# Almería

> Mediated Wiki article. Canonical URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/Almer%C3%ADa
> Markdown URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/Almer%C3%ADa.md
> Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almer%C3%ADa
> Source revision: 1351989693
> License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)

"Almeria" redirects here. For other uses, see [Almeria (disambiguation)](/source/Almeria_(disambiguation)).

Municipality in Andalusia, Spain

Almería Municipality Alcazaba Cable Inglés Panoramic view City Hall Cathedral Flag Coat of arms Motto: "Muy noble, muy leal y decidida por la libertad: ciudad de Almería" (Very noble, very loyal and determined towards freedom: city of Almería) Interactive map of Almería Almería Location of Almería Show map of Province of Almería Almería Almería (Andalusia) Show map of Andalusia Almería Almería (Spain) Show map of Spain Coordinates: 36°50′30″N 2°27′50″W / 36.8417°N 2.4639°W / 36.8417; -2.4639 Country Spain Region Andalusia Province Almería Comarca Comarca Metropolitana de Almería Founded 955 Founded by Abd-ar-Rahman III Government • Body Ayuntamiento de Almería • Mayor Ramón Fernández-Pacheco (PP) Area [1] • Total 296 km2 (114 sq mi) Elevation 24[3] m (79 ft) Highest elevation (Peak Pico Colativí [es]) 1,387 m (4,551 ft) Lowest elevation (Mediterranean Sea) 0 m (0 ft) Population (2024)[2] • Total 201,946 • Density 682/km2 (1,770/sq mi) Demonyms almerienses, urcitanos Time zone UTC+1 (CET) • Summer (DST) UTC+2 (CEST) Postal code 04001-04090 Area code (+34) 950 Vehicle registration AL Website http://www.aytoalmeria.es (in Spanish)

**Almería** ([UK](/source/British_English): [/ˌælməˈriːə/](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English),[4] [US](/source/American_English) also [/ˌɑːl-/](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English),[5][6] Spanish: [\[almeˈɾi.a\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Spanish) [ⓘ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pronunciation_of_Almer%C3%ADa_in_Spanish.ogg)) is a city and [municipality](/source/Municipalities_in_Spain) of [Spain](/source/Spain), located in [Andalusia](/source/Andalusia). It is the capital of the [province of the same name](/source/Province_of_Almer%C3%ADa). The city lies in southeastern [Iberia](/source/Iberian_Peninsula), extending primarily in between the eastern fringes of the [Sierra de Gádor](/source/Sierra_de_G%C3%A1dor) and the [Andarax](/source/Andarax) riverbed along the coastline of the [Gulf of Almería](/source/Gulf_of_Almer%C3%ADa), a large inlet of the [Mediterranean Sea](/source/Mediterranean_Sea). The municipality has a population of 201,946.[2]

Caliph [Abd al-Rahman III](/source/Abd_al-Rahman_III) founded the city in 955.[7] The city grew wealthy during the Islamic era, becoming a [world city](/source/World_city) throughout the 11th and 12th centuries.[8] It enjoyed an active port that traded [silk](/source/Almer%C3%ADan_silk), oil, and raisins.[9] This period was brought to an end with the [1147 conquest of the city by a Christian coalition](/source/Siege_of_Almer%C3%ADa_(1147)).[10] Control over Almería switched hands over the rest of the middle ages. In the early modern period, with the onset of Barbary piracy, the ethnic cleansing of *[moriscos](/source/Moriscos)* in the [Kingdom of Granada](/source/Kingdom_of_Granada_(Crown_of_Castile)), and several natural calamities, urban decay accrued. The 19th-century reactivation of mining activity ([lead](/source/Lead)) in the hinterland fostered commercial activity and demographic growth.[11]

Key road routes include the [A-7](/source/Autov%C3%ADa_A-7) connecting Almería to the rest of the Spanish Mediterranean coast and the [A-92](/source/Autov%C3%ADa_A-92) connecting the city to [Granada](/source/Granada) and inner Andalusia. Almería is served by [a medium-sized airport](/source/Almer%C3%ADa_Airport) and [a port](/source/Port_of_Almeria) with a growing specialization in passenger and [ro-ro](/source/Roll-on%2Froll-off) transport with the North of Africa (Algeria and Morocco).[12]

Being adjacent to a small desert,[13] Almería has an exceptionally dry climate by European standards.

## Etymology

The name "Almería" comes from the city's former Arabic name, مدينة المرية : *Madīnat al-Mariyya*, meaning "city of the watchtower".[14] As the settlement was originally the port or coastal suburb of [Pechina](/source/Pechina), it was initially known as مريّة البجّانة : *Mariyyat al-Bajjāna* (*Bajjāna* being the Arabic name for Pechina).[15]

## History

See also: [Timeline of Almería](/source/Timeline_of_Almer%C3%ADa)

The origin of Almería is connected to the 9th-century establishment of the so-called Republic of Pechina (Bajjana) some kilometres to the north, which was for a time autonomous from the [Cordobese central authority](/source/Emirate_of_C%C3%B3rdoba): the settlement of current-day Almería initially developed as a humble trading port of Pechina known as Al-Mariyya Bajjana.[16] Pechina and its maritime port experienced divergent fortunes, and while the former progressively depopulated, the latter became the base of the [Caliphal](/source/Caliphate_of_C%C3%B3rdoba) navy after 933, during the rule of [Abd-ar-Rahman III](/source/Abd-ar-Rahman_III).[17] The port suffered a devastating [Fatimid](/source/Fatimid) naval attack in 955 that exposed the Caliphate's defensive shortcomings.[18] Also in 955, Abd-ar-Rahman III decided to erect the [walls](/source/City_walls).[19] A [silk](/source/Silk) industry consisting of hundreds of looms and feeding itself from the [mulberry](/source/Mulberry) trees planted in the region, fostered Almería's economy.[20] Almería also became an important [slave trade](/source/History_of_slavery) hub during the caliphal period.[21]

In the wake of the [collapse of the Caliphate of Córdoba](/source/Fitna_of_al-Andalus) in the early 11th century, Almería detached from Cordobese authority towards 1014 and became ruled as an independent [taifa](/source/Taifa) under [Slavic kinglets](/source/Saqaliba).[22] It submitted to the [Taifa of Valencia](/source/Taifa_of_Valencia) in 1038, yet it soon became independent as a new taifa,[23] ruled by the Arab [Banu Sumadih](/source/Banu_Sumadih) until 1091, when it fell to Almoravid control. This allowed the city's economy to insert itself into the trade networks of the [Almoravid empire](/source/Almoravid_empire).[24] Building upon the previous development during the caliphal period, Almería reached a degree of historical relevance unmatched in the rest of its history throughout the 11th and 12th centuries,[25] becoming the third-largest city of [Al-Andalus](/source/Al-Andalus).[24] Almería imported [indigo dye](/source/Indigo_dye) and [wool](/source/Wool) from the Maghreb and [linen](/source/Linen) from Egypt, while it exported [copper](/source/Copper) to [Fez](/source/Fez%2C_Morocco) and [Tlemcen](/source/Tlemcen) as well as its highly sought textiles.[21]

See also: [Siege of Almería (1147)](/source/Siege_of_Almer%C3%ADa_(1147))

Contested by the emirs of Granada and Valencia, Almería experienced many sieges, including one especially fierce siege when Christians, called to the [Second Crusade](/source/Second_Crusade) by [Pope Eugene III](/source/Pope_Eugene_III), were also encouraged to counter the Muslim forces on a more familiar coast. On that occasion [Alfonso VII](/source/Alfonso_VII_of_Le%C3%B3n_and_Castile), starting on 11 July 1147, at the head of mixed armies of Catalans, Genoese, Pisans and Franks, led a crusade against the rich city, and Almería was captured on 17 October 1147,[26] marking the breakup of the city's period of splendor in the Middle Ages.[27]

Within a decade, in 1157, Almería had passed to the control of Muslim [Almohad](/source/Almohad_dynasty) rulers.[26] Almería soon passed by the temporary overarching control of rebel Murcian emir [Ibn Mardanish](/source/Ab%C5%AB_%CA%BFAbd_All%C4%81h_Mu%E1%B8%A5ammad_ibn_Sa%CA%BFd_ibn_Mardan%C4%ABsh) (1165–1169), hindering the early efforts of recovery in the city,[28] that under the decade of Christian occupation reportedly had been left depopulated and, by and large, quite destroyed.[29] During Almohad rule, the city did not return to its previous splendor, although the port remained trading with the [Crown of Aragon](/source/Crown_of_Aragon) and the Italian republics.[30]

Following the rebellion against Almohad rule heralded by the likes of the Banu Hud and the Banu Mardanis, Almería submitted to the authority of [Ibn Hud](/source/Ibn_Hud), who had raised the [black banner](/source/Black_Standard) and pledged nominal allegiance to [Abbasid](/source/Abbasid_Caliphate) authorities by 1228.[31] After Ibn Hud's assassination in Almería in 1238,[32][30] the bulk of the remaining Muslim-controlled territories in the Iberian Peninsula passed to the control of rival ruler [Ibn al-Aḥmar](/source/Muhammad_I_of_Granada) (sultan since 1232), who had set the capital of his emirate in Granada by 1238,[32] constituting the [Emirate of Granada](/source/Emirate_of_Granada), to which Almería belonged from then on. While relatively languishing throughout the Nasrid period, Almería still remained a key strategic port of the emirate together with [Málaga](/source/M%C3%A1laga), as well as a haven for pirates and political dissidents.[33] It sustained intense trading relations with Aragon and the African port of [Honaine](/source/Honaine).[33] Almería endured [a brutal siege by Aragonese forces in 1309](/source/Siege_of_Almer%C3%ADa_(1309)) that, while eventually unsuccessful, left the city battered.[33]

