# Al-Rastan

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City in Homs, Syria

Al-Rastan الرستن City Ar-Rastan (on hill in background) and waterwheel (forefront) separated by Orontes River, 1930s Al-Rastan Location in Syria Coordinates: 34°55′N 36°44′E / 34.917°N 36.733°E / 34.917; 36.733 Country Syria Governorate Homs District Al-Rastan Subdistrict Al-Rastan Elevation 430 m (1,410 ft) Population (2004)[1] • Total 39,834 Time zone UTC+2 (EET) • Summer (DST) +3

**Al-Rastan** ([Arabic](/source/Arabic_language): الرستن) is the third largest city in the [Homs Governorate](/source/Homs_Governorate),[2] located 25 kilometers (16 mi) north of its administrative capital [Homs](/source/Homs) and 22 kilometers (14 mi) from [Hama](/source/Hama). Nearby localities include [Talbiseh](/source/Talbiseh) and [al-Ghantu](/source/Al-Ghantu) to the south, [al-Zaafaraniyah](/source/Al-Zaafaraniyah) and [al-Mashrafah](/source/Al-Mashrafah) to the southeast, [Murayj al-Durr](/source/Murayj_al-Durr) to the northeast, [Tumin](/source/Tumin) to the north, [Deir al-Fardis](/source/Deir_al-Fardis) to the northwest and [Kafr Nan](/source/Kafr_Nan) and the [Houla](/source/Houla) village cluster to the west.[3] Ar-Rastan had a population of nearly 40,000 in 2004.[1]

It occupies the site of the Hellenistic-era city of **Arethusa** ([Ancient Greek](/source/Ancient_Greek_language): Ἀρέθουσα)[4] and still contains some of its ancient ruins. It continued to exist as a relatively small, but strategic town throughout the early Islamic and Ottoman eras. Ar-Rastan is situated adjacently south of the large bridge linking Homs and Hama.[5] The total land area of the town is 350 hectares.[6] It is the site of the [al-Rastan Dam](/source/Al-Rastan_Dam), a major [dam](/source/Dam) on the [Orontes River](/source/Orontes_River) that has a retaining capacity of 225 million m3. The dam is principally used for irrigation.[7] The city also contains one of Syria's principal [marlstone](/source/Marl) quarries.[8]

From the start of the [Syrian Civil War](/source/Syrian_Civil_War) until 2018, Ar-Rastan served as a major [opposition](/source/Syrian_opposition) stronghold and had been the site of much fighting between [Syrian Armed Forces](/source/Syrian_Armed_Forces) and rebels of various factions. The Syrian government retook control of the city on 15 May 2018 as part of an agreement which allowed rebels and their families safe passage to rebel-held parts of northern Syria in exchange for surrendering the territory along with their heavy weapons.

## History

### Classical era

Roman sarcophagus of Arethuse, 3rd century BC, found in the Rastan area, preserved in the [National Museum of Damascus](/source/National_Museum_of_Damascus)

Ar-Rastan was built on the site of ancient Arethusa. According to Roman historian [Appian](/source/Appian),[9] Arethusa was established by [Seleucus I Nicator](/source/Seleucus_I_Nicator), founder of the [Seleucid dynasty](/source/Seleucid_dynasty) in the 3rd century BC.[10] Most sources agree Seleucus named it after the city of [Arethusa](/source/Arethusa_(Mygdonia)) in [Macedonia](/source/Macedon), but others claim it was named after a spring in [Sicily](/source/Sicily) with the same name.[11] Arethusa in native [Syriac](/source/Syriac_Christians) was called Arastan, also mentioned in the Christian [First Council of Nicaea](/source/First_Council_of_Nicaea) in 325 AD. To a lesser extent, the name "Arastan" continued to be used by the indigenous inhabitants, alongside "Arethusa".[12]

It served as the first capital of the [Emesani kingdom](/source/Royal_family_of_Emesa) in central Syria,[13] a vassal of the [Roman Empire](/source/Roman_Empire), in the mid-1st-century BC.[14] Roman historian [Strabo](/source/Strabo) stated that it was well governed under the *[phylarch](/source/Phylarch)* [Sampsiceramus I](/source/Sampsiceramus_I) from 64 to 63,[15] when the Roman general [Pompey](/source/Pompey) captured it.[16][17] Emesani control was restored by 46 BC when it was ruled by [Iamblichus I](/source/Iamblichus_(phylarch)).[9] During the [Roman civil war](/source/Final_War_of_the_Roman_Republic) that followed the death of [Julius Caesar](/source/Julius_Caesar), the city's inhabitants sided with [Mark Antony](/source/Mark_Antony) against [Octavian](/source/Octavian). Nonetheless, Arethusa became an independent city-state following Octavian's victory in the [Battle of Actium](/source/Battle_of_Actium) in 31 BC, but returned to Emesani control eleven years later. Thereafter, its status declined with the rise of nearby [Emesa](/source/Emesa) (modern-day Homs) as a religious and political center.[17] In the 3rd century AD, Roman Emperor [Aurelian](/source/Aurelian) stayed in the city during his campaign against [Zenobia](/source/Zenobia).[18]

### Byzantine era

See also: [Arethusa (see)](/source/Arethusa_(see))

Arethusa was a Christian [bishopric](/source/Bishopric) by the beginning of the 4th century. The [First Council of Nicaea](/source/First_Council_of_Nicaea) in 325 counted among its participants a Bishop Eustathius of Arethusa.[19][20]

