party_of_the_United_States). New members included [James Burnham](/source/James_Burnham) and [Sidney Hook](/source/Sidney_Hook).[41]

By the 1930s the Socialist Party was deeply divided between an Old Guard, led by Hillquit, and younger Militants, who were more sympathetic to the Soviet Union, led by [Norman Thomas](/source/Norman_Thomas). The Old Guard left the party to form the [Social Democratic Federation](/source/Social_Democratic_Federation_(United_States)).[42] Following talks between the Workers Party and the Socialists, members of the Workers Party joined the Socialists in 1936.[43] Once inside they operated as a separate faction.[44] The Trotskyists were expelled from the Socialist Party the following year and set up the [Socialist Workers Party](/source/Socialist_Workers_Party_(United_States)) (SWP) and the youth wing of the Socialists, the [Young People's Socialist League](/source/Young_People's_Socialist_League_(1907)) (YPSL) joined them.[45] Shachtman and others were expelled from the SWP in 1940 over their position on the Soviet Union and set up the [Workers Party](/source/Workers_Party_(United_States)). Within months many members of the new party, including Burnham, had left.[46] The Workers Party was renamed the Independent Socialist League (ISL) in 1949 and ceased being a political party.[47]

Some members of the Socialist Party's Old Guard formed the [American Labor Party](/source/American_Labor_Party) (ALP) in New York State, with support from the [Congress of Industrial Organizations](/source/Congress_of_Industrial_Organizations) (CIO). The right wing of this party broke away in 1944 to form the [Liberal Party of New York](/source/Liberal_Party_of_New_York).[48] In the 1936, 1940 and 1944 elections the ALP received 274,000, 417,000, and 496,000 votes in New York State, while the Liberals received 329,000 votes in 1944.[49]

### Civil rights, War on Poverty and the New Left (1950s–1960s)

Further information: [Civil rights movement](/source/Civil_rights_movement), [New Left](/source/New_Left), and [War on Poverty](/source/War_on_Poverty)

In 1958, the [Socialist Party](/source/Socialist_Party_of_America) welcomed former members of the [Independent Socialist League](/source/Workers_Party_(United_States)#Independent_Socialist_League), which, before its 1956, dissolution had been led by [Max Shachtman](/source/Max_Shachtman). Shachtman had developed a [neo-Marxist](/source/Neo-Marxism) critique of [Soviet communism](/source/Ideology_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union) as "[bureaucratic collectivism](/source/Bureaucratic_collectivism)", a new form of class society that was more oppressive than any form of capitalism. Shachtman's theory was similar to that of many dissidents and refugees from Communism, such as the theory of the "[new class](/source/New_class)" proposed by Yugoslavian dissident [Milovan Djilas](/source/Milovan_Djilas).[50] Shachtman's ISL had attracted youth like [Irving Howe](/source/Irving_Howe), [Michael Harrington](/source/Michael_Harrington),[51] [Tom Kahn](/source/Tom_Kahn), and Rachelle Horowitz.[52][53][54] The YPSL was dissolved, but the party formed a new youth group under the same name.[55]

Socialist [A. Philip Randolph](/source/A._Philip_Randolph), who led the [March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom](/source/March_on_Washington_for_Jobs_and_Freedom) at which [Martin Luther King Jr.](/source/Martin_Luther_King_Jr.) delivered his speech "[I Have a Dream](/source/I_Have_a_Dream)"

Kahn and Horowitz, along with [Norman Hill](/source/Norman_Hill), helped [Bayard Rustin](/source/Bayard_Rustin) with the [civil rights movement](/source/Civil_rights_movement). Rustin had helped to spread [pacificism](/source/Pacificism) and [nonviolence](/source/Nonviolence) to leaders of the civil rights movement, like [Martin Luther King Jr.](/source/Martin_Luther_King_Jr.) Rustin's circle and [A. Philip Randolph](/source/A._Philip_Randolph) organized the [1963 March on Washington](/source/March_on_Washington_for_Jobs_and_Freedom), where Martin Luther King delivered his [I Have a Dream](/source/I_Have_a_Dream) speech.[56][57][58][59]

[Michael Harrington](/source/Michael_Harrington) soon became the most visible socialist in the United States when his *[The Other America](/source/The_Other_America)* became a best seller, following a long and laudatory *[New Yorker](/source/The_New_Yorker)* review by [Dwight Macdonald](/source/Dwight_Macdonald).[60] Harrington and other socialists were called to Washington, D.C., to assist the [Kennedy Administration](/source/Presidency_of_John_F._Kennedy) and then the [Johnson Administration](/source/Presidency_of_Lyndon_B._Johnson)'s [War on Poverty](/source/War_on_Poverty) and [Great Society](/source/Great_Society).[61]

Shachtman, Harrington, Kahn, and Rustin advocated for a political strategy called "realignment" that prioritized strengthening labor unions and other progressive organizations that were already active in the Democratic Party. Contributing to the day-to-day struggles of the civil rights movement and labor unions had gained socialists credibility and influence, and had helped to push politicians in the Democratic Party towards "[social-liberal](/source/Social_liberalism)" or [social-democratic](/source/Social_democracy) positions, at least on civil rights and the War on Poverty.[62][63]

Harrington, Kahn, and Horowitz were officers and staff-persons of the [League for Industrial Democracy](/source/League_for_Industrial_Democracy) (LID), which helped to start the [New Left](/source/New_Left) [Students for a Democratic Society](/source/Students_for_a_Democratic_Society) (SDS).[64] The three LID officers clashed with the less experienced activists of SDS, like [Tom Hayden](/source/Tom_Hayden), when the latter's [Port Huron Statement](/source/Port_Huron_Statement) criticized socialist and liberal opposition to communism and criticized the labor movement while promoting students as agents of social change.[65][66] LID and SDS split in 1965, when SDS voted to remove from its constitution the "*exclusion clause*" that prohibited membership by communists:[67] The SDS exclusion clause had barred "advocates of or apologists for" "totalitarianism".[68] The clause's removal effectively invited "disciplined cadre" to attempt to "take over or paralyze" SDS, as had occurred to mass organizations in the thirties.[69] Afterwards, [Marxism–Leninism](/source/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism), particularly the [Progressive Labor Party](/source/Progressive_Labor_Party_(United_States)), helped to write "the death sentence" for SDS,[70][71][72][73] which nonetheless had over 100 thousand members at its peak.

### SDUSA–SPUSA split, foundation of DSOC–DSA and anti-WTO protests (1970s–1990s)

Further information: [Black power movement](/source/Black_power_movement), [History of the hippie movement](/source/History_of_the_hippie_movement), and [New Communist movement](/source/New_Communist_movement)

In 1972, the Socialist Party voted to rename itself as [Social Democrats, USA](/source/Social_Democrats%2C_USA) (SDUSA) by a vote of 73 to 34 at its December Convention; its National Chairmen were [Bayard Rustin](/source/Bayard_Rustin), a peace and civil-rights leader, and [Charles S. Zimmerman](/source/Charles_S._Zimmerman), an officer of the [International Ladies Garment Workers Union](/source/International_Ladies_Garment_Workers_Union) (ILGWU).[74] In 1973, [Michael Harrington](/source/Michael_Harrington) resigned from SDUSA and founded the [Democratic Socialist Organizing Committee](/source/Democratic_Socialist_Organizing_Committee) (DSOC), which attracted many of his followers from the former Socialist Party.[75] The same year, [David McReynolds](/source/David_McReynolds) and others from the pacifist and immediate-withdrawal wing of the former Socialist Party formed the [Socialist Party USA](/source/Socialist_Party_USA).[76]

When the SPA became SDUSA,[74] the majority had 22 of 33 votes on the (January 1973) national committee of SDUSA. Two minority caucuses of SDUSA became associated with two other socialist organizations, each of which was founded later in 1973. Many members of Michael Harrington's ("Coalition") caucus, with 8 of 33 seats on the 1973 SDUSA national committee,[77] joined Harrington's DSOC. Many members of the Debs caucus, with 2 of 33 seats on SDUSA's 1973 national committee,[77] joined the Socialist Party of the United States (SPUSA).

From 1979 to 1989, SDUSA members like [Tom Kahn](/source/Tom_Kahn) organized the [AFL-CIO](/source/AFL-CIO)'s fundraising of $300,000, which bought printing presses and other supplies requested by [*Solidarnosc* (Solidarity), the independent labor-union of Poland](/source/Solidarity_(Polish_trade_union)).[78][79][80] SDUSA members helped form a [bipartisan coalition](/source/Bipartisanship) (of the Democratic and Republican parties) to support the founding of the [National Endowment for Democracy](/source/National_Endowment_for_Democracy) (NED), whose first President was [Carl Gershman](/source/Carl_Gershman). The NED publicly allocated $4 million of public aid to Solidarity through 1989.[81][82]

The [Democratic Socialists of America](/source/Democratic_Socialists_of_America) was founded in 1982 with the goal of running candidates in Democratic primaries and winning.[83]

In the 1990s, anarchists attempted to organize across North America around [Love and Rage](/source/Anarchism_in_the_United_States#Love_and_Rage), which drew several hundred activists. By 1997 anarchist organizations began to proliferate.[84] One successful anarchist movement was [Food Not Bombs](/source/Food_Not_Bombs), that distributed free vegetarian meals. Anarchists received significant media coverage for their disruption of the 1999 [World Trade Organization](/source/World_Trade_Organization) conference, called the [Battle in Seattle](/source/1999_Seattle_WTO_protests), where the [Direct Action Network](/source/Direct_Action_Network) was organized. Most organizations were short-lived and anarchism went into decline following a reaction by the authorities that was increased after the [September 11 attacks](/source/September_11_attacks) in 2001.

### Occupy, Bernie Sanders campaigns and DSA electoral victories (2000s–present)

Part of a series on Democratic socialism & social democracy in the United States Ideologies American Left Progressivism in the United States Sandersism Social democracy in the United States History Utopian socialism Icarians Looking Backward Progressive Era Christian socialism in Utah Catholic Worker Movement Labor unionization Women's suffrage 20th century Espionage Act of 1917 First Red Scare The Jungle (1906) McCarthyism Anti-war and civil rights movements "I Have a Dream" March on Washington New Left Poor People's Campaign 21st century 2008 financial crisis Occupy Wall Street Contemporary progressivism Activists and intellectuals Chomsky Ehrenreich Guthrie Harrington Haywood Howe King Jr. Randolph Rustin Seeger Siddique Thompson West Commentators Ball Brooks Bruenig (Elizabeth) Bruenig (Matt) Hartmann Hasan Hayes Kulinski Moore Niebuhr O'Donnell Robinson (Nathan) Seder Sinclair Sunkara Turner Vigeland Politicians Berger Bowman Bush Casar Debs Dellums Lee Mamdani McReynolds Ocasio-Cortez Panken Rabb Sanders Salazar Tlaib Thomas Valdez Wilson Zeidler Parties and organizations Active California National Party Committees of Correspondence for Democracy and Socialism Democratic Socialists of America Legal Marijuana Now Party People's Policy Project Progressive Dane Social Democrats, USA Socialist Labor Party of America Socialist Party USA Working Families Party Defunct Democratic Socialist Federation Democratic Socialist Organizing Committee New American Movement New Democratic Movement Nonpartisan League Social Democracy of America Social Democratic Federation Social Democratic Party of America Socialist Party of America Media Journals Current Affairs Jacobin Mother Jones TV programs and networks Democracy Now! Free Speech TV Websites, radio, and podcasts Majority Report Secular Talk See also Civil rights movements Woke Socialism in the United States Socialism portal United States portal v t e

Further information: [Bernie Sanders 2016 presidential campaign](/source/Bernie_Sanders_2016_presidential_campaign) and [Bernie Sanders 2020 presidential campaign](/source/Bernie_Sanders_2020_presidential_campaign)

[Bernie Sanders](/source/Bernie_Sanders) is considered one of the most influential political figures of the contemporary American left.

In the [2000 presidential election](/source/Ralph_Nader_2000_presidential_campaign), [Ralph Nader](/source/Ralph_Nader) and [Winona LaDuke](/source/Winona_LaDuke) received 2,882,000 votes or 2.74% of the popular vote on the [Green Party](/source/Green_Party_of_the_United_States) ticket.[85][86]

Filmmaker [Michael Moore](/source/Michael_Moore) directed a series of popular movies examining the United States and its government policy from a left-wing perspective, including *[Bowling for Columbine](/source/Bowling_for_Columbine)*, *[Sicko](/source/Sicko)*, *[Capitalism: A Love Story](/source/Capitalism%3A_A_Love_Story)* and *[Fahrenheit 9/11](/source/Fahrenheit_9%2F11)*, which was the top grossing documentary film of all time.[87]

According to *[The New Republic](/source/The_New_Republic)*, Barack Obama's victory in the [2008 United States presidential election](/source/2008_United_States_presidential_election) "would thrill and then embitter a generation of leftists" with "Millennials curious about socialism [being] drawn to" Obama, "especially as he successfully repelled the avatar of the Democratic establishment, Hillary Clinton. In office, however, Obama veered to the economic center, tapping Rahm Emanuel as his chief of staff and allowing fiscal moderates like Timothy Geithner and Larry Summers to steer the recovery from the economic crash."[83]

In 2011, [Occupy Wall Street](/source/Occupy_Wall_Street) protests demanding accountability for the [2008 financial crisis](/source/2008_financial_crisis) and against inequality started in [Manhattan](/source/Manhattan), New York City, and soon spread to other cities around the country, becoming known more broadly as the [Occupy movement](/source/Occupy_movement).[88]

[Kshama Sawant](/source/Kshama_Sawant) was elected to the [Seattle](/source/Seattle) City Council as an openly socialist candidate in 2013. She was re-elected in 2015.[89][90][91]

[Bernie Sanders](/source/Bernie_Sanders), a self-described [democratic socialist](/source/Democratic_socialism) who runs as an [independent](/source/Independent_politician),[92] won his first election as mayor of [Burlington, Vermont](/source/Burlington%2C_Vermont), in 1981 and was re-elected for three additional terms. He then represented [Vermont](/source/Vermont) in the U.S. House of Representatives from 1991 until 2007, and was subsequently elected U.S. Senator for Vermont in 2007, a position which he still holds.[93][94][95] Although he did not win the [2016 Democratic Party presidential nomination](/source/2016_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries), Sanders won the fifth highest number of primary votes of any candidate in a nomination race, Democratic or Republican, and had caused an upset in Michigan and many other states.[96]

[Democratic Socialists of America](/source/Democratic_Socialists_of_America) member [Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez](/source/Alexandria_Ocasio-Cortez) defeated ten-term incumbent [Joe Crowley](/source/Joe_Crowley) in the [NY-14 U.S. House](/source/New_York's_14th_congressional_district) primary and went on to win her general election. She is the youngest woman ever elected to Congress and ran on a [progressive](/source/Progressivism_in_the_United_States) platform. The DSA has seen a huge resurgence in growth with [Bernie Sanders' 2016 presidential campaign](/source/Bernie_Sanders_2016_presidential_campaign) and continues to grow despite having had a membership of around 5,000 members only a decade ago. Unlike other parts of the modern left like the [Socialist Equality Party](/source/Socialist_Equality_Party_(United_States)), the DSA is not a political party and its affiliated candidates usually run on a Democratic or independent ticket. DSA member [Zohran Mamdani](/source/Zohran_Mamdani) was elected [Mayor of New York City](/source/Mayor_of_New_York_City) on [November 4, 2025](/source/2025_New_York_City_mayoral_election).

## Political currents

### Democratic socialism, social democracy, and resurgence of progressivism

Part of a series on Social democracy Concepts Critical social work Class collaboration Folkhemmet Gradualism Labor rights Land reform Mixed economy Nationalization Reformism Social corporatism Social justice Social market economy Tripartism Welfare state Ideologies Allendism Bennism Bevanism Blairism Brownism Craxism Democratic road to socialism Democratic socialism Ecevitism Ethical socialism Evolutionary socialism Figuerism Gaitskellism Kirchnerism Liberal socialism Lassalleanism Lulism Marxism Mosaddeghism Sandersism Socialism of the 21st century Third way History Age of Enlightenment French Revolution Utopian socialism Revolutions of 1848 Reformist–revolutionary dispute Internationalist–defencist schism Frankfurt Declaration Godesberg Program Pink tide Pasokification People Intellectuals Bernstein Cantor Crosland Engels Hilferding Hook Lassalle Marx Webb Vail Politicians Allende Árbenz Ardern Arévalo Attlee Awolowo Bebel Ben-Gurion Berger Betancourt Bhutto Blair Brandt Branting Brown Callaghan Cárdenas Clark Craxi Daszyński Douglas Drees Ebert Ecevit Erlander Fraser Gaitskell Gandhi Gerhardsen Gorbachev González Goulart Guterres Hardie İnönü Jaurès Jenkins Junmai Katayama Kerensky Kirk Kreisky Lagos Layton Lévesque Lewis MacDonald Mosaddegh Murayama Nehru Palme Prodi Sánchez Sanders Savage Scholz Stauning Den Uyl Whitlam Wilson Works Das Kapital (1867) Sweden: The Middle Way (1936) Keep Left (1947) Aims and Tasks of Democratic Socialism (1951) Winnipeg Declaration (1956) The Future of Socialism (1956) New Labour, New Life for Britain (1996) The Purple Book (2011) Parties CPDS ESDP Labour LSDP MLSTP–PSD MSZDP MSZP NDP PES PS Andorra France Portugal PSD PSDE PSDSH PSOE PSSh S Denmark Latvia SAP SD SDE SDF SDK SDLP SDP Croatia Finland Japan Montenegro SDPI SDSM Smer SOCDEM SocDems SPD SDP BiH SPDS SP SPÖ WP Organizations International Trade Union Confederation International Union of Socialist Youth Progressive Alliance Socialist International Young European Socialists Network of Social Democracy in Asia Related Anti-Stalinist left Fist and rose "The Internationale" Social fascism Tankie Three Arrows Politics portal Socialism portal v t e

Use of the socialist label became more prominent after [Socialist Party of America](/source/Socialist_Party_of_America) was founded in 1901. [Eugene Debs](/source/Eugene_Debs) ran as the party's presidential candidate five times and received 6% of the popular vote in 1912. The party suffered political repression during [World War I](/source/World_War_I) due to its [pacifist](/source/Pacifism) stance and broke into factions over whether or not to support the [Bolshevik Revolution](/source/October_Revolution) in Russia and whether or not to join the [Comintern](/source/Comintern). The Socialist Party was re-formed in the mid-1920s but stopped running candidates after 1956, having been undercut by [Franklin D. Roosevelt](/source/Franklin_D._Roosevelt)'s [New Deal](/source/New_Deal) and the resulting leftward movement of the Democratic Party to its right, and by the [Communist Party](/source/Communist_Party_USA) on its left. In the early 1970s, the party split into tiny factions.