The city submitted to the sovereignty of the [Catholic Monarchs](/source/Catholic_Monarchs) on 22 December 1489.[34] Relatively isolated and within the range of attacks from [Barbary pirates](/source/Barbary_pirates), the hitherto mercantile city entered modernity by undergoing a process of heavy ruralization that imperiled its very same continued existence as a city.[35]

Historically, there was a [Jewish](/source/Jewish) community in Almería dating to the 10th century, where members of the community mostly engaged in maritime trade. When the [Jews were expelled](/source/Expulsion_of_the_Jews_from_Spain) in 1492, many living in Almería fled to North Africa.[36]

The 16th century was for Almería a century of natural and human catastrophes; for there were at least four [earthquakes](/source/Earthquakes), of which the one in 1522 was especially violent, devastating the city. The people who had remained [Muslim](/source/Muslim) were expelled from Almería after the [War of Las Alpujarras](/source/Alpujarras) in 1568 and scattered across the Crown of Castile. Landings and attacks by [Barbary pirates](/source/Barbary_pirates) were also frequent in the 16th century, and continued until the early 18th century. At that time, huge iron mines were discovered and French and British companies set up business in the area, bringing renewed prosperity and returning Almería to a position of relative importance within Spain.[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*]

View of Almería during the [Second Spanish Republic](/source/Second_Spanish_Republic) (1931–39)

During the [Spanish Civil War](/source/Spanish_Civil_War) the city was [shelled by the German Navy](/source/Bombardment_of_Almer%C3%ADa), with news reaching the London and Parisian press about the "criminal bombardment of Almería by German planes".[37] Almería surrendered in 1939, being the last Andalusian main city to fall to [Francoist](/source/Francisco_Franco_Bahamonde) forces.

In the second half of the 20th century, Almería witnessed spectacular economic growth due to tourism and intensive agriculture, with crops grown year-round in massive *invernaderos* – plastic-covered "greenhouses" – for intensive vegetable production.

After Franco's death and popular approval of the new Spanish Constitution, the people of southern Spain were called on to approve an autonomous status for Andalusia region in a referendum. The referendum were approved with 118,186 votes for and 11,092 votes against in Almería province,[38] which represented 42% of all registered voters.[39]

## Geography

Satellite view centered on Almería

Due to its arid landscape, numerous [Spaghetti Westerns](/source/Spaghetti_Western) were filmed in Almería and some of the sets still remain as a tourist attraction.[40][41] These sets are located in the [desert of Tabernas](/source/Tabernas_Desert). The town and region were also used by [David Lean](/source/David_Lean) in *[Lawrence of Arabia](/source/Lawrence_of_Arabia_(film))* (1962), [John Milius](/source/John_Milius) in *[The Wind and the Lion](/source/The_Wind_and_the_Lion)* (1975), [The Gospel of John](/source/The_Gospel_of_John_(film)) (2003) and others.

One of Almería's most famous natural spots is the [Cabo de Gata-Níjar Natural Park](/source/Cabo_de_Gata-N%C3%ADjar_Natural_Park). This park is of volcanic origin,[42] and is the largest and most ecologically significant marine-terrestrial space in the European Western [Mediterranean Sea](/source/Mediterranean_Sea).[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*] The Cabo de Gata-Níjar Natural Park runs through the municipal areas of [Níjar](/source/N%C3%ADjar), [Almerimar](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Almerimar&action=edit&redlink=1) and [Carboneras](/source/Carboneras). Its villages, previously dedicated to [fishing](/source/Fishing), have become [tourism](/source/Tourism) spots. The beaches of Cabo de Gata-Níjar Natural Park are also an attraction.[43]

Almería has one islet that it administers as a part of its territory in the Alboran Sea, [Alboran Island](/source/Alboran_Island). The island has a small cemetery, a harbor, and a lighthouse, built in the 19th century.

See also: [Sierra de Gádor](/source/Sierra_de_G%C3%A1dor)

### Crystal cave

In 2000, a team of geologists found a cave filled with giant [gypsum](/source/Gypsum) crystals in an abandoned silver mine near Almería. The cavity, which measures 8 by 1.8 by 1.7 metres (26.2 ft × 5.9 ft × 5.6 ft), may be the largest [geode](/source/Geode) ever found.[44] The entrance of the cave was blocked by five tons of rocks, and was under police protection (to prevent looters from entering). According to geological models, the cave was formed during the [Messinian salinity crisis](/source/Messinian_salinity_crisis) 6 million years ago, when the Mediterranean sea evaporated and left thick layers of salt sediments ([evaporites](/source/Evaporite)).[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*] The site is currently open for tourists under guided tours.[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*]

### Climate

According to the [Köppen climate classification](/source/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification), Almería has a [hot desert climate](/source/Hot_desert_climate) ([Köppen](/source/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification) *BWh*; [Trewartha](/source/Trewartha_climate_classification): *BWal*).[45] Almería is the driest city in Europe and it is the only one with a hot desert climate, starting in the south-eastern outskirts of the city (still inside the municipality of Almería) until the [Cabo de Gata-Níjar Natural Park](/source/Cabo_de_Gata-N%C3%ADjar_Natural_Park) located east of the city.[46][47]

The BWh climate is present in the city of Almería, in nearby areas of Almería province (such as the [Cabo de Gata-Níjar Natural Park](/source/Cabo_de_Gata-N%C3%ADjar_Natural_Park), the [Andarax](/source/Andarax)/[Almanzora](/source/Almanzora_(river)) river valleys), the only region in Europe to have this climate.[48] This arid climatic region spreads along the coastline around Almería to [Torrevieja](/source/Torrevieja), in the northeast.[45] The nearby Faro del Cabo in the [Cabo de Gata-Níjar Natural Park](/source/Cabo_de_Gata-N%C3%ADjar_Natural_Park), has the lowest annual precipitation on the European continent (156 millimetres (6.1 in)) in the period 1961-1990 and around 140 millimetres (5.5 in) since 2010.[49][50][51] Almería enjoys about 3,000 hours of sunshine with over 320 sunny days per year on average (6 hours of sunshine in January and 12 in July) so it is one of the sunniest cities in Europe.[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*]

Almería is the only city in [Continental Europe](/source/Continental_Europe) that has never registered any temperature below freezing in its recorded weather history.[52][53] The coldest temperature recorded was 0.1 °C (32.2 °F) at the airport in January 2005.[54] Before that, the previous record was 0.2 °C (32.4 °F) on 9 February 1935.[55] Settled snow is unknown since 1935, although during the 20th century, light flurries (without settling) occurred on few occasions.[a] The most important settled snowfall event occurred in 1926 and the snow arrived even at the coastline of the city.[58] The last event with settled snowfall happened on 9 February 1935.[59]

During the winter, daily maximum temperatures tend to stay around 17–18 °C (63–64 °F). At night, the minimum temperature is usually around 8–10 °C (46–50 °F). This makes the city of Almería one of the warmest in winter in [Spain](/source/Spain).[60] The city only receives yearly precipitation of just 200 mm (7.9 in) and 26 days of precipitation annually; so while no month could be described as truly wet, there are strong seasonal differences in terms of precipitation and temperature, with coastal parts of the city (such as the [Cabo de Gata-Níjar Natural Park](/source/Cabo_de_Gata-N%C3%ADjar_Natural_Park)) receiving a precipitation amount of 156 mm (6.1 in), and an annual temperature of 19.1 °C (66.4 °F), while mountainous areas (such as the [Tabernas Desert](/source/Tabernas_Desert)) receive a precipitation amount of 220 mm (8.7 in) per year, and an average temperature of 17.9 °C (64.2 °F), so it would be classified as a [cold desert climate](/source/Cold_desert_climate) (*BWk*) bordering a [cold semi-arid climate](/source/Cold_semi-arid_climate) (*BSk*).[45]

Inland areas of the Almería province are believed to have reached temperatures above 45 °C (113 °F) in summer.[61] Though temperatures above 40 °C (104 °F) are very rare in the city of Almería.

During the summer, the skies are usually sunny and almost no rainfall occurs. The typical daily temperatures are around 30 °C (86 °F) during the day while the minimum temperatures stay around 22 °C (72 °F) during July and August. As is the case for most of coastal Iberia, heatwaves in Almería are much less common than in the interior because of its coastal location; The hottest temperature recorded was 42.0 °C (107.6 °F) in August 2022.[62] The highest minimum temperature ever recorded was 33.2 °C (91.8 °F) on 31 July 2001, which is also the highest ever recorded in [peninsular Spain](/source/Peninsular_Spain) and [Iberian Peninsula](/source/Iberian_Peninsula).[63][64]

