# Agapanthus > Mediated Wiki article. Canonical URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/Agapanthus > Markdown URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/Agapanthus.md > Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agapanthus > Source revision: 1332049612 > License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/) {{Short description|Genus of flowering plants in the family Amaryllidaceae}} {{Automatic taxobox |image = Agapanthus africanus1.jpg |image_caption = ''Agapanthus praecox'' |taxon = Agapanthus |authority = [L'Hér.](/source/Charles_Louis_L'H%C3%A9ritier_de_Brutelle) |type_species = ''[Agapanthus africanus](/source/Agapanthus_africanus)'' |type_species_authority = [T.Durand](/source/Th%C3%A9ophile_Alexis_Durand) and [Schinz](/source/Hans_Schinz) |synonyms_ref= |synonyms = * ''Abumon'' Adans. * ''Mauhlia'' Dahl * ''Tulbaghia'' Heist. 1755, rejected name, not L. 1771 }} thumb|''Agapanthus'' flower and leaves '''''Agapanthus''''' ({{IPAc-en|ˌ|æ|ɡ|ə|ˈ|p|æ|n|θ|ə|s}}){{cite book |title=Sunset Western Garden Book |year=1995 |pages=606–607}} is a [genus](/source/genus) of plants, the only one in the subfamily Agapanthoideae of the family [Amaryllidaceae](/source/Amaryllidaceae).{{cite web |last=Stevens|first=P. F. |title=Angiosperm Phylogeny Website: Asparagales: Agapanthoideae |url=https://mobot.org/mobot/research/apweb/orders/asparagalesweb.htm#Agapanthaceae}} The family is in the [monocot](/source/monocot) order [Asparagales](/source/Asparagales). The name is derived from [Ancient Greek](/source/Ancient_Greek) {{wikt-lang|grc|ἀγάπη}} (''agápē''), meaning "love", and {{wikt-lang|grc|ἄνθος}} (''ánthos''), meaning "flower". Some species of ''Agapanthus'' are commonly known as '''lily of the Nile''', or '''African lily''' in the UK. However, they are not [lilies](/source/lily), and all of the [species](/source/species) are [native](/source/Indigenous_(ecology)) to Southern [Africa](/source/Africa) ([South Africa](/source/South_Africa), [Lesotho](/source/Lesotho), [Eswatini](/source/Eswatini), [Mozambique](/source/Mozambique)), though some have become naturalized in scattered places around the world ([Australia](/source/Australia), [Great Britain](/source/Great_Britain), [Mexico](/source/Mexico), [Ethiopia](/source/Ethiopia), [Jamaica](/source/Jamaica), etc.).Klaus Kubitzki. 1998. "" pages 58–60. In: Klaus Kubitzki (editor). 1998. ''The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants'' volume III. Springer-Verlag: Berlin;Heidelberg, Germany. {{ISBN|978-3-540-64060-8}} Species boundaries are not clear in the genus, and in spite of having been intensively studied, the number of species recognized by different authorities varies from 6 to 10. The [type species](/source/type_species) for the genus is ''[Agapanthus africanus](/source/Agapanthus_africanus)''."Agapanthus" In: Index Nominum Genericorum. In: [Regnum Vegetabile](/source/Regnum_Vegetabile) (see ''External links'' below). Many [hybrids](/source/Hybrid_plant) and [cultivar](/source/cultivar)s have been produced. They are cultivated throughout warm areas of the world. They can especially be spotted throughout [Northern California](/source/Northern_California).[Anthony Huxley](/source/Anthony_Huxley), Mark Griffiths, and Margot Levy (1992). ''The New Royal Horticultural Society Dictionary of Gardening''. The Macmillan Press, Limited: London. The Stockton Press: New York. {{ISBN|978-0-333-47494-5}} (set). Most of these were described in a book published in 2004.Wim Snoeijer. 