# Agyrium

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{{Short description|Genus of fungi}}
{{About|the genus of fungi|the town in southern Italy|Agira}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| image = Agyrium rufum 63877732.jpg
| image_caption = ''Agyrium rufum''
| taxon = Agyrium
| authority = [Fr.](/source/Elias_Magnus_Fries) (1822)
| type_species = ''Agyrium rufum''
| type_species_authority = ([Pers.](/source/Christiaan_Hendrik_Persoon)) [Fr.](/source/Elias_Magnus_Fries) (1822)
| subdivision_ranks = Species
| subdivision = ''[A. aurantium](/source/Agyrium_aurantium)''<br />
''[A. rufum](/source/Agyrium_rufum)''
| synonyms_ref = <ref name="Species Fungorum synonymy"/>
| synonyms = *''Agyrium'' {{small|Fr. (1821)}}
*''Exogone'' {{small|[Henn.](/source/Henn.) (1908)}}
*''Myxomphalos'' {{small|[Wallr.](/source/Wallr.) (1833)}}
}}

'''''Agyrium''''' is a [genus](/source/genus) of saprophytic [fungi](/source/fungi) in the family [Agyriaceae](/source/Agyriaceae).  It probably evolved from a [lichen](/source/lichen) ancestor, as it is closely related to many lichenized species of fungi.<ref name="Esslinger1997">[http://www.ndsu.nodak.edu/instruct/esslinge/chcklst/chcklst7.htm Esslinger, T. L.  2009.  A cumulative checklist for the lichen-forming, lichenicolous and allied fungi of the continental United States and Canada. North Dakota State University. First posted December 1 1997; most recent update 27 August, 2009.  Fargo, North Dakota.]</ref>

==Taxonomy==
''Agyrium'' was first proposed by [Elias Magnus Fries](/source/Elias_Magnus_Fries) in his 1821 work ''[Systema Mycologicum](/source/Systema_Mycologicum)'',<ref name="Fries 1821"/> although the name was not [published validly](/source/validly_published_name) as a [type species](/source/type_species) was not indicated;<ref name="Index Fungorum: Agyrium"/> Fries published the name validly a year later in the second volume of the same work.<ref name="Fries 1822"/> The species ''[Agyrium rufum](/source/Agyrium_rufum)'' was assigned as the type by [Frederic Clements](/source/Frederic_Clements) and [Cornelius Lott Shear](/source/Cornelius_Lott_Shear) in 1931.<ref name="Clements & Shear 1931"/>

==Description==
Characteristics of genus ''Agyrium'' include the following: a poorly developed [thallus](/source/thallus) that is immersed in its [substrate](/source/substrate_(biology)); ascomata in the form of an [apothecium](/source/apothecium) with a reduced ring-shaped exciple (the layer surrounding the [hymenium](/source/hymenium) that sometimes develops into a distinct margin); [paraphyses](/source/paraphyses) that are highly branched; and [ascospore](/source/ascospore)s that are [ellipsoid](/source/ellipsoid) and thin-walled.<ref name="Kantvilas 2002"/>

The [mycelia](/source/mycelium) of ''Agyrium'' fungi, although not strictly lichenised, are associated with and sometimes penetrate [green algae](/source/green_algae) – particularly near the apothecia.<ref name="Kantvilas 2002"/> This is a condition that has been described as "facultative parasitism".<ref name="Lumbsch 1997"/>

==Species==
{{As of|2021|May}}, [Species Fungorum](/source/Species_Fungorum) accepts two species of ''Agyrium''. 
*''[Agyrium aurantium](/source/Agyrium_aurantium)'' {{small|W.Y.Zhuang & Zhu L.Yang (2006)}}
*''[Agyrium rufum](/source/Agyrium_rufum)'' {{small|(Pers.) Fr. (1822)}}

The type species, ''Agyrium rufum'', has a largely [Northern Hemisphere](/source/Northern_Hemisphere) distribution and occurs widely in Europe, although it has also been recorded in [Tasmania](/source/Tasmania).<ref name="Kantvilas 2002"/> ''Agyrium aurantium'' occurs in China.<ref name="Zhuang & Yang 2006"/>