After 1960 the Socialist Party also functioned "as an educational organization".[97] Members of the Debs–Thomas Socialist Party helped to develop leaders of social-movement organizations, including the civil-rights movement and the New Left.[98][99] Similarly, contemporary social-democratic and democratic-socialist organizations are known because of their members' activities in other organizations.

When used in a broader sense, the American left can also refer to [progressivism](/source/Progressivism_in_the_United_States) as the movement is largely sympathetic to social democratic principles, despite there existing differences in approach between progressive factions such as more capitalist-leaning American [social liberals](/source/Social_liberalism) and [social democrats](/source/Social_democracy) versus some anti-capitalist [democratic socialists](/source/Democratic_socialism). Following a slow in usage after the [Progressive Era](/source/Progressive_Era) and post-[F.D.R.](/source/Franklin_Delano_Roosevelt), progressivism had a rebirth in the 21st century with the two-term elections of [Barack Obama](/source/Barack_Obama),[100] followed by the election of politicians to Obama's left including [Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez](/source/Alexandria_Ocasio-Cortez), [Bernie Sanders](/source/Bernie_Sanders), and [Elizabeth Warren](/source/Elizabeth_Warren).[101] The label has been more broadly embraced by Democratic Party elected officials since the [2016 United States presidential election](/source/2016_United_States_presidential_election), since Democratic nominee [Hillary Clinton](/source/Hillary_Clinton) referred to herself as a "progressive who likes to get things done" during a CNN primary debate with Sanders, who also brandished the progressive label and indicated some degree of [value](/source/Value_(ethics_and_social_sciences)) consensus despite differing policies.[102] The [Democratic Party](/source/Democratic_Party_(United_States)) has adopted an increasingly progressive stance with the presidency [Joe Biden](/source/Joe_Biden) and his [progressive economic agenda](/source/Economic_progressivism).[103] Biden's presidency has been considered to be ushering-in more principles of social democracy into American government.[104]

#### Democratic Socialists of America

Main article: [Democratic Socialists of America](/source/Democratic_Socialists_of_America)

See also: [List of Democratic Socialists of America members who have held office in the United States](/source/List_of_Democratic_Socialists_of_America_members_who_have_held_office_in_the_United_States)

[Michael Harrington](/source/Michael_Harrington) resigned from Social Democrats, USA early in 1973. He rejected the SDUSA (majority Socialist Party) position on the Vietnam War, which demanded an end to bombings and a negotiated peace settlement. Harrington called rather for an immediate cease fire and immediate withdrawal of U.S. forces from Vietnam.[105] Even before the December 1972 convention, Michael Harrington had resigned as an Honorary Chairperson of the Socialist Party.[74] In the early spring of 1973, he resigned his membership in SDUSA. That same year, Harrington and his supporters formed the [Democratic Socialist Organizing Committee](/source/Democratic_Socialist_Organizing_Committee) (DSOC). At its start, DSOC had 840 members, of which 2 percent served on its national board; approximately 200 had been members of [Social Democrats, USA](/source/Social_Democrats%2C_USA) or its predecessors whose membership was then 1,800, according to a 1973 profile of Harrington.[106]

The DSOC became a member of the [Socialist International](/source/Socialist_International). It supported progressive Democrats including DSOC member Congressman [Ron Dellums](/source/Ron_Dellums) and worked to help network activists in the Democratic Party and in labor unions.[107]

In 1982, the DSOC established the Democratic Socialists of America (DSA) upon merging with the [New American Movement](/source/New_American_Movement), an organization of democratic socialists mostly from the New Left.[108] Its high-profile members included Congressman [Major Owens](/source/Major_Owens), Congresswoman [Rashida Tlaib](/source/Rashida_Tlaib), Congresswoman [Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez](/source/Alexandria_Ocasio-Cortez), Congressman Ron Dellums, multiple state legislators ([Sara Innamorato](/source/Sara_Innamorato), [Lee J. Carter](/source/Lee_J._Carter), [Summer Lee](/source/Summer_Lee), [Julia Salazar](/source/Julia_Salazar)), and [William Winpisinger](/source/William_Winpisinger), President of the [International Association of Machinists](/source/International_Association_of_Machinists).[109][*[circular reference](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Wikipedia_and_sources_that_mirror_or_use_it)*] In 2019 at the Democratic Socialists of America convention in Atlanta, Georgia, DSA confirmed its support for Senator [Bernie Sanders](/source/Bernie_Sanders) in the [2020 United States presidential election](/source/2020_United_States_presidential_election).[110]

Since the [2016 United States presidential election](/source/2016_United_States_presidential_election), the DSA has grown to more than 50,000 members, making it the largest socialist organization in the United States.[111] In 2017, DSA left the Socialist International, citing its support of [neoliberal](/source/Neoliberal) economic policies.[112]

#### Social Democrats, USA

Main article: [Social Democrats, USA](/source/Social_Democrats%2C_USA)

The Socialist Party of America changed its name to Social Democrats, USA (SDUSA) in 1972.[74] In electoral politics, SDUSA's National Co-chairman [Bayard Rustin](/source/Bayard_Rustin) stated that its goal was to transform the Democratic Party into a social-democratic party.[113] SDUSA sponsored conferences that featured discussions and debates over proposed resolutions, some of which were adopted as organizational statements. For these conferences, SDUSA invited a range of academic, political, and labor-union leaders. These meetings also functioned as reunions for political activists and intellectuals, some of whom worked together for decades.[114]

Many SDUSA members served as organizational leaders, especially in labor unions. Rustin served as President of the [A. Philip Randolph Institute](/source/A._Philip_Randolph_Institute),[115] and was succeeded by [Norman Hill](/source/Norman_Hill). [Tom Kahn](/source/Tom_Kahn) served as Director of International Affairs for the AFL–CIO.[59] [Sandra Feldman](/source/Sandra_Feldman) served as President of the [American Federation of Teachers](/source/American_Federation_of_Teachers) (AFT).[116] Rachelle Horowitz served as Political Director for the AFT and serves on the board for the [National Democratic Institute](/source/National_Democratic_Institute_for_International_Affairs). Other members of SDUSA specialized in international politics. [Penn Kemble](/source/Penn_Kemble) served as the acting director of the [U.S. Information Agency](/source/U.S._Information_Agency) in the [Presidency of Bill Clinton](/source/Presidency_of_Bill_Clinton).[117][118] After having served as the U.S. representative to the U.N.'s Committee on human rights during the first [Reagan administration](/source/Reagan_administration),[119] [Carl Gershman](/source/Carl_Gershman) has served as the president of the [National Endowment for Democracy](/source/National_Endowment_for_Democracy).[120]

#### Socialist Party USA

Main article: [Socialist Party USA](/source/Socialist_Party_USA)

In the Socialist Party before 1973, members of the Debs Caucus opposed endorsing or otherwise supporting Democratic Party candidates. They began working outside the Socialist Party with antiwar groups such as the [Students for a Democratic Society](/source/Students_for_a_Democratic_Society_(1960_organization)). Some locals voted to disaffiliate with SDUSA and more members resigned; they re-organized as the Socialist Party USA (SPUSA) while continuing to operate the old Debs Caucus paper, the *Socialist Tribune*, later renamed *The Socialist*. The SPUSA continues to run local and national candidates, including [Dan La Botz](/source/Dan_La_Botz)'s 2010 campaign for US Senate in Ohio that won over 25,000 votes and Pat Noble's successful election onto the [Red Bank Regional High School](/source/Red_Bank_Regional_High_School) Board of Education in 2012 and subsequent re-election in 2015. The SPUSA has run or endorsed a presidential ticket in every election since its founding, most recently nominating Greens party co-founder and activist [Howie Hawkins](/source/Howie_Hawkins) in the 2020 presidential election.

Part of a series on Christian democracy Principles Catholic social teaching Christian corporatism Common good Communitarianism Confessionalism Consistent life ethic Culture of life Distributism Human dignity Neo-scholasticism Option for the poor Person Dignity Theory Personalism Pillarisation Popolarismo Social Gospel Social justice Social market economy Ecological Solidarity Sphere sovereignty Subsidiarity Catholic Welfare state Intellectuals Arizmendiarrieta Belloc Dooyeweerd Gebhardt Gilson Görres Groen Ketteler Kurth Leo XIII Lima Maritain Mounier Pesch Rohrmoser Schuman Stomma Sturzo Vialatoux Politicians Adenauer Andreotti Antall Bayrou Beel Bondevik Bryan Busch Buzek Caldera Carroll Clerides Cosgrave Daul De Gasperi Dehaene Donnelly Dzurinda Erhard Erzberger Fenech Adami Frei Gemayel Groen Haller Joseph Juncker Kaas Kaiser Kennedy (John) Kennedy (Robert) Ketteler Klausener Kohl Komorowski Korfanty Kramp-Karrenbauer Kurz Kuyper Lacalle Pou Laschet Letta Lubbers Martens Mattarella Mazowiecki Merkel Metsola Mikołajczyk Moro Pastrana Peterle Pethrus Popiel Portas Pöttering Prodi Quadros Schäffer Seipel Söder Stegerwald Strauss Sturzo Tindemans Vogelsang von der Leyen Wałęsa Weber Werner Windthorst Parties American Solidarity Party Austrian People's Party Christian Democracy Christian Democratic Appeal Christian Democratic and Flemish Christian Democratic Party Christian Democratic Party of Uruguay Christian Democratic People's Party Christian-Democratic Rebirth Party Christian Democratic Union of Germany Christian Social People's Party Christian Social Union in Bavaria Christian Union Centre Party Centrists for Europe Civic Platform Croatian Democratic Union Democratic Rally Democrats European Christian Political Party Fianna Fáil Fine Gael Kataeb Party National Action Party National Party Nationalist Party New Democracy Patriotic Union People's Party Polish People's Party Popular Republican Movement Prohibition Party The Centre VMRO-DPMNE Organizations Catholic Action Centrist Democrat International Center for Public Justice Christian Democrat Organization of America European People's Party Konrad Adenauer Foundation Young Union Documents Rerum novarum (1891) Graves de communi re (1901) Quadragesimo anno (1931) Populorum progressio (1967) Centesimus annus (1991) Related topics Catholic Church and politics Christian left Christian anarchism Christian communism Christian socialism Evangelical left Christian libertarianism Christian right Christian nationalism Clerical philosophers Ethical socialism Integralism Progressive Christianity Religious democracy Buddhist Islamic Jewish Mormon Social democracy Christianity portal Politics portal v t e

### Christian democracy

#### American Solidarity Party

Main article: [American Solidarity Party](/source/American_Solidarity_Party)

The American Solidarity Party (ASP) is a [Christian-democratic](/source/Christian-democratic) political party that supports [social-democratic](/source/Social-democratic) and [fiscally progressive](/source/Fiscally_progressive) policies in the United States.[121][122] It favors a [social market economy](/source/Social_market_economy) with a [distributist](/source/Distributist) flavor,[122][123] and seeks "widespread economic participation and ownership" through supporting small business,[123] as well as providing a [social safety net](/source/Social_safety_net) programs. It also has a minor [anti-capitalism](/source/Anti-capitalism) faction.[124] The party's name was inspired by [Solidarity](/source/Solidarity_(Polish_trade_union)) (*Solidarnosc*), the independent labor union of Poland.[125]

### Green politics

#### Green Party of the United States

Main article: [Green Party of the United States](/source/Green_Party_of_the_United_States)

Part of a series on Green politics Core topics Climate change litigation Fossil fuels lobby Green party List of topics Politics of climate change Four pillars Ecological wisdom Social justice Grassroots democracy Nonviolence Perspectives Alter-globalization Bright green environmentalism Criticisms of globalization Deep ecology Degrowth Dirty hands Disinvestment Ecoauthoritarianism Eco-capitalism Ecocentrism Ecofascism Ecofeminism Eco-nationalism Eco-socialism Environmentalism Green anarchism Green conservatism Green growth Green left Green liberalism Green libertarianism Green Zionism Islamic environmentalism Social ecology (Democratic confederalism) Queer ecology Intellectuals Abbey Albert Anderson Bahro Bari Best Beuys Berry Bookchin Brown (Lester) Brower Carson Callicott Dodds Douglas d'Eaubonne Foster Gandhi George Gleich Guattari Hawken Jackson Khosla Klein Kovel LaDuke Latouche Leopold Linkola Löwy Maathai Malm Mason McKibben Monbiot Næss Negri Öcalan Nussbaum Porritt Raworth Read Rendueles Rolston III Saito Salleh Sassen Schumacher Scruton Shiva Singer Snyder Steyer Sukhdev Thoreau Thunberg Zerzan Politicians Baerbock Bandt Bausch Benčić Bennett Betancourt Brélaz Brown (Bob) Camejo Cohn-Bendit Commoner Chrysogelos Cuffe Ditfurth Emsis Fajardo Feinstein Fischer Frassoni Gore Grodzka Habeck Halsema Harris Havel Hourigan Inslee Joly Karácsony Kelly Kerry Khanna Klaver Kogler Kretschmann Kuhn Lalonde Lipietz López Lowan Lucas Lunacek Martin May Markey Nader O'Gorman Parkin Polanski Rosenmöller Roth Sargent Schmidt-Nielsen Silva Sirkis Stein Tondelier Trittin Van der Bellen Vējonis Voynet Wall Waechter Organizations Asia Pacific Greens Federation European Green Party Federation of Green Parties of Africa Federation of the Green Parties of the Americas Federation of Young European Greens Global Greens Global Young Greens World Ecological Parties Related topics Carbon fee and dividend Carbon tax Circular economy Climate change mitigation Climate finance Climate justice Climate target Conservation movement Corporate political activism Eco-investing Ecological economics Ecological modernization Ecomodernism Eco-tariff Ecotax Eco-terrorism Environmental conflict effects of agriculture effects of aviation finance issues justice movement planning pricing reform racism technology Environmentalism opposition Environmental skepticism Stewardship in music Fossil fuel phase-out Green development economy grabbing greening imperialism industrial policy infrastructure job New Deal recovery retrofit state theory transport hierarchy vehicle washing Localism Low-carbon economy List of environmental incidents conflicts killings Political ecology Progressivism Renewable energy Sustainable design development energy engineering refurbishment transport War on coal Water conflict Environment portal Politics portal v t e

The Green Party of the United States is an [eco-socialist](/source/Eco-socialism) party whose platform emphasizes environmentalism, non-hierarchical participatory democracy, social justice, respect for diversity, peace, and nonviolence.[126][127][128][129][130] At their 2016 party convention in Houston, the party changed its platform to support a decentralized form of [eco-socialism](/source/Eco-socialism) based on [workplace democracy](/source/Workplace_democracy).[131][132]

In the [2000 presidential election](/source/Ralph_Nader_presidential_campaign%2C_2000), [Ralph Nader](/source/Ralph_Nader) and [Winona LaDuke](/source/Winona_LaDuke) received 2,882,955 votes or 2.74% of the popular vote.[133]

In the [2016 election](/source/2016_United_States_presidential_election), Green Party presidential candidate [Jill Stein](/source/Jill_Stein) and running mate [Ajamu Baraka](/source/Ajamu_Baraka) qualified to be on the ballot in 44 states and the District of Columbia, with 3 additional states allowing write-in votes.[134][135]

The [Association of State Green Parties](/source/Association_of_State_Green_Parties) and the [Greens/Green Party USA](/source/Greens%2FGreen_Party_USA) were much smaller green groups focusing on education and local, grassroots organizing.

### Anarchism

Main article: [Anarchism in the United States](/source/Anarchism_in_the_United_States)

Anarchism in the United States first emerged from [individualistic](/source/Individualist_anarchism_in_the_United_States), [free-thinking](/source/Free-thinking), and [utopian socialism](/source/Utopian_socialism) as typified by the work of thinkers such as [Josiah Warren](/source/Josiah_Warren) and [Henry David Thoreau](/source/Henry_David_Thoreau). This was overshadowed by a mass, cosmopolitan, and working-class movement between the 1880s and 1940s, whose members were mostly recent immigrants, including those of German, Italian, Jewish, Mexican, and Russian descent.[136]

Prominent figures of this period include [Albert Parsons](/source/Albert_Parsons) and [Lucy Parsons](/source/Lucy_Parsons), [Emma Goldman](/source/Emma_Goldman), [Carlo Tresca](/source/Carlo_Tresca), and [Ricardo Flores Magón](/source/Ricardo_Flores_Mag%C3%B3n). The anarchist movement achieved notoriety due to [violent clashes with police](/source/Haymarket_affair), [assassinations](/source/Assassination_of_William_McKinley), and sensational [Red Scare](/source/First_Red_Scare) propaganda, but most anarchist activity took place in the realm of agitation and labor organizing among largely immigrant workers. Anarchist organizations include:

- [Anarchist Black Cross](/source/Anarchist_Black_Cross)[137]

- [Anarchist People of Color](/source/Anarchist_People_of_Color)

- [Black Rose Anarchist Federation/Federación Anarquista Rosa Negra](/source/Anarchism_in_the_United_States#Late_20th_century_and_contemporary_times)

- [First of May Anarchist Alliance](/source/Anarchism_in_the_United_States#Late_20th_century_and_contemporary_times)

- [Food Not Bombs](/source/Food_Not_Bombs)[137]

- [Green Mountain Anarchist Collective](/source/Green_Mountain_Anarchist_Collective)

- [Industrial Workers of the World](/source/Industrial_Workers_of_the_World)[138]

- [International Working People's Association](/source/International_Working_People's_Association)

- [Local to Global Justice](/source/Local_to_Global_Justice)[137]

- [Revolutionary Socialist League](/source/Revolutionary_Socialist_League_(U.S.))