2004. ''Agapanthus'' A revision of the genus. Timber Press: Portland, OR, USA. {{ISBN|978-0-88192-631-6}}. ==Description== ''Agapanthus'' is a genus of [herbaceous](/source/herbaceous) [perennials](/source/perennial_plant) that mostly [bloom](/source/Anthesis) in summer. This leads to the Australian common name, Star of Bethlehem, as it blooms just before Christmas. The [leaves](/source/Leaf) are basal, curved, and [linear](/source/Glossary_of_botanical_terms), growing up to {{convert|60|cm|in|abbr=on}} long. They are rather leathery and arranged in two opposite rows. The plant has a mostly underground stem called a [rhizome](/source/rhizome) (like a ginger 'root') that is used as a storage organ. The roots, which grow out of the rhizome, are white, thick and fleshy. The [inflorescence](/source/inflorescence) is a pseudo-[umbel](/source/umbel) subtended by two large deciduous [bract](/source/bract)s at the [apex](/source/Glossary_of_botanical_terms) of a long, erect [scape](/source/Scape_(botany)), up to {{convert|2|m|ft|abbr=on}} tall. They have funnel-shaped or tubular flowers,{{citation |last=Leighton |first=F.M. |title=The genus ''Agapanthus'' L'Heritier | year=1965|issue=4 |work=Journal of South African Botany Supplement |url=https://archive.org/stream/botanysupplement04unse }} in hues of blue to purple, shading to white. Some hybrids and cultivars have colors not found in [wild](/source/Wildlife) plants which includes bi-colored blue/lavender and white flowers flushed with pink as the blooms mature. The [ovary](/source/Ovary_(botany)) is [superior](/source/Ovary_(botany)). The [style](/source/style_(botany)) is hollow. ''Agapanthus'' does not have the distinctive chemistry of [Allioideae](/source/Allioideae).{{citation needed|date=January 2017}} ==Taxonomy== The genus ''Agapanthus'' was established by [Charles Louis L'Héritier de Brutelle](/source/Charles_Louis_L'H%C3%A9ritier_de_Brutelle) in 1788.{{Cite web |title=''Agapanthus''|work=[World Checklist of Selected Plant Families](/source/World_Checklist_of_Selected_Plant_Families) |publisher=[Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew](/source/Royal_Botanic_Gardens%2C_Kew) |url=http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/namedetail.do?name_id=293520 |access-date=2013-12-10}} ===Family placement=== Which family the genus belongs to has been a matter of debate since its creation. In the [Cronquist system](/source/Cronquist_system), the genus was placed in a very broadly defined family [Liliaceae](/source/Liliaceae), along with other [lilioid monocot](/source/lilioid_monocot)s. In 1985, [Dahlgren](/source/Rolf_Dahlgren), [Clifford](/source/Trevor_Clifford), and Yeo placed ''Agapanthus'' in Alliaceae, close to ''[Tulbaghia](/source/Tulbaghia)''.Rolf M.T. Dahlgren, H. Trevor Clifford, and Peter F. Yeo. 1985. ''The Families of the Monocotyledons''. Springer-Verlag: Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, Tokyo. {{ISBN|978-3-540-13655-2}}. {{ISBN|978-0-387-13655-4}}. Their version of Alliaceae also included several genera that would later be transferred to [Themidaceae](/source/Themidaceae). In 1996, following a [phylogenetic](/source/phylogenetic) analysis of [DNA sequence](/source/DNA_sequence)s of the [gene](/source/gene) [''rbcL''](/source/RuBisCO), Themidaceae was resurrected and ''Agapanthus'' was removed from Alliaceae.Michael F. Fay and Mark W. Chase. 1996. "Resurrection of Themidaceae for the ''Brodiaea'' alliance, and recircumscription of Alliaceae, Amaryllidaceae, and Agapanthoideae". ''Taxon'' '''45'''(3):441–451. (see ''External links'' below). The authors found ''Agapanthus'' to be [sister](/source/sister_taxon) to [Amaryllidaceae](/source/Amaryllidaceae) and transferred it to that family. This was not accepted by the [Angiosperm Phylogeny Group](/source/Angiosperm_Phylogeny_Group) when they published the original [APG system](/source/APG_system) in 1998, because the [clade](/source/clade) consisting of ''Agapanthus'' and Amaryllidaceae had only 63% [bootstrap](/source/Bootstrapping_(statistics)) support. The APG system recognized three separate families, Agapanthaceae, Alliaceae sensu stricto, and Amaryllidaceae sensu stricto. Agapanthaceae consisted of ''Agapanthus'' only, and Dahlgren's