In the time of [Roman emperor](/source/Roman_emperor) [Constantius II](/source/Constantius_II) (337–361), Bishop Marcus (Mark) of Arethusa was authorized to replace a [pagan](/source/Pagan) temple in the city with a Christian church. Under [Julian the Apostate](/source/Julian_the_Apostate) (361–363), he was ordered to rebuild the temple. To avoid doing so he fled from the city, but returned to save the Christian people from paying the penalty in his stead, and in 362 underwent very cruel treatment at the hands of the pagan mob, as recounted by [Theodoret](/source/Theodoret) and [Sozomen](/source/Sozomen).[21] He is said to have been the author of the [Creed of Sirmium](/source/Creed_of_Sirmium) (351) and was counted by [Tillemont](/source/Tillemont) as an [Arian](/source/Arianism), but research by the [Bollandists](/source/Bollandists) restored his reputation for orthodoxy and he is now counted as a saint by both the Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox Church.[22][19]

By a subdivision of the Roman province of [Coele-Syria](/source/Coele-Syria) after c. 415, Arethusa became part of the new province of [Syria Secunda](/source/Syria_(Roman_province)) or Syria Salutaris, with capital at [Apamea on the Orontes](/source/Apamea%2C_Syria) (modern-day [Qalaat al-Madiq](/source/Qalaat_al-Madiq)).[23] The [episcopal see](/source/Episcopal_see) of Arethusa thus became a suffragan of the [metropolitan see](/source/Metropolitan_see) of Apamea rather than of Antioch.

Other bishops of Arethusa whose names are known are: a second Mark, who took part in the [Council of Chalcedon](/source/Council_of_Chalcedon) in 451; Eusebius, one of the signatories of the letter that the bishops of Syria Secunda wrote to Emperor [Leo I the Thracian](/source/Leo_I_the_Thracian) after the killing of Patriarch [Proterius of Alexandria](/source/Proterius_of_Alexandria); Severianus at the start of the 6th century; and Abraamius, who ordained the priest Constantinus of Apamea, accused of Monothelism at the [Third Council of Constantinople](/source/Third_Council_of_Constantinople) (680–681).[19][20]

[Lebanese](/source/Lebanon) sources such as [Giuseppe Simone Assemani](/source/Giuseppe_Simone_Assemani) and Bishop Yusef al-Dibs claim that [Maron](/source/Maron), the [patron saint](/source/Patron_saint) of the [Maronite Church](/source/Maronite_Church), who died in 410, was buried in Arethusa.[24] Most Maronite sources also believe the Monastery of Maron was located in the city as well.[25]

In the [Crusades](/source/Crusades) period, Arethusa (which was called Artasia) was for a short time a [Latin Rite](/source/Latin_Church) see, of which two bishops are known, mentioned respectively in 1100 and 1135.[26] Since Arethusa is no longer a residential bishopric, it is today listed by the [Catholic Church](/source/Catholic_Church) as [a titular see](/source/Titular_see_of_Arethusa) for both the [Latin Church](/source/Latin_Church) and the [Syriac Catholic Church](/source/Syriac_Catholic_Church).[27]

### Islamic era

According to early Muslim geographers,[28] ar-Rastan, despite its strong fortifications and large garrison was swiftly captured then destroyed by [Abu Ubaida](/source/Abu_Ubaida)'s forces during the [Muslim conquest of Syria](/source/Muslim_conquest_of_Syria) in 634,[16] while [Umar ibn al-Khattab](/source/Umar) was [caliph](/source/Caliph).[29] In early 945 the [Aleppo](/source/Aleppo)-based [Hamdanids](/source/Hamdanid) under the leadership of [Sayf al-Dawla](/source/Sayf_al-Dawla) decisively defeated the [Ikhshidid](/source/Ikhshidid_dynasty) army led by [Abu al-Misk Kafur](/source/Abu_al-Misk_Kafur) at ar-Rastan from which they proceeded to conquer [Damascus](/source/Damascus).[30] According to one account, about 4,000 Ikshidid soldiers were taken captive in addition to hundreds killed in action or drowned in the Orontes River.[31]

In 1115 while [Artukid](/source/Artukid) ruler [Ilghazi](/source/Ilghazi) was resting at ar-Rastan on his way north to [Diyarbakır](/source/Diyarbak%C4%B1r), Khir Khan ibn Qaraja, the [Seljuk](/source/Seljuk_dynasty) ruler of Homs, attacked his camp and briefly had him imprisoned.[32][33] Following [Saladin](/source/Saladin)'s arrival at ar-Rastan in February 1175, the Crusaders under [Raymond of Tripoli](/source/Raymond_III%2C_Count_of_Tripoli) withdrew from their siege of Homs which was then captured by Saladin, bringing most of Syria under [Ayyubid](/source/Ayyubid_dynasty) rule.[34] In 1226, during Ayyubid rule, Syrian geographer [Yaqut al-Hamawi](/source/Yaqut_al-Hamawi) visited ar-Rastan and wrote that it was "a small and ancient town ... It is now a ruin, but the remains still show what was its former splendor."[29]

The [Mamluks](/source/Bahri_dynasty) gained control over Syria in the 1260s, and organized the [region](/source/Bilad_al-Sham) into kingdoms subordinate to the [sultanate in Cairo](/source/Mamluk_Sultanate_(Cairo)). Ar-Rastan became the southernmost town of Mamlakat Hama ("Kingdom of Hama") near the border with Mamlakat Hims.[35] In a [major battle](/source/Second_Battle_of_Homs) at a place between the town and Homs, the Mamluks under [Qalawun](/source/Qalawun) decisively defeated the invading [Mongol army](/source/Mongol_military_tactics_and_organization) of the [Ilkhanate](/source/Ilkhanate) in 1281.[36] Later, in the early 14th century, [Abu'l-Fida](/source/Abu'l-Fida) noted that in ar-Rastan, "Each of the houses is so large as to be almost like a village, with ruins everywhere round of buildings and walls." He further noted that a few arches, gates, parts of the city wall and its water channel were still present.[29]