- [Union of Russian Workers](/source/Union_of_Russian_Workers)

- [Workers Solidarity Alliance](/source/Workers_Solidarity_Alliance)[137]

- [Youth International Party](/source/Youth_International_Party)

### De Leonism

[De Leonism](/source/De_Leonism), occasionally known as Marxism–De Leonism, is a [libertarian Marxist](/source/Libertarian_Marxism) ideological variant developed by the American activist [Daniel De Leon](/source/Daniel_De_Leon).

#### Socialist Labor Party

Main article: [Socialist Labor Party of America](/source/Socialist_Labor_Party_of_America)

Founded in 1876, the Socialist Labor Party (SLP) was a reformist party but adopted the theories of [Karl Marx](/source/Karl_Marx) and [Daniel De Leon](/source/Daniel_De_Leon) in 1900, leading to the defection of reformers to the new [Socialist Party of America](/source/Socialist_Party_of_America) (SPA). It contested elections, including every election for President of the United States from 1892 to 1976. Some of its prominent members included [Jack London](/source/Jack_London) and [James Connolly](/source/James_Connolly). By 2009 it had lost its premises and ceased publishing its newspaper, *The People*.[139]

In 1970, a group of dissidents left the SLP to form Socialist Reconstruction. Socialist Reconstruction then expelled some of its dissidents, who formed the Socialist Forum Group.[140]

### Marxism–Leninism

Part of a series on Socialism History Outline Development French Revolution Revolutions of 1848 Socialist calculation debate Socialist economics Ideas Calculation in kind Cooperative Critique of political economy Economic democracy Economic planning Equal liberty Equal opportunity Free association Industrial democracy Internationalism Labour-time calculation Labour voucher Production for use Sharing economy Social dividend Social ownership Common ownership Socialist mode of production To each according to his contribution/needs Vanguardism Workers' self-management Models Socialist planned economy Decentralized planning Inclusive Democracy Project Cybersyn Soviet-type Market socialism Participatory economics Variants Authoritarian socialism Blanquism Saint-Simonianism Chinese State Yellow Eco-socialism Guild socialism Libertarian socialism Anarchism Communalism Fourierism Syndicalism Marxism Left-communism Owenism Reformist socialism Democratic Ethical Evolutionary Market Municipal Liberal Social 21st-century Religious socialism Buddhist Christian Islamic Jewish Intellectuals Zeno Mazdak More Campanella Mably Morelly d'Hupay Godwin Saint-Simon Buonarroti Saint-Just Owen Fourier Hodgskin Cabet Leroux Warren Sue Blanqui Weitling Proudhon Brisbane Greeley Andrews Herzen Ingalls Bakunin Marx Greene Kingsley Engels Wallace Lavrov Lassalle Saltykov Chernyshevsky Tolstoy Michel Morris Jones Lum Mikhaylovsky Kropotkin Danielson Guillaume Carpenter Farga Vorontsov Sorel Bellamy Labadie Llunas Malatesta Tucker Kautsky Wilde Bellamy Plekhanov Beatrice Webb Ferrer Dewey Mella Gorter Cleyre Wells Du Bois Gorky Goldman Struve Landauer Berkman Luxemburg Shūsui Russell Pannekoek Rocker Rühle Spengler Keller Tawney Pankhurst Volin Lukács Korsch Polanyi Vanzetti Makhno Bordiga Cole Serge Gramsci Sacco Tukhachevsky Day Marcuse James Orwell Sartre Bookchin Zinn Castoriadis Thompson Gutiérrez Chomsky Debord Parenti Fotopoulos Newton Wolff Ali Dauvé Hampton Žižek Öcalan West Hedges Varoufakis Saito Politicians Roux Babeuf Blanc Hong Pi i Margall Bebel Most Bernstein Natanson De Leon Mikhailov Debs Pease Sidney Webb Markievicz Connolly Gandhi Lenin Liebknecht Savage Blum Stauning Martov Bitsenko Nygaardsvold Trotsky Kerensky Attlee Kamenev Zinoviev Spiridonova Chifley Nikiforova Kamkov Drees Kolegayev Nehru Tito Nagy Gerhardsen Van Acker Spaak Sukarno Erlander Douglas Montseny Senghor Allende van der Lubbe Nkrumah Kreisky Taruc Wilson Corvalán Mitterrand Nasser Mandela Dubček Nyerere Koivisto Manley Benn Palme Bhutto Che MLK Gorbachev Ismail Vázquez Sanders González Lula Ortega Guterres Corbyn Sankara Mélenchon Hawkins Chávez Galloway Marcos Morales Glasman Maduro Ocasio-Cortez Mamdani Sultana Organizations Socialist Party Labour and Socialist International Network of Social Democracy in Asia Party of European Socialists Progressive International Socialist International Sovintern World Socialist Movement Young European Socialists Related ideologies Classical radicalism Cyber-utopianism Gandhian socialism Labor Zionism Left-conservatism Left-wing nationalism Progressivism Economic Social corporatism Socialist democracy Socialist feminism Utopian socialism Related topics Capitalism Communist society Criticism of capitalism Criticism of socialism Economic calculation problem Economic system Socialism in France Left-libertarianism Libertarianism Market abolitionism Marxist philosophy Nanosocialism Socialism and LGBTQ rights Socialist calculation debate Socialist Party Socialist state Workers' council Lists Democratic socialists Democratic socialist parties and organizations Economists Films Social democrats Social democratic parties Songs States Socialism portal Politics portal v t e

[Marxism–Leninism](/source/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism) has been advocated and practiced by American communists of many kinds, including members of [pro-Soviet](/source/Communist_International), [Maoist](/source/Maoist), and [Hoxhaist](/source/Hoxhaist) parties as well as by [independent voters](/source/Independent_(voter)).[141]

#### American Communist Party

Main article: [American Communist Party (2024)](/source/American_Communist_Party_(2024))

The American Communist Party (ACP) is a Marxist–Leninist political party formed in 2024 when its members split from the [Communist Party USA](/source/Communist_Party_USA).[142]

ACP has been described as [MAGA Communist](/source/MAGA_Communism),[143][144][145] as notable ACP founders [Jackson Hinkle](/source/Jackson_Hinkle) and [Haz Al-Din](/source/Haz_Al-Din) have promoted it and similar conservative communist labels since 2022.[146][147][148][149] MAGA Communism has been described as [anti-feminist](/source/Antifeminism),[150][151] [queerphobic](/source/Anti-LGBTQ_rhetoric),[150][151] [anti-woke](/source/Woke),[152] [anti-environmentalist](/source/Anti-environmentalism),[150][153][148][151] pro-[social services](/source/Social_services),[151][147] pro-[tax cuts](/source/Tax_cuts),[151][147] and pro-[Donald Trump](/source/Donald_Trump).[151] ACP leaders argue that MAGA Communism is a tool to shift the [American working class](/source/American_working_class) away from capitalism and toward communism.[147][151]

ACP officially adheres to Marxism–Leninism,[146] and also promotes [socialist patriotism](/source/Socialist_patriotism).[154] The ACP aligns with the Chinese view of the [Sino-Soviet split](/source/Sino-Soviet_split), regards the [de-Stalinized](/source/De-Stalinization) [Soviet Union](/source/Soviet_Union) as [revisionist](/source/Revisionism_(Marxism)),[155] supports the [Cultural Revolution](/source/Cultural_Revolution), celebrates [the Chinese economic reforms](/source/Reform_and_opening_up), and upholds [Xi Jinping Thought](/source/Xi_Jinping_Thought).[149][152][156] ACP and its leaders support [China](/source/China), [North Korea](/source/North_Korea), [Iran](/source/Iran),[149] [Nicaragua](/source/Nicaragua), [Nicolás Maduro](/source/Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro)'s Venezuelan government,[151] and the Russian "[Special Military Operation](/source/Special_military_operation)".[157][158]

#### American Party of Labor

The American Party of Labor was founded in 2008 and adheres to [Hoxhaism](/source/Hoxhaism).[159] It has its origins in the activities of the American communist [Jack Shulman](/source/Jack_Shulman), former secretary of [Communist Party USA](/source/Communist_Party_USA) leader [William Z. Foster](/source/William_Z._Foster), and the British Marxist-Leninist [Bill Bland](/source/Bill_Bland). Members of the American Party of Labor had previously been active in Alliance Marxist-Leninist and International Struggle Marxist-Leninist, two organizations founded by Shulman and Bland. The present-day APL sees itself as upholding and continuing the work of Shulman and Bland. The party has been a member of the International Conference of Marxist–Leninist Parties and Organizations (Unity & Struggle) since 2024 and maintains friendly relations with a number of foreign communist parties worldwide.[160]

It has been involved in a number of events, such as a 2013 protest against the [Golden Dawn](/source/Golden_Dawn_(political_party)) in [Chicago](/source/Chicago),[161] a 2014 meeting on Ukraine[162] and a protest against [Donald Trump](/source/Donald_Trump) at the [2016 Republican National Convention](/source/2016_Republican_National_Convention).[163] A significant program of the American Party of Labor is "Red Aid: Service to the People", which involves providing food, clothing and other assistance to the poor and homeless in impoverished communities, and has been established in multiple US cities.[164][165][166]

Its current organ, *The Red Phoenix*, carries articles concerning contemporary political issues and theoretical and historical questions.

#### Communist Party USA

Main article: [Communist Party USA](/source/Communist_Party_USA)

Established in 1919, the Communist Party USA (CPUSA) claimed a membership of 100,000 in 1939 and maintained a membership over 50,000 until the 1950s. However, the 1956 invasion of Hungary, [McCarthyism](/source/McCarthyism) and investigations by the [House Unamerican Activities Committee](/source/House_Unamerican_Activities_Committee) (HUAC) contributed to its steady decline despite a brief increase in membership from the mid-1960s. Its estimated membership in 1996 was between 4,000 and 5,000.[167] From the 1940s, the FBI attempted to disrupt the CPUSA, including through its Counter-Intelligence Program ([COINTELPRO](/source/COINTELPRO)).[168]

Several [Communist front](/source/Communist_front) organizations founded in the 1950s continued to operate at least into the 1990s, notably the Veterans of the [Abraham Lincoln Brigade](/source/Abraham_Lincoln_Brigade), the [American Committee for the Protection of Foreign Born](/source/American_Committee_for_the_Protection_of_Foreign_Born), the [Labor Research Association](/source/Labor_Research_Association), the [National Council of American-Soviet Friendship](/source/National_Council_of_American_Soviet_Friendship), and the U.S. Peace Council. Other groups with less direct links to the CPUSA include the [National Lawyers Guild](/source/National_Lawyers_Guild), the [National Emergency Civil Liberties Committee](/source/National_Emergency_Civil_Liberties_Committee), and the [Center for Constitutional Rights](/source/Center_for_Constitutional_Rights).[169] Many leading members of the [New Left](/source/New_Left), including some members of the [Weather Underground](/source/Weather_Underground) and the [May 19th Communist Organization](/source/May_19th_Communist_Organization) were members of the National Lawyers Guild.[170] However, CPUSA's attempts to influence the New Left were mostly unsuccessful.[171] The CPUSA attracted media attention in the 1970s with the membership of the high-profile activist, [Angela Davis](/source/Angela_Davis).[172]

The CPUSA publishes the *[People's World](/source/People's_World)* and *[Political Affairs](/source/Political_Affairs)*. Beginning in 1988, the CPUSA stopped running candidates for President of the United States.[173] After the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991, it was found that the Soviet Union had provided funding to the CPUSA throughout its history. The CPUSA had always supported the positions of the Soviet Union.[174]

#### Freedom Road Socialist Organization

Main article: [Freedom Road Socialist Organization](/source/Freedom_Road_Socialist_Organization)

The Freedom Road Socialist Organization (FRSO) was founded in 1985 through the mergers of [Maoist](/source/Maoism) and [Marxist–Leninist](/source/Marxism-Leninism) organizations active near the end of the [New Communist Movement](/source/New_Communist_Movement). The FRSO grew out of an initial merger of the Proletarian Unity League and the Revolutionary Workers Headquarters. Some years later, the Organization for Revolutionary Unity and the Amilcar Cabral/Paul Robeson Collective merged into the FRSO.

In 1999, the FRSO split into two organizations, both of which retain the FRSO name to this day. The split primarily concerned the organization's continued adherence to Marxism–Leninism, with one side of the FRSO upholding Marxism–Leninism and the other side preferring to pursue a strategy of regrouping and rebuilding the left in the United States. These organizations are commonly identified through their publications, which are *Fight Back! News* and *Freedom Road*, and their websites, (frso.org) and (freedomroad.org), respectively.

In 2010, members of the FRSO (frso.org) and other anti-war and international solidarity activists were raided by the FBI. Secret documents left by the FBI revealed that agents planned to question activists about their involvement in the FRSO (frso.org) and their international solidarity work related to [Colombia](/source/Revolutionary_Armed_Forces_of_Colombia) and [Palestine](/source/Popular_Front_for_the_Liberation_of_Palestine).[175] The FRSO (frso.org) works in the committee to Stop FBI Repression.

Both FRSO groups continue to uphold the right of national self-determination for [African Americans](/source/African_Americans) and [Chicanos](/source/Chicanos). The FRSO (frso.org) works in the labor movement, the student movement, and the oppressed nationalities movement.

#### Party for Socialism and Liberation

Main article: [Party for Socialism and Liberation](/source/Party_for_Socialism_and_Liberation)

The Party for Socialism and Liberation was formed in 2004 as a result of a split in the Workers World Party. The San Francisco, Los Angeles and Washington, D.C. branches left almost in their entirety and the party has grown significantly since then.[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*] The new party took control of the [Workers World Party](/source/Workers_World_Party) front organization [Act Now to Stop War and End Racism](/source/Act_Now_to_Stop_War_and_End_Racism) (A.N.S.W.E.R.) at the time of the split.[176]

Following the 2010 [Deepwater Horizon oil spill](/source/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill) in the Gulf of Mexico, A.N.S.W.E.R. organized the "Seize BP" campaign, which organized demonstrations calling for the U.S. federal government to seize BP's assets and place them in trust to pay for damages.[177]

The PSL has also been active in the antiracist movement, participating in protests across the country throughout 2020.[178][179] Several organizers in their Denver branch were arrested for their involvement in protests against the [death of Elijah McClain](/source/Death_of_Elijah_McClain).[180]

#### Progressive Labor Party

Main article: [Progressive Labor Party (United States)](/source/Progressive_Labor_Party_(United_States))

The Progressive Labor Party (PL) was formed as the Progressive Labor Movement in 1962 by a group of former members of the Communist Party USA, most of whom had quit or been expelled for supporting China in the Sino-Soviet split. To them, the Soviet Union was imperialist. They competed with the CP and SWP for influence in the anti-war movement and the [Students for a Democratic Society](/source/Students_for_a_Democratic_Society_(1960_organization)) (SDS), forming the *May 2 Movement* as its anti-war front organization.[181] Its major publications are *Progressive Labor* and the *Marxist–Leninist Quarterly*.[182] They later abandoned Maoism, refusing to follow the line of any foreign country and formed the front group, the [International Committee Against Racism](/source/International_Committee_Against_Racism) (InCAR), in 1973. Much of their activity included violent confrontations against far-right groups, such as Nazis and Klansmen.[183] While membership in 1978 was about 1,500, by 1996 it had fallen below 500.[184]

#### Revolutionary Communist Party, USA

Main article: [Revolutionary Communist Party, USA](/source/Revolutionary_Communist_Party%2C_USA)

Formed in 1969 as the Bay Area Revolutionary Union (BARU), the Revolutionary Communist Party (RCP) had almost one thousand members in twenty-five states by 1975. Its main founder and long-time leader, [Bob Avakian](/source/Bob_Avakian), a [Students for a Democratic Society](/source/Students_for_a_Democratic_Society_(1960_organization)) (SDS) organizer had fought off attempts for control of the SDS by the Progressive Labor Party. The party has been unwaveringly [Maoist](/source/Maoist).[185] Working through the [U.S.-China Peoples Friendship Association](/source/U.S.-China_Peoples_Friendship_Association), the party arranged for visits by Americans to China.[186] Their newspaper, *Revolutionary Worker* has featured articles supportive of Albania and North Korea, while the party, unusually for the left, has been hostile to [school busing](/source/Desegregation_busing_in_the_United_States), the [Equal Rights Amendment](/source/Equal_Rights_Amendment) (ERA), and gay rights. The party fell out of favour with the Chinese government after the death of [Mao Zedong](/source/Mao_Zedong), partly because of the personality cult of the RCP leader. By the mid-1990s the party numbered fewer than 500 members.[187]

#### Workers World Party

Main article: [Workers World Party](/source/Workers_World_Party)

The Workers World Party (WWP) was formed in 1958 by fewer than one hundred people who left the Socialist Workers Party after the SWP supported socialists in New York State elections. Their publication is *[Workers World](/source/Workers_World_newspaper)*. The party's position has developed from Trotskyism to independent Marxism–Leninism, supporting all Marxist states. They have been active in organizing protests against far-right groups. They were also notable for being the main US supporter of the former [Ethiopian communist government](/source/Derg). In the 1990s their membership was estimated at 200.[188]

Their front group, [Act Now to Stop War and End Racism](/source/Act_Now_to_Stop_War_and_End_Racism) (A.N.S.W.E.R.) organized the early protests against the war in Iraq, which brought hundreds of thousands of protesters to Washington, D.C. before the war had even begun.[189] However, following a split in the party in 2004, some members left to form the [Party for Socialism and Liberation](/source/Party_for_Socialism_and_Liberation), taking leadership of A.N.S.W.E.R. with them. The Workers World Party then formed the [Troops Out Now Coalition](/source/Troops_Out_Now_Coalition).[176]

### Trotskyism

Many [Trotskyist](/source/Trotskyist) parties and organizations exist that advocate communism. These groups are distinct from Marxist–Leninist groups in that they generally adhere to the theory and writings of [Leon Trotsky](/source/Leon_Trotsky). Many owe their organizational heritage to the Socialist Workers Party, which emerged as a split-off from the CP.