Climate data for Almería (Almería Airport) WMO ID: 08487; coordinates 36°50′47″N 02°21′25″W / 36.84639°N 2.35694°W / 36.84639; -2.35694; elevation: 21 m (69 ft); (1991–2020) extremes (1933–present)[65] Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high °C (°F) 25.7 (78.3) 27.0 (80.6) 32.4 (90.3) 32.1 (89.8) 36.3 (97.3) 40.9 (105.6) 41.6 (106.9) 42.0 (107.6) 38.4 (101.1) 34.5 (94.1) 29.0 (84.2) 27.7 (81.9) 42.0 (107.6) Mean maximum °C (°F) 20.8 (69.4) 21.7 (71.1) 24.4 (75.9) 27.4 (81.3) 31.4 (88.5) 35.7 (96.3) 37.4 (99.3) 37.4 (99.3) 33.2 (91.8) 29.6 (85.3) 24.9 (76.8) 22.1 (71.8) 38.6 (101.5) Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 17.0 (62.6) 17.6 (63.7) 19.4 (66.9) 21.3 (70.3) 24.3 (75.7) 27.8 (82.0) 30.5 (86.9) 31.2 (88.2) 28.2 (82.8) 24.5 (76.1) 20.3 (68.5) 17.9 (64.2) 23.3 (73.9) Daily mean °C (°F) 12.8 (55.0) 13.4 (56.1) 15.1 (59.2) 17.1 (62.8) 20.1 (68.2) 23.6 (74.5) 26.4 (79.5) 27.2 (81.0) 24.2 (75.6) 20.6 (69.1) 16.3 (61.3) 13.9 (57.0) 19.2 (66.6) Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 8.7 (47.7) 9.2 (48.6) 10.9 (51.6) 12.9 (55.2) 15.8 (60.4) 19.3 (66.7) 22.2 (72.0) 23.1 (73.6) 20.2 (68.4) 16.6 (61.9) 12.3 (54.1) 9.8 (49.6) 15.1 (59.2) Mean minimum °C (°F) 5.2 (41.4) 5.9 (42.6) 7.0 (44.6) 9.4 (48.9) 11.9 (53.4) 15.7 (60.3) 18.9 (66.0) 19.5 (67.1) 16.1 (61.0) 12.5 (54.5) 8.2 (46.8) 6.0 (42.8) 4.2 (39.6) Record low °C (°F) 0.1 (32.2) 1.0 (33.8) 1.0 (33.8) 6.0 (42.8) 8.4 (47.1) 10.4 (50.7) 12.0 (53.6) 14.8 (58.6) 10.1 (50.2) 3.4 (38.1) 3.1 (37.6) 2.0 (35.6) 0.1 (32.2) Average precipitation mm (inches) 20.8 (0.82) 23.3 (0.92) 20.7 (0.81) 15.2 (0.60) 10.9 (0.43) 5.5 (0.22) 0.6 (0.02) 2.3 (0.09) 16.1 (0.63) 25.2 (0.99) 25.1 (0.99) 31.8 (1.25) 197.5 (7.78) Average precipitation days (≥ 1 mm) 2.7 2.7 3.1 2.6 1.6 0.6 0.2 0.3 1.9 3.1 3.2 3.0 25 Average relative humidity (%) 66 65 65 63 61 61 60 62 65 68 66 67 64 Average dew point °C (°F) 7.0 (44.6) 7.0 (44.6) 9.0 (48.2) 10.0 (50.0) 13.0 (55.4) 16.0 (60.8) 18.0 (64.4) 20.0 (68.0) 18.0 (64.4) 15.0 (59.0) 10.0 (50.0) 8.0 (46.4) 12.6 (54.7) Mean monthly sunshine hours 195 198 242 270 307 336 353 329 261 226 192 186 3,095 Percentage possible sunshine 63.5 64.9 64.5 68.4 69.8 76.7 79.4 78.1 70.3 64.6 62.5 61.8 68.7 Source 1: Agencia Estatal de Meteorologia (AEMET OpenData)[66][67][68][69] Source 2: Time and Date (dewpoints, between 1985−2015)[70]

Climate data for Almería Airport, 1981–2010 normals Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 16.9 (62.4) 17.6 (63.7) 19.6 (67.3) 21.4 (70.5) 24.1 (75.4) 27.9 (82.2) 30.5 (86.9) 31.0 (87.8) 28.4 (83.1) 24.5 (76.1) 20.5 (68.9) 17.9 (64.2) 23.4 (74.1) Daily mean °C (°F) 12.6 (54.7) 13.3 (55.9) 15.1 (59.2) 17.0 (62.6) 19.7 (67.5) 23.5 (74.3) 26.1 (79.0) 26.7 (80.1) 24.2 (75.6) 20.4 (68.7) 16.4 (61.5) 13.8 (56.8) 19.1 (66.4) Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 8.3 (46.9) 9.0 (48.2) 10.6 (51.1) 12.5 (54.5) 15.3 (59.5) 18.9 (66.0) 21.7 (71.1) 22.4 (72.3) 20.0 (68.0) 16.3 (61.3) 12.3 (54.1) 9.6 (49.3) 14.7 (58.5) Average precipitation mm (inches) 24 (0.9) 25 (1.0) 16 (0.6) 17 (0.7) 12 (0.5) 5 (0.2) 1 (0.0) 1 (0.0) 14 (0.6) 27 (1.1) 28 (1.1) 30 (1.2) 200 (7.9) Average precipitation days (≥ 1 mm) 2.9 2.9 2.6 2.6 1.9 0.6 0.3 0.3 1.5 2.8 3.6 3.3 25.4 Average relative humidity (%) 67 67 65 62 63 61 60 63 65 68 67 67 65 Mean monthly sunshine hours 194 191 232 261 297 325 342 315 256 218 183 178 2,994 Mean daily daylight hours 10.5 11.3 12.4 13.6 14.6 15.2 14.9 14.0 12.8 11.7 10.7 10.2 12.7 Source: Agencia Estatal de Meteorología[71][72]

## Demographics

‹ The [template](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Template) *[Historical populations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Historical_populations)* is being [considered for merging](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Templates_for_discussion/Log/2026_June_24#Template:Infobox_demographics). ›

Historical population Year Pop. ±% 1842 17,800 — 1857 27,036 +51.9% 1877 40,061 +48.2% 1887 35,865 −10.5% 1900 47,202 +31.6% 1910 47,637 +0.9% 1920 51,034 +7.1% 1930 52,409 +2.7% 1940 73,097 +39.5% Year Pop. ±% 1950 75,861 +3.8% 1960 86,680 +14.3% 1970 114,298 +31.9% 1981 140,745 +23.1% 1991 155,120 +10.2% 2001 166,328 +7.2% 2011 189,680 +14.0% 2021 200,273 +5.6% Source: INE[73]

## Culture

House of the Butterflies

Famous natives of Almería include [Nicolás Salmerón y Alonso](/source/Nicol%C3%A1s_Salmer%C3%B3n_y_Alonso), who in 1873 was the third president of the [First Spanish Republic](/source/First_Spanish_Republic), as well as several musicians, including the composer José Padilla Sánchez, whose music was declared of "universal interest" by Unesco in 1989, the popular folk singer [Manolo Escobar](/source/Manolo_Escobar), renowned Flamenco guitar player [José Tomás "Tomatito"](/source/Tomatito) and Grammy Award winner [David Bisbal](/source/David_Bisbal); the champion motorcyclist [Antonio Maeso](/source/Antonio_Maeso) moved to Almería as a child.

The Irish folk-rock group [The Pogues](/source/The_Pogues) paid tribute to Almería in "Fiesta", a song on the band's third album, *If I Should Fall from Grace with God*.

In 1989, English electronic band [Depeche Mode](/source/Depeche_Mode) filmed the video for their song "[Personal Jesus](/source/Personal_Jesus)" in Almería.

Tourism increased and hotels were all occupied from January to February during the filming of the [sixth season](/source/Game_of_Thrones_(season_6)) of the TV series *[Game of Thrones](/source/Game_of_Thrones)*.[74]

### Festivities

The festive events that occur in the municipality are listed below:[75]

- Carnival

- Holy Week

- Cruces de mayo

- Saint Joan's Eve

### Sports

[Estadio de los Juegos Mediterráneos](/source/Estadio_de_los_Juegos_Mediterr%C3%A1neos)

Almería hosted the [Mediterranean Games](/source/Mediterranean_Games) in 2005. The city has two football teams: [UD Almería](/source/UD_Almer%C3%ADa), which was promoted to [La Liga](/source/La_Liga), the top tier of Spanish football, in 2022, and [CP Almería](/source/CP_Almer%C3%ADa), which plays in the [División de Honor](/source/Divisiones_Regionales_de_F%C3%BAtbol_in_Andalusia), the sixth tier.

The [Plaza de toros de Almería](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Plaza_de_toros_de_Almer%C3%ADa&action=edit&redlink=1) is the main bullring in Almería. It has a capacity of 10,000 and it opened in 1882.[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*]

### Films

Main article: [List of films shot in Almería](/source/List_of_films_shot_in_Almer%C3%ADa)

## Main sights

- [The Alcazaba](/source/Alcazaba_of_Almer%C3%ADa), a medieval fortress that was begun in the 10th century but destroyed by an earthquake in 1522. It includes a triple line of walls, a majestic [keep](/source/Keep) and large gardens. It commands a city quarter with buildings dressed in pastel colors, of Muslim-age aspect. It is the second largest among the Muslim fortresses of [Andalusia](/source/Andalusia), after the [Alhambra](/source/Alhambra).[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*]

- [Almería air raid shelters](/source/Almer%C3%ADa_air_raid_shelters), underground galleries for civilian protection during the [Spanish Civil War](/source/Spanish_Civil_War), currently the longest in Europe open for tourists.

- [The Cathedral](/source/Almer%C3%ADa_Cathedral) has a fortress-like appearance due to its towers, merlons and protected paths, created to defend it from Mediterranean pirates. Originally designated as a mosque, it was later converted into a Christian church, before being destroyed in the 1522 earthquake. In the 16th century it was rebuilt in the Renaissance style, whilst keeping some of its defensive features.

- Renaissance church of Santiago, built in 1533, with tower and portal decorated with reliefs.

- *Chanca*, a group of houses carved into rocks.

- Castle of *San Cristobal*, now in ruins. It is connected to the Alcazaba by a line of walls.

- Museum of Almería. Includes findings from Prehistoric, Iberic, Roman, Greek ages and Muslim objects, mostly from the Alcazaba.

- *Paseo de Coches*, a modern seaside promenade with gardens and palms.

- *Cable Inglés* (English Pier), 1904 iron railway pier built to transfer iron ore, copper, and silver produced by British- and French-run mines in Granada from trains to waiting cargo ships.

