# Agui

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Manchu noble general

This article is about the Manchu general. For the Japanese town, see [Agui, Aichi](/source/Agui%2C_Aichi).

In this [Manchu name](/source/Manchu_name), the [given name](/source/Given_name) is *Agūi*, but is often simplified to *Agui* in English-language text. In accordance with Manchu custom, it should be used alone or with titles but not with the [clan name](/source/Surname) *Janggiya*.

First Class Duke Chengmou Yingyong Agūi Chief Grand Councillor In office 1779–1797 Monarchs Qianlong Emperor Jiaqing Emperor Preceded by Yu Minzhong Succeeded by Heshen Grand Councillor In office 1776 – 1797 (as the Chief Grand Councillor since 1779) In office 1763–1765 Grand Secretary of the Wuying Hall In office 1777–1797 Assistant Grand Secretary In office 1776–1777 Minister of Personnel In office 6 March 1776 – 27 June 1777 Serving with Cheng Jingyi Preceded by Guanbao Succeeded by Yonggui Minister of Revenue In office 24 April 1773 – 6 March 1776 Serving with Yu Minzhong (until 1773), Wang Jihua (since 1773) Preceded by Šuhede Succeeded by Fengšengge Minister of Rites In office 19 February – 24 August 1773 Serving with Wang Jihua Preceded by Yonggui Succeeded by Yonggui In office 4 January – 23 September 1770 Serving with Wang Jihua Preceded by Yonggui Succeeded by Yonggui Minister of War In office 5 June – 8 August 1768 Serving with Lu Zongkai Preceded by Fulong'an Succeeded by Toyong General of Ili In office March 1767 – April 1768 Preceded by Mingrui Succeeded by Iletu Personal details Born Agūi (1717-09-17)September 17, 1717 Beijing, Qing dynasty Died October 10, 1797(1797-10-10) (aged 80) Beijing, Qing dynasty Parent Akdun (father) Occupation politician, general Clan name Janggiya Courtesy name Guangting (廣廷) Posthumous name Wencheng (文成) Military service Allegiance Qing dynasty Branch/service Manchu Plain Blue Banner Manchu Plain White Banner

**Agui** ([Chinese](/source/Chinese_language): 阿桂; [pinyin](/source/Pinyin): *Āguì*; [Wade–Giles](/source/Wade%E2%80%93Giles): *A¹-kuei⁴*; [Manchu](/source/Manchu_language): ᠠᡤᡡᡳ, [Möllendorff](/source/Transliterations_of_Manchu): *agūi*, [Abkai](/source/Transliterations_of_Manchu): *agvi*; September 7, 1717 – October 10, 1797) was a [Manchu](/source/Manchu) noble general for the [Qing dynasty](/source/Qing_dynasty).[1] As the only son of [Akdun](/source/Akdun), he was a [scion](/source/Kinship) of a noble family who led a number of important Manchu military operations, including several of the "[Ten Great Campaigns](/source/Ten_Great_Campaigns)".

## Sino-Burmese War

On April 14, 1768, [Fuheng](/source/Fuheng) was appointed military commissioner (Jinglue) and Agui and [Aligun](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aligun&action=edit&redlink=1), both [Manchus](/source/Manchu_people), were appointed deputies.[2] This occurred due to the death of the previous commander [Ming Rui](/source/Ming_Rui). Agui had already proven himself in Chinese Turkestan, as a competent commander.[2] He served under [Fuheng](/source/Fuheng) in the 1769 failed campaign of the [Sino-Burmese War (1765–1769)](/source/Sino-Burmese_War_(1765%E2%80%931769)). Agui soon found himself out of favor as he was not fully supportive of Fuheng's plans and the Chinese [Qianlong Emperor](/source/Qianlong_Emperor) was vocal of his dislike for this behavior.[3] The main push occurs in December at the height of the disease period and the Chinese suffer great losses to disease. Confusion surrounds the following events. Some sources say that the [Myanmar](/source/Myanmar) nation initiated peace talks and others say the Chinese did; however it happened, by December 1769 peace negotiations had started, and on December 22 the treaty was signed. However, both Agui and Fuheng were absent.[4] The chief negotiator for the Chinese was [Ha Guoxing](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ha_Guoxing&action=edit&redlink=1). Documents from this era seem to support the fact that the only reason the Chinese agreed to a treaty was through the leadership of Agui and other generals, as Fuheng was vehemently opposed to a peace treaty.[5] When the treaty was brought from the Myanmar king to Fuheng to be signed, he refused. Agui, after allying other powerful generals on his side, confronted Fuheng again. Fuheng demanded that all those allied against him and for peace, sign a statement (ganjie) to that effect. When they all did, he grew furious and threatened impeachment. This did not occur as he was getting sicker each day. At this time a decree was received from Qianlong, demanding a complete withdrawal regardless of the circumstances. This withdrawal, may also have been attributed to Agui, as he was the one responsible for letting the emperor know of the illness affecting Fuheng.[6] Agui took charge of the troops during the withdrawal as Fuheng was worsening.