#### Freedom Socialist Party

Main article: [Freedom Socialist Party](/source/Freedom_Socialist_Party)

The Freedom Socialist Party began in 1966 as the Seattle branch of the Socialist Workers Party that had split from the party and joined with others who had not belonged to the SWP. They differed with the SWP on the role of African Americans, whom they saw as being the future vanguard of the revolution, and of women, emphasizing their rights, which they called "[socialist feminism](/source/Socialist_feminism)". [Clara Fraser](/source/Clara_Fraser) came to lead the party and was to form the group [Radical Women](/source/Radical_Women).[190]

#### Revolutionary Communists of America

The Revolutionary Communists of America (RCA) are the US Section of the [Revolutionary Communist International (RCI)](/source/Revolutionary_Communist_International) (formerly International Marxist Tendency or IMT). They are a [Trotskyist](/source/Trotskyism) party founded in 2024,[191] with their preceding organization having existed in the US since 2002. The RCA are inspired by the theories of [Karl Marx](/source/Karl_Marx), [Friedrich Engels](/source/Friedrich_Engels), [Vladimir Lenin](/source/Vladimir_Lenin), and [Leon Trotsky](/source/Leon_Trotsky), as well as British Trotskyist [Ted Grant](/source/Ted_Grant), and publish a regular newspaper called *[The Communist](https://communistusa.org/)* (formerly *Socialist Appeal* and *Socialist Revolution*). The party-affiliated publishing house is called [Marxist Books](https://www.marxistbooks.com/). The party argues for a break with the Democrats and Republicans, advocates for political class-independence of the working class based on a socialist program and aims to build a capable revolutionary leadership.[192]

#### International Socialist Organization

Main article: [International Socialist Organization](/source/International_Socialist_Organization)

The International Socialist Organization (ISO) was a group founded in 1977 as a section of the [International Socialist Tendency](/source/International_Socialist_Tendency) (IST). The organization held [Leninist](/source/Leninism) positions on [imperialism](/source/Imperialism) and considered itself a [vanguard party](/source/Vanguardism), preparing the ground for a revolutionary party to hypothetically succeed it. The organization held a [Trotskyist](/source/Trotskyism) critique of nominally socialist states, which it considered class societies. In contrast to this, the ISO advocated the tradition of "socialism from below". It was strongly influenced by the perspectives of [Hal Draper](/source/Hal_Draper) and [Tony Cliff](/source/Tony_Cliff). It broke from the IST in 2001 but continued to exist as an independent organization for the next eighteen years.

The ISO emphasized educational work on the socialist tradition. Branches also took part in [activism against the Iraq War](/source/Opposition_to_the_Iraq_War), against police brutality, against the death penalty, and in labor strikes, among other social movements. At its peak in 2013, the group had as many as 1500 members. The organization argued that it was the largest [revolutionary socialist](/source/Revolutionary_socialism) group in the United States at that time. The ISO found itself in crisis early 2019, largely stemming from a scandal over the leadership's response to a 2013 sexual misconduct case. The ISO voted to dissolve itself in March 2019.

#### Socialist Action

Main article: [Socialist Action (United States)](/source/Socialist_Action_(United_States))

Socialist Action was formed in 1983 by members, almost all of whom had been expelled from the Socialist Workers Party. Its members remained loyal to Trotskyist principles, including "[permanent revolution](/source/Permanent_revolution)", that they claimed the SWP had abandoned. Strongly critical of authoritarian regimes, including the Soviet Union and Iran, it championed socialist revolution in third world countries. It was an active participant in the Cleveland Emergency National Conference in September 1984, set up to challenge American policy in Central America, and played a major role in organizing demonstrations against American action against the [Sandinista](/source/Sandinista) rebels in Nicaragua.[193]

#### Socialist Alternative

Main article: [Socialist Alternative (United States)](/source/Socialist_Alternative_(United_States))

Although Socialist Alternative has sometimes pursued a democratic socialist strategy, most notably in Seattle where [Kshama Sawant](/source/Kshama_Sawant) was elected to the [Seattle](/source/Seattle) City Council as an openly socialist candidate in 2013.,[89][90][91] it identifies as a Trotskyist political organization. Socialist Alternative is the U.S. affiliate of the [International Socialist Alternative](/source/International_Socialist_Alternative), which is a Brussels-based international of Trotskyist political parties.

#### Socialist Equality Party

Main article: [Socialist Equality Party (United States)](/source/Socialist_Equality_Party_(United_States))

The Socialist Equality Party (SEP) is a political party that formed after a 1964 ideological rupture with [Socialist Workers Party](/source/Socialist_Workers_Party_(United_States)) over the issue of their support of the [Fidel Castro](/source/Fidel_Castro) government in Cuba, The SEP are composed of Trotskyists and are affiliated with the [World Socialist Web Site](/source/World_Socialist_Web_Site).

#### Socialist Workers Party

Main article: [Socialist Workers Party (United States)](/source/Socialist_Workers_Party_(United_States))

With fewer than one thousand members in 1996, the Socialist Worker's Party (SWP) was the second-largest Marxist–Leninist party in the United States.[194] Formed by supporters of [Leon Trotsky](/source/Leon_Trotsky), they believed that the Soviet Union and other Communist states remained "worker's states" and should be defended against reactionary forces, although their leadership had sold out the workers. They became members of the [Trotskyist](/source/Trotskyist) [Fourth International](/source/Fourth_International).[195] Their publications include [The Militant](/source/The_Militant) and a theoretical journal, the [International Socialist Review](/source/International_Socialist_Review_(1956)).[196] Two groups that broke with the SWP in the 1960s were the [Spartacist League](/source/Spartacist_League_(US)) and the Workers League (which would later evolve into the [Socialist Equality Party](/source/Socialist_Equality_Party_(United_States))).[197] The SWP has been involved in numerous violent scuffles.[198] In 1970 the party successfully sued the FBI for COINTELPRO, where the FBI opened and copied mail, planted informants, wiretapped members' homes, bugged conventions, and broke into party offices.[199] The party fields candidates for President of the United States.[198]

#### Solidarity

Main article: [Solidarity (United States)](/source/Solidarity_(United_States))

Solidarity is a socialist organization associated with the journal *Against the Current*. Solidarity is an organizational descendant of [International Socialists](/source/International_Socialists_(U.S.)), a [Trotskyist](/source/Trotskyism) organization based on the proposition that the [Soviet Union](/source/Soviet_Union) was not a "degenerated workers' state" (as in [orthodox Trotskyism](/source/Orthodox_Trotskyism)) but rather "[bureaucratic collectivism](/source/Bureaucratic_collectivism)", a new and especially repressive class society.[200]

#### Spartacist League

Main articles: [International Communist League (Fourth Internationalist)](/source/International_Communist_League_(Fourth_Internationalist)) and [Spartacist League (US)](/source/Spartacist_League_(US))

The Spartacist League was formed in 1966 by members of the Socialist Workers Party who had been expelled two years earlier after accusing the SWP of adopting "petty bourgeois ideology". Beginning with a membership of around 75, their numbers dropped to 40 by 1969 although they grew to several hundred in the early 1970s, with Maoists disillusioned with China's new foreign policy joining the group.[201]

The League saw the Soviet Union as a "[deformed workers' state](/source/Deformed_workers'_state)", and supported it over some policies. It is committed to Trotskyist "[permanent revolution](/source/Permanent_revolution)", rejecting Mao's peasant guerilla warfare model. The group's publication is *[Workers Vanguard](/source/Workers_Vanguard)*. Much of the group's activity has involved stopping Ku Klux Klan and Nazi rallies.[201]

## Notable figures and current publications

### People

- [Ed Asner](/source/Ed_Asner) – actor

- [Paul Auster](/source/Paul_Auster) – writer

- [Bob Avakian](/source/Bob_Avakian) – chairman of the [Revolutionary Communist Party, USA](/source/Revolutionary_Communist_Party%2C_USA)

- [Bill Ayers](/source/Bill_Ayers) – co-founder and co-leader of the [Weather Underground](/source/Weather_Underground)

- [John Bachtell](/source/John_Bachtell) – chairman of the [Communist Party USA](/source/Communist_Party_USA)

- [General Baker](/source/General_Baker) – leader of the League of Revolutionary Black Workers

- [Roger Nash Baldwin](/source/Roger_Nash_Baldwin) – founding member of the [ACLU](/source/American_Civil_Liberties_Union)

- [Jack Barnes](/source/Jack_Barnes_(politician)) – [Socialist Workers Party](/source/Socialist_Workers_Party_(United_States)) leader

- [Harry Belafonte](/source/Harry_Belafonte) – singer, civil rights and social activist

- [Edward Bellamy](/source/Edward_Bellamy) – [utopian socialist](/source/Utopian_socialist) author

- [Victor L. Berger](/source/Victor_L._Berger) – [Socialist Party of America](/source/Socialist_Party_of_America) congressman

- [Grace Lee Boggs](/source/Grace_Lee_Boggs) – Chinese-American Marxist

- [James Boggs](/source/James_Boggs_(activist)) – African-American Marxist

- [Murray Bookchin](/source/Murray_Bookchin) – anarchist and libertarian socialist theorist

- [Earl Browder](/source/Earl_Browder) – Communist Party leader

- [James P. Cannon](/source/James_P._Cannon) – leader of the Socialist Workers Party

- [Chevy Chase](/source/Chevy_Chase) – comedian

- [Cesar Chavez](/source/Cesar_Chavez) – [United Farm Workers](/source/United_Farm_Workers) leader

- [Noam Chomsky](/source/Noam_Chomsky) – linguistics academic and anarchist activist

- [John Cusack](/source/John_Cusack) – actor

- [Angela Davis](/source/Angela_Davis) – Communist Party leader

- [Dorothy Day](/source/Dorothy_Day) – founding member of the [Catholic Worker Movement](/source/Catholic_Worker_Movement)

- [Claudia De la Cruz](/source/Claudia_De_la_Cruz) – Activist, Educator, [Party for Socialism and Liberation](/source/Party_for_Socialism_and_Liberation) candidate in 2024

- [Daniel De Leon](/source/Daniel_De_Leon) – [Marxist](/source/Marxism) [theoretician](/source/Theoretician_(Marxism)) and newspaper editor

- [Eugene V. Debs](/source/Eugene_V._Debs) – Socialist Party of America leader and presidential candidate

- [David Dellinger](/source/David_Dellinger) – Socialist Party of America leader and pacifist

- [Ron Dellums](/source/Ron_Dellums) – Socialist congressman from California

- [Farrell Dobbs](/source/Farrell_Dobbs) – leader of the Socialist Workers Party

- [Hal Draper](/source/Hal_Draper) – Young Peoples Socialist League leader and socialist intellectual

- [W. E. B. Du Bois](/source/W._E._B._Du_Bois) – Sociologist, historian, and civil rights activist

- [Barbara Ehrenreich](/source/Barbara_Ehrenreich) – co-chair of Democratic Socialists of America

- [Albert Einstein](/source/Albert_Einstein) – physicist

- [Jane Fonda](/source/Jane_Fonda) – [New Left](/source/New_Left) antiwar activist, actor, [CED](/source/Campaign_for_Economic_Democracy) founder, climate activist

- [William Z. Foster](/source/William_Z._Foster) – Communist Party leader

- [Al Franken](/source/Al_Franken) – comedian and former Senator

- [Gil Green](/source/Gil_Green_(communist)) – Young Communist and Communist Party USA leader

- [Danny Glover](/source/Danny_Glover) – American actor

- [Emma Goldman](/source/Emma_Goldman) – anarchist activist

- [Laurence Gronlund](/source/Laurence_Gronlund) – utopian socialist author

- [Horace Greeley](/source/Horace_Greeley) – Utopian socialist newspaper editor, representative and Presidential candidate

- [Gus Hall](/source/Gus_Hall) – Communist Party leader and presidential candidate

- [Dashiell Hammett](/source/Dashiell_Hammett) – author

- [Fred Hampton](/source/Fred_Hampton) – Black Panther

- [Michael Harrington](/source/Michael_Harrington) – democratic socialist activist

- [Howie Hawkins](/source/Howie_Hawkins) – cofounder of Green Party US and 2020 presidential candidate of both it and SPUSA

- [Tom Hayden](/source/Tom_Hayden) – [New Left](/source/New_Left) activist and California assemblyman

- [Bill Haywood](/source/Bill_Haywood) – [IWW](/source/Industrial_Workers_of_the_World) labor activist

- [Chris Hedges](/source/Chris_Hedges) – dissident academic and Presbyterian Minister

- [Alger Hiss](/source/Alger_Hiss) – [State Department](/source/United_States_Department_of_State) official, accused [Soviet](/source/Soviet_Union) spy

- [Abbie Hoffman](/source/Abbie_Hoffman) – [Yippie](/source/Youth_International_Party) activist

- [Irving Howe](/source/Irving_Howe) – democratic socialist activist

- [Mary Harris "Mother" Jones](/source/Mother_Jones) – IWW labor activist

- [Tom Kahn](/source/Tom_Kahn) – social democratic, civil rights and labor activist

- [Helen Keller](/source/Helen_Keller) – author and activist

- [Martin Luther King Jr.](/source/Martin_Luther_King_Jr.) – civil rights activist

- [Gloria La Riva](/source/Gloria_La_Riva) – ten-time [perennial](/source/Perennial_candidate) presidential candidate for the [Workers World Party](/source/Workers_World_Party) and the [Party for Socialism and Liberation](/source/Party_for_Socialism_and_Liberation)

- [Jack London](/source/Jack_London) – author

- [Meyer London](/source/Meyer_London) – Socialist Party of America congressman

- [Vito Marcantonio](/source/Vito_Marcantonio) – Socialist congressman from New York

- [Sam Marcy](/source/Sam_Marcy) – chairman of the Workers World Party

- [Abby Martin](/source/Abby_Martin) – American journalist, documentary filmmaker

- [Michael Moore](/source/Michael_Moore) – award-winning documentary filmmaker, author, podcaster

- [A. J. Muste](/source/A._J._Muste) – pacifist, labor and civil rights activist

- [Immanuel Ness](/source/Immanuel_Ness) – labor activist

- [Huey P. Newton](/source/Huey_P._Newton) – leader of the Black Panther Party

- [David North](/source/David_North_(socialist)) – World Socialist Web Site

- [Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez](/source/Alexandria_Ocasio-Cortez) – [Representative](/source/United_States_House_of_Representatives) for [New York's 14th congressional district](/source/New_York's_14th_congressional_district) and democratic socialist

- [Robert Dale Owen](/source/Robert_Dale_Owen) – Utopian socialist, Indiana politician

- [Michael Parenti](/source/Michael_Parenti) – academic

- [Sean Penn](/source/Sean_Penn) – actor

- [Hasan Piker](/source/Hasan_Piker) - political commentator, streamer

- [A. Philip Randolph](/source/A._Philip_Randolph) – civil rights and labor leader

- [Adolph L. Reed Jr.](/source/Adolph_L._Reed_Jr.) – political scientist, academic, and Marxist

- [John Reed](/source/John_Reed_(journalist)) – journalist

- [Paul Robeson](/source/Paul_Robeson) – actor, civil rights and labor activist

- [Tim Robbins](/source/Tim_Robbins) – actor

- [Jerry Rubin](/source/Jerry_Rubin) – Yippie activist

- [Mark Ruffalo](/source/Mark_Ruffalo) – actor

- [Bayard Rustin](/source/Bayard_Rustin) – pacifist and civil rights activist

- [C. E. Ruthenberg](/source/C._E._Ruthenberg) – Communist Party leader

- [Bernie Sanders](/source/Bernie_Sanders) – Independent democratic socialist Senator and Democratic presidential candidate in the 2016 and 2020 presidential elections

- [Margaret Sanger](/source/Margaret_Sanger) – reproductive rights and labor activist

- [Susan Sarandon](/source/Susan_Sarandon) – actor

- [Kshama Sawant](/source/Kshama_Sawant) – [Trotskyist](/source/Trotskyism) activist and member of the [Seattle City Council](/source/Seattle_City_Council)

- [Max Shachtman](/source/Max_Shachtman) – Marxist theorist and activist

- [Assata Shakur](/source/Assata_Shakur) – Member of the Black Panther Party and [Black Liberation Army](/source/Black_Liberation_Army)

- [Irwin Silber](/source/Irwin_Silber) – Marxist journalist

- [Upton Sinclair](/source/Upton_Sinclair) – author and socialist politician

- [Jill Stein](/source/Jill_Stein) – Green Party presidential candidate

- [I. F. Stone](/source/I._F._Stone) – journalist

- [Oliver Stone](/source/Oliver_Stone) – director

- [Paul Sweezy](/source/Paul_Sweezy) – Marxist economist and journalist

- [Norman Thomas](/source/Norman_Thomas) – Socialist Party of America leader and presidential candidate

- [Benjamin Tucker](/source/Benjamin_Tucker) – anarchist and libertarian socialist thinker

- [Mark Twain](/source/Mark_Twain) – author

- [Henry A. Wallace](/source/Henry_A._Wallace) – Former Vice President and presidential candidate of the [Progressive Party](/source/Progressive_Party_(United_States%2C_1948%E2%80%931955)) in 1948.

- [Cornel West](/source/Cornel_West) – dissident academic

- [Tim Wohlforth](/source/Tim_Wohlforth) – Trotskyist leader

- [Richard D. Wolff](/source/Richard_D._Wolff) – academic

- [Malcolm X](/source/Malcolm_X) – civil rights activist

- [Howard Zinn](/source/Howard_Zinn) – academic

### Publications

Main article: [List of alternative media (U.S. political left)](/source/List_of_alternative_media_(U.S._political_left))

- *[The New Hampshire Gazette](/source/The_New_Hampshire_Gazette)*, fortnightly, press run 5,500, founded 1756.[202]

- *[The Nation](/source/The_Nation)*, weekly, established 1865. Circulation 190,000.[202]

- *[The Progressive](/source/The_Progressive)*, monthly, established 1909.[202]

- *[Monthly Review](/source/Monthly_Review)*, monthly, established 1949. Circulation 7,000.[202]

- *[Dissent](/source/Dissent_(American_magazine))*, quarterly, established 1954.[202]

- *[Texas Observer](/source/Texas_Observer)*, established 1954.[202]

- *[Fifth Estate](/source/Fifth_Estate_(periodical))*, quarterly, established 1965.[202]

- *[Review of Radical Political Economics](/source/Review_of_Radical_Political_Economics)*, quarterly, established 1968.