		- Cable Inglés, at night

		- Alcazaba of Almería

		- The ancient walls of Jayrán

		- The statue of San Cristóbal

		- The former train station

## Economy

Greenhouses near Almería

Intensive agriculture has been the most important economic sector of Almería for the last 50 years.[76] Nowadays, greenhouse production, handling and commercialisation of vegetables, and the supply industry of the sector, represent almost 40% of Almería's GDP. Directly, agricultural production accounts for 18.2% of the provincial GDP. In Andalusia, the average contribution is 6.6% and in Spain it is only 2.9%.[77]

This situation is the result of a great dynamic model, which can continually incorporate new technologies: using soil sanding, plastic covers, drip irrigation systems, hybrid seeds, soil-less cultivation, irrigation programs, new greenhouse structures, and so on. They all allowed to improve production and increase commercialisation calendars, assuring the profitability and quality of the crops and the competitiveness of the markets.[78] Moreover, Almería's economy has an important exporting function:[79] 75% of production was sold abroad in 2018, with a value of 2,400 million euros.[80]

This development is explained by familiar investment, as subsidies have been limited or non-existent. In this sense, the horticultural sector receives the least European aid from the Common Agricultural Policy: 1.9% of total income. This figure is much lower than that received by other sectors such as olive groves (33%) or cereals (53%).[81]

The production of this area is based on fair competition with officially a just remuneration of employees, with similar salaries than the ones in the same sector in Europe: 8% higher than Italy and 11% than Belgium.[82] This avoids the social dumping exerted by non-EU countries, like Morocco, with salaries up to 90% lower than those of Almería. However, there is well-documented widespread exploitation of workers from North Africa who work and live in terrible conditions, earning much lower than the minimum wage.[83]

From a social point of view, Almería and Granada are an example of family-owned and smallholder agriculture, with small farms and little concentration of land.[84] This social nature generates high equity in the level of income and welfare: social cohesion is produced, and inequality is reduced.[85] Concretely, Almería is made up of 12,500 farms with an average of 2.5 hectares and 30% of familiar labour. The high education levels of the farmers are also significant, which demonstrates an innovative and receptive character towards continuing education: 81.2% of farmers have some type of formal academic training.[84]

At the same time, a commercial system based on social economy enterprises has been developed, e.g. as cooperative societies. These companies represent 62% of production and sales.[86] They assure the access to the market in optimal conditions, because they increase its position inside the agri-food supply chain, facilitate financing, technical advice, and incorporation of technology. Moreover, local ties increase environmental sustainability.[87]

## Transport

See also: [Port of Almeria](/source/Port_of_Almeria)

By land, Almería can be reached by the [A-7 Mediterranean Highway](/source/Autov%C3%ADa_A-7), which connects the Mediterranean area with the [Spanish A-92](/source/Autov%C3%ADa_A-92) that unites it with the rest of Andalusia. [Almería railway station](/source/Almer%C3%ADa_railway_station) is served by [Renfe Operadora](/source/Renfe_Operadora) with direct rail services to [Granada](/source/Granada_railway_station), and [Madrid Atocha](/source/Madrid_Atocha_railway_station) using a branch off the [Alcázar de San Juan–Cádiz railway](/source/Alc%C3%A1zar_de_San_Juan%E2%80%93C%C3%A1diz_railway); the [Linares Baeza–Almería railway](/source/Linares_Baeza%E2%80%93Almer%C3%ADa_railway). In the future, [high-speed rail](/source/High-speed_rail) [AVE](/source/AVE) services will [link Almería](/source/Murcia%E2%80%93Almer%C3%ADa_high-speed_rail_line) to Madrid via [Murcia](/source/Murcia). The central railway station has been closed for several months and it is not known exactly when it will re-open. Passengers currently start their journey by being bussed a few kilometres to Huercal de Almería station.

By sea, the port of Almería has connections to [Melilla](/source/Melilla), [Algeria](/source/Algeria), [Morocco](/source/Morocco), and tourist cruises in the Mediterranean. It also has a marina with moorings for pleasure boats. Currently the port of Almería is being expanded with new docks and transformed into a container port to take large-scale international shipping and thereby increase its freight traffic. It normally connects with the following destinations:

- [Acciona](/source/Acciona_Trasmediterr%C3%A1nea): Ghazaouet (Algeria), [Oran](/source/Oran) (Algeria), [Nador](/source/Nador_Port) ([Morocco](/source/Morocco)) and [Melilla](/source/Melilla).

- [Comarit](/source/Comarit): Nador.

- [Comanav](/source/Compagnie_Marocaine_de_Navigation): Nador.

By air, Almería is served by [Almería Airport](/source/Almer%C3%ADa_Airport), the fourth largest in Andalusia.[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*] The winter timetable includes flights to [Madrid](/source/Madrid), [Barcelona](/source/Barcelona), [Melilla](/source/Melilla), [London](/source/London), and Seville, with international connections to [Manchester](/source/Manchester), [Birmingham](/source/Birmingham), [Brussels](/source/Brussels), [Dublin](/source/Dublin) and Swiss, German and other EU airports being added during the summer.

		- Almería rail station

		- Harbour of Almería

## Notable people

- [Said al-Andalusi](/source/Said_al-Andalusi) (1029–1070), mathematician, astronomer and philosopher

- [Francisco Losada](/source/Francisco_Losada) (1612–1667), composer

- [Luis de Soria Iribarne](/source/Luis_de_Soria_Iribarne) (1851–1935), guitarist and composer

- [Jimena Quirós](/source/Jimena_Quir%C3%B3s) (1899–1983), Spanish scientist, considered the first female oceanographer in the country and the first female staff scientist of the Spanish Institute for Oceanography (IEO)[88]

- [Lita Baron](/source/Lita_Baron) (1923–2015), actress, singer and dancer[89]

- [Chus Lampreave](/source/Chus_Lampreave) (1930–2016), actress[90]

- [Nieves Navarro](/source/Nieves_Navarro) (born 1938), actress

- [Manuel Lao Hernández](/source/Manuel_Lao_Hern%C3%A1ndez) (born 1944), founder of [Cirsa](/source/Cirsa), Spain's largest casino operator

- [José Torres "Tomatito"](/source/Tomatito) (born 1958), flamenco guitar player[91]

- [Juan Martínez Oliver](/source/Juan_Mart%C3%ADnez_Oliver) (born 1964), road bicycle racer[92]

- [Mar Abad](/source/Mar_Abad) (born 1972), journalist, writer and businesswoman

- [David Bisbal](/source/David_Bisbal) (born 1979), Grammy Award winner[93]

- [Rosa García-Malea López](/source/Rosa_Garc%C3%ADa-Malea_L%C3%B3pez) (born 1981), first female fighter pilot in the [Spanish Air Force](/source/Spanish_Air_Force)

- [Eduardo del Pino Vicente](/source/Eduardo_del_Pino_Vicente) (b. 20th century), journalist and writer[94]

## See also

- *[Helianthemum almeriense](/source/Helianthemum_almeriense)*

- [List of municipalities in Almería](/source/List_of_municipalities_in_Almer%C3%ADa)

## References

1. **[^](#cite_ref-area_1-0)** ["Datos geográficos y toponimia"](https://www.ign.es/web/ane-datos-geograficos/-/datos-geograficos/datosPoblacion?tipoBusqueda=) [Geographic data and toponymy] (in Spanish). [IGN](/source/Instituto_Geogr%C3%A1fico_Nacional_(Spain)).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-population_2-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-population_2-1) ["Annual population census 2021-2024"](https://www.ine.es/jaxiT3/Tabla.htm?t=68538&L=1). [INE](/source/National_Statistics_Institute_(Spain)).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-mapatopoign_3-0)** Instituto Geográfico Nacional (IGN) (ed.). ["Mapa topográfico de España del Instituto Geográfico Nacional"](https://web.archive.org/web/20170719134808/http://www.ign.es/iberpix2/visor/). Archived from [the original](http://www.ign.es/iberpix2/visor/) on 19 July 2017. Retrieved 1 October 2016.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-4)** ["Almería"](https://web.archive.org/web/20220902031203/https://www.dictionary.com/). *[Lexico](/source/Lexico) UK English Dictionary*. [Oxford University Press](/source/Oxford_University_Press). Archived from [the original](http://www.lexico.com/definition/Almer%C3%ADa) on 2 September 2022.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-5)** ["Almería"](https://www.ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=Almer%C3%ADa). *[The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language](/source/The_American_Heritage_Dictionary_of_the_English_Language)* (5th ed.). HarperCollins. Retrieved 27 July 2019.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-6)** ["Almería"](https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/almeria). *[Collins English Dictionary](/source/Collins_English_Dictionary)*. [HarperCollins](/source/HarperCollins). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20190727093639/https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/almeria) from the original on 27 July 2019. Retrieved 27 July 2019.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-7)** García Martín, Fernando Miguel; Ros Sempere, Marcos; Martín García, Juan (2014). ["Actuar en la ciudad consolidada. Resumen de un curso en Almería. Cartagena, Universidad Politécnica"](https://repositorio.upct.es/handle/10317/4139). *Cuadernos de introducción a la urbanística-CIURB*. **4**. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-84-942562-9-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-942562-9-5). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210604214706/https://repositorio.upct.es/handle/10317/4139) from the original on 4 June 2021. Retrieved 4 June 2021.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMazzoli-Guintard2016249_8-0)** [Mazzoli-Guintard 2016](#CITEREFMazzoli-Guintard2016), p. 249.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-9)** Valera Escobar, Ginés (6 February 2014). ["La Almería musulmana"](https://www.diariodealmeria.es/opinion/articulos/Almeria-musulmana_0_777822829.html). *Diario de Almería*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210604214705/https://www.diariodealmeria.es/opinion/articulos/Almeria-musulmana_0_777822829.html) from the original on 4 June 2021. Retrieved 4 June 2021.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-10)** Moraitis, Ioannes (2020). ["Almería 1147-Tesalónica 1185:estudio comparativo de dos conquistas a través de las fuentes escritas"](https://journals.uco.es/astarte/article/view/13043/11903) [Almería 1147-Thessaloniki 1185: comparative study of two conquests through written sources]. *Astarté*. **3**. Córdoba: [UCOPress](/source/University_of_C%C3%B3rdoba_(Spain)): 40. [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [2659-3998](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2659-3998).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-11)** Sánchez Picón, Andrés (1991). ["El siglo minero. La Almería que fotografió José Rodrigo"](https://www.dipalme.org/Servicios/Anexos/anexosiea.nsf/VAnexos/IEA-SM-cap/$File/SM-cap.pdf) (PDF). *El siglo minero. Imágenes de una Almería del siglo XIX*. Instituto de Estudios Almerienses. pp. 26–28. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [84-86862-48-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/84-86862-48-5).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-12)** Bayo, Antonio (2007). ["El pasaje entre continentes: desafío y oportunidad para la relacion puerto-ciudad"](https://retedigital.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/Rete-cuaderno-02.pdf) (PDF). *El estrecho de Gibraltar como lugar de nuevas oportunidades*. RETE. pp. 26–27.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-13)** ["Why visit Tabernas, home to Europe's only desert"](https://www.nationalgeographic.com/travel/article/tabernas-spain-desert-wild-west-town). *[National Geographic](/source/National_Geographic)*. 27 April 2024. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20240427165556/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/travel/article/tabernas-spain-desert-wild-west-town) from the original on 27 April 2024. Retrieved 27 April 2024.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-:0522_14-0)** García-Pulido, Luis José (2019). "Almería art and architecture". In Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Rowson, Everett (eds.). *Encyclopaedia of Islam, Three*. Brill. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [9789004386679](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004386679). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [1873-9830](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1873-9830).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-:052_15-0)** Bosch-Vilá, J. (1960–2007). "al-Mariyya". In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.). *Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition*. Brill. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [9789004161214](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004161214). {{[cite book](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book)}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility ([help](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#invalid_isbn_date))