idea that it is close to ''Tulbaghia'' was rejected. When the [APG II system](/source/APG_II_system) was published in 2003, it offered the option of combining Agapanthaceae, Alliaceae sensu stricto, and Amaryllidaceae sensu stricto to form a larger family, Alliaceae [sensu lato](/source/sensu_lato). When the name Amaryllidaceae was [conserved](/source/Conserved_name) by the [ICBN](/source/ICBN) for this larger family, its name was changed from Alliaceae to Amaryllidaceae, but its circumscription remained the same. When APG II was replaced by [APG III](/source/APG_III) in 2009, Agapanthaceae was no longer accepted, but was treated as [subfamily](/source/subfamily) Agapanthoideae of the larger version of Amaryllidaceae.{{cite journal | last1 = Chase | first1 = Mark W. | last2 = Reveal | first2 = James L. | last3 = Fay | first3 = Michael F. | year = 2009| title = A subfamilial classification for the expanded asparagalean families Amaryllidaceae, Asparagaceae and Xanthorrhoeaceae | journal = Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society | volume = 161 | issue = 2| pages = 132–136 | doi=10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00999.x| doi-access = free }} Also in 2009, [Armen Takhtajan](/source/Armen_Takhtajan) recognized the three smaller families allowed by APG II, instead of combining them as in APG III.Armen L. Takhtajan (Takhtadzhian). ''Flowering Plants'' second edition (2009). Springer Science+Business Media. {{ISBN|978-1-4020-9608-2}}. The table below summarizes the alternative family divisions: {| class="wikitable" border="1" |+ Alternative treatments of Amaryllidaceae s.l. ! Separate families !! Single family !! Subfamilies |- | Agapanthaceae | rowspan=3 | Amaryllidaceae s.l.
(formerly Alliaceae s.l.) |Agapanthoideae |- | Alliaceae s.s. || Allioideae |- | Amaryllidaceae s.s. || Amaryllidoideae |} Further [molecular phylogenetic](/source/molecular_phylogenetic) analyses of [DNA sequences](/source/DNA_sequences) have confirmed that ''Agapanthus'' is [sister](/source/sister_taxon) to a [clade](/source/clade) consisting of subfamilies Allioideae and Amaryllidoideae of the family Amaryllidaceae (sensu APG III).J. Chris Pires, Ivan J. Maureira, Thomas J. Givnish, Kenneth J. Sytsma, Ole Seberg, Gitte Petersen, Jerrold I. Davis, Dennis W. Stevenson, Paula J. Rudall, Michael F. Fay, and Mark W. Chase. 2006. "Phylogeny, genome size, and chromosome evolution of Asparagales". ''Aliso'' '''22'''(''Monocots: Comparative Biology and Evolution''):287–304. ISSN 0065-6275.{{Cite journal |last1=Seberg |first1=Ole |last2=Petersen |first2=Gitte |last3=Davis |first3=Jerrold I. |last4=Pires |first4=J. Chris |last5=Stevenson |first5=Dennis W. |last6=Chase |first6=Mark W. |last7=Fay |first7=Michael F. |last8=Devey |first8=Dion S. |last9=Jørgensen |first9=Tina |last10=Sytsma |first10=Kenneth J. |last11=Pillon |first11=Yohan |year=2012 |title=Phylogeny of the Asparagales based on three plastid and two mitochondrial genes |journal=American Journal of Botany |volume=99 |issue=5 |pages=875–889 |doi=10.3732/ajb.1100468 |name-list-style=amp |pmid=22539521|doi-access=free }} {{clade |label1=Amaryllidaceae s.l. |1={{clade |1=''Agapanthus'' (Agapanthoideae) |2={{clade |1=Allioideae |2=Amarylloideae }} }} }} ===Species=== Zonneveld and Duncan (2003) divided ''Agapanthus'' into six species (''A. africanus, A. campanulatus, A. caulescens, A. coddii, A. inapertus, A. praecox'').