- *[Dollars & Sense](/source/Dollars_%26_Sense)*, bimonthly, established 1974.[202]

- *[Mother Jones](/source/Mother_Jones_(magazine))*, bimonthly, established 1974.[202]

- *[In These Times](/source/In_These_Times_(publication))*, monthly, established 1976. Circulation 17,000.[202]

- *[Z Magazine](/source/Z_Communications#Z_Magazine)*, monthly established 1977. Circulation 10,000 print and 6,000 online subscribers.[202]

- *[Labor Notes](/source/Labor_Notes)*, monthly, established 1979.

- *[Utne Reader](/source/Utne_Reader)*, bimonthly, established 1984. Circulation 150,000.[202]

- *[Left Business Observer](/source/Left_Business_Observer)*, established 1986.

- *[The American Prospect](/source/The_American_Prospect)*, monthly, established 1990. Circulation 55,000.[202]* *[The Baffler](/source/The_Baffler)*, established 1988.[202]

- *[CounterPunch](/source/CounterPunch)*, semi-monthly, established 1994.

- [CrimethInc.](/source/CrimethInc.), anarchist publishing collective established 1996.

- *[Working USA](/source/Working_USA)*, quarterly, established 1997.[203]

- *[The Indypendent](/source/The_Indypendent)*, published 17 times per year, established 2000.[202]

- *[Truthout](/source/Truthout)*, website, established 2001.

- *[Left Turn](/source/Left_Turn)*, website, established 2001.[202]

- *[Socialist Revolution](https://socialistrevolution.org/#)*[204] (formerly *Socialist Appeal*), established 2001.

- *Black Commentator*, web-only weekly, established 2002.[202]

- *[Jacobin](/source/Jacobin_(magazine))*, established 2010.

- *[It's Going Down](/source/It's_Going_Down_(collective))*, established 2016.

## Public officeholders

### American Communist Party

#### Vermont and Iowa

Year Candidate Office Area District Votes % Result Notes Ref 2024 Christopher Helali High bailiff Orange County, Vermont At-Large 446 2.50% Won Write-in candidate [205][146] 2025 Addison Aronson Arts & Cultural Affairs Commission member Dubuque, Iowa At-Large 4 66.67% Won Applicant [206][207]

### Communist Party USA

#### Wisconsin

1. [Wahsayah Whitebird](/source/Wahsayah_Whitebird) – Member of the [Ashland, Wisconsin](/source/Ashland%2C_Wisconsin) city-council.[208][209]

### Green Party of the United States

There have been at least 65 officeholders for the Green Party of the United States.[210]

#### Arkansas

1. Alvin Clay – Justice of the Peace Mississippi County, District 6 Elected: 2012

1. Kade Holliday – County Clerk Craighead County, Arkansas Elected: 2012

1. Roger Watkins – Constable Craighead County, District 5 Elected: 2012

#### California

1. [Dan Hamburg](/source/Daniel_Hamburg) – Board of Supervisors, District 5, Mendocino County

1. Bruce Delgado – Mayor, Marina (Monterey County)

1. Larry Bragman – Town Council, Fairfax (Marin County)

1. Renée Goddard – Town Council, Fairfax (Marin County)

1. John Reed – Town Council, Fairfax (Marin County)

1. Gayle Mclaughlin – City Council, Richmond (Contra Costa)

1. Deborah Heathersone – Town Council, Point Arena (Mendocino County)

1. Paul Pitino – Town Council, Arcata (Humboldt County)

1. John Keener – City Council, Pacifica (San Mateo County)

1. Vahe Peroomian – Board of Trustees, Glendale Community College District, Glendale (Los Angeles County)

1. Amy Martenson – Board of Trustees, District 2, Napa Valley College, Napa (Napa County)

1. April Clary – Board of Trustees, Student Representative, Napa Valley College, Napa (Napa County)

1. Heather Bass – Board of Directors, Gilroy Unified School District, Gilroy, Santa Clara County

1. Dave Clark – Board of Directors, Cardiff School District (San Diego County)

1. Phyllis Greenleaf – Board of Trustees, Live Oak Elementary School District (Santa Cruz County)

1. Adriana Griffin – Red Bluff Union School District, Red Bluff (Tehama County)

1. Jim C. Keller – Board of Trustees, Bonny Doon Union Elementary School District, Santa Cruz County

1. Brigitte Kubacki – Governing Boardmember, Green Point School, Blue Lake (Humboldt County)

1. Jose Lara – Vice President and Governing Board Member, El Rancho Unified School District, Pico Rivera (Los Angeles)

1. Kimberly Ann Peterson – Board of Trustees, Geyserville Unified School District (Sonoma County)

1. Karen Pickett – Board Member, Canyon Canyon Elementary School District (Contra Costa County)

1. Kathy Rallings – Board of Trustees, Carlsbad Unified School District, Carlsbad, San Diego County

1. Sean Reagan – Governing Boardmember, Norwalk-La Mirada Unified School District, Norwalk (Los Angeles County)

1. Curtis Robinson – Board of Trustees, Area 6, Marin County Board of Education (Marin County)

1. Christopher Sabec – Governing Boardmember, Lagunitas School District (Marin County)

1. Katherine Salinas – Governing Boardmember, Arcata School District, Arcata (Humboldt County)

1. Jeffrey Dean Schwartz – Governing Boardmember, Arcata School District, Arcata (Humboldt County)

1. Alex Shantz – Board of Trustees, St. Helena Unified School District, Napa County

1. Dana Silvernale – Governing Boardmember, North Humboldt Union High School (Humboldt County)

1. Jim Smith – President, Canyon School Board, Canyon Township (Contra Costa County)

1. Logan Blair Smith – Little Shasta Elementary School District, Montague (Shasta County)

1. Rama Zarcufsky – Governing Boardmember, Maple Creek School District (Humboldt County)

1. John Selawsky – Rent Stabilization Board, Berkeley (Alameda County)

1. Jesse Townley – Rent Stabilization Board, Berkeley (Alameda County)

1. Jeff Davis – Board of Directors, Alameda-Contra Costa Transit District (Alameda and Contra Costa Counties)

1. Karen Anderson – Board of Directors, Coastside Fire Protection District (San Mateo County)

1. Robert L. Campbell – Scotts Valley Fire District (Santa Cruz County)

1. William Lemos – Fire Protection District, Mendocino (Mendocino County)

1. Russell Pace – Board of Directors, Willow Creek Fire District (Humboldt County)

1. John Abraham Powell – Board of Directors, Montecito Fire District, Montecito (Santa Barbara County)

1. Larry Bragman – Board of Directors, Division 3, Marin Municipal Water District Board (Marin County)

1. James Harvey – Board of Directors, Montara Water and Sanitary District (San Mateo County)

1. Randy Marx – Board of Directors, Fair Oaks Water District, Division 4 (Sacramento County)

1. Jan Shriner – Board of Directors, Marina Coast Water District (Monterey County)

1. Kaitlin Sopoci-Belknap – Board of Directors, Humboldt Bay Municipal Water District, Division 1 (Humboldt County)

1. James Barone – Boardmember, Rollingwood-Wilart Recreation and Parks District (Contra Costa County)

1. William Hayes – Board of Directors, Mendocino Coast Park and Recreation District (Mendocino County)

1. Illijana Asara – Board of Directors, Community Service District, Big Lagoon (Humboldt County)

1. Gerald Epperson – Board of Directors, Crocket Community Services District, Contra Costa County

1. Joseph Gauder – Boardmember, Covelo Community Services District, Covelo (Mendocino County)

1. Crispin Littlehales – Boardmember, Covelo Community Services District, Covelo (Mendocino County)

1. George A. Wheeler – Board of Directors, Community Service District, McKinleyville (Humboldt County)

1. Mathew Clark – Board of Directors, Granada Sanitary District (San Mateo County)

1. Nanette Corley – Director, Resort Improvement District, Whitehorn (Humboldt County)

1. Sylvia Aroth – Outreach Officer, Venice Neighborhood Council, Los Angeles (Los Angeles County)

1. Robin Doyno – At-Large Community Officer, Mar Vista Neighborhood Council, Los Angeles (Los Angeles County)

1. Janine Jordan – District 4 Business Representative, Mid-Town North Hollywood Neighborhood Council, Los Angeles (Los Angeles County)

1. Jack Lindblad – At Large Community Stakeholder, North Hollywood Northeast Neighborhood Council, Los Angeles (Los Angeles County)

1. Johanna A. Sanchez – Secretary, Historic Highland Park Neighborhood Council, Los Angeles (Los Angeles County)

1. Johanna A. Sanchez – At-Large Director, Historic Highland Park Neighborhood Council, Los Angeles (Los Angeles County)

1. Marisol Sanchez – Area 1 Seat, Boyle Heights Neighborhood Council, Los Angeles (Los Angeles County)

1. William Bretz – Crest/Dehesa/Harrison Canyon/Granite Hill Planning Group (San Diego County)

1. Claudia White – Member, Descanso Community Planning Group (San Diego County)

1. Annette Keenberg – Town Council, Lake Los Angeles (Los Angeles County)

1. Rama Zarcufsky – Governing Boardmember, Maple Creek School District (Humboldt County)

### Socialist Alternative

#### Washington

Election year No. of Seattle City Council members % of Seattle City Council members +/- 2013 0 / 9 0 1 2015 1 / 9 11.11 2019 1 / 9 11.11

1. [Kshama Sawant](/source/Kshama_Sawant) – [Seattle City Council](/source/Seattle_City_Council), Position 2

### Socialist Party USA

#### New Jersey

Election year No. of Red Bank Regional High School Board of Education members % of Red Bank Regional High School Board of Education members +/- 2012 0 / 9 0 1 2015 1 / 9 11.11

1. Pat Noble – Member of the [Red Bank Regional High School](/source/Red_Bank_Regional_High_School) Board of Education for [Red Bank](/source/Red_Bank%2C_New_Jersey)

### Vermont Progressive Party

1. [David Zuckerman](/source/David_Zuckerman_(politician)) – Lieutenant Governor

1. [Doug Hoffer](/source/Doug_Hoffer) – State Auditor

1. [Tim Ashe](/source/Tim_Ashe) – Pro Tem of the [Vermont Senate](/source/Vermont_Senate)

1. [Chris Pearson](/source/Christopher_Pearson_(Vermont_politician)) – Member of the [Vermont Senate](/source/Vermont_Senate)

1. [Anthony Pollina](/source/Anthony_Pollina) – Member of the [Vermont Senate](/source/Vermont_Senate)

1. Mollie S. Burke – Member of the [Vermont House of Representatives](/source/Vermont_House_of_Representatives)

1. Robin Chesnut-Tangerman – Member of the [Vermont House of Representatives](/source/Vermont_House_of_Representatives)

1. Diana Gonzalez – Member of the [Vermont House of Representatives](/source/Vermont_House_of_Representatives)

1. [Sandy Haas](/source/Sandy_Haas) – Member of the [Vermont House of Representatives](/source/Vermont_House_of_Representatives)

1. Selene Colburn – Member of the [Vermont House of Representatives](/source/Vermont_House_of_Representatives)

1. Brian Cina – Member of the [Vermont House of Representatives](/source/Vermont_House_of_Representatives)

1. Jane Knodell – Burlington City Council President (Central District)

1. Max Tracy – Burlington City Council (Ward 2)

1. Sara Giannoni – Burlington City Council (Ward 3)

1. Wendy Coe – Ward Clerk (Ward 2)

1. Carmen Solari – Inspector of Elections (Ward 2)

1. Kit Andrews – Inspector of Elections (Ward 3)

1. Jeremy Hansen – Berlin Select Board

1. Steve May Richmond Select Board

1. [Susan Hatch Davis](/source/Susan_Hatch_Davis) – Former Member of the [Vermont House of Representatives](/source/Vermont_House_of_Representatives)

1. Dexter Randel Former Member of the [Vermont House of Representatives](/source/Vermont_House_of_Representatives) & Former Troy Select Board

1. Bob Kiss – Former Mayor of Burlington

1. Peter Clevelle – Former Mayor of Burlington

1. David Van Deusen – Former Moretown Select Board & Former First Constable

### Working Families Party

#### Connecticut

1. [Ed Gomes](/source/Ed_Gomes) – Member of the [Connecticut Senate](/source/Connecticut_Senate) from the 23rd district

#### New York

1. [Diana Richardson](/source/Diana_Richardson) – Member of the [New York State Assembly](/source/New_York_State_Assembly) from the 43rd district

1. [Zohran Mamdani](/source/Zohran_Mamdani) - Mayor of New York City

## See also

- [African-American leftism](/source/African-American_leftism)

- [Anti-war movement](/source/Anti-war_movement)

- [British left](/source/British_left)

- [Espionage Act of 1917](/source/Espionage_Act_of_1917)

- [Fourth-wave feminism](/source/Fourth-wave_feminism)

- [Handschu agreement](/source/Handschu_agreement)

- [History of the socialist movement in the United States](/source/Socialism_in_the_United_States)

- [House Un-American Activities Committee](/source/House_Un-American_Activities_Committee)

- [Jewish left](/source/Jewish_left)

- [Left-libertarianism](/source/Left-libertarianism)

- [Liberalism in the United States](/source/Liberalism_in_the_United_States)

- [Millennial socialism](/source/Millennial_socialism)

- [Modern liberalism in the United States](/source/Modern_liberalism_in_the_United_States)

- [New Left](/source/New_Left)

- [Pink tide](/source/Pink_tide)

- [Progressivism in the United States](/source/Progressivism_in_the_United_States)

- [Red Scare](/source/Red_Scare)

- [Regressive left](/source/Regressive_left)

- [Tankie](/source/Tankie)

## References

1. **[^](#cite_ref-1)** Buhle, Buhle and Georgakas, p. ix.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-2)** Buhle, Buhle and Georgakas, p. vii

1. **[^](#cite_ref-3)** Iaácov Oved (1987). [*Two Hundred Years of American Communes*](https://books.google.com/books?id=FPiM8oMA9xgC&pg=PA9). Transaction Publishers. pp. 9–15. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [9781412840552](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781412840552).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-4)** Hushaw, C. William (1964). [*Liberalism Vs. Conservatism; Liberty Vs. Authority*](https://books.google.com/books?id=-bgaAQAAIAAJ). Dubuque, IA: W. C. Brown Book Company. p. 32.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-5)** Ornstein, Allan (March 9, 2007). [*Class Counts: Education, Inequality, and the Shrinking Middle Class*](https://books.google.com/books?id=8f8eAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA56). Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. pp. 56–58. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [9780742573727](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780742573727).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-6)** [Larson, Edward J.](/source/Edward_J._Larson) (2007). [*A Magnificent Catastrophe: The Tumultuous Election of 1800, America's First Presidential Campaign*](https://books.google.com/books?id=MXcCdlmwwecC). Simon and Schuster. p. 21. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [9780743293174](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780743293174). The divisions between Adams and Jefferson were exasperated by the more extreme views expressed by some of their partisans, particularly the High Federalists led by Hamilton on what was becoming known as the political right, and the democratic wing of the Republican Party on the left, associated with New York Governor George Clinton and Pennsylvania legislator Albert Gallatin, among others.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-7)** Archer 2007.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-8)** Lipset & Marks, p. 9

1. **[^](#cite_ref-9)** Lipset & Marks, p. 11

1. **[^](#cite_ref-10)** Lipset & Marks, p. 16

1. **[^](#cite_ref-11)** Lipset & Marks, pp. 19–23

1. **[^](#cite_ref-12)** Draper, pp. 36–37

1. **[^](#cite_ref-13)** Draper, p. 41

1. **[^](#cite_ref-14)** Lipset & Marks, p. 23

1. **[^](#cite_ref-15)** Lipset & Marks, pp. 21–22

1. **[^](#cite_ref-16)** Lipset & Marks, p. 83

1. **[^](#cite_ref-17)** Arthur N. Eisenberg. ["Testimony: Police Surveillance of Political Activity – The History and Current State of the Handschu Decree"](http://www.nyclu.org/content/testimony-police-surveillance-of-political-activity-history-and-current-state-of-handschu-de). New York Civil Liberties Union. Retrieved January 14, 2015.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-18)** ”Decoding the American Paradox: Historical Perspectives on its Immunity to Left-Wing Politics”,|website=[https://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4695355](https://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4695355)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-19)** Ed Gordon (January 19, 2006). ["COINTELPRO and the History of Domestic Spying"](https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5161811). NPR.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-20)** Lisa Rein (October 8, 2008). ["Md. Police Put Activists' Names On Terror Lists"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/10/07/AR2008100703245.html). *The Washington Post*.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-21)** Colin Kalmbacher (January 19, 2019). ["Former FBI Official: the FBI Tried to Keep 'Progressives and Socialists Out of Office' Long After Claiming Otherwise"](https://lawandcrime.com/high-profile/former-fbi-official-the-fbi-tried-to-keep-progressives-and-socialists-out-of-office-long-after-claiming-otherwise/). Law & Crime.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-22)** Carl Ratner (2012). [*Cooperation, Community, and Co-Ops in a Global Era*](https://books.google.com/books?id=g5WTgR3mN2oC&pg=PA40). Springer Science & Business Media. p. 40. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [9781461458258](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781461458258).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-23)** Iaácov Oved (1987). [*Two Hundred Years of American Communes*](https://books.google.com/books?id=FPiM8oMA9xgC&pg=PA20). Transaction Publishers. p. 20. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [9781412840552](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781412840552).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Draper,_pp._11-12_24-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Draper,_pp._11-12_24-1) Draper, pp. 11–12.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-25)** Coleman, pp. 15–16

