# Alexandra Jacobi

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**Aleksandra Nikolayevna Susokolova** (Russian: Александра Николаевна Сусоколова, 6 May 1841 - 1 December 1918), better known as **Aleksandra Jacobi** (Russian: Александра Якоби), was a Russian journalist, memoirist and publicist, translator and publisher who also used the pseudonym **Toliverova** and (after her third marriage) signed her work as Peshkova-Toliverova. Her portraits have been painted by her common-law husband [Valery Jacobi](/source/Valery_Jacobi), as well as [Vasily Vereshchagin](/source/Vasily_Vereshchagin).[1][2]

## Biography

Aleksandra Jacobi was born in [Yegoryevsk](/source/Yegoryevsk), [Ryazan Governorate](/source/Ryazan_Governorate), to a merchant family of Nikolai Ivanovich Susokolov and his wife Anna Ivanovna. Soon the family moved to [Kazan](/source/Kazan) where she attended the Jungwald boarding school for girls and later the city [gymnasium](/source/Gymnasium_(school)). After her first marriage to Vasily Tyufyayev (a teacher at the Kazan institute for the Daughters of nobility) broke down, she moved to [Saint Petersburg](/source/Saint_Petersburg) and in 1860 became close to a local circle of the Kazan community. She became romantically involved with [Valery Jacobi](/source/Valery_Jacobi), later a renowned painter, and for the next decade remained his common-law wife. Their marriage has never been registered, but she adopted *Jacobi* as her pen name and continued to use it long after the two parted.[1]

Aleksandra Jacobi became and active member of the proto-Socialist 1860s movement in Russia and as one of this country's first feminists. In 1866, along with her husband she came to [Italy](/source/Italy) and settled in [Rome](/source/Rome). A year later, she joined the [Garibaldi](/source/Garibaldi) forces as a sister of mercy and worked for a while as a Russian correspondent for *[Golos](/source/Golos_(newspaper))*, reporting from the frontlines. [Arthur Benni](/source/Arthur_Benni), whom she attended to in hospital during the last days of his life, died in December 1867, apparently in her arms. Several colourful biographies dealt with her seemingly extraordinary adventures in Italy, but later it transpired (from her own diaries and notes) that much of Jacobi's life of that period has been heavily romanticised and to some extent mythologised.[1]

Upon her return from Italy Jacobi continued a successful career in journalism and became a regular contributor to *Molva*, *Birzhevye Vedomosti*, *[Nedelya](/source/Nedelya_(newspaper))* and *[Novoye Vremya](/source/Novoye_Vremya_(newspaper))*. She wrote memoirs on Garibaldi (as well as [Franz Liszt](/source/Franz_Liszt) and [Fyodor Dostoyevsky](/source/Fyodor_Dostoyevsky) among many others), translated numerous [George Sand](/source/George_Sand)'s fairytales into Russian and was the first translator of the poetry by [Mikhail Lermontov](/source/Mikhail_Lermontov) and [Nikolai Nekrasov](/source/Nikolai_Nekrasov) into [Italian](/source/Italian_language).[3]

Jacobi was best known in Russia as a publisher and editor of the children's magazine *Igrushechka* (Игрушечка, Little Toy, 1887–1910) which attracted a host of celebrities, among them [Lev Tolstoy](/source/Lev_Tolstoy) and [Mamin-Sibiryak](/source/Mamin-Sibiryak), as well as [Nikolai Leskov](/source/Nikolai_Leskov), with whom Jacobi corresponded for many years. Although an active contributor, Leskov left some scathing remarks (albeit in private correspondence only) concerning this publication, once calling it "...stale old-fashion garbage, proved to be totally irrelevant... and full of hypocrisy."[4] [Maxim Gorky](/source/Maxim_Gorky) and [Kornei Chukovsky](/source/Kornei_Chukovsky) were also among the detractors, but Anatoly Kony, a renowned Russian lawyer of the time, praised *Igrushechka* for good language, high-quality translations and brilliant biographical pieces (on [Alfred Tennison](/source/Alfred,_Lord_Tennyson), [Robert Fulton](/source/Robert_Fulton), [George Stephenson](/source/George_Stephenson), [James Watt](/source/James_Watt), [Carl Linnaeus](/source/Carl_Linnaeus) and [Niccolò Paganini](/source/Niccol%C3%B2_Paganini) among many others), praising it for being a fine source of knowledge for the young readership, filled with the spirit of love, humanism and enlightenment.[1]

Jacobi edited three more publications, *Na Pomoshch Materyam* (На помощь матерям, Helping Mothers, 1894–1904), *Zhenskoye Delo* (Женское дело, Women's Cause, 1899–1900) and *Krasnye Zori* (Красные зори, Red Sunrise, 1911–1912). She died from the complications of pneumonia on 1 December 1918 in Petrograd, Soviet Russia, and was interred in the [Nikolskoe Cemetery](/source/Nikolskoe_Cemetery) at [Alexander Nevsky Lavra](/source/Alexander_Nevsky_Lavra).[1]

## References

1. Koni, Anatoly. [The Unnoticed Death of a Notable Person](http://dugward.ru/library/koni/koni_nezamechennaya.html). Кони А. Ф. Незамеченная смерть заметного человека // Собрание сочинений : в 8 т. / Прийма Ф. Я. — М. : Юридическая литература, 1969. — Т. 7. — С. 312—323, 492—495. — 568 с.

1. Masanov, I. F. [The Dictionary of Russian Authors' Pseudonyms](http://az.lib.ru/t/toliwerowapeshkowa_a_n/text_1960_bio.shtml) // Словарь псевдонимов русских писателей, ученых и общественных деятелей: В 4 т. - Т. 4. - М., 1960. - С. 471

1. [Alexandra Jacobi's profile](https://www.fedordostoevsky.ru/around/Peshkova-Toliverova_A_N/) at the Online Dostoyevsky encyclopedia / www.fedordostoevsky.ru

1. Leskov's 1894 letter to [Sergey Shubinsky](/source/Sergey_Shubinsky) // Динерштейн Е. А. «Фабрикант» читателей А. Ф. Маркс. // М.: Книга, 1986. — Стр. 47—48, 135.

## External links

- [The selected Works by A. Jacobi](http://az.lib.ru/t/toliwerowapeshkowa_a_n/) at [Lib.ru](/source/Lib.ru)

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Alexandra Jacobi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandra_Jacobi) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandra_Jacobi?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.