In the late 16th-century or early 17th-century, during [Ottoman](/source/Ottoman_Empire) rule, the [caravanserai](/source/Caravanserai) Khan ar-Rastan was built just outside the town.[37] [Abd al-Ghani al-Nabulsi](/source/Abd_al-Ghani_al-Nabulsi), the 17th-century [Sufi](/source/Sufi) sheikh, visited the false tomb of Persian Sufi mystic [Abu Yazid al-Bistami](/source/Bayazid_Bastami) at ar-Rastan (the actual one is in [Bistam](/source/Bastam)) in 1678, writing "over his grave there is splendor and awe, asserting his presence there."[38] Khan al-Rastan was visited in 1745 by [Edward Pococke](/source/Edward_Pococke) who described it as a "huge fortified caravanserai" that was decaying rapidly.[16]

### Modern era

At the beginning of the 19th-century, ar-Rastan was an impoverished village whose population engaged primarily in [husbandry](/source/Husbandry).[39] It occupied the northernmost part of Arethusa's ruins.[40] Like Homs during this period, its houses were built of black trapp.[39] They were described as small, ramshackle dwellings with mud roofs supported by wooden beams. A few buildings dating from the Mamluk era contained arches with the *[ablaq](/source/Ablaq)* architectural style.[40]

During the [Franco-Syrian War](/source/Franco-Syrian_War), ar-Rastan served as one of the bases for [Saleh al-Ali](/source/Saleh_al-Ali) and his local allies and was shelled by French forces in early 1920.[41] Two [Sunni Muslim](/source/Sunni_Muslim) agricultural clans, the Firzat and the Hamdan, dominated ar-Rastan in the 19th and early 20th centuries. The former claimed descent from the [Banu 'Abs](/source/Banu_'Abs) tribe that arrived in Syria as part of [Khalid ibn al-Walid](/source/Khalid_ibn_al-Walid)'s army in the mid-7th century. A member, Sheikh Abd al-Qader, served as ar-Rastan's *[mukhtar](/source/Mukhtar)* in the late [Ottoman](/source/Ottoman_Empire) and [French Mandate](/source/French_Mandate_of_Syria) periods.[42]

Abd al-Qader was the father of [Mustafa Tlass](/source/Mustafa_Tlass) who would become Defense Minister under [Hafez al-Assad](/source/Hafez_al-Assad) in 1972. The Hamdan had greater influence in the city and politically identified itself with the [Nasserist](/source/Nasserism) trend which gained mass appeal in the [Arab world](/source/Arab_world) in the 1950s–60s.[42]

On 23 March 1961, the Bulgarian Techno-Impex company completed the Rastan Dam while Syria was part of the [United Arab Republic](/source/United_Arab_Republic) with [Egypt](/source/Egypt). The dam is currently the third largest in the country.[43]

### Syrian civil war

Main articles: [Siege of Rastan and Talbiseh](/source/Siege_of_Rastan_and_Talbiseh), [Battle of Rastan (2011)](/source/Battle_of_Rastan_(2011)), [Battle of Rastan (2012)](/source/Battle_of_Rastan_(2012)), and [May 2012 battle of Rastan](/source/May_2012_battle_of_Rastan)

Ar-Rastan was one of the first cities to participate in the [Syrian uprising](/source/Syrian_revolution) against the government of [Bashar al-Assad](/source/Bashar_al-Assad) that would lead to the ongoing [Syrian Civil War](/source/Syrian_Civil_War). In mid-April 2011 large anti-government demonstrations began taking place in ar-Rastan as well as nearby [Talbiseh](/source/Talbiseh).[44] On 28 April about 50 local [Ba'ath Party](/source/Ba'ath_Party_(Syrian-led_faction)) officials resigned from the organization in protest of the government and opposition activists claimed 17 demonstrators were killed by security forces.[45] On 29 May, the Syrian Army launched an [assault](/source/Siege_of_Rastan_and_Talbiseh), led by [Hafez Makhlouf](/source/Hafez_Makhlouf), on the city which lasted through most of the first week of June. By 2 June local activists claimed at least 52 civilians were killed, while the government stated four of its soldiers were killed in the offensive.[46][47]

By August 2011, ar-Rastan was mostly in the hands of the opposition [Free Syrian Army](/source/Free_Syrian_Army) (FSA) which was made up of defectors from the [Syrian Army](/source/Syrian_Army) and civilian volunteers.[48] According to *[Al Jazeera](/source/Al_Jazeera_Media_Network)*, "Many defectors from the army come from Rastan."[49] The unit based in the city called themselves the Khalid ibn al-Walid Battalion. That month saw the FSA target local government figures and sympathizers, and pro-government [Shabiha](/source/Shabiha) militiamen attack opposition-held neighborhoods. In late September the Syrian Army, reportedly backed by tanks and helicopters, launched an operation to retake the city resulting in [four days of fighting](/source/Battle_of_Rastan_(2011)). The Syrian Army succeeded and the FSA withdrew.[48]

Opposition militants regained control of the city by January 2012 reigniting continuous [clashes](/source/Battle_of_Rastan_(2012)) between them and the security forces which started late that month.[49] On 31 January ten activists and their relatives were killed in ar-Rastan after their building collapsed from Syrian Army fire.[50] On 6 February a local FSA unit commander Ala'a al-Sheikh reported that at least 42 people were killed by the Syrian Army in the preceding three days.[51] By 4 March the FSA had managed to repel the Syrian Army, although many of their fighters retreated "for tactical reasons" according to their local commander. Army shelling reportedly killed three people that day.[52] On 14 May, opposition sources claimed that nine people were killed as a result of Syrian Army shelling, while 23 soldiers were killed after the FSA attacked Syrian Army armored carriers approaching the city. An FSA member stated that ar-Rastan "has been destroyed."[49] In September 2015, the [Syrian Observatory for Human Rights](/source/Syrian_Observatory_for_Human_Rights) claimed that [ISIS](/source/ISIS) killed seven men in the town, accusing them of being homosexual.[53] In the northside of the city, the al-Bassel National Hospital is a major army base for government troops and is often the target of rebel shelling.[54]