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Coleman,_pp._15–17_26-0)** Coleman, pp. 15–17

1. **[^](#cite_ref-27)** Draper, p. 13.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-28)** Woodcock, p. 395

1. **[^](#cite_ref-29)** Woodcock, p. 397-398

1. **[^](#cite_ref-30)** Woodcock, p. 399-400

1. **[^](#cite_ref-31)** Draper, pp. 14–16.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-32)** Draper, pp. 16–17.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-33)** Draper, pp. 21–22.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-34)** Draper, pp. 22–24.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-35)** Draper, pp. 41–42.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-36)** Ryan, p. 13.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-37)** Ryan, p. 16.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-38)** Ryan, p. 35.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-39)** Ryan, p. 36.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-40)** Alexander, pp. 765–767.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-41)** Alexander, p. 777.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-42)** Alexander, p. 784.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-43)** Alexander, p. 786.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-44)** Alexander, p. 787.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-45)** Alexander, p. 792-793.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-46)** Alexander, pp. 803–805.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-47)** Alexander, p. 810.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-48)** Stedman and Stedman, p. 9

1. **[^](#cite_ref-49)** Stedman and Stedman, p. 33

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Chenoweth_50-0)** Page 6: Chenoweth, Eric (Summer 1992). ["The gallant warrior: In memoriam Tom Kahn"](https://web.archive.org/web/20151019124831/http://www.democracyforcuba.org/images/stories/media/UM2/vol.5no.2a.pdf) (PDF). *Uncaptive Minds: A Journal of Information and Opinion on Eastern Europe*. **5** (20). Washington DC: Institute for Democracy in Eastern Europe (IDEE): 5–16. [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [0897-9669](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0897-9669). Archived from [the original](http://www.democracyforcuba.org/images/stories/media/UM2/vol.5no.2a.pdf) (PDF) on October 19, 2015.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-51)** Isserman, *The other American*, p. 116.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-52)** [Drucker (1994](#CITEREFDrucker1994), p. 269)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-53)** [Horowitz (2007](#CITEREFHorowitz2007), p. 210)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-KahnMS_54-0)** [Kahn (2007](#CITEREFKahn2007), pp. 254–255): Kahn, Tom (Winter 2007) [1973], ["Max Shachtman: His ideas and his movement"](https://web.archive.org/web/20210513121621/https://www.dissentmagazine.org/democratiya/docs/d11Khan.pdf) (PDF), *Democratiya*, **11**: 252–259, archived from [the original](http://www.dissentmagazine.org/democratiya/docs/d11Khan.pdf) (PDF) on May 13, 2021

1. **[^](#cite_ref-55)** Alexander, p. 812-813.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Randolph_56-0)** Jervis Anderson, *A. Philip Randolph: A Biographical Portrait* (1973; University of California Press, 1986). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-520-05505-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-05505-6)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Rustin_57-0)** - Anderson, Jervis. *Bayard Rustin: Troubles I've Seen* (New York: HarperCollins Publishers, 1997). - Branch, Taylor. *Parting the Waters: America in the King Years, 1954–63* (New York: Touchstone, 1989). - D'Emilio, John. *Lost Prophet: The Life and Times of Bayard Rustin* (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 2004). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-226-14269-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-14269-8)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-RHKahn_58-0)** [Horowitz (2007](#CITEREFHorowitz2007), pp. 220–222)

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-NYTKahn_59-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-NYTKahn_59-1) Saxon, Wolfgang (April 1, 1992). ["Tom Kahn, leader in labor and rights movements, was 53"](https://www.nytimes.com/1992/04/01/nyregion/tom-kahn-leader-in-labor-and-rights-movements-was-53.html). *The New York Times*.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-60)** - [MacDonald, Dwight](/source/Dwight_Macdonald) (January 19, 1963). ["Our invisible poor"](https://www.newyorker.com/archive/1963/01/19/1963_01_19_082_TNY_CARDS_000075671#ixzz1SNI25qvI). *[The New Yorker](/source/The_New_Yorker)*. - Reprinted in collection: [Macdonald, Dwight](/source/Dwight_Macdonald) (1985) [1974]. "Our invisible poor". [*Discriminations: Essays and afterthoughts 1938–1974*](https://www.newyorker.com/archive/1963/01/19/1963_01_19_082_TNY_CARDS_000075671#ixzz1SNI25qvI) (reprint ed.). Da Capo Press. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-306-80252-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-306-80252-2). - Whitfield, Stephen J. (1984) *A critical American: The politics of Dwight Macdonald* - Wreszin, Michael (1994) *A rebel in defense of tradition: The life and politics of Dwight MacDonald*

1. **[^](#cite_ref-WoPMH_61-0)** [Isserman, Maurice](/source/Maurice_Isserman) (June 19, 2009). ["Michael Harrington: Warrior on poverty"](https://www.nytimes.com/2009/06/21/books/review/Isserman-t.html?_r=1). *The New York Times*.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-62)** Isserman, *The other American*, pp. 169–336.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-63)** [Drucker (1994](#CITEREFDrucker1994), pp. 187–308)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-64)** Miller, pp. 24–25, 37, 74–75: cf., pp. 55, 66–70 : Miller, James. *Democracy is in the Streets: From Port Huron to the Siege of Chicago*. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1994 [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-674-19725-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-19725-1).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-65)** Kirkpatrick Sale, *SDS*, pp. 22–25.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-66)** Miller, pp. 75–76, 112–116, 127–132; cf. p. 107.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-67)** Kirkpatrick Sale, *SDS*, p. 105.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-68)** Kirkpatrick Sale, *SDS*, pp. 25–26

1. **[^](#cite_ref-69)** Gitlin, p. 191. [Todd Gitlin](/source/Todd_Gitlin). *[The Sixties: Years of Hope, Days of Rage](/source/The_Sixties%3A_Years_of_Hope%2C_Days_of_Rage)* (1987) [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-553-37212-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-553-37212-2).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-70)** Sale, p. 287. Sale described an "all‑out invasion of SDS by the Progressive Labor Party. PLers—concentrated chiefly in Boston, New York, and California, with some strength in Chicago and Michigan—were positively cyclotronic in their ability to split and splinter chapter organizations: if it wasn't their self‑righteous positiveness it was their caucus‑controlled rigidity, if not their deliberate disruptiveness it was their overt bids for control, if not their repetitious appeals for base‑building it was their unrelenting Marxism". Kirkpatrick Sale, *SDS*, pp. 253.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-71)** "The student radicals had gamely resisted the resurrected Marxist–Leninist sects ..." (p. 258); "for more than a year, SDS had been the target of a takeover attempt by the Progressive Labor Party, a Marxist–Leninist cadre of Maoists", Miller, p. 284. Miller describes Marxist Leninists also on pages 228, 231, 240, and 254: cf., p. 268.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-72)** Gitlin, p. 191. [Todd Gitlin](/source/Todd_Gitlin). [*The Sixties: Years of Hope, Days of Rage* (1987) p. 387](https://www.amazon.com/Sixties-Years-Hope-Days-Rage/dp/0553372122#reader_0553372122) [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-553-37212-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-553-37212-2).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-73)** Sale wrote, "SDS papers and pamphlets talked of 'armed struggle,' 'disciplined cadre,' 'white fighting force,' and the need for "a communist party that can guide this movement to victory"; SDS leaders and publications quoted Mao and Lenin and Ho Chi Minh more regularly than Jenminh Jih Pao. and a few of them even sought to say a few good words for Stalin". p. 269.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-NYTimes_74-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-NYTimes_74-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-NYTimes_74-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-NYTimes_74-3) Anonymous (December 31, 1972). ["Socialist Party now the Social Democrats, U.S.A."](https://www.nytimes.com/1972/12/31/archives/socialist-party-now-the-social-democrats-usa.html) *New York Times*. p. 36. Retrieved February 8, 2010.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Iss311_75-0)** Isserman, p. 311.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-76)** Isserman, p. 422.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-NYT73_77-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-NYT73_77-1) Anonymous (January 1, 1973). ["'Firmness' urged on Communists: Social Democrats reach end of U.S. Convention here"](https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F50C15F73F551A7493C3A9178AD85F478785F9). *New York Times*. p. 11.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Horowitz_78-0)** [Horowitz (2007](#CITEREFHorowitz2007), pp. 204–251)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Shevis31_79-0)** [Shevis (1981](#CITEREFShevis1981), p. 31): Shevis, James M. (1981). "The AFL-CIO and Poland's Solidarity". *World Affairs*. **144** (Summer). World Affairs Institute: 31–35. [JSTOR](/source/JSTOR_(identifier)) [20671880](https://www.jstor.org/stable/20671880).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-80)** Opening statement by Tom Kahn in [Kahn & Podhoretz (2008](#CITEREFKahnPodhoretz2008), p. 235): [Kahn, Tom](/source/Tom_Kahn); [Podhoretz, Norman](/source/Norman_Podhoretz) (2008). ["How to support *Solidarnosc*: A debate"](https://web.archive.org/web/20111117203844/http://dissentmagazine.org/democratiya/docs/d13Whole.pdf) (PDF). *Democratiya (Merged with Dissent in 2009)*. **13** (Summer). Sponsored by the [Committee for the Free World](/source/Committee_for_the_Free_World) and the [League for Industrial Democracy](/source/League_for_Industrial_Democracy), with introduction by [Midge Decter](/source/Midge_Decter) and moderation by [Carl Gershman](/source/Carl_Gershman), and held at the Polish Institute for Arts and Sciences, New York City in March 1981: 230–261. Archived from [the original](http://www.dissentmagazine.org/democratiya/docs/d13Whole.pdf) (PDF) on November 17, 2011.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-81)** "The AFL–CIO had channeled more than $4 million to it, including computers, printing presses, and supplies" according to [Horowitz (2007](#CITEREFHorowitz2007), p. 237).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Puddington_82-0)** [Puddington (2005)](#CITEREFPuddington2005): Puddington, Arch (2005). ["Surviving the underground: How American unions helped solidarity win"](http://www.aft.org/newspubs/periodicals/ae/summer2005/puddington.cfm). *American Educator* (Summer). American Federation of Teachers. Retrieved June 4, 2011.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-:0_83-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-:0_83-1) ["Has the Socialist Moment Already Come and Gone?"](https://newrepublic.com/article/174658/socialist-come-gone-moment-dsa-bernie-aoc). *The New Republic*. August 3, 2023. [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [0028-6583](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0028-6583). Retrieved August 9, 2023.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-84)** Graeber

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Federal_Elections_Commission_85-0)** ["2000 Presidential Popular Vote Summary for all Candidates Listed on at Least One State Ballot"](http://www.fec.gov/pubrec/fe2000/prespop.htm). Federal Elections Commission. December 2001.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Monthly_Review_86-0)** ["The Nader Campaign and the Future of U.S. Left Electoral Politics"](http://monthlyreview.org/2001/02/01/the-nader-campaign-and-the-future-of-u-s-left-electoral-politics/). *Monthly Review*. February 2001.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-87)** ["Documentary"](https://www.boxofficemojo.com/genres/chart/?id=documentary.htm). *Box Office Mojo*. Retrieved February 25, 2015.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-88)** Joanna Walters (October 8, 2011). ["Occupy America: protests against Wall Street and inequality hit 70 cities"](https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/oct/08/occupy-america-protests-financial-crisis). *The Guardian*.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Kevin_Roose_89-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Kevin_Roose_89-1) Kevin Roose (May 26, 2014). ["Meet the Seattle Socialist Leading the Fight for a $15 Minimum Wage"](https://nymag.com/daily/intelligencer/2014/05/kshama-sawant-seattle-socialist.html). nymag.com.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Joseph_Kishore_90-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Joseph_Kishore_90-1) Joseph Kishore (November 20, 2013). ["Socialist Alternative candidate wins in Seattle City Council election"](http://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2013/11/20/sawa-n20.html). World Socialist Web Site.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Kirk_Johnson_91-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Kirk_Johnson_91-1) Kirk Johnson (December 28, 2013). ["A Rare Elected Voice for Socialism Pledges to Be Heard in Seattle"](https://www.nytimes.com/2013/12/29/us/a-rare-elected-voice-for-socialism-pledges-to-be-heard-in-seattle.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0). *The New York Times*.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-92)** ["Bernie Sanders"](http://www.desmoinesregister.com/story/news/elections/presidential/candidates/2015/01/12/bernie-sanders-iowa-caucus-candidate-profile/20457543/). *The Des Moines Register*. January 16, 2015.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-93)** Steve Inskeep (November 19, 2014). ["Sen. Bernie Sanders On How Democrats Lost White Voters"](https://www.npr.org/blogs/itsallpolitics/2014/11/19/365024592/sen-bernie-sanders-on-how-democrats-lost-white-voters). NPR.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-94)** Grace Wyler (October 6, 2014). ["Bernie Sanders Is Building a 'Revolution' to Challenge Hillary Clinton in 2016"](https://www.vice.com/en/article/bernie-sanders-is-building-a-revolution-to-challenge-hillary-clinton-in-2016/). *Vice*.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-95)** Paul Harris (October 21, 2011). ["Bernie Sanders: America's No. 1 socialist makes his move into the mainstream"](https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/oct/21/bernie-sanders-socialist-vermont-interview). *The Guardian*.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-96)** Nate Silver (July 27, 2016). ["Was The Democratic Primary A Close Call Or A Landslide?"](https://web.archive.org/web/20160727134338/http://fivethirtyeight.com/features/was-the-democratic-primary-a-close-call-or-a-landslide/). *FiveThirtyEight*. Archived from [the original](https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/was-the-democratic-primary-a-close-call-or-a-landslide/) on July 27, 2016.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-97)** [Hamby (2003](#CITEREFHamby2003), p. 25, footnote 5): [Hamby, Alonzo L.](/source/Alonzo_Hamby) (2003). "Is there no democratic left in America? Reflections on the transformation of an ideology". *Journal of Policy History*. **15** (The future of the democratic left in industrial democracies): 3–25. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1353/jph.2003.0003](https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fjph.2003.0003). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [144126978](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144126978).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-98)** [Aldon Morris](/source/Aldon_Morris), *The Origins of the Civil Rights Movement: Black Communities Organizing for Change* (New York: The Free Press, 1994)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-99)** [Maurice Isserman](/source/Maurice_Isserman). *If I Had a Hammer...The Death of the Old Left and the Birth of the New Left* (Basic Books, 1987). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-465-03197-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-465-03197-8).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-100)** ["Obama Invigorates Progressives as 2nd Term Begins"](https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/OTUS/obama-invigorates-progressives-term-begins/story?id=18286781). *[ABC News](/source/ABC_News_(United_States))*. January 22, 2013. Retrieved October 24, 2024.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-101)** ["After a Decade of Left-Populism, What Have We Learned About Political Change?"](https://washingtonmonthly.com/2024/01/16/after-a-decade-of-left-populism-what-have-we-learned-about-political-change/). *[Washington Monthly](/source/Washington_Monthly)*. January 16, 2024. Retrieved October 24, 2024.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-102)** ["Hillary Clinton on flip-flop charge: 'I'm a progressive, but I'm a progressive who likes to get things done'"](http://theweek.com/speedreads/583116/hillary-clinton-flipflop-charge-im-progressive-but-im-progressive-who-likes-things-done). *[The Week](/source/The_Week)*. October 13, 2015. Retrieved October 24, 2024.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-103)** [Gerstle, Gary](/source/Gary_Gerstle) (2022). [*The Rise and Fall of the Neoliberal Order: America and the World in the Free Market Era*](https://global.oup.com/academic/product/the-rise-and-fall-of-the-neoliberal-order-9780197519646?cc=us&lang=en&). [Oxford University Press](/source/Oxford_University_Press). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0197519646](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0197519646). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220626220259/https://global.oup.com/academic/product/the-rise-and-fall-of-the-neoliberal-order-9780197519646?cc=us&lang=en&) from the original on June 26, 2022. Retrieved August 1, 2024. The most sweeping account of how neoliberalism came to dominate American politics for nearly a half century before crashing against the forces of Trumpism on the right and a new progressivism on the left.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-104)** ["America Is Becoming a Social Democracy"](https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/05/07/america-is-becoming-a-social-democracy/). *[Foreign Policy](/source/Foreign_Policy)*. May 7, 2021. Retrieved October 24, 2024.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-105)** [Drucker (1994](#CITEREFDrucker1994), pp. 303–307)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-106)** [O'Rourke (1993](#CITEREFO'Rourke1993), pp. 195–196): O'Rourke, William (1993). ["L: Michael Harrington"](https://books.google.com/books?id=5iUJfPxlTCcC&pg=PA195). *Signs of the literary times: Essays, reviews, profiles, 1970–1992'*. The Margins of Literature (SUNY Series). SUNY Press. pp. 192–196. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-7914-1681-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-1681-5). Originally: O'Rourke, William (November 13, 1973). ["Michael Harrington: Beyond Watergate, Sixties, and reform"](https://books.google.com/books?id=5iUJfPxlTCcC&q=Michael+Harrington&pg=PA197). *SoHo Weekly News*. **3** (2): 6–7. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [9780791416815](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780791416815).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-107)** Isserman, pp. 312–331: Isserman, Maurice (2001) *The Other American: The Life of Michael Harrington.* New York: Perseus Books.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-108)** [Isserman, p. 349](https://books.google.com/books?id=O4h5AAAAIAAJ&q=DSOC%2C+NAM): Isserman, Maurice (2001) *The Other American: The Life of Michael Harrington.* New York: Perseus Books.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-109)** [List of Democratic Socialists of America members who have held office in the United States](/source/List_of_Democratic_Socialists_of_America_members_who_have_held_office_in_the_United_States)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-110)** Gabbatt, Adam (March 22, 2019). ["Democratic Socialists of America back Bernie: 'The best chance to beat Trump'"](https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2019/mar/21/democratic-socialists-of-america-bernie-sanders-2020). *The Guardian* – via www.theguardian.com.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-111)** DSA 🌹 [@DemSocialists] (September 2, 2018). "It's official – we now have 50,000 members!" (Tweet). Retrieved September 2, 2018 – via Twitter.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-112)** ["DSA Votes for BDS, Reparations, and Out of the Socialist International"](http://www.leftvoice.org/DSA-Votes-for-BDS-Reparations-and-Out-of-the-Socialist-International). August 5, 2017.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-NYT74_113-0)** Fraser, C. Gerald (September 7, 1974). ["Socialists seek to transform the Democratic Party"](https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1974/09/07/80424252.pdf) (PDF). *The New York Times*. p. 11.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-114)** [Meyerson, Harold](/source/Harold_Meyerson) (Fall 2002). ["Solidarity, Whatever"](https://web.archive.org/web/20100620144233/http://dissentmagazine.org/article/?article=552). *Dissent*. **49** (4): 16. Archived from [the original](http://www.dissentmagazine.org/article/?article=552) on June 20, 2010.[*[clarification needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify)*]