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESánchez_Sedano1985163_16-0)** [Sánchez Sedano 1985](#CITEREFSánchez_Sedano1985), p. 163.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESánchez_Sedano1985163–164_17-0)** [Sánchez Sedano 1985](#CITEREFSánchez_Sedano1985), pp. 163–164.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-18)** Torremocha Silva, Antonio (2022). ["La red de fortificaciones en la zona del Estrecho"](https://books.openedition.org/cvz/31921). *Le détroit de Gibraltar (Antiquité - Moyen Âge). II Espaces et figures de pouvoir*. Madrid: [Casa de Velázquez](/source/Casa_de_Vel%C3%A1zquez). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.4000/books.cvz.31511](https://doi.org/10.4000%2Fbooks.cvz.31511). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-84-9096-365-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-9096-365-4).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAziz_Salem1979–19808_19-0)** [Aziz Salem 1979–1980](#CITEREFAziz_Salem1979–1980), p. 8.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESánchez_Sedano1985164_20-0)** [Sánchez Sedano 1985](#CITEREFSánchez_Sedano1985), p. 164.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMazzoli-Guintard2016246_21-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMazzoli-Guintard2016246_21-1) [Mazzoli-Guintard 2016](#CITEREFMazzoli-Guintard2016), p. 246.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEViguera_Molins201429,_32_22-0)** [Viguera Molins 2014](#CITEREFViguera_Molins2014), pp. 29, 32.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEViguera_Molins201432_23-0)** [Viguera Molins 2014](#CITEREFViguera_Molins2014), p. 32.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMazzoli-Guintard2016245_24-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMazzoli-Guintard2016245_24-1) [Mazzoli-Guintard 2016](#CITEREFMazzoli-Guintard2016), p. 245.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMazzoli-Guintard2016244_25-0)** [Mazzoli-Guintard 2016](#CITEREFMazzoli-Guintard2016), p. 244.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERogers201036_26-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERogers201036_26-1) [Rogers 2010](#CITEREFRogers2010), p. 36.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVillanueva_Muñoz1981269_27-0)** [Villanueva Muñoz 1981](#CITEREFVillanueva_Muñoz1981), p. 269.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-28)** García López, José Luis; Cara Barrionuevo, Lorenzo; Ortiz Soler, Domingo (1990). ["Características urbanas del asentamiento almohade y nazarí en la ciudad de Almería a la luz de los últimos hallazgos arqueológicos"](https://dialnet.unirioja.es/descarga/articulo/620441.pdf) (PDF). *Almería entre culturas: (siglos XIII-XVI)*. Vol. 1. Instituto de Estudios Almerienses de la Diputación de Almería. p. 99. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [84-86862-43-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/84-86862-43-4). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210713161349/https://dialnet.unirioja.es/descarga/articulo/620441.pdf) (PDF) from the original on 13 July 2021. Retrieved 13 July 2021.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarcía_LópezCara_BarrionuevoOrtiz_Soler199091_29-0)** [García López, Cara Barrionuevo & Ortiz Soler 1990](#CITEREFGarcía_LópezCara_BarrionuevoOrtiz_Soler1990), p. 91.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMolina_López199020_30-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMolina_López199020_30-1) [Molina López 1990](#CITEREFMolina_López1990), p. 20.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMelo20196_31-0)** [Melo 2019](#CITEREFMelo2019), p. 6.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMelo20197_32-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMelo20197_32-1) [Melo 2019](#CITEREFMelo2019), p. 7.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMolina_López199021_33-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMolina_López199021_33-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMolina_López199021_33-2) [Molina López 1990](#CITEREFMolina_López1990), p. 21.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-34)** O'Callaghan, Joseph F. (2014). [*The Last Crusade in the West: Castile and the Conquest of Granada*](https://books.google.com/books?id=o74FAwAAQBAJ). Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 180. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [9780812245875](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780812245875). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20240123214212/https://books.google.com/books?id=o74FAwAAQBAJ) from the original on 23 January 2024. Retrieved 26 December 2021; Vilá, Jacinto Bosch (1989). ["Al-Mariyya"](https://books.google.com/books?id=tPsUAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA575). In Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P.; Pellat, Ch. (eds.). *Encyclopedia of Islam. Vol. IV*. Leiden: E.J. Brill. p. 577. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [9789004081185](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004081185). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20240123214103/https://books.google.com/books?id=tPsUAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA575#v=onepage&q&f=false) from the original on 23 January 2024. Retrieved 26 December 2021.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-35)** Villanueva Muñoz, Emilio Ángel (1981). ["La actuación en el casco antiguo de Almería durante el siglo XIX"](https://dialnet.unirioja.es/descarga/articulo/81707.pdf) (PDF). *Boletín del Instituto de Estudios Almerienses. Letras* (1): 269–270. [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [0211-7541](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0211-7541). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210713161347/https://dialnet.unirioja.es/descarga/articulo/81707.pdf) (PDF) from the original on 13 July 2021. Retrieved 13 July 2021.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-36)** ["Almeria, Spain"](https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/almeria). *Jewish Virtual Library*. Retrieved 25 June 2024.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-37)** Abella, Rafael(1975). *La vida cotidiana durante la guerra civil: la España republicana*, p. 254. Editorial Planeta.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-38)** ["Referéndum de ratificación de la iniciativa autonómica de Andalucía - Constitución española"](http://www.congreso.es/consti/elecciones/referendos/ref_and_80.htm). Congreso.es. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20120629072828/http://www.congreso.es/consti/elecciones/referendos/ref_and_80.htm) from the original on 29 June 2012. Retrieved 2 August 2012.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-39)** ["Referéndum del Estatuto de Andalucía - La Voz Digital"](https://web.archive.org/web/20160304065345/http://servicios.lavozdigital.es/referendum-estatuto-andalucia/historia-estatuto-autonomia.html). Servicios.lavozdigital.es. Archived from [the original](http://servicios.lavozdigital.es/referendum-estatuto-andalucia/historia-estatuto-autonomia.html) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 2 August 2012.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-40)** ["Poblados del Oeste. Desierto de Tabernas"](https://www.cabogataalmeria.com/Cabo-Gata/Actividades/Ocio/Tabernas-Hollywood-Oeste-poblados.html). *Parque Natural Cabo de Gata* (in Spanish). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20170327035929/http://www.cabogataalmeria.com/Cabo-Gata/Actividades/Ocio/Tabernas-Hollywood-Oeste-poblados.html) from the original on 27 March 2017. Retrieved 14 February 2018.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-41)** Frayling, Christopher (1 August 2005). ["'Once Upon A Time in Italy': The Films of Sergio Leone"](https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=4780340). *[NPR](/source/NPR) Books*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20141223225331/http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=4780340) from the original on 23 December 2014. Retrieved 2 August 2012.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-42)** ["Cabo de Gata-Níjar Nature Reserve in Spain | spain.info in english"](https://www.spain.info/en/nature/cabo-gata-nijar-natural-park/). *Spain.info*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210316220046/https://www.spain.info/en/nature/cabo-gata-nijar-natural-park/) from the original on 16 March 2021. Retrieved 7 March 2021.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-43)** ["Cabo de Gata-Níjar - Web oficial de turismo de Andalucía"](https://www.andalucia.org/es/espacios-naturales-cabo-de-gata-nijar) (in Spanish). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20200923095858/https://www.andalucia.org/es/espacios-naturales-cabo-de-gata-nijar) from the original on 23 September 2020. Retrieved 7 March 2021.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-44)** Amos, Jonathan (12 June 2000). ["Giant crystal cave discovered"](http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/787776.stm). *[BBC News](/source/BBC_News)*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20090221131351/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/787776.stm) from the original on 21 February 2009. Retrieved 18 November 2017.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-:0_45-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-:0_45-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-:0_45-2) ["Evolucion de los climas de Köppen en España en el periodo 1951-2020"](https://www.aemet.es/documentos/es/conocermas/recursos_en_linea/publicaciones_y_estudios/publicaciones/NT_37_AEMET/NT_37_AEMET.pdf) (PDF). *[Agencia Estatal de Meteorologia](/source/Agencia_Estatal_de_Meteorologia)*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20240213184548/https://www.aemet.es/documentos/es/conocermas/recursos_en_linea/publicaciones_y_estudios/publicaciones/NT_37_AEMET/NT_37_AEMET.pdf) (PDF) from the original on 13 February 2024. Retrieved 18 May 2024.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-46)** ["Desertification could soon make southern Spain more like West Africa"](https://www.independent.co.uk/climate-change/news/almeria-how-the-region-in-southern-spain-could-soon-look-more-like-west-africa-as-desertification-spreads-a6763891.html). *The Independent*. 7 December 2015. Retrieved 15 February 2024.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-47)** ["Valores climatológicos normales. Clasificación climática de Köppen"](https://www.aemet.es/es/serviciosclimaticos/datosclimatologicos/valoresclimatologicos). [AEMET](/source/AEMET). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20230326032223/https://www.aemet.es/es/serviciosclimaticos/datosclimatologicos/valoresclimatologicos) from the original on 26 March 2023. Retrieved 29 May 2023.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-48)** Rushby, Kevin (29 April 2017). ["Cabo de Gata, Spain: exploring Europe's only desert"](https://www.theguardian.com/travel/2017/apr/29/cabo-de-gata-desert-almeria-spain-hiking-beaches-hoilday). *The Guardian*. [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [0261-3077](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077). Retrieved 29 April 2024.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-49)** Capel Molina, José Jaime (1995). ["Mapa pluviométrico de España peninsular y Baleares (en el período internacional 1961-1990)"](https://rua.ua.es/dspace/bitstream/10045/480/1/Capel%20Molina-Mapa%20pluviometrico.pdf) (PDF). *Investigaciones Geográficas* (in Spanish) (13): 29–46. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.14198/INGEO1995.13.02](https://doi.org/10.14198%2FINGEO1995.13.02). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [0213-4691](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0213-4691). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20100629232359/http://rua.ua.es/dspace/bitstream/10045/480/1/Capel%20Molina-Mapa%20pluviometrico.pdf) (PDF) from the original on 29 June 2010. Retrieved 3 July 2009.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-50)** ["Cabo de Gata-Níjar Natural Park"](https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/149857/cabo-de-gata-nijar-natural-park). *earthobservatory.nasa.gov*. 21 May 2022. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20231208232928/https://www.earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/149857/cabo-de-gata-nijar-natural-park) from the original on 8 December 2023. Retrieved 10 February 2024.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-51)** ["AEMET OpenData"](https://www.aemet.es/es/datos_abiertos/AEMET_OpenData). Agencia Estatal de Meteorologia. Retrieved 14 November 2024.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-52)** ["Viaje por un sueño: Acariciando el revólver justiciero de Clint Eastwood"](https://semanariodejunin.com.ar/nota/1639/viaje-por-un-sueno-acariciando-el-revolver-justiciero-de-clint-eastwood/). *Semanario de Junín* (in European Spanish). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20240123214113/https://semanariodejunin.com.ar/nota/1639/viaje-por-un-sueno-acariciando-el-revolver-justiciero-de-clint-eastwood/) from the original on 23 January 2024. Retrieved 23 January 2024.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-53)** ["We're heating up, and not only in Almeria (In Spanish)"](https://www.noticiasdealmeria.com/nos-asamos-y-no-solo-en-almeria). *noticiasdelameria*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20230725033254/https://www.noticiasdealmeria.com/nos-asamos-y-no-solo-en-almeria) from the original on 25 July 2023. Retrieved 23 January 2024.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-54)** Agencia Estatal de Meteorología. ["Almería: Almería Aeropuerto - Valores extremos absolutos - Selector - Agencia Estatal de Meteorología - AEMET. Gobierno de España"](http://www.aemet.es/es/serviciosclimaticos/datosclimatologicos/efemerides_extremos*?w=0&k=and&l=6325O&datos=det&x=6325O&m=13&v=Tmn). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210923001221/http://www.aemet.es/es/serviciosclimaticos/datosclimatologicos/efemerides_extremos*?w=0&k=and&l=6325O&datos=det&x=6325O&m=13&v=Tmn) from the original on 23 September 2021. Retrieved 19 September 2020.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-55)** Agencia Estatal de Meteorología. ["Almería: Almería - Valores extremos absolutos - Selector - Agencia Estatal de Meteorología - AEMET. Gobierno de España"](http://www.aemet.es/es/serviciosclimaticos/datosclimatologicos/efemerides_extremos*?w=0&k=and&l=6297&datos=det&x=6297&m=13&v=Tmn). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20150712112902/http://www.aemet.es/es/serviciosclimaticos/datosclimatologicos/efemerides_extremos*?w=0&k=and&l=6297&datos=det&x=6297&m=13&v=Tmn) from the original on 12 July 2015. Retrieved 10 April 2015.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-56)** ["Observaciones meteorológicas de Almería (1922-1991)"](https://www.dipalme.org/Servicios/Anexos/anexosiea.nsf/VAnexos/IEA-OMA-oma/$File/OMA-oma.pdf) (PDF). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20240123230751/https://www.dipalme.org/Servicios/Anexos/anexosiea.nsf/VAnexos/IEA-OMA-oma/$File/OMA-oma.pdf) (PDF) from the original on 23 January 2024. Retrieved 24 January 2024.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-57)** ["Almeria - Extreme Values"](https://www.aemet.es/en/serviciosclimaticos/datosclimatologicos/efemerides_extremos*?w=0&k=and&l=6297&datos=det&x=6297&m=13&v=PDV). *[Agencia Estatal de Meteorologia](/source/Agencia_Estatal_de_Meteorologia)*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20240123214105/https://www.aemet.es/en/serviciosclimaticos/datosclimatologicos/efemerides_extremos%2A?w=0&k=and&l=6297&datos=det&x=6297&m=13&v=PDV) from the original on 23 January 2024. Retrieved 23 January 2024.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-59)** ["NEVADA"](https://www.cronistasoficiales.com/?p=65931). Real Asociación Española de cronistas oficiales. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20240124194114/https://www.cronistasoficiales.com/?p=65931) from the original on 24 January 2024. Retrieved 24 January 2024.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-60)** ["El día que Almería se vistió de blanco"](https://www.lavozdealmeria.com/noticia/12/almeria/182150/el-dia-que-almeria-se-vistio-de-blanco). 19 November 2019. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20240124192836/https://www.lavozdealmeria.com/noticia/12/almeria/182150/el-dia-que-almeria-se-vistio-de-blanco) from the original on 24 January 2024. Retrieved 24 January 2024.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-61)** ["15 lugares de España para huir del invierno"](https://www.skyscanner.es/noticias/inspiracion/15-lugares-de-espana-para-huir-del-invierno) (in Spanish). [Skyscanner](/source/Skyscanner). 2017. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20211231024844/https://www.skyscanner.es/noticias/inspiracion/15-lugares-de-espana-para-huir-del-invierno) from the original on 31 December 2021. Retrieved 31 December 2021.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-62)** ["Extreme temperature records since 1850"](https://web.archive.org/web/20071008104939/http://www.meteorologyclimate.com/extreme-temperature-records.htm). Archived from [the original](http://www.meteorologyclimate.com/extreme-temperature-records.htm) on 8 October 2007. Retrieved 10 April 2015.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-63)** ["Almería Aeropuerto: Almería Aeropuerto - Valores extremos absolutos - Selector - Agencia Estatal de Meteorología - AEMET. Gobierno de España"](http://www.aemet.es/es/serviciosclimaticos/datosclimatologicos/efemerides_extremos*?w=0&k=and&l=6325O&datos=det&x=6325O&m=13&v=todos). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20200615062431/http://www.aemet.es/es/serviciosclimaticos/datosclimatologicos/efemerides_extremos*?w=0&k=and&l=6325O&datos=det&x=6325O&m=13&v=todos) from the original on 15 June 2020. Retrieved 15 June 2020.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-64)** ["Highest minimum temperatures in Spain"](https://gaceta.es/espana/almeria-registro-en-2001-la-minima-mas-elevada-con-332-grados-20190627-1202/). *[Agencia Estatal de Meteorologia](/source/Agencia_Estatal_de_Meteorologia)*. 27 June 2019. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20240124013703/https://gaceta.es/espana/almeria-registro-en-2001-la-minima-mas-elevada-con-332-grados-20190627-1202/) from the original on 24 January 2024. Retrieved 24 January 2024.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-65)** ["July 2001"](https://web.archive.org/web/20241225073050/https://opendata.aemet.es/opendata/sh/772767fc). *opendata.aemet.es* (in Spanish). AEMET OpenData. Archived from [the original](https://opendata.aemet.es/opendata/sh/772767fc) on 25 December 2024. Retrieved 25 December 2024.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-66)** ["Weather station data"](https://web.archive.org/web/20241113115453/https://opendata.aemet.es/opendata/sh/4a2f221b). *opendata.aemet.es* (in Spanish). AEMET OpenData. Archived from [the original](https://opendata.aemet.es/opendata/sh/4a2f221b) on 13 November 2024. Retrieved 13 November 2024.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-67)** ["AEMET OpeenData"](https://www.aemet.es/es/datos_abiertos/AEMET_OpenData). [Agencia Estatal de Meteorologia](/source/Agencia_Estatal_de_Meteorologia). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20240516100540/https://www.aemet.es/es/datos_abiertos/AEMET_OpenData) from the original on 16 May 2024. Retrieved 12 May 2024.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-68)** ["Valores extremos. Almería Almería Aeropuerto"](http://www.aemet.es/es/serviciosclimaticos/datosclimatologicos/efemerides_extremos*?w=0&k=and&l=6297&datos=det&x=6297&m=12&v=todos). *[Agencia Estatal de Meteorología](/source/Agencia_Estatal_de_Meteorolog%C3%ADa)*. Ministerio de Medio Ambiente y Medio Rural y Marino. [Gobierno de España](/source/Gobierno_de_Espa%C3%B1a). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210506032517/http://www.aemet.es/es/serviciosclimaticos/datosclimatologicos/efemerides_extremos*?w=0&k=and&l=6297&datos=det&x=6297&m=12&v=todos) from the original on 6 May 2021. Retrieved 6 May 2021.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-69)** ["Extremes"](https://web.archive.org/web/20241225071746/https://opendata.aemet.es/opendata/sh/7968e236). *opendata.aemet.es* (in Spanish). AEMET OpenData. Archived from [the original](https://opendata.aemet.es/opendata/sh/7968e236) on 25 December 2024. Retrieved 25 December 2024.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-70)** ["Normal"](https://web.archive.org/web/20241225071712/https://opendata.aemet.es/opendata/sh/4f8c00f8). *opendata.aemet.es* (in Spanish). AEMET OpenData. Archived from [the original](https://opendata.aemet.es/opendata/sh/4f8c00f8) on 25 December 2024. Retrieved 25 December 2024.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-71)** ["Climate & Weather Averages at Almería Airport weather station"](https://www.timeanddate.com/weather/spain/almeria/climate). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220208081702/https://www.timeanddate.com/weather/spain/almeria/climate) from the original on 8 February 2022. Retrieved 8 February 2022.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-AEM_72-0)** ["Valores climatológicos normales. Almería Aeropuerto"](http://www.aemet.es/es/serviciosclimaticos/datosclimatologicos/valoresclimatologicos?l=6325O&k=and). *[Agencia Estatal de Meteorología](/source/Agencia_Estatal_de_Meteorolog%C3%ADa)*. Ministerio de Medio Ambiente y Medio Rural y Marino. [Gobierno de España](/source/Gobierno_de_Espa%C3%B1a). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20200110033621/http://www.aemet.es/es/serviciosclimaticos/datosclimatologicos/valoresclimatologicos?l=6325O) from the original on 10 January 2020. Retrieved 4 July 2012.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-73)** ["Guía resumida del clima en España (1981-2010) - Agencia Estatal de Meteorología - AEMET. Gobierno de España"](http://www.aemet.es/es/conocermas/recursos_en_linea/publicaciones_y_estudios/publicaciones/detalles/guia_resumida_2010). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20160409044838/http://www.aemet.es/es/conocermas/recursos_en_linea/publicaciones_y_estudios/publicaciones/detalles/guia_resumida_2010) from the original on 9 April 2016. Retrieved 15 June 2020.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-74)** ["INEbase. Alterations to the municipalities in the Population Censuses since 1842"](https://www.ine.es/intercensal/inicio.do) (in Spanish). [National Statistics Institute](/source/National_Institute_of_Statistics_(Spain)).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-75)** Cuadrado, Fernando; Martínez, Evaristo (31 January 2016). ["La industria del cine llena los hoteles de la capital"](https://www.lavozdealmeria.com/noticia/12/almeria/99410/la-industria-del-cine-llena-los-hoteles-de-la-capital). *[La Voz de Almería](/source/La_Voz_de_Almer%C3%ADa)* (in Spanish). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20191220090416/https://www.lavozdealmeria.com/noticia/12/almeria/99410/la-industria-del-cine-llena-los-hoteles-de-la-capital) from the original on 20 December 2019. Retrieved 3 June 2019.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-76)** ["Fiestas Almería Ciudad"](https://www.turismodealmeria.org/que-hacer/fiestas-y-tradiciones/). *Almería Turismo │Turismo e información de Almería ciudad* (in Spanish). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20200916212823/https://www.turismodealmeria.org/que-hacer/fiestas-y-tradiciones/) from the original on 16 September 2020. Retrieved 15 September 2020.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-77)** Galdeano, E.; Aznar-Sánchez, J.A.; Pérez-Mesa, J.C. (2013). ""Sustainability dimensions related to agricultural based-development: the experience of 50 years of intensive farming in Almería (Spain)"". *International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability*. **11** (2): 125–143. [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[2013IJAgS..11..125G](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013IJAgS..11..125G). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1080/14735903.2012.704306](https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14735903.2012.704306). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [153928568](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153928568).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-78)** INE, Instituto Nacional de Estadística (2018). ["Contabilidad regional de España"](http://www.ine.es/inebmenu/mnu_cuentas.htm). *INE*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20071109113004/http://www.ine.es:80/inebmenu/mnu_cuentas.htm) from the original on 9 November 2007.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-79)** Molina, J.; García, R. (1999). *El papel de la agricultura intensiva en la economía almeriense*. Vida Rural. pp. 27–30.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-80)** Aznar Sánchez, J. A.; Galdeano Gómez, E.; Godoy Durán, A.; Tapia León, J. J. (2013): "Caracterización y desafíos del sector de la comercialización"; en J. A. Aznar Sánchez (coord.) *El sector de la comercialización hortícola en Almería* (pp. 17-46). Ed. Caja Rural Intermediterránea, Cajamar. Almería.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-81)** Cajamar (2018): "*Análisis de la campaña hortofrutícola de Almería. Campaña 2016-2017*". Almería: Fundación Cajamar.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-82)** European Union (2017): "*Operating subsidies (both direct payments and rural development except investment support)*". En red: [https://ec.europa.eu/agriculture/sites/agriculture/files/statistics/facts-figures/cap-operating-subsidies.pdf](https://ec.europa.eu/agriculture/sites/agriculture/files/statistics/facts-figures/cap-operating-subsidies.pdf)[Consultado [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20240123214233/https://agriculture.ec.europa.eu/index_en) 23 January 2024 at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine): abril 2018]