On 16 May 2018, the Syrian government established control over city after the last rebels were transported to the Idlib Governorate.[55][56]

During the [offensive](/source/2024_Syrian_opposition_offensives) of December 2024, it was reported that a bridge in Rastan was bombed by Russian forces to impede the rebel advance.[57]

## Demographics

In 1970 ar-Rastan's population was 7,509.[58] It had a population of 39,834 in 2004 according to the census by the [Central Bureau of Statistics of Syria](/source/Central_Bureau_of_Statistics_(Syria)) (CBS). There were a total of 6,066 households.[1] [Reuters](/source/Reuters) news agency put the city's population in 2011–2012 as roughly 60,000.[46] The inhabitants are mostly [Sunni Muslims](/source/Sunni_Muslim).[59]

## References

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-CBS_1-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-CBS_1-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-CBS_1-2) [General Census of Population and Housing 2004](https://archive.today/20130112185055/http://www.cbssyr.org/new%20web%20site/General_census/census_2004/NH/TAB04-18-2004.htm). [Syria Central Bureau of Statistics](/source/Central_Bureau_of_Statistics_(Syria)) (CBS). Homs Governorate. (in Arabic)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-2)** The first two largest cities in the Homs Governorate according to the [Central Bureau of Statistics](/source/Central_Bureau_of_Statistics_(Syria))' 2004 census are Homs ([652,609](http://www.cbssyr.org/new%20web%20site/General_census/census_2004/NH/TAB04-1-2004.htm) [Deprecated link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Archive.today_guidance) archived 2012-07-31 at [archive.today](/source/Archive.today)) and [Tadmur](/source/Palmyra) ([51,323](https://archive.today/20121220124749/http://www.cbssyr.org/new%20web%20site/General_census/census_2004/NH/TAB04-20-2004.htm)). (in Arabic)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-3)** Map depicting surrounding localities of ar-Rastan. [Rastan Map](http://mapcarta.com/12691570). Mapcarta.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-4)** [Stephanus of Byzantium, Ethnica, §A116.5](https://topostext.org/work/241#A116.5)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-5)** Bar'el, Zvi. [Report: Assad's air force pounds population centers in Syria's Rastan](https://web.archive.org/web/20120304104651/http://www.haaretz.com/news/middle-east/report-assad-s-air-force-pounds-population-centers-in-syria-s-rastan-1.416357). *[Haaretz](/source/Haaretz)*. 4 March 2012. Retrieved 28 June 2012.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-6)** [الرستن جمال الطبيعة وأصالة التاريخ](http://www.esyria.sy/ehoms/index.php?p=stories&category=places&filename=200910211400022). E-Syria. 21 October 2009.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-7)** [Water for the Fields](http://www.erhard.de/index.php?WaterfortheFields). Talis. Retrieved 28 June 2012.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-8)** Britannica, p. 19.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Cohen101_9-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Cohen101_9-1) Cohen, 2006, p. 101.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-10)** Levick, p. 7.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-11)** Byzantine historian Stephanos and French historian agree that Arethusa was named after the Arethusa of Greek Macedonia while Michael Avi-Yonah claims it was named after the [Fountain of Arethusa](/source/Fountain_of_Arethusa) in Sicily. Cohen, 2006, p. 102.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-12)** Cohen, 2006, p. 202.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-13)** Butcher, p. 91.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-14)** Levick, p. 12.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-15)** Levick, p. 8.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Burton64_16-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Burton64_16-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-Burton64_16-2) Burton, p. 64.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Butcher92_17-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Butcher92_17-1) Butcher, p. 92.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-18)** Alaric Watson (1999). ["Aurelian and the third century"](https://web.archive.org/web/20200218093748/https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/8c91/960944f3f731ece4c99828c0e0e4f9f01c64.pdf) (PDF). *The Classical World*. **94** (3). Routledge: 284–286. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.2307/4352566](https://doi.org/10.2307%2F4352566). [JSTOR](/source/JSTOR_(identifier)) [4352566](https://www.jstor.org/stable/4352566). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [153920517](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153920517). Archived from [the original](https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/8c91/960944f3f731ece4c99828c0e0e4f9f01c64.pdf) (PDF) on 2020-02-18.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Lequien_19-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Lequien_19-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-Lequien_19-2) Michel Lequien, [*Oriens christianus in quatuor Patriarchatus digestus*](https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_86weAemI-e4C), Paris 1740, Vol. II, coll. 915-916

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Gams_20-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Gams_20-1) [Pius Bonifacius Gams, [*Series episcoporum Ecclesiae Catholicae*](http://www.wbc.poznan.pl/dlibra/doccontent?id=65154&dirids=1), Leipzig 1931, p. 436]

1. **[^](#cite_ref-21)** Their accounts are given in both the original texts and in English translation in [John Brown, *The Law of Christ Respecting Civil Obedience* (London, 1839), pp. 351–356](https://archive.org/details/lawofchristrespe00brow/page/351)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-22)** *Martyrologium Romanum* (Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 2001, [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-88-209-7210-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-209-7210-3)), p. 198

1. **[^](#cite_ref-23)** Moosa, 2005, p. 7.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-24)** Moosa, 2005, p. 23.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-25)** Moosa, 2005, p. 27.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-26)** Konrad Eubel, *Hierarchia Catholica Medii Aevi*, [vol. 3](http://sul-derivatives.stanford.edu/derivative?CSNID=00002718&mediaType=application/pdf) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20190321112249/http://sul-derivatives.stanford.edu/derivative?CSNID=00002718&mediaType=application%2Fpdf) 2019-03-21 at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine), p. 116; [vol. 5](https://archive.org/stream/hierarchiacathol05eubeuoft#page/97/mode/1up), p. 97; [vol. 6](https://archive.org/stream/hierarchiacathol06eubeuoft#page/98/mode/1up), p. 98