1. **[^](#cite_ref-115)** See - Anderson, Jervis (1997). [*Bayard Rustin: Troubles I've seen*](https://books.google.com/books?id=9ix2AAAAMAAJ&q=Tom+Kahn). New York: HarperCollins Publishers. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [9780060167028](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780060167028).*[D'Emilio, John](/source/John_D'Emilio) (2003). [*Lost prophet: Bayard Rustin and the quest for peace and justice in America*](https://books.google.com/books?id=6uhqxlhZ888C&q=Kahn&pg=PT235). New York: The Free Press. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-684-82780-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-684-82780-3). - Republished as [*Lost prophet: The life and times of Bayard Rustin*](https://books.google.com/books?id=6uhqxlhZ888C&q=Kahn&pg=PT235). Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. 2004. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-226-14269-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-14269-8).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FeldmanNYT_116-0)** Berger, Joseph (September 20, 2005). ["Sandra Feldman, scrappy and outspoken labor leader for teachers, dies at 65"](https://www.nytimes.com/2005/09/20/nyregion/20feldman.html?sq=Sandra%20Feldman&st=cse&scp=2&pagewanted=all). *The New York Times*.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Holley_117-0)** Holley, Joe (October 19, 2005). ["Political activist Penn Kemble dies at 64"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/10/18/AR2005101801743_pf.html). *The Washington Post*.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-times_118-0)** ["Penn Kemble: Dapper Democratic Party activist whose influence extended across the spectrum of US politics (21 January 1941 –15 October 2005)"](http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/comment/obituaries/article584709.ece). *[The Times](/source/The_Times)*. London. October 31, 2005.[*[dead link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot)*]

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Nossiter_119-0)** Nossiter, Bernard D. (March 3, 1981). "New team at U.N.: Common roots and philosophies". *The New York Times* (Late City final ed.). section A, p. 2, col. 3.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-NED_120-0)** ["Meet Our President"](https://web.archive.org/web/20080426072715/http://www.ned.org/about/president.html). [National Endowment for Democracy](/source/National_Endowment_for_Democracy). Archived from [the original](http://www.ned.org/about/president.html) on April 26, 2008. Retrieved August 5, 2008.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Black20162_121-0)** Black, Susannah (August 15, 2016). ["Mr. Maturen Goes to Washington"](http://www.frontporchrepublic.com/2016/08/mr-maturen-goes-washington/). [Front Porch Republic](/source/Front_Porch_Republic). Retrieved August 16, 2016. What's next may be hinted at by a 51 year old devout Catholic, businessman, and semi-professional magician named Mike Maturen, who recently accepted the presidential nomination of the American Solidarity Party, the only active Christian Democratic party in the nation.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-ASPWeb_CD3_122-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-ASPWeb_CD3_122-1) ["Christian Democracy"](https://web.archive.org/web/20181116020329/https://solidarity-party.org/christian-democracy-2/). *American Solidarity Party*. Archived from [the original](https://solidarity-party.org/christian-democracy-2/) on November 16, 2018. Retrieved July 18, 2018.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-auto_123-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-auto_123-1) ["Did you know there's a third party based on Catholic teaching?"](https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/34726/did-you-know-theres-a-third-party-based-on-catholic-teaching). *Catholic News Agency*. October 12, 2016. Retrieved January 1, 2020. We believe in the economic concept of distributism as taught by GK Chesterton and Hilaire Belloc.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-124)** Liberation Caucus of ASP 🧡, & (Liberation Caucus of the American Solidarity Party). (2021, October 28). Thread: What is the Liberation Caucus? We are a voting bloc caucus of @AmSolidarity, with members of varying backgrounds, unified by common principles. We seek to dismantle capitalism, racism and misogyny, and promote an ownership society through deliberative democracy. [Tweet]. @LiberationASP. [https://twitter.com/LiberationASP/status/1453750965803393026](https://twitter.com/LiberationASP/status/1453750965803393026)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-125)** ["Platform |"](https://web.archive.org/web/20210610024059/https://solidarity-party.org/about-us/platform/). Archived from [the original](https://solidarity-party.org/about-us/platform/) on June 10, 2021. Retrieved September 30, 2021.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-126)** Larry J. Sabato and Howard R. Ernst (2009). *Encyclopedia of American Political Parties and Elections*. Infobase Publishing. p. 167.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-127)** John Tarleton (October 28, 2014). ["Meet Howie Hawkins, the Anti-Cuomo"](https://indypendent.org/2014/10/28/meet-howie-hawkins-anti-cuomo). The Indypendent.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-128)** Howie Hawkins (November 2001). ["The Green Party and the Future of the US Left"](http://www.greens.org/s-r/24/24-15b.html). Greens.org.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-129)** ["United States: Greens become NY's third party after strong left campaign"](https://www.greenleft.org.au/node/57704). *Green Left Weekly*. November 6, 2014.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-130)** Ken Rudin (July 9, 2012). ["The Green Party Makes Its Case As A Left-Leaning Alternative To Obama"](https://www.npr.org/blogs/politicaljunkie/2012/07/09/156167263/the-green-party-makes-its-case-as-a-left-leaning-alternative-to-obama). NPR.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-131)** ["US Green Party Convention Adopts an Ecosocialist Position"](https://londongreenleft.blogspot.jp/2016/08/us-green-party-convention-adopts.html). London Green Left Blog. August 8, 2016.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-132)** ["2016 Platform Amendment Proposal Ecological Economics"](https://web.archive.org/web/20200212062949/https://gp.org/cgi-bin/vote/propdetail?pid=835). Green Party of the United States. Archived from [the original](http://gp.org/cgi-bin/vote/propdetail?pid=835) on February 12, 2020. Retrieved October 1, 2016.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-133)** ["2000 OFFICIAL PRESIDENTIAL GENERAL ELECTION RESULTS"](http://www.fec.gov/pubrec/2000presgeresults.htm). Federal Election Commission. December 2001.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-134)** ["Americans in 48 States Can Cast a Vote for Stein/Baraka"](https://web.archive.org/web/20160521231159/http://www.jill2016.com/ballot_access). Jill2016. Archived from the original on May 21, 2016. Retrieved October 1, 2016.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-135)** Kathryn Bullington (September 2, 2016). ["Green Party Ballot Access at Highest Levels in 2016"](http://ivn.us/2016/09/02/green-party-ballot-access-highest-levels-2016/). Independent Voter Project.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-136)** Kenyon Zimmer (2010). [""The Whole World is Our Country": Immigration and Anarchism in the United States, 1885–1940"](http://d-scholarship.pitt.edu/7910/). University of Pittsburgh.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Amster,_p._xii_137-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Amster,_p._xii_137-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-Amster,_p._xii_137-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-Amster,_p._xii_137-3) Amster, p. xii

1. **[^](#cite_ref-138)** Amster, p. 3

1. **[^](#cite_ref-139)** ALB

1. **[^](#cite_ref-140)** Alexander, p. 932

1. **[^](#cite_ref-141)** George & Wilcox, p. 95

1. **[^](#cite_ref-iltazebao_142-0)** ["Kamala Harris in corsa per le elezioni americane del 5 novembre o dell'ingovernabilità negli Stati Uniti. Il Tazebao del giorno"](https://iltazebao.com/kamala-harris-in-corsa-per-le-elezioni-americane-del-5-novembre-o-dellingovernabilita-negli-stati-uniti-il-tazebao-del-giorno/). *Il Tazebao* (in Italian). July 23, 2024. Frattanto, proprio ieri è nato il Partito Comunista Americano, fondato come scissione (pare, di maggioranza) dallo storico Partito Comunista degli USA ad opera dei noti politologi e influencers Jackson Hinkle (che ha partecipato al Forum di San Pietroburgo a giugno) e Haz al-Din, e di cui in Italia si può ritrovare un corrispettivo in Socialismo Italico.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Steinberg2024_143-0)** Steinberg, Julia (July 30, 2024). ["The MAGA Communists Launched a Party"](https://www.thefp.com/p/american-communist-party-maga). *[The Free Press](/source/The_Free_Press_(Bari_Weiss_media))*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20250114122719/https://www.thefp.com/p/american-communist-party-maga) from the original on January 14, 2025. Retrieved July 6, 2025. The vanguard of this new group is not old-school far-left types, but far-right influencers. The American Communist Party Plenary Committee is, per its long-winded "declaration," composed of ten men. [....] The ACP is the extreme proof-of-concept for a new branch of the radical right that sticks ideas from the left and the right into a blender and comes out with something very weird—and dark.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Sinigaglia2025_144-0)** Sinigaglia, Leonardo (August 6, 2025). ["Cosa sappiamo del Partito Comunista Americano (ACP) ad un anno della sua fondazione"](https://www.lantidiplomatico.it/dettnews-cosa_sappiamo_del_partito_comunista_americano_acp_ad_un_anno_della_sua_fondazione/45289_62288/). *L'Antidiplomatico* (in Italian). L'ACP ha invece preferito analizzare concretamente la situazione e riconoscere come le aspettative della base MAGA, connesse strettamente a una critica radicale, per quanto primitiva, del capitalismo nella sua fase attuale, sarebbero state necessariamente tradite da chi a scopo elettorale pretendeva di farsene alfiere, ossia Donald Trump. La crisi scoppiata in seno ai sostenitori del presidente USA dopo la sua chiara svolta bellicista e a sostegno del capitale finanziario rappresentato da Black Rock, State Street E e Vanguard ha mostrato la correttezza dell'analisi del Partito Comunista Americano. [....] Il "feticcio della purezza" nasconde, come sempre, la mancanza di ogni volontà di comprendere la realtà e di agire concretamente per cambiarla.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Charnel-House_145-0)** Wolfe, Ross (August 9, 2024). ["Preliminary materials for a theory of the Young-Hegelian E-Girl"](https://thecharnelhouse.org/2024/08/09/preliminary-materials-for-a-theory-of-the-young-hegelian-e-girl/). *The Charnel-House*.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Hayes2025Stooges_146-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Hayes2025Stooges_146-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-Hayes2025Stooges_146-2) Hayes, Kathleen (February 26, 2025). ["The Three Stooges Go to Lebanon"](https://jewishjournal.com/commentary/opinion/379573/the-three-stooges-go-to-lebanon/). *[Jewish Journal](/source/The_Jewish_Journal_of_Greater_Los_Angeles)*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20250419202727/https://jewishjournal.com/commentary/opinion/379573/the-three-stooges-go-to-lebanon/) from the original on April 19, 2025. Retrieved April 29, 2025. The group's intellectual, such as it is, heft seems to come from Al-Din, the ACP's Executive Chairman and the force behind the YouTube show Infrared. Al-Din is apparently the source of the seemingly-paradoxical ideology—"MAGA communism"—for which he and Hinkle are known. The "MAGA" reference is enough for many commentators to describe Hinkle and his co-thinkers as "right" or "far-right," but although the group orients to Trump's working-class following, these really are creatures of the left. They call themselves "Marxist-Leninists," brandish a modified hammer-and-sickle symbol, denounce Democrats and Republicans, and invoke proletarian causes and history and Marxist theory.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-ElPais2024Fernandez_147-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-ElPais2024Fernandez_147-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-ElPais2024Fernandez_147-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-ElPais2024Fernandez_147-3) Fernández, Celia (September 10, 2024). ["Trumpist communists: The anti-imperialist MAGA movement"](https://english.elpais.com/usa/elections/2024-09-10/trumpist-communists-the-anti-imperialist-maga-movement.html). *[El País](/source/El_Pa%C3%ADs)*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20250630172725/https://english.elpais.com/usa/elections/2024-09-10/trumpist-communists-the-anti-imperialist-maga-movement.html) from the original on June 30, 2025. The MAGA Communists exist, even if they are full of histrionic contradictions. They support Trump, who paradoxically wants to ban Marxists from entering the country. [....] They pursue a communist future — one that subsidizes state services — but they also champion tax cuts. [....] MAGA Communists say they don't fully agree with Trump's political vision. But addressing the working class through him, they explain, is the only way to channel working-class militancy away from capitalism and towards a communist future. The result is a strange and marginal alliance that includes people who hate feminism, environmentalism and the LGBTQI+ movements. [....] Ultimately, MAGA Communism, Reid Ross notes, is "a far-right agenda placed in an anti-imperialist environment."

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Vice2022_148-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Vice2022_148-1) Kim, Eddie (October 17, 2022). ["What the Hell Is MAGACommunism?"](https://www.vice.com/en/article/what-the-hell-is-magacommunism/). *[Vice News](/source/Vice_News)*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20231112213603/https://www.vice.com/en/article/88qk4b/what-the-hell-is-magacommunism) from the original on November 12, 2023. Retrieved July 6, 2025. Together, they decry the "vulgarization" of Marxism by Western liberals, traffic in the language of "deep-state" conspiracies, and mock "planet worshippers," dismissing modern climate change efforts as virtue-signaling "green fascism" backed by corporate entities. [....] It's not surprising that the swirl of social conservatism, patriotism and subversive energy that inform "MAGA Communism" have been criticized as a repackaging of fascist ideals of yore. [....] "Communism and Marxism historically have been conservative. It's a new era in the West that made it adhere to liberal-leftist values. This is not true Marxism. It's Marxism funded by George Soros," Hinkle told OANN host Addison Smith on Sept. 19, evoking the name of the billionaire and target of countless antisemitic conspiracy theories.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-CMP2024Haime_149-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-CMP2024Haime_149-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-CMP2024Haime_149-2) Haime, Jordyn (July 2, 2024). ["MAGA Communism and the China Grift"](https://chinamediaproject.org/2024/07/02/maga-communism-and-the-china-grift/). *[China Media Project](/source/Journalism_and_Media_Studies_Centre#China_Media_Project_(2003-2018))*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20240702102426/https://chinamediaproject.org/2024/07/02/maga-communism-and-the-china-grift/) from the original on July 2, 2024. Retrieved July 19, 2025. At an event announcing a new think tank [the Institute for a Free America] earlier this year, "MAGA communism" founder Haz Al-Din explained that America is failing because it is run by "a small cartel of American capitalists" who represent "foreign interests." [....] The ideology he espouses is a chimera born of two seemingly irreconcilable belief systems: the right-wing nationalism and nativism espoused by former US President Donald Trump — represented by his campaign slogan "Make American Great Again" — and the ostensibly far-left authoritarianism of the Chinese Communist Party.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Owen2024_150-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Owen2024_150-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-Owen2024_150-2) Owen, Tess (May 24, 2024). ["'A deranged fringe movement': What is MAGA communism, the online ideology platformed by Tucker Carlson?"](https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/article/2024/may/24/what-is-maga-communism). *[The Guardian](/source/The_Guardian)*. They subscribe to social conservatism in a way that appeals to the growing numbers of gen Z males who believe feminism is harmful to men, and cast issues such as transgender rights, the climate crisis and racial justice as neoliberal distractions. [....] Reid Ross says Hinkle and Al-Din occupy an overlap in the left-right venn diagram that is probably rooted in an "anti-imperialist" ecosystem that has proliferated online in the last decade.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Neuquen2024_151-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Neuquen2024_151-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-Neuquen2024_151-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-Neuquen2024_151-3) [***e***](#cite_ref-Neuquen2024_151-4) [***f***](#cite_ref-Neuquen2024_151-5) [***g***](#cite_ref-Neuquen2024_151-6) [***h***](#cite_ref-Neuquen2024_151-7) Vittar, Daniel (September 13, 2024). ["El extraño grupo comunista en Estados Unidos que respalda a Trump"](https://www.lmneuquen.com/mundo/el-extrano-grupo-comunista-estados-unidos-que-respalda-trump-n1142585). *LM Neuquén* (in Spanish). Las ideas del grupo, que conjugan comunismo con libre mercado, suenan totalmente contradictorias con la corriente de Trump, un exponente del liberalismo ortodoxo. [....] Están en contra del imperialismo típico, aunque quieren un Estados Unidos dominante. Quieren que el Estado subvencione servicios básicos, pero defienden la reducción de impuestos. [....] Así logran formar una extraña agrupación política donde se conjugan personas que odian el feminismo, el ecologismo y los movimientos LGTBIQ+. En las redes sociales se puede ver como estos activistas antisistema mezclan imágenes de Vladimir Putin y el líder norcoreano Kim Jong-un, llaman a defender "el honor de los hombres" y hacen burlas al feminismo y a sectores gay.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-odatv_152-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-odatv_152-1) Erbil, Osman (July 20, 2025). ["Amerikan Komünist Partisi yöneticisi Hinkle Odatv'ye konuştu... MAGA*-Trump destekçisi 'Avrasyacı' komünist... Çin ve Rusya temsilcileriyle aynı masada"](https://www.odatv.com/guncel/amerikan-komunist-partisi-yoneticisi-hinkle-odatvye-konustu-maga-trump-destekcisi-avrasyaci-komunist-cin-ve-rusya-temsilcileriyle-ayni-masada-120107430). *[OdaTV](/source/OdaTV)* (in Turkish).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-153)** ["Ask Prof Wolff: MAGA Communism"](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lcqvZ81HPag). *YouTube*. Democracy at Work. November 11, 2022. Is there some redefinition, some change going on in communism, that might make it somehow a partner of right-wing, fascistic, or other right side of the aisle movements? [....] If you're a political movement and you want to get supporters at a time when socialism is attracting more and more interest, well, you might be tempted to grab at hold at least of the name. The fact that Mr. Hitler took the name socialist fooled very few people in Germany. It didn't make much difference. And the very people he began working with who were interested in socialism were ejected from the Nazi party, often with violence, in the years later on in the 1920s. So don't be fooled by MAGA Communism. Yes, it's a clever putting together of things that don't fit. It will get you some attention for a while, but there's nothing in Mr. Trump or the MAGA movement that is anything other than fundamentally hostile to almost everything that socialism has meant or could mean.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-riktpunkt_154-0)** Vagenas, Elissaios (November 20, 2024). ["Amerikanska kommunister"](https://riktpunkt.nu/2024/11/amerikanska-kommunister/). *Riktpunkt* (in Norwegian). Det partiet kallas ACP, American Communist party, och består av krafter som har lämnat det amerikanska kommunistpartiet och andra grupper, och är medlem i den så kallade World Anti-Imperialist Platform (Antiimperialistiska världsplattformen). Partiets ordförande, Haz Al-Din, är, förutom "marxist-leninist" också anhängare av den **"patriotiska socialismen"** och en ledande figur i MAGA-kommunisternas rörelse i USA – MAGA är förkortningen av "Make America Great Again", det vill säga Donald Trumps huvudslogan.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-155)** Haz Al-Din (March 18, 2023). ["Haz: what is MAGA Communism"](https://xn--j1akbb.xn--p1acf/2023/03/18/haz-what-is-maga-communism/). *[Russian Communist Workers' Party of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union](/source/Russian_Communist_Workers'_Party_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union)* (Interview). Interviewed by Matvey Korchagin. Retrieved October 22, 2025. Gorbachev's revisionism delivered the final blow to the party, which became a fully liberal, bourgeois party, totally assimilating to the Democrats. It has no social base to speak of. For a long time, it was just completely irrelevant, spending all of its time promoting Democrat electoral campaigns even while nobody listened to it.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-WorkersCommunistParty_156-0)** Haz Al-Din (March 18, 2023). ["Haz: what is MAGA Communism"](https://xn--j1akbb.xn--p1acf/2023/03/18/haz-what-is-maga-communism/). *[Russian Communist Workers' Party of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union](/source/Russian_Communist_Workers'_Party_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union)* (Interview). Interviewed by Matvey Korchagin. Retrieved March 15, 2025.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-kosmolets_157-0)** Бурнашева, Александра (December 30, 2024). ["Коммунисты США отправили подарки жителям Донбасса"](https://www.mk.ru/politics/2024/12/30/kommunisty-ssha-otpravili-podarki-zhitelyam-donbassa.html). *[Moskovskij Komsomolets](/source/Moskovskij_Komsomolets)* (in Russian).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-aif_158-0)** Sychkova, Ekaterina (December 30, 2024). ["Журналист Хинкл: коммунисты из США направили гумпомощь в Донбасс"](https://aif.ru/politics/zhurnalist-hinkl-kommunisty-iz-ssha-napravili-gumpomoshch-v-donbass). *[Argumenty i Fakty](/source/Argumenty_i_Fakty)* (in Russian).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-159)** ["Historical Flags of Our Ancestors – Flags of Extremism – Part 1 (a-m)"](http://www.loeser.us/flags/hate.html). *www.loeser.us*. Retrieved May 11, 2019.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-160)** ["American Party of Labor admitted into ICMLPO"](https://redphoenixnews.com/2024/11/12/american-party-of-labor-admitted-into-icmlpo/). *The Red Phoenix*. November 12, 2024. Retrieved February 19, 2026.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-161)** Struch, Eric (January 24, 2013). ["Chicago protesters say 'No' to Greek fascists"](https://www.workers.org/2013/01/24/chicago-protesters-say-no-to-greek-fascists/). Retrieved May 11, 2019.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-162)** ["Chicago forum on U.S. role in Ukraine: fascists attempt disruption"](http://www.fightbacknews.org/2014/4/15/chicago-forum-us-role-ukraine-fascists-attempt-disruption). *Fight Back! News*. April 16, 2014. Retrieved May 11, 2019.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-163)** ["Support grows for "Dump Trump" protest planned for day one of Republican National Convention"](http://www.fightbacknews.org/2016/6/20/support-grows-dump-trump-protest-planned-day-one-republican-national-convention). *Fight Back! News*. June 20, 2016. Retrieved May 11, 2019.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-164)** ["Here in the very belly of imperialism, you have comrades"](https://www.evrensel.net/daily/327324/here-in-the-very-belly-of-imperialism-you-have-comrades). *[Evrensel](/source/Evrensel)*. July 24, 2017. Retrieved July 28, 2019.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-165)** ["Who We Are"](https://www.americanpartyoflabor.com/our-history). *americanpartyoflabor.org*. Retrieved July 28, 2019.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-166)** ["Red Aid: Service to the People"](https://theredphoenixapl.org/2018/06/28/red-aid-service-to-the-people/). *The Red Phoenix*. June 28, 2018. Retrieved July 28, 2019.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-167)** George & Wilcox, pp. 97–98