{{cite journal | last1 = Zonneveld | first1 = B. J. M. | last2 = Duncan | first2 = G. D. | year = 2003 | title = Taxonomic implications of genome size and pollen colour and vitality for species of ''Agapanthus'' L'Heritier (Agapanthaceae) | journal = Plant Systematics and Evolution | volume = 241 | issue = 1–2| pages = 115–123 | doi=10.1007/s00606-003-0038-6| bibcode = 2003PSyEv.241..115Z | s2cid = 26017209 }} Four additional species had earlier been recognised by Leighton (1965) (''A. comptonii, A. dyeri, A. nutans'' and ''A. walshii''),Leighton, F. M. (1965). "The Genus ''Agapanthus'' L'Heritier". ''Journal of South African Botany'', supplementary volume IV. but were given [subspecific](/source/Subspecies) [rank](/source/Taxonomic_rank) by Zonneveld and Duncan. {{As of|2013|December}}, the [World Checklist of Selected Plant Families](/source/World_Checklist_of_Selected_Plant_Families) recognises seven species:{{Cite web |title=Search for ''Agapanthus''|work=[World Checklist of Selected Plant Families](/source/World_Checklist_of_Selected_Plant_Families) |publisher=[Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew](/source/Royal_Botanic_Gardens%2C_Kew) |url=http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/qsearch.do?plantName=Agapanthus |access-date=2013-12-10 }} {| class="wikitable" |- ! Image !! Scientific name!! Synonyms and common name!! Distribution |- |120px|| ''[Agapanthus africanus](/source/Agapanthus_africanus)'' (L.) Hoffmanns||syn. ''A. umbellatus''; African Lily or African Tulip|| South Africa (Cape Peninsula to Swellendam) |- |120px|| ''[Agapanthus campanulatus](/source/Agapanthus_campanulatus)'' F.M.Leight. ||African bluebell, African Blue lily or Bell Agapanthus||South Africa (Drakensberg) |- |120px|| ''[Agapanthus caulescens](/source/Agapanthus_caulescens)'' Spreng.|| ||South Africa (Swaziland and Kwazulu-Natal and Mpumalanga.) |- |120px|| ''[Agapanthus coddii](/source/Agapanthus_coddii)'' F.M.Leight. ||Codd's Agapanthus or Blue Lily||South Africa ( western Waterberg around the Marakele National Park ) |- |120px|| ''[Agapanthus inapertus](/source/Agapanthus_inapertus)'' Beauverd ||including ''A. dyeri''; Drakensberg Agapanthus or Drooping Agapanthus||Mozambique, Eswatini (Swaziland), and South Africa (Transvaal and Natal) |- |120px|| ''[Agapanthus praecox](/source/Agapanthus_praecox)'' Willd. ||including ''A. comptonii'', ''A. orientalis''; Common Agapanthus, Blue Lily, African Lily, or Lily of the Nile||South Africa (Kwa-Zulu Natal and Western Cape) |- |120px|| ''[Agapanthus walshii](/source/Agapanthus_walshii)'' L.Bolus|| ||South Africa (Western Cape) |- |} ;Formerly Included The name ''Agapanthus ensifolius'' was coined in 1799,{{Cite book|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/13830|title=Caroli Linnaei ... Species plantarum :exhibentes plantas rite cognitas, ad genera relatas, cum differentiis specificis, nominibus trivialibus, synonymis selectis, locis natalibus, secundum systema sexuale digestas...|first1=Carl von|last1=Linné|first2=Lars|last2=Salvius|date=August 10, 1753|publisher=Impensis Laurentii Salvii|volume=2}} referring to a species now called ''[Lachenalia ensifolia](/source/Lachenalia_ensifolia).''Manning, John C. & Goldblatt, Peter. 2004. Edinburgh Journal of Botany 60: 565 (see ''[Lachenalia](/source/Lachenalia)).''{{Cite web|url=https://www.tropicos.org/Name/100212110%60|title=Tropicos|website=www.tropicos.org}} ==Cultivation== ''Agapanthus praecox'' can be grown within [USDA plant hardiness zones](/source/USDA_plant_hardiness_zones) 9 to 11.{{cite web | url = https://hardiness.zone/?a=plant&sle=Agapanthus&art=praecox | title = Agapanthus preacox | publisher = hardiness.zone | access-date = 15 August 2020}} In lower-numbered zones, the rhizomes should be placed deeper in the soil and mulched well in the fall. Summer water should be provided. ''Agapanthus'' can be propagated by dividing clumps or by seeds. The seeds of most varieties are fertile. Several hundred [cultivar](/source/cultivar)s and [hybrids](/source/Hybrid_(biology)) are cultivated as garden and landscape plants. Several are winter-hardy to USDA Zone 7. In the UK the following cultivars have received the [Royal Horticultural Society](/source/Royal_Horticultural_Society)'s [Award of Garden Merit](/source/Award_of_Garden_Merit): {{div col | colwidth = 15em}} *'Blue