1. **[^](#cite_ref-27)** *Annuario Pontificio 2013* (Libreria Editrice Vaticana 2013 [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-88-209-9070-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-209-9070-1)), p. 838

1. **[^](#cite_ref-28)** [Istakhri](/source/Istakhri) and [Abu'l Fida](/source/Abu'l_Fida), quoted by le Strange, 1890, pp. [519](https://archive.org/stream/palestineundermo00lestuoft#page/519/mode/1up)–520.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-le_Strange520_29-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-le_Strange520_29-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-le_Strange520_29-2) le Strange, 1890, p. [520](https://archive.org/stream/palestineundermo00lestuoft#page/520/mode/1up).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-30)** Houtsma, p. 676.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-31)** Breasted, p. 84.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-32)** Richards, p. 167.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-33)** Houtsma, p. 466.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-34)** Ibn al-Athir, p. 34.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-35)** Ziadeh, 1953, p. 14.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-36)** Amitai-Preiss, 2005, p. 195.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-37)** Grube, 1978, p. 103.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-38)** Sirriyeh, p. 128.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Bey290_39-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Bey290_39-1) Bey, p. 290.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Walpole180_40-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Walpole180_40-1) Walpole, p. 180.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-41)** Moosa, 1987, p. 282.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Batatu152_42-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Batatu152_42-1) Batatu, p. 152.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-43)** Oron, p. 511.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-44)** [Syria protests: Homs city sit-in 'dispersed by gunfire'](https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-13130401). *[BBC News](/source/BBC_News)*. 19 April 2011. Retrieved 26 June 2012.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-45)** Oweis, Khalid Yacoub. [Syrian tanks deploy in town; hundreds detained](https://web.archive.org/web/20160202053421/http://in.reuters.com/article/idINIndia-56765220110504). [Reuters](/source/Reuters). 4 May 2011. Retrieved 26 June 2012.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Reuters2_46-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Reuters2_46-1) Oweis, Khalid Yacoub. [Syria forces kill 11 civilians in Rastan: activists](https://www.reuters.com/article/us-syria-rastan-idUSTRE75131S20110602). [Reuters](/source/Reuters). 2 June 2011. Retrieved 28 June 2012.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-47)** Dagher, Sam (2019). *Assad or we burn the country : how one family's lust for power destroyed Syria*. New York: Little, Brown and Company. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-316-51830-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-316-51830-7). [OCLC](/source/OCLC_(identifier)) [1041615345](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1041615345).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Ajami_48-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Ajami_48-1) Ajami, 2012, ch. Sarajevo on the Orontes.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-AJE1_49-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-AJE1_49-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-AJE1_49-2) [Syrian troops 'killed' in Rastan clashes](http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2012/05/20125148022185166.html). *[Al Jazeera English](/source/Al_Jazeera_English)*. Quote by Al Jazeera correspondent Rula Amin. 14 May 2012. Retrieved 27 June 2012.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-50)** Oweis, Khalid Yacoub. [Syrian forces kill 10 in rebel town](https://web.archive.org/web/20160203022916/http://in.reuters.com/article/syria-attack-idINDEE80U0GI20120131). [Reuters](/source/Reuters). 31 January 2012. Retrieved 27 June 2012.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-51)** Weiss, Michael.["Russia, Iran and Hezbollah are already intervening in Syria. Why aren't we?"](https://web.archive.org/web/20120209024125/http://blogs.telegraph.co.uk/news/michaelweiss/100135384/russia-iran-and-hezbollah-are-already-intervening-in-syria-why-arent-we/). *[The Daily Telegraph](/source/The_Daily_Telegraph)*. 6 February 2012. Retrieved 27 June 2012.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-52)** Abedine, Saad. [More blood shed as rockets fall on Rastan, fears grow in Homs](http://articles.cnn.com/2012-03-04/middleeast/world_meast_syria-unrest_1_homs-and-hama-local-coordination-committees-opposition-activists?_s=PM:MIDDLEEAST) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20120512010429/http://articles.cnn.com/2012-03-04/middleeast/world_meast_syria-unrest_1_homs-and-hama-local-coordination-committees-opposition-activists?_s=PM%3AMIDDLEEAST) 2012-05-12 at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine). *[CNN](/source/CNN)*. 4 March 2012. Retrieved 27 June 2012.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-53)** [IS executes 10 people accused of being gay in Syria: monitor](https://news.yahoo.com/executes-10-people-accused-being-gay-syria-monitor-204159542.html) AFP September 2015

1. **[^](#cite_ref-54)** [الجيش الحر يستهدف قوات النظام في المشفى الوطني بالرستن](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I8OzbZzpyVc), SMART News Agency, 23 déc. 2015

1. **[^](#cite_ref-55)** ["National flag hoisted over al-Rastan and Talbeisa"](https://sana.sy/en/?p=137892). [Syrian Arab News Agency](/source/Syrian_Arab_News_Agency). 16 May 2018.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-56)** ["Syrian Army raises flag over long-time rebel stronghold in northern Homs"](https://web.archive.org/web/20180515184000/https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/syrian-army-raises-flag-over-long-time-rebel-stronghold-in-northern-homs/). [Al Masdar News](/source/Al_Masdar_News). 15 May 2018. Archived from [the original](https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/syrian-army-raises-flag-over-long-time-rebel-stronghold-in-northern-homs/) on 15 May 2018. Retrieved 15 May 2018.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-57)** ["Anti-Assad rebels take most of southern Syrian region of Deraa, say reports"](https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cn0x1n996z4o). *www.bbc.com*. Retrieved 7 December 2024.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-58)** United States. Office of International Health. Division of Planning and Evaluation, 1977, p. 131.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-59)** Oweis, Khaled Yacoub (10 June 2012). ["Assad forces renew Homs assault"](https://www.reuters.com/article/world/assad-forces-renew-homs-assault-idUSDEE85907Q/). *Reuters*. Retrieved 11 January 2025.