1. **[^](#cite_ref-168)** George & Wilcox, p. 103

1. **[^](#cite_ref-169)** George & Wilcox, p. 98

1. **[^](#cite_ref-170)** George & Wilcox, p. 99

1. **[^](#cite_ref-171)** George & Wilcox, p. 101

1. **[^](#cite_ref-172)** George & Wilcox, p. 103-104

1. **[^](#cite_ref-173)** George & Wilcox, p. 102

1. **[^](#cite_ref-174)** George & Wilcox, p. 105

1. **[^](#cite_ref-175)** ["FBI Interview Questions for FRSO"](https://web.archive.org/web/20130117080048/http://www.stopfbi.net/sites/default/files/3-Interrogation%20Questions.pdf) (PDF). Committee to Stop FBI Repression. Archived from [the original](http://www.stopfbi.net/sites/default/files/3-Interrogation%20Questions.pdf) (PDF) on January 17, 2013. Retrieved April 25, 2013.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Reuters_176-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Reuters_176-1) Reuters

1. **[^](#cite_ref-177)** Sherman

1. **[^](#cite_ref-178)** Fenwick, Tyler (December 10, 2020). ["What the Party for Socialism and Liberation Wants You to Understand"](https://indianapolisrecorder.com/what-the-party-for-socialism-and-liberation-wants-you-to-understand/). *indianapolisrecorder.com*. Indianapolis Recorder. Retrieved February 18, 2021.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-179)** CLark, Taylor (June 25, 2020). ["At Most Black Lives Matter Protests: Who Is PSL?"](https://www.alaskasnewssource.com/content/news/The-group-behind-many-Anchorage-BLM-protests-571497501.html?ref=501). *alaskasnewssource.com*. Gray Television, Inc. Retrieved February 18, 2021.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-180)** ["Protesters, demonstration leaders arrested in connection to rallies in Aurora"](https://www.denverpost.com/2020/09/17/aurora-denver-police-protesters-arrested-riot/). *denverpost.com*. MediaNews Group, Inc. September 17, 2020. Retrieved January 29, 2021.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-181)** George & Wilcox, p. 147

1. **[^](#cite_ref-182)** George & Wilcox, p. 148

1. **[^](#cite_ref-183)** George & Wilcox, p. 150

1. **[^](#cite_ref-184)** George & Wilcox, p. 151

1. **[^](#cite_ref-185)** George & Wilcox, p. 159

1. **[^](#cite_ref-186)** George & Wilcox, p. 160

1. **[^](#cite_ref-187)** George & Wilcox, p. 161

1. **[^](#cite_ref-188)** George & Wilcox, pp. 153–154

1. **[^](#cite_ref-189)** Bérubé, pp. 130–131

1. **[^](#cite_ref-190)** Alexander, p. 936

1. **[^](#cite_ref-191)** Lange, Jon (August 1, 2024). ["Founding Congress of the RCA: The Future of American Communism is Bright"](https://communistusa.org/founding-congress-of-the-rca-the-future-of-american-communism-is-bright/). *Revolutionary Communists of America*. Retrieved April 14, 2025.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-192)** ["A Fighting Program for the Revolutionary Communists of America"](https://communistusa.org/program/). *Revolutionary Communists of America*. Retrieved April 14, 2025.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-193)** Kleher, pp. 68–69

1. **[^](#cite_ref-194)** George & Wilcox, p. 113

1. **[^](#cite_ref-195)** George & Wilciox, p. 108-109

1. **[^](#cite_ref-196)** George & Wilcox, p. 108

1. **[^](#cite_ref-197)** George & Wilcox, p. 109

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-George_&_Wilcox,_p._110_198-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-George_&_Wilcox,_p._110_198-1) George & Wilcox, p. 110

1. **[^](#cite_ref-199)** George & Wilcox, p. 112

1. **[^](#cite_ref-200)** [Lichtenstein, Nelson](/source/Nelson_Lichtenstein) (2003). "Introduction to the new edition". [*Labor's war at home: The CIO in World War II*](https://web.archive.org/web/20100605035547/http://www.temple.edu/tempress/chapters_1400/1693_ch1.pdf) (PDF) (second ed.). Philadelphia PA: Temple University Press. p. xxiii (footnote 2). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [1-59213-197-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-59213-197-2). Archived from [the original](http://www.temple.edu/tempress/chapters_1400/1693_ch1.pdf) (PDF) on June 5, 2010. Retrieved July 12, 2011.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Klehr,_pp._70-73_201-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Klehr,_pp._70-73_201-1) Klehr, pp. 70–73

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Lingeman,_pp._117-144_202-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Lingeman,_pp._117-144_202-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-Lingeman,_pp._117-144_202-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-Lingeman,_pp._117-144_202-3) [***e***](#cite_ref-Lingeman,_pp._117-144_202-4) [***f***](#cite_ref-Lingeman,_pp._117-144_202-5) [***g***](#cite_ref-Lingeman,_pp._117-144_202-6) [***h***](#cite_ref-Lingeman,_pp._117-144_202-7) [***i***](#cite_ref-Lingeman,_pp._117-144_202-8) [***j***](#cite_ref-Lingeman,_pp._117-144_202-9) [***k***](#cite_ref-Lingeman,_pp._117-144_202-10) [***l***](#cite_ref-Lingeman,_pp._117-144_202-11) [***m***](#cite_ref-Lingeman,_pp._117-144_202-12) [***n***](#cite_ref-Lingeman,_pp._117-144_202-13) [***o***](#cite_ref-Lingeman,_pp._117-144_202-14) [***p***](#cite_ref-Lingeman,_pp._117-144_202-15) [***q***](#cite_ref-Lingeman,_pp._117-144_202-16) Richard Lingeman (2009). *The Nation Guide to the Nation*. Vintage.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-203)** ["Post-Capitalist Project"](http://postcapitalistproject.org/). Consortia Website. Retrieved November 19, 2012.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-204)** ["Socialist Revolution | IMT"](https://socialistrevolution.org/). *Socialist Revolution*. Retrieved January 10, 2019.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-VTSOS24_205-0)** ["Vermont Election Night Results"](https://web.archive.org/web/20240217064556/https://electionresults.vermont.gov/#/county). Vermont Secretary of State. Archived from [the original](https://electionresults.vermont.gov/#/county) on February 17, 2024. Retrieved July 6, 2025.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-TelegraphHeraldLegalNotice_206-0)** ["CITY OF DUBUQUE, IOWA CITY COUNCIL PROCEEDINGS REGULAR SESSION"](https://www.telegraphherald.com/classifieds/legals/ad_e456e60a-25b5-5158-bcc2-97e1ca0c720c.html). *[Telegraph Herald](/source/Telegraph_Herald)*. Retrieved December 24, 2025.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-207)** American Communist Party [@ACPMain] (December 23, 2025). ["ACP Cadre Addison Aronson has been appointed to a city council position with the Arts & Cultural Affairs Advisory Commission. This appointment reflects our growing presence in local governance and our commitment to advancing working-class culture, community arts, and public access to cultural life"](https://x.com/ACPMain/status/2003578752660361489) ([Tweet](/source/Tweet_(social_media))) – via [X (formerly Twitter)](/source/X_(formerly_Twitter)).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-208)** OLIVO, RICK (April 2, 2019). ["Whitebird defeats Mettille in Ashland District 6"](https://www.apg-wi.com/ashland_daily_press/paywall/whitebird-defeats-mettille-in-ashland-district/article_bce4a146-55b8-11e9-a43f-c3abcad2fbc7.html). *APG of Wisconsin*. Retrieved August 9, 2019.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-209)** Johnson, Earchiel (May 7, 2019). ["Native American communist topples incumbent council president in Wisconsin town"](https://www.peoplesworld.org/article/native-american-communist-topples-incumbent-council-president-in-wisconsin-town/). *People's World*. Retrieved August 9, 2019.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-210)** ["Officeholders"](http://www.gp.org/officeholders). Green Party of the United States. Retrieved May 15, 2016.

## Bibliography

- ALB (2009–10) "The SLP of America: a premature obituary?" *Socialist Standard*. Retrieved 2010-05-11.[\[1\]](http://www.worldsocialism.org/spgb/oct09/page18.html)[*[permanent dead link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot)*]

- Alexander, Robert J. *International Trotskyism, 1929–1985: a documented analysis of the movement*. United States of America: Duke University Press, 1991. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-8223-0975-0](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8223-0975-0)

- Amster, Randall. *Contemporary anarchist studies: an introductory anthology of anarchy in the academy*. Oxford, UK: Taylor & Francis, 2009 [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-415-47402-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-47402-7)

- Archer, Robin. *Why Is There No Labor Party in the United States?*. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2007. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-691-12701-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-12701-9)

- Bérubé, Michael. *The Left at war*. New York: New York University Press, 2009 [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-8147-9984-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8147-9984-1)

- [Buhle, Mari Jo](/source/Mari_Jo_Buhle); [Buhle, Paul](/source/Paul_Buhle) and [Georgakas, Dan](/source/Dan_Georgakas). *Encyclopedia of the American left* (Second edition). Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-19-512088-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-512088-4)

- Busky, Donald F. *Democratic Socialism: A Global Survey*. Westport: Praeger Publishers, 2000. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-275-96886-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-275-96886-3)

- Coleman, Stephen. *Daniel De Leon*. Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press, 1990 [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-7190-2190-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7190-2190-1)

- Draper, Theodore. *The roots of American Communism*. New York: Viking Press, 1957. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-7658-0513-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7658-0513-8)

- Drucker, Peter (1994). *Max Shachtman and his left: A socialist's odyssey through the "American Century"*. Humanities Press. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-391-03816-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-391-03816-8).

- George, John and Wilcox, Laird. *American Extremists: Militias, Supremacists, Klansmen, Communists & Others*. Amherst: Prometheus Books, 1996. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [1-57392-058-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57392-058-4)

- Graeber, David. "The rebirth of anarchism in North America, 1957–2007" in *Contemporary history online*, No. 21, (Winter, 2010)

- Horowitz, Rachelle (2007). ["Tom Kahn and the fight for democracy: A political portrait and personal recollection"](https://web.archive.org/web/20091012183407/http://dissentmagazine.org/democratiya/article_pdfs/d11Horowitz.pdf) (PDF). *Democratiya (Merged with Dissent in 2009)*. **11**. Archived from [the original](http://www.dissentmagazine.org/democratiya/article_pdfs/d11Horowitz.pdf) (PDF) on October 12, 2009.

- Isserman, Maurice. *The other American: the life of Michael Harrington*. New York: Public Affairs, 2000. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [1-58648-036-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58648-036-7)

- Klehr, Harvey. *Far Left of Center: The American Radical Left Today*. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers, 1988. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-88738-875-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88738-875-2)

- Liebman, Arthur. *Jews and the Left*. New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1979. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-471-53433-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-53433-4)

- Lingeman, Richard. *The Nation Guide to the Nation*. New York: Vintage Books, 2009. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-307-38728-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-307-38728-3)

- Lipset, Seymour Martin and Marks, Gary. *It didn't happen here: why socialism failed in the United States*. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, Inc. 2001. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-393-04098-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-04098-4)

- Reuters. "U.S. protests shrink while antiwar sentiment grows". Oct 3, 2007 12:30:17 GMT Retrieved September 20, 2010.[Humanitarian | Thomson Reuters Foundation News](http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/N02410338.htm)

- Ryan, James G. *Earl Browder: the failure of American Communism*. Tuscaloosa and London: The University of Alabama Press, 1997. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-8173-0843-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8173-0843-1)

- Sherman, Amy. "Demonstrators to gather in Fort Lauderdale to rail against oil giant BP", the *Miami Herald*. May 12, 2010 Retrieved from SunSentinel.com September 22, 2010.[Demonstrators to gather in Fort Lauderdale to rail against oil giant BP](https://web.archive.org/web/20100521161202/http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/2010-05-12/features/fl-bp-fort-lauderdale-protest-20100511_1_oil-giant-bp-gulf-of-mexico-disaster-end-racism)

- Stedman, Susan W. and Stedman Jr. Murray Salisbury. *Discontent at the polls: a study of farmer and labor parties, 1827–1948*. New York: Columbia University Press. 1950.

- Woodcock, George, *Anarchism: a history of libertarian ideas and movements*. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2004. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [1-55111-629-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55111-629-4)

## External links

- ["The Socialist Trade and Labor Alliance versus the 'pure and simple trade union'"](http://www.slp.org/pdf/de_leon/ddlother/ddl_harriman.pdf), 1900 debate, [Daniel De Leon](/source/Daniel_De_Leon) and [Job Harriman](/source/Job_Harriman)

- ["Is Russia a socialist Community?"](https://www.marxists.org/archive/shachtma/1950/03/russia.htm), 1950 debate, [Earl Browder](/source/Earl_Browder), [C. Wright Mills](/source/C._Wright_Mills) and [Max Shachtman](/source/Max_Shachtman)

- "Why No Revolution? A Short History of American Left Movements", [Part 1: early 1800s to 1945](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4QSuK5gvb0g), [Part 2: 1945–2012](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P85MmQ0Xhto), 2012, featuring Joe Uris

- "Second Thought" [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCJm2TgUqtK1_NLBrjNQ1P-w](https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCJm2TgUqtK1_NLBrjNQ1P-w)

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---
Adapted from the Wikipedia article [American Left](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Left) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Left?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.