1. **[^](#cite_ref-83)** Livre Blanc (2017): "*Les Producteurs de Légumes de France*" En red: [http://www.legumesdefrance.fr/sites/fnplegweb/livre_blanc_2017.pdf](http://www.legumesdefrance.fr/sites/fnplegweb/livre_blanc_2017.pdf)[*[permanent dead link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot)*]

1. **[^](#cite_ref-84)** Pablo, Ofelia de; and Javier Zurita in Almería, Annie Kelly and Clare Carlile (2020). ["We pick your food: migrant workers speak out from Spain's 'Plastic Sea'".](https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2020/sep/20/we-pick-your-food-migrant-workers-speak-out-from-spains-plastic-sea) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220906074125/https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2020/sep/20/we-pick-your-food-migrant-workers-speak-out-from-spains-plastic-sea) 6 September 2022 at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine) *The Guardian*. Retrieved 19 June 2023.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-ifapa_85-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-ifapa_85-1) [*El sistema de producción hortícola protegido de la provincia de Almería*, 2016.](http://www.juntadeandalucia.es/agriculturaypesca/ifapa) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20101121153153/http://www.juntadeandalucia.es/agriculturaypesca/ifapa/) 21 November 2010 at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine) Instituto de Investigación y Formación Agraria y Pesquera de Andalucía (IFAPA).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-86)** Galdeano-Gómez, E.; Aznar-Sánchez, J. A.; Pérez-Mesa, J. C. (2016). *Contribuciones económicas, sociales y medioambientales de la agricultura intensiva de Almería*. Almería: Cajamar Caja Rural.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-87)** COEXPHAL, Asociación de Organizaciones de Productores de Frutas y Hortalizas de Almería (2016): "*Memoria 2015/16*". Online [http://www.coexphal.es/descargas/](http://www.coexphal.es/descargas/) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210731050805/https://www.coexphal.es/descargas/) 31 July 2021 at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-88)** Galdeano-Gómez, E.; Aznar-Sánchez, J. A.; Pérez-Mesa, J. C. (2016): *Contribuciones económicas, sociales y medioambientales de la agricultura intensiva de Almería*. Almería: Cajamar Caja Rural.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-89)** ["Jimena Quirós: the first Spanish oceanographer"](https://web.archive.org/web/20210921171642/https://tekdeeps.com/jimena-quiros-the-first-spanish-oceanographer/). *Tek Deeps*. 16 August 2020. Archived from the original on 21 September 2021. Retrieved 28 March 2021.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-90)** ["Lita Baron (1923–2015)"](https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0056270/). [IMDb](/source/IMDb). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20201026071250/https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0056270/) from the original on 26 October 2020. Retrieved 19 January 2021.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-91)** Martínez, Evaristo (4 April 2016). ["Fallece en Almería Chus Lampreave"](https://www.lavozdealmeria.com/noticia/5/vivir/103852/fallece-en-almeria-chus-lampreave). *[La Voz de Almería](/source/La_Voz_de_Almer%C3%ADa)* (in Spanish). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20180913150708/https://www.lavozdealmeria.com/noticia/5/vivir/103852/fallece-en-almeria-chus-lampreave) from the original on 13 September 2018. Retrieved 13 September 2018.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-92)** Pita, Helena (20 June 2017). ["La guitarra de Tomatito"](http://www.rtve.es/television/20170620/guitarra-tomatito/1565733.shtml). *[Radiotelevisión Española](/source/Radiotelevisi%C3%B3n_Espa%C3%B1ola)* (in Spanish). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20180215204144/http://www.rtve.es/television/20170620/guitarra-tomatito/1565733.shtml) from the original on 15 February 2018. Retrieved 15 February 2018.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-93)** Delgado, Pedro (14 April 2016). [*Las escapadas de Perico: Rutas en bici por España*](https://books.google.com/books?id=IsTWCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT392). [Penguin Random House](/source/Penguin_Random_House) Grupo Editorial España. p. 256. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [9788403515000](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788403515000). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20240123214225/https://books.google.com/books?id=IsTWCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT392#v=onepage&q&f=false) from the original on 23 January 2024. Retrieved 20 August 2019.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-94)** Agencias (4 September 2003). ["David Bisbal, premio al 'mejor nuevo artista' en los Grammy Latino"](http://www.abc.es/hemeroteca/historico-04-09-2003/abc/Espectaculos/david-bisbal-premio-al-mejor-nuevo-artista-en-los-grammy-latino_205601.html). *[ABC](/source/ABC_(Spain))* (in Spanish). Miami, EEUU. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20180215204217/http://www.abc.es/hemeroteca/historico-04-09-2003/abc/Espectaculos/david-bisbal-premio-al-mejor-nuevo-artista-en-los-grammy-latino_205601.html) from the original on 15 February 2018. Retrieved 15 February 2018.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-95)** ["Primer Concurso de micro guiones de cine"](https://www.lavozdealmeria.com/noticia/5/vivir/148389/Primer-Concurso-de-micro-guiones-de-cine). *[La Voz de Almería](/source/La_Voz_de_Almer%C3%ADa)* (in Spanish). 16 March 2018. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20180323092357/https://www.lavozdealmeria.com/noticia/5/vivir/148389/Primer-Concurso-de-micro-guiones-de-cine) from the original on 23 March 2018. Retrieved 22 March 2018.