## Bibliography

- Ajami, Fouad (2012). [*The Syrian Rebellion*](https://books.google.com/books?id=Smc_kC5anMsC&q=Rastan+Syria). Hoover Press. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0817915063](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0817915063).

- Amitai-Preiss, Reuven (2005). [*Mongols and Mamluks: The Mamluk-Īlkhānid War, 1260–1281*](https://books.google.com/books?id=DFO-eV9cQ0sC&q=Rastan+Mamluk). Cambridge University Press. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0521522900](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521522900).

- Batatu, Hanna (1999). [*Syria's Peasantry, the Descendants of Its Lesser Rural Notables, and Their Politics*](https://books.google.com/books?id=Mbr-ZfU_uCoC&q=Rastan+Syria). Princeton University Press. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0691002541](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0691002541).

- Bey, Ali (1816). *Travels of Ali Bey : in Morocco, Tripoli, Cyprus, Egypt, Arabia, Syria, and Turkey, Between the Years 1803 and 1807*. Vol. 2. Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, and Brown.

- Breasted, James Henry (1927). [*A History of Egypt from the Earliest Times to the Persian Conquest*](https://books.google.com/books?id=FWAL8L-a7CwC&q=Breasted+Rastan). Ardent Media.

- Burton, Sir Richard Francis (1872). [*Unexplored Syria: Visits to the Libanus, the Tulúl el Safá, the Anti-Libanus, the Northern Libanus, and the 'Aláh*](https://books.google.com/books?id=TYwrAQAAIAAJ&q=Khan+Rastan). Vol. 1. Tinsley Brothers.

- Butcher, Kevin (2003). [*Roman Syria and the Near East*](https://books.google.com/books?id=YJPn3-rRjC0C&q=Arethusa+Syria). Getty Publications. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0892367156](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0892367156).

- Britannica Educational Publishing (2011). Laura S. Etheredge (ed.). [*Syria, Lebanon, and Jordan*](https://books.google.com/books?id=mqrjDpWgGfgC&q=Rastan+Syria). The Rosen Publishing Group. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1615304141](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1615304141).

- Coleridge, Samuel Taylor (1845). [*Encyclopaedia Metropolitana or Universal Dictionary of Knowledge*](https://books.google.com/books?id=zBVGAQAAIAAJ&q=Arethusa+Syria). B. Fellowes.

- Cohen, Getzel M. (2006). [*The Hellenistic Settlements in Syria, the Red Sea Basin, And North Africa*](https://books.google.com/books?id=RqdPcxuNthcC&q=Rastan+Syria). University of California Press. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0520241487](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0520241487).

- Grube, Ernst J. (1978). [*Architecture of the Islamic world: its history and social meaning, with a complete survey of key monuments*](https://books.google.com/books?id=EcqfAAAAMAAJ&q=Rastan). Morrow. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [9780688033248](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780688033248).

- Houtsma, M. H. (1987). [*E.J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam*](https://books.google.com/books?id=wpM3AAAAIAAJ&q=Huwwarin). BRILL. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [9004082654](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9004082654).

- Ibn al-Athir, Izz al-Din (2007). Donald Sidney Richards (ed.). [*The Chronicle of Ibn Al-Athīr for the Crusading Period from Al-Kāmil Fīʼl-taʼrīkh: The years 541–589*](https://books.google.com/books?id=QQafhE-PPYkC&q=Rastan+Syria). Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0754640783](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0754640783).

- Levick, Barbara (2007). [*Julia Domna, Syrian Empress*](https://books.google.com/books?id=uYTh0KFGJ9MC&q=Arethusa+Syria). Taylor & Francis. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0415331432](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415331432).

- Moosa, Matti (1987). [*Extremist Shiites: The Ghulat Sects*](https://books.google.com/books?id=WYO1BqdvX9EC&q=al-Rastan). Syracuse University Press. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0815624115](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0815624115).

- Moosa, Matti (2005). [*The Maronites in History*](https://books.google.com/books?id=8Ogp94y8CJgC&q=Arethusa+Byzantine+Syria). Gorgias Press LLC. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [1593331827](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1593331827).[*[permanent dead link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot)*]

- Oron, Yitzhak (1962). [*Middle East Record, 1961*](https://books.google.com/books?id=vzZ71Eh5QvMC&q=Rastan+Syria). Vol. 2. The Moshe Dayan Center.

- Sirriyeh, Elizabeth (2005). [*Sufi Visionary of Ottoman Damascus: ʻAbd Al-Ghanī Al-Nābulusī, 1641–1731*](https://books.google.com/books?id=d4XYRgmgXsIC&q=Rastan+Ottoman). Psychology Press. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0415341655](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0415341655).

- le Strange, Guy (1890), [*Palestine Under the Moslems: A Description of Syria and the Holy Land from A.D. 650 to 1500*](https://archive.org/details/palestineundermo00lestuoft), Committee of the [Palestine Exploration Fund](/source/Palestine_Exploration_Fund)

- United States. Office of International Health. Division of Planning and Evaluation (1977). [*Syncrisis: The Dynamics of Health, Issues 21–24*](https://books.google.com/books?id=8GwgAAAAMAAJ&q=Rastan). Office of International Health, Division of Planning and Evaluation; For Sale by the Supt. of Docs., U. S. Govt. Print. Office.

- Walpole, Frederick (1851). [*The Ansayrii, (or Assassins,): With Travels in the Further East, in 1850–51. Including a Visit to Ninevah*](https://archive.org/details/ansayriiorassas01unkngoog). R. Bentley. Telbisse Rastan.