When all was said and done, Agui took the majority of the emperor's wrath as Fuheng was on his deathbed. The emperor in acknowledging the retreat and defeat at the hands of the Myanmar, stated that it

made the Myanmar look down upon our celestial dynasty.

He also blamed Agui and others for not stopping Fuheng from the foolhardy decision to invade Myanmar if they knew that it would fail.[7] The Jinchuan uprising could not come at a better time for Agui, who would alter drastically, the emperor's opinion of him after his coming victories. Agui thought so negatively of his time in Myanmar that he had all correspondence and writings concerning this time destroyed upon his death.[7]

## Ten Great Campaigns

He put down [an uprising of the Jinchuan people](/source/Ten_Great_Campaigns#Suppression_of_the_Jinchuan_hill_peoples_.281747-1749.2C_1776.29) west of [Sichuan](/source/Sichuan),[8] called the second Battle of the [Jinchuan](/source/Ten_Great_Campaigns#Suppression_of_the_Jinchuan_hill_peoples). This battle took place from 1771 until 1776.[9] During this battle, Agui expressed the importance in *shangyun* which was the policy of utilizing merchants in keeping the military stocked.[10]

In 1781, Agui went to [Lanzhou](/source/Lanzhou), in the northwestern [Gansu](/source/Gansu) province, to lead the suppression of the [Jahriyya revolt](/source/Jahriyya_revolt) by the [Salar](/source/Salar_people) adherents of the [Jahriyya](/source/Jahriyya) [Sufi order](/source/Sufi_order).[11][12] along with [Heshen](/source/Heshen),[13] [Li Shiyao](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Li_Shiyao&action=edit&redlink=1)[14] and [Fuk'anggan](/source/Fuk'anggan).[15]

Agui also led campaigns to unify the [Yili](/source/Ili_Kazakh_Autonomous_Prefecture) area and [Taiwan](/source/Taiwan) island (1786-1787)[16] within the Chinese state.

He served as a minister to the [emperor](/source/Emperor) and a member of the [Grand Council](/source/Grand_Council_(Qing_Dynasty)) and [Grand Secretariat](/source/Grand_Secretariat) (both administrative cabinets of the [Chinese](/source/China) government) until his death.

Agui's grandson was Na-yen-ch'êng who served as an official in [Xinjiang](/source/Xinjiang) after the [Afaqi Khoja revolts](/source/Afaqi_Khoja_revolts).[17]

## Footnotes

1. **[^](#cite_ref-1)** [Hummel, Arthur W. Sr.](/source/Arthur_W._Hummel_Sr.), ed. (1943). ["A-kuei"](https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Eminent_Chinese_of_the_Ch%27ing_Period/A-kuei). *[Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period](/source/Eminent_Chinese_of_the_Ch'ing_Period)*. [United States Government Printing Office](/source/United_States_Government_Publishing_Office).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-d2_2-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-d2_2-1) [Dai 2004](#CITEREFDai2004), p. 163

1. **[^](#cite_ref-d3_3-0)** [Dai 2004](#CITEREFDai2004), p. 166

1. **[^](#cite_ref-d4_4-0)** [Dai 2004](#CITEREFDai2004), p. 167

1. **[^](#cite_ref-d5_5-0)** [Dai 2004](#CITEREFDai2004), p. 168

1. **[^](#cite_ref-d6_6-0)** [Dai 2004](#CITEREFDai2004), p. 169

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-d7_7-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-d7_7-1) [Dai 2004](#CITEREFDai2004), p. 181

1. **[^](#cite_ref-EB_8-0)** [Hoiberg 2010](#CITEREFHoiberg2010), p. 1

1. **[^](#cite_ref-9)** [Dai 2001](#CITEREFDai2001), p. 39

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Dai_10-0)** [Dai 2001](#CITEREFDai2001), p. 75