## Notes

1. **[^](#cite_ref-58)** Unsettled snow flurries were recorded on 1940, 1941, 1945, 1946, 1949, 1954 and 1956[56][57]

## Bibliography

See also: [Bibliography of the history of Almería](/source/Timeline_of_Almer%C3%ADa#Bibliography)

- Aziz Salem, Abdel (1979–1980). ["Algunos aspectos del florecimiento económico de Almería islámica durante el período de los taifas y de los almorávides"](https://www.institutoegipcio.es/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/Vol.-XX-Revista-del-Instituto-Egipcio-de-Estudios-Islamicos-1979-1980.pdf) (PDF). *Revista del Instituto Egipcio de Estudios Islámicos* (20): 7–22. [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [1132-3485](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1132-3485).

- Mazzoli-Guintard, Christine (May 2016). ["Almería, ¿ciudad-mundo en los siglos XI y XII?"](https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02399107/document). *Carolvs, Homenaje a Friedrich Edelmayer*. Alcalá la Real: Ayuntamiento de Alcalá la Real. pp. 241–249. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-84-89014-76-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-89014-76-3).

- Melo, Diego Carrasco (2019). ["El sultanato Nazarí de Granada y la frontera (S. XIII-XV)"](https://encrucijadaamericana.uahurtado.cl/index.php/ea/article/view/146/145/). *Revista Encrucijada Americana*. **11** (2). Santiago: [Universidad Alberto Hurtado](/source/Universidad_Alberto_Hurtado). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [0719-3432](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0719-3432).

- Molina López, Eduardo (1990). ["Almería en la etapa Nasri (siglos XIII al XV). Estado de la cuestión, balance y perspectivas"](https://dialnet.unirioja.es/descarga/articulo/619799.pdf) (PDF). *Almería entre culturas: (siglos XIII-XVI)*. Vol. 1. Instituto de Estudios Almerienses de la Diputación de Almería. pp. 15–68. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [84-86862-43-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/84-86862-43-4).

- Rodríguez Escudero, Luis Orlando (2017). [*Análisis arquitectónico y recreación virtual de los baños árabes, del Conjunto Monumental, La Alcazaba de Almería*](https://repositorio.ual.es/bitstream/handle/10835/6114/17221_THESIS_Analisis%20Arquitectonico_Recreacion%20Virtual_Banos%20Arabes_La%20Alcazaba_(Final).pdf?sequence=1) (PDF) (Master in ingeniery and architecture). University of Cordoba.{{[cite book](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book)}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ([link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher))

- Rogers, Clifford J. (2010). [*The Oxford Encyclopedia of Medieval Warfare and Military Technology: Vol. 1*](https://books.google.com/books?id=mzwpq6bLHhMC&q=Garc%C3%ADa+Ram%C3%ADrez+of+Navarre). Oxford University Press. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0195334036](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195334036).

- Sánchez Sedano, María del Pilar (1985). ["Inventario de arquitectura musulmana en la provincia de Almería"](https://dialnet.unirioja.es/descarga/articulo/81725.pdf) (PDF). *Boletín del Instituto de Estudios Almerienses. Letras* (5): 163–188. [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [0211-7541](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0211-7541).

- Viguera Molins, María Jesús (2014). ["Los reinos de taifas y el reino aftasí"](http://museoarqueologicobadajoz.juntaex.es/filescms/web/uploaded_files/LIBRO_LOS_AFTASIES.pdf#page=25) (PDF). In Zozaya Stabel-Hansen, Juan; Kurtz Schaefer, Guillermo S. (eds.). *Estudios sobre el reino aftasí*. Badajoz: Consejería de Educación y Cultura. Junta de Extremadura. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-84-9852-429-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-9852-429-1).

## External links

- [Postal codes in Almería](https://www.postalcodigo.com/almeria)

Wikivoyage has a travel guide for ***[Almería](https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Almer%C3%ADa#Q10400)***.

Wikimedia Commons has media related to [Almería](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Almer%C3%ADa).

Articles related to Almería v t e Municipalities of the province of Almería Abla Abrucena Adra Alboloduy Albox Albanchez Alcolea Alcóntar Alcudia de Monteagud Alhabia Alhama de Almería Alicún Almería Almócita Alsodux Antas Arboleas Armuña de Almanzora Bacares Balanegra Bayárcal Bayarque Bédar Beires Benahadux Benitagla Benizalón Bentarique Berja Canjáyar Cantoria Carboneras Castro de Filabres Chercos Cóbdar Chirivel Cuevas del Almanzora Dalías El Ejido Enix Felix Fines Fiñana Fondón Gádor Los Gallardos Garrucha Gérgal Huécija Huércal de Almería Huércal-Overa Íllar Instinción Laroya Lubrín Lucainena de Las Torres Laujar de Andarax Líjar Lúcar Macael María Mojácar La Mojonera Nacimiento Níjar Ohanes Olula de Castro Olula del Río Oria Padules Partaloa Paterna del Río Pechina Pulpí Purchena Rágol Rioja Roquetas de Mar Santa Cruz de Marchena Santa Fe de Mondújar Senés Serón Sierro Somontín Sorbas Suflí Tabernas Taberno Tahal Terque Tíjola Las Tres Villas Turre Turrillas Uleila del Campo Urrácal Velefique Vélez-Blanco Vélez-Rubio Vera Viator Vícar Zurgena v t e Capitals of provinces of Spain A Coruña Albacete Alicante Almería Ávila Badajoz Barcelona Bilbao Burgos Cáceres Cádiz Castellón de la Plana Ciudad Real Córdoba Cuenca Girona Granada Guadalajara Huelva Huesca Jaén Logroño Las Palmas León Lleida Lugo Madrid Málaga Murcia Ourense Oviedo Palencia Palma de Mallorca Pamplona Pontevedra Salamanca San Sebastián Santander Santa Cruz de Tenerife Segovia Seville Soria Tarragona Teruel Toledo Valencia Valladolid Vitoria-Gasteiz Zamora Zaragoza v t e Cities in Spain by population 1,000,000+ Madrid Barcelona 500,000–999,999 Valencia Seville Zaragoza Málaga 300,000–499,999 Murcia Palma Las Palmas de Gran Canaria Bilbao Alicante Córdoba 200,000–299,999 Valladolid Vigo Gijón L'Hospitalet de Llobregat A Coruña Vitoria-Gasteiz Granada Elche Oviedo Badalona Cartagena Terrassa Jerez de la Frontera Sabadell Santa Cruz de Tenerife Móstoles Alcalá de Henares 100,000 – 199,999 Pamplona Fuenlabrada Almería Leganés San Sebastián Burgos Santander Castellón de la Plana Getafe Albacete Alcorcón Logroño San Cristóbal de La Laguna Badajoz Salamanca Huelva Lleida Marbella Tarragona León Cádiz Lleida Dos Hermanas Tarragona Torrejón de Ardoz Parla Mataró Algeciras Santa Coloma de Gramenet Alcobendas Jaén Ourense Reus Barakaldo Girona 75,000–99,999 Lugo Roquetas de Mar Santiago de Compostela Cáceres Las Rozas de Madrid Lorca San Fernando El Puerto de Santa María Guadalajara Melilla Toledo Torrevieja Ceuta Talavera de la Reina Pontevedra Orihuela Palencia Avilés Alcalá de Guadaíra Ciudad Real Complete list Ranked list v t e List of the Spanish Costas Costa de Almería Costa del Azahar Costa Blanca Costa Brava Costa Cálida Costa Daurada Costa de la Luz Costa do Marisco Costa da Morte Costa del Sol Costa Tropical Costa de Valencia Costa Verde (Spain) [es] Rías Altas Rías Baixas v t e Mediterranean Games 1951 Alexandria 1955 Barcelona 1959 Beirut 1963 Naples 1967 Tunis 1971 İzmir 1975 Algiers 1979 Split 1983 Casablanca 1987 Latakia 1991 Athens 1993 Languedoc-Roussillon 1997 Bari 2001 Tunis 2005 Almería 2009 Pescara 2013 Mersin 2018 Tarragona 2022 Oran 2026 Taranto 2030 Pristina

Authority control databases International VIAF GND FAST WorldCat National United States Czech Republic Spain Israel Catalonia Geographic MusicBrainz area Pleiades Other NARA İslâm Ansiklopedisi Yale LUX

---
Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Almería](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almer%C3%ADa) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almer%C3%ADa?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.