- Ziadeh, Nicole A. (1953). [*Urban Life in Syria Under the Early Mamluks*](https://books.google.com/books?id=3ucBAAAAMAAJ&q=Rastan). Greenwood Press. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [9780837131627](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780837131627). {{[cite book](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book)}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility ([help](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#invalid_isbn_date))

v t e Cities and towns of Syria Governorate centres Aleppo Damascus Daraa Deir ez-Zor Hama Hasakah Homs Idlib Latakia Quneitra Raqqa Douma Suwayda Tartus District centres Abu Kamal Afrin Ariha Atarib Kobani Azaz al-Bab Baniyas Darayya Dayr Hafir Duraykish Fiq al-Haffah Harem Izraa Jableh Jarabulus Jisr ash-Shughur Maarat al-Numan al-Malikiyah Manbij Masyaf Mayadin Maharda al-Mukharram al-Nabek Palmyra Qamishli Qardaha Qatana Qudsaya al-Qusayr al-Qutayfah Ras al-Ayn al-Rastan as-Safira Safita Salamiyah Salkhad As-Sanamayn Shahba Al-Shaykh Badr al-Suqaylabiyah Talkalakh al-Tall Tell Abyad Tabqa Yabroud al-Zabadani Sub-district centres Abu Qilqil Abu al-Duhur Akhtarin Amuda Arbin Arima al-Ariqah al-Arishah Armanaz Arwad al-Asharah Assal al-Ward Awj Ain al-Fijah Ain Halaqim Ayn Issa Ayn al-Niser Babbila Banan Barri Sharqi Beit Jinn Binnish Bir al-Helou Bosra Bulbul Al-Busayrah Da'el al-Dana Darat Izza Darkush al-Dirbasiyah Deir Atiyah al-Dimas al-Dumayr Furqlus Ghabaghib Ghandoura al-Ghariyah al-Ghizlaniyah al-Hadher Hadidah al-Hajar al-Aswad al-Hajib Hajin al-Hamidiyah al-Hamraa Harasta Hirbnafsah Harran al-Awamid al-Hirak Hish Hisyah al-Hawl Haritan al-Hawash Ibbin Samaan Ihsim Jayrud al-Jalaa al-Janudiyah Jaramana al-Jarniyah Jasim al-Jawadiyah Jubb al-Jarrah Jubb Ramlah Jindires al-Jiza al-Qabu Kafr Batna Kafr Nabl Kafr Takharim Kafr Zita al-Karamah al-Kasrah Kessab al-Khafsah Khan Shaykhun Khasham Karnaz Kuweires Sharqi Khanaser Khirbet Ghazaleh Khirbet Tin Mahmoud al-Kiswah Maarrat Misrin Maabatli Ma'adan Maaloula Madaya Mahin Malah al-Malihah al-Mansurah Mare' Markada Mashta al-Helu Maskanah al-Masmiyah al-Mazraa Muhambal Al-Muhasan al-Musayfirah al-Mushannaf Muzayrib al-Nashabiyah al-Nasirah Nawa Nubl al-Qadmus al-Qahtaniyah Qalaat al-Madiq Qara al-Qaryatayn al-Qurayya Qurqania Rajo Rankous Rasm Harmil al-Imam al-Rai al-Riqama al-Ruhaybah al-Saan Sa'sa' Sabburah Sabaa Biyar al-Sabkhah Sadad Sahnaya Saidnaya Salqin Saraqib Sarmin Sarrin Sawran Sibbeh al-Shaddadah al-Shajara Shaqqa Sharran Shathah Shaykh al-Hadid Ash-Shaykh Miskin Shuyukh Tahtani Shin Sinjar Serghaya Slinfah Suluk As-Sawra as-Saghira al-Suwar Suran al-Susah al-Sukhnah al-Tabni Talbiseh Taldou al-Tamanah Tasil Tell al-Daman Tell Hamis Tell Rifaat Tell Salhab Tell Tamer Tadef Diban Uqayribat Urum al-Kubra Wadi al-Uyun al-Yaarubiyah al-Zirbah al-Ziyarah