1. **[^](#cite_ref-11)** [Lipman 1998](#CITEREFLipman1998), pp. 110–111

1. **[^](#cite_ref-12)** Hummel, Arthur W. Sr., ed. (1943). ["Ch'ang-ling"](https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Eminent_Chinese_of_the_Ch%27ing_Period/Ch%27ang-ling). *Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period*. United States Government Printing Office.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-13)** Hummel, Arthur W. Sr., ed. (1943). ["Ho-shên"](https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Eminent_Chinese_of_the_Ch%27ing_Period/Ho-sh%C3%AAn). *Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period*. United States Government Printing Office.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-14)** Hummel, Arthur W. Sr., ed. (1943). ["Li Shih-yao"](https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Eminent_Chinese_of_the_Ch%27ing_Period/Li_Shih-yao). *Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period*. United States Government Printing Office.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-15)** Hummel, Arthur W. Sr., ed. (1943). ["Fu-k'ang-an"](https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Eminent_Chinese_of_the_Ch%27ing_Period/Fu-k%27ang-an). *Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period*. United States Government Printing Office.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-dupuy_16-0)** [Dupuy & Dupuy 1986](#CITEREFDupuyDupuy1986), p. 704

1. **[^](#cite_ref-17)** Hummel, Arthur W. Sr., ed. (1943). ["Na-yen-ch'êng"](https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Eminent_Chinese_of_the_Ch%27ing_Period/Na-yen-ch%27%C3%AAng). *Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period*. United States Government Printing Office.

## References

- Dai, Yingcong (2004). "A Disguised Defeat: The Myanmar Campaign of the Qing Dynasty". *Modern Asian Studies*. **38** (1): 145–189. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1017/S0026749X04001040](https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0026749X04001040). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [1469-8099](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1469-8099). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [145784397](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145784397).

- Dai, Yingcong (December 2001). "The Qing State, Merchants, and the Military Labor Force in the Jinchuan Campaigns". *Late Imperial China*. **22** (2). Johns Hopkins University Press: 35–90. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1353/late.2001.0008](https://doi.org/10.1353%2Flate.2001.0008). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [145620289](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145620289).

- Dupuy, R. Ernest; Dupuy, Trevor N. (1986). *The Encyclopedia of Military History from 3500 B.C. to the Present* (2nd Revised ed.). New York, NY: Harper & Row, Publishers. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-06-181235-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-181235-8).

- Hoiberg, Dale H., ed. (2010). ["A-kuei"](https://archive.org/details/newencyclopaedia2009ency). *Encyclopædia Britannica*. Vol. I: A-Ak – Bayes (15th ed.). Chicago, Illinois: Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-59339-837-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59339-837-8).

- [Hummel, Arthur W. Sr.](/source/Arthur_W._Hummel_Sr.), ed. (1943). ["A-kuei"](https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Eminent_Chinese_of_the_Ch%27ing_Period/A-kuei). *[Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period](/source/Eminent_Chinese_of_the_Ch'ing_Period)*. [United States Government Printing Office](/source/United_States_Government_Publishing_Office).

- Lipman, Jonathan Neaman (1998). [*Familiar Strangers: A History of Muslims in Northwest China*](https://books.google.com/books?id=4_FGPtLEoYQC). Hong Kong University Press. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [962-209-468-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/962-209-468-6).

v t e Chief councillors of the Qing dynasty Yongzheng era Yunxiang Marsai Zhang Tingyu Ortai Fupeng Ortai Qianlong era Ortai Necin Fuheng Yengišan Liu Tongxun Yu Minzhong Agui Jiaqing era Agui Heshen Yongxing Qinggui Dong Gao Tojin Cao Zhenyong Daoguang era Cao Zhenyong Cangling Cao Zhenyong Wenfu Pan Shi'en Mujangga Qi Junzao Xianfeng era Qi Junzao Saišangga Qi Junzao Yixin Wenqing Peng Yunzhang Muyin Yixin Tongzhi era Yixin Guangxu era Yixin Shiduo Yixin Shiduo Ronglu Yikuang Xuantong era Yikuang

Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF GND FAST WorldCat National United States France BnF data Japan Netherlands Korea Academics CiNii People Trove Other IdRef Yale LUX

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Agui](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agui) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agui?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.