Although 46 [taxa](/source/taxon) have been placed in ''Agyrium'' since its inception, many of them were described more than a century ago and have not been investigated with modern [molecular](/source/molecular_phylogenetics) techniques. Several of them have since been transferred to other genera. For example: 
*''Agyrium caesium'' {{small|Fr. (1822)}} = ''[Puttea caesia](/source/Puttea_caesia)''
*''Agyrium densum'' {{small|Fuckel (1871)}} = ''[Mellitiosporiella densa](/source/Mellitiosporiella_densa)''
*''Agyrium flavescens'' {{small|Rehm (1903)}} = ''[Skyttella mulleri](/source/Skyttella_mulleri)''
*''Agyrium nigricans'' {{small|Fr. (1822)}} = ''[Platygloea nigricans](/source/Platygloea_nigricans)''
*''Agyrium nitidum'' {{small|Lib. (1834)}} = ''[Agyriella nitida](/source/Agyriella_nitida)''
*''Agyrium phragmiticola'' {{small|Hansf. (1946)}} = ''[Neottiosporina phragmiticola](/source/Neottiosporina_phragmiticola)''
*''Agyrium solidaginis'' {{small|(Ces.) De Not. (1863)}} = ''[Ploettnera solidaginis](/source/Ploettnera_solidaginis)''
*''Agyrium vulpinum'' {{small|(Tul.) H.Olivier}} = ''[Phacopsis vulpina](/source/Phacopsis_vulpina)''

==References==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em|refs=

<ref name="Clements & Shear 1931">{{cite book |last1=Clements |first1=Frederic E. |last2=Chear |first2=Cornelius L. |year=1931 |title=The Genera of Fungi |publisher=H.W. Wilson Company |location=New York |page=331 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/4699950}}</ref>

<ref name="Fries 1821">{{cite book |last1=Fries |first1=E.M. |year=1821 |title=Systema mycologicum : sistens fungorum ordines, genera et species, huc usque cognitas, quas ad normam methodi naturalis determinavit |volume=1 |location=Lundin |publisher=Ex Officina Berlingiana |page=lv |language=la |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/4338028}}</ref>

<ref name="Fries 1822">{{cite book |last1=Fries |first1=E.M. |year=1821 |title=Systema mycologicum : sistens fungorum ordines, genera et species, huc usque cognitas, quas ad normam methodi naturalis determinavit |volume=2 |location=Gryphiswaldae |publisher=Sumtibus Ernesti Mauritii |pages=210, 231  |language=la |url=https://bibdigital.rjb.csic.es/viewer/10326/?offset=#page=214&viewer=picture&o=bookmark&n=0&q=}}</ref>

<ref name="Index Fungorum: Agyrium">{{cite web |title=Record Details: ''Agyrium'' Fr., Syst. mycol. (Lundae) 2(1): 210, 231 (1822) |url=https://www.indexfungorum.org/names/NamesRecord.asp?RecordID=93 |publisher=[Index Fungorum](/source/Index_Fungorum) |access-date=19 May 2021}}</ref>

<ref name="Kantvilas 2002">{{cite journal |last1=Kantvilas |first1=G. |year=2002 |title=''Agyrium'' Fr., ''Bryophagus'' Nitschke ex Arnold and ''Racodium'' Fr., lichen genera previously unrecorded for Australia |journal=Muelleria |volume=16 |pages=65–70 |doi=10.5962/p.254660 |s2cid=251000769 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/279834167|doi-access=free }}</ref>

<ref name="Lumbsch 1997">{{cite journal |last1=Lumbsch |first1=H. Thorsten |year=1997 |title=Systematic studies in the sub-order Argyriineae (Lecanorales) |journal=Journal of the Hattori Botanical Laboratory |volume=83 |pages=1–73 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/279547855}}</ref>

<ref name="Species Fungorum synonymy">{{cite web |title=''Agyrium'' Fr., Syst. mycol. (Lundae) 2(1): 210, 231 (1822) |url=https://www.speciesfungorum.org/Names/SynSpecies.asp?RecordID=93 |publisher=[Species Fungorum](/source/Species_Fungorum) |access-date=19 May 2021}}</ref>

<ref name="Zhuang & Yang 2006">{{cite journal |last1=Zhuang |first1=Wen-Ying |last2=Yang |first2=Zhu-Liang |year=2006 |title=A new species of ''Agyrium'' from Yunnan, China |journal=Mycotaxon |volume=96 |pages=169–172 |url=http://www.cybertruffle.org.uk/cyberliber/59575/0096/0169.htm}}</ref>

}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q4694793}}

Category:Pertusariales
Category:Pertusariales genera
Category:Taxa described in 1822
Category:Taxa named by Elias Magnus Fries

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Agyrium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agyrium) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agyrium?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.