v t e Homs Governorate Homs District Homs Subdistrict Homs Abil Abu Dali Ashrafiyah al-Dar al-Kabirah Fahilah Fairouzeh Hubub al-Rih Halmuz al-Hurriyah Jawalik Jawbar Judaydat al-Assi Judaydat al-Sharqiyah Kafr Abed Kafr Aya Maskanah al-Mubarakiyah al-Mukhtariyah al-Najmah al-Naqirah Qattinah al-Rayyan al-Riyadh Sakrah Teir Maalah Tell Ahmar Tell al-Naqa Tell al-Shur Tell Zubaydah al-Thabitiyah Zaidal Zhuriyah Ayn al-Niser Subdistrict Ayn al-Niser Ayn al-Dananir Ayn Husayn Gharbi Ayn Husayn Shamali Baddu Burzah Humaydiyah al-Jabiriyah al-Mushrifah Talamri Waridah Furqlus Subdistrict Furqlus Fatim al-Arnouk al-Hazzah Hulayah Jabab Hamad Jubb al-Shami al-Nasriyah al-Sabuniyah al-Sayyid Hisyah Subdistrict Hisyah Bureij Dibeh Jandar Kashif al-Ma'murah Shamsin Khirbet Tin Nur Subdistrict Khirbet Tin Nur Aysun Balqasah Bataysah al-Dahiyah al-Umaliyah al-Faysiyah Ghuzaylah Khirbet Ghazi Khirbet al-Hamam Khirbet Hayek Khirbet al-Sawda Khirbet Tin Mahmoud Kunaysah Liftaya Marj Bulad Marj al-Qata Mashahdah (Khirbet Sawda) al-Mazraa Nur Nuwayha Qazhal Qebbi al-Rabwah Ram al-Anz Ram Jabal Sannun Shalluh Tarin Tannunah Umm al-'Adam Umm al-Qasab Umm Haratayn Wujuh al-Hajar al-Zurzuriyah Zayti al-Bahra Zawr Baqraya Mahin Subdistrict Mahin al-Ghunthir Huwwarin Qabu Subdistrict Al-Qabu Autan Fahil al-Qanaqiyah Rabah Sharqliyya al-Shinyah Qaryatayn Subdistrict Al-Qaryatayn Tiyas Riqama Subdistrict Al-Riqama Alyat Awar al-Aziziyah Dardaghan al-Hamrat Jabab al-Zayt al-Madaba al-Manzul al-Nuzhah al-Rawdah Shayrat Sadad Subdistrict Sadad al-Hafar Shin Subdistrict Shin Ayn Al-Fawwar Bahhur al-Diyabiyah Hadiyah Hasur al-Jabbat Jablaya Juwaykat al-Mahfurah Muranah Muta'arid Sufr Suwayri Uyun al-Wadi Zaafarinah Gharbi Taldou Subdistrict Taldou Karad Dayasinah Arqaya Burj Qa'i Ghawr Gharbiyah Hadatha Harqal al-Hashmah Haysah al-Humaymah Jurnaya Kafr Laha Kafr Ram Mahnaya Maryamin Mujaydil Rafin Samalil Sinsil Tell Dahab al-Taybah al-Gharbiyah Zaybaq Mukharram District Mukharram Subdistrict Al-Mukharram al-Fawqani Abu Hakfah al-Janubi Abu Hakfah al-Shamali Abu Khashabah Bab al-Hawa al-Batamah Buwaydat Rihaniyah Buwaydat Salamiyah al-Haraki Jubb Abbas al-Junaynat Khilfah al-Mukharram al-Tahtani Nawa al-Sankari Shawkatliyah Tell al-Ghar Tell Shinan Tell al-Ward Umm al-Amad Umm Jabab Umm al-Sarj al-Qibli Umm al-Sarj al-Shamali Umm Tuwaynah al-Uthmaniyah Jubb al-Jarrah Subdistrict Jubb al-Jarrah Abu Qatur Aliyat al-Alyan Duwayr al-Gharbiyah Duwayr al-Sharqiyah Ghuzayliyah Maksar al-Hisan Masaadah Masudiyah Mughayzil Muntar al-Abal Mushayrifah al-Qibliyah Rasm Humaydah Shiha Taladi Tall al-Qata Tarfawi Tawil Umm al-Rif (al-Rish) Umm Tuwaynah al-Shamali Usmud Qusayr District Qusayr Subdistrict Al-Qusayr Abu Juri al-Aqrabiyah Arjoun Akkum Baluzah Burhaniyah al-Buwaydah al-Sharqiyah al-Dabaah Dahiyat al-Majd Daminah al-Sharqiyah Daminah al-Gharbiyah Dibbin Diyabiyah al-Fadeliyah al-Ghassaniyah al-Hamam al-Hawik Hawsh Murshid Sama'an Hawsh al-Sayyid Ali al-Houz Husseiniya Jubaniyah Jusiyah al-Amar Kafr Mousa al-Masriyah Mudan al-Nahariyah al-Naim al-Nizariyah al-Qurniyah Rablah al-Sakher al-Sallumiyah Samaqiyat al-Gharbiyah Samaqiyat al-Sharqiyah Saqrajah al-Sawadiyah al-Shayahat al-Shumariyah Shinshar Tell al-Nabi Mando Wadi Hanna Zira'a Zita al-Gharbiyah Rastan District Rastan Subdistrict Al-Rastan Abu Hamamah Asiliyah Ballan Dalfin al-Ghasibiyah Gharnatah Izz al-Din Hameis Kafr Nan Kissin al-Manara Murayj al-Durr al-Qunaytrat Sulaym Tasnin al-Waza'iyah Zamaymer Talbiseh Subdistrict Talbiseh Deir Ful al-Farhaniyah al-Ghantu al-Hashimiyah al-Makramiyah al-Qanniyah Saan al-Aswad al-Sabil Tell Jayurin al-Thawrah Umm Sharshuh al-Zaafaraniyah Tadmur District Tadmur Subdistrict Tadmur Arak al-Bayda al-Bi'arat Rasm al-Abid Sukhnah Subdistrict Al-Sukhnah Karim al-Kawm al-Kadir al-Taybah al-Tuwaynat Talkalakh District Talkalakh Subdistrict Talkalakh Akkari al-Amariyah Aridah Ayn al-Sawda Ayn al-Tineh al-Gharbiyah al-Bahluniyah Baruha Bayt Qarin Burj al-Arab Burj al-Maksur Dabousieh Hajar Abyad Halat Hasrajiyah Jaafariyat Kafrish Khirbet al-Jabab Masyadah Naarah Qanuta Qurayyat Qumayrah al-Shabaq al-Shabruniyah Shalluh Shamsiyah Sindiyana Samikah Tell Hawsh Tell Sarrin al-Zarah Zanbiyah Hadidah Subdistrict Hadidah Ayn al-Tineh al-Sharqiyah Barudiyah Bayun Baznaya Dardariyah Haratayn al-Malikiyah al-Mashrafah al-Sharqiyah Khansaa Khirbet al-Manqalah Lawaybdah Marasiyah Na'isiyah Na'urah Qaz al-Khass Rihaniyah Tell al-Safa Umm al-Dawali Umm Jamah Hawash Subdistrict Al-Hawash Anaz Ain al-Ajouz Ain al-Ghara Ballat Bisas Duwair al-Lin al-Husn Ish al-Shuhah Inata Juwaniyat al-Mazraah Mizyeneh al-Muqaabarat Muqlus Qal al-Saqa al-Shuwayhid Tallah Nasirah Subdistrict Al-Nasirah Amar al-Husn Ain al-Barda Ain al-Raheb Bahzinah Baydar Rafiah Daghlah Habnamrah Jankamrah Jiwar al-Afas Kafra Kimah Marmarita Mashta Azar al-Mishtaya Qalatiyah Qurb Ali Tannurin Zweitina

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Al-Rastan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Rastan) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Rastan?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.