Ice'{{cite web | url = https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/236777/Agapanthus-Blue-Ice/Details | title = ''Agapanthus'' 'Blue Ice' | publisher = RHS | access-date = 27 February 2020}} - pale blue *'Blue Magic'{{cite web | url = https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/319940/Agapanthus-Blue-Magic/Details | title = ''Agapanthus'' 'Blue Magic' | publisher = RHS | access-date = 27 February 2020}} - dark blue *{{tdes|'''Double Diamond'''}} ('Rfdd'){{cite web | url = https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/236822/Agapanthus-Double-Diamond-Rfdd-(PBR)/Details | title = ''Agapanthus'' Double Diamond='Rfdd' | publisher = RHS | access-date = 27 February 2020}} - white *{{tdes|'''Fireworks'''}} ('Mdb001'){{cite web | url = https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/372599/Agapanthus-Fireworks-Mdb001/Details | title = ''Agapanthus'' Fireworks='Mdb001' | publisher = RHS | access-date = 27 February 2020}} - white/purple *'Happy Blue'{{cite web | url = https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/339269/Agapanthus-Happy-Blue/Details | title = ''Agapanthus'' 'Happy Blue' | publisher = RHS | access-date = 27 February 2020}} - light blue *'Hoyland Blue'{{cite web | url = https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/319239/Agapanthus-Hoyland-Blue/Details | title = ''Agapanthus'' 'Hoyland Blue' | publisher = RHS | access-date = 27 February 2020}} - white/pale blue *'Ice Blue Star'{{cite web | url = https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/137677/Agapanthus-Ice-Blue-Star/Details | title = ''Agapanthus'' 'Ice Blue Star' | publisher = RHS | access-date = 27 February 2020}} - pale blue-violet *'Jacaranda'{{cite web | url = https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/317153/Agapanthus-Jacaranda/Details | title = ''Agapanthus'' 'Jacaranda' | publisher = RHS | access-date = 27 February 2020}} - blue/dark stripe *'Jonny's White'{{cite web | url = https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/294257/Agapanthus-Jonny-s-White/Details | title = ''Agapanthus'' 'Jonny's White' | publisher = RHS | access-date = 27 February 2020}} - white *'Leicester'{{cite web | url = https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/194836/Agapanthus-Leicester/Details | title = ''Agapanthus'' 'Leicester' | publisher = RHS | access-date = 27 February 2020}} - white *'Loch Hope'{{cite web | url = https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/97243/Agapanthus-Loch-Hope/Details | title = ''Agapanthus'' 'Loch Hope' | publisher = RHS | access-date = 27 February 2020}} - deep blue *'Luly'{{cite web | url = https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/26403/Agapanthus-Luly/Details | title = ''Agapanthus'' 'Luly' | publisher = RHS | access-date = 27 February 2020}} - pale blue/violet *'Marjorie'{{cite web | url = https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/46436/Agapanthus-Marjorie/Details | title = ''Agapanthus'' 'Marjorie' | publisher = RHS | access-date = 27 February 2020}} - pale violet-blue *'Megan's Mauve'{{cite web | url = https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/287317/Agapanthus-Megan-s-Mauve/Details | title = ''Agapanthus'' 'Megan's Mauve' | publisher = RHS | access-date = 27 February 2020}} - lavender-blue *'Midnight Star'{{cite web | url = https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/48874/Agapanthus-Midnight-Star/Details | title = ''Agapanthus'' 'Midnight Star' | publisher = RHS | access-date = 27 February 2020}} - deep blue *'Monique'{{cite web | url = https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/339273/Agapanthus-Monique/Details | title = ''Agapanthus'' 'Monique' | publisher = RHS | access-date = 27 February 2020}} - deep blue *'Northern Star'{{cite web | url = https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/280942/Agapanthus-Northern-Star-(PBR)/Details | title = ''Agapanthus'' 'Northern Star' | publisher = RHS | access-date = 27 February 2020}} - violet/deep blue *'Purple Delight'{{cite web | url = https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/300342/Agapanthus-Purple-Delight/Details | title = ''Agapanthus'' 'Purple Delight' | publisher = RHS | access-date = 27 February 2020}} - purple *'Royal Blue'{{cite web | url = https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/89124/Agapanthus-Royal-Blue/Details | title = ''Agapanthus'' 'Royal Blue' | publisher = RHS | access-date = 27 February 2020}} - bright blue *'Sandringham'{{cite web | url = https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/26412/Agapanthus-Sandringham/Details | title = ''Agapanthus'' 'Sandringham' | publisher = RHS | access-date = 27 February 2020}} - bright blue *'Sandy'{{cite web | url = https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/339270/Agapanthus-Sandy-(PBR)/Details | title = ''Agapanthus'' 'Sandy' | publisher = RHS | access-date = 27 February 2020}} - pale violet-blue *{{tdes|'''Silver Moon'''}} ('Notfred'){{cite web | url = https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/176470/Agapanthus-Silver-Moon-Notfred-(PBR)-(v)/Details | title = ''Agapanthus'' Silver Moon='Notfred' | publisher = RHS | access-date = 27 February 2020}} - blue *'Sky'{{cite web | url = https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/149094/Agapanthus-inapertus-subsp-hollandii-Sky/Details | title = ''Agapanthus inapertus'' subsp. ''hollandii'' 'Sky' | publisher = RHS | access-date = 27 February 2020}} - sky blue *'Summer Days'{{cite web | url = https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/320061/Agapanthus-Summer-Days/Details | title = ''Agapanthus'' 'Summer Days' | publisher = RHS | access-date = 27 February 2020}} pale/dark blue {{div col end}} There are seven [UK National Collection](/source/National_Plant_Collection) of ''Agapanthus'', held by: * Ian Scroggy at Bali-Hai Nursery in Carnlough, County Antrim.{{cite web |title=Agapanthus |url=https://www.plantheritage.org.uk/national-plant-collections/search-the-national-plant-collections/collection/2020/agapanthus |publisher=Plant Heritage |access-date=16 October 2023}} * Mike Grimshaw in Cam, Gloucestershire (cultivars bred and raised by Dick Fulcher).{{cite web |title=Agapanthus (bred & raised by Dick Fulcher) |url=https://www.plantheritage.org.uk/national-plant-collections/search-the-national-plant-collections/collection/1860/agapanthus-bred-raised-by-dick-fulcher |publisher=Plant Heritage |access-date=16 October 2023}} * Mike Grimshaw in Cam, Gloucestershire (pre-2005 cultivars).{{cite web |title=Agapanthus (pre 2005 cvs.) |url=https://www.plantheritage.org.uk/national-plant-collections/search-the-national-plant-collections/collection/1859/agapanthus-pre-2005-cvs |publisher=Plant Heritage |access-date=16 October 2023}} * Patrick Fairweather at Fairweather's Garden Centre in Beaulieu, Hampshire (cultivars from the Fairweather Nursery trials).{{cite web |title=Agapanthus (Fairweather Nursery trials collection) |url=https://www.plantheritage.org.uk/national-plant-collections/search-the-national-plant-collections/collection/1996/agapanthus-fairweather-nursery-trials-collection |publisher=Plant Heritage |access-date=16 October 2023}} * Hoyland Plant Centre in Barnsley, Yorkshire (Hoyland hybrids, variegated, and special interest).{{cite web |title=Agapanthus (Hoyland hybrids, variegated & of special interest) |url=https://www.plantheritage.org.uk/national-plant-collections/search-the-national-plant-collections/collection/1977/agapanthus-hoyland-hybrids-variegated-of-special-interest |publisher=Plant Heritage |access-date=16 October 2023}} * Mrs Ruth Penrose at Bowdens Nursery in Sticklepath, Devon (Pine Cottage cultivars).{{cite web |last1=Tim |first1=Penrose |last2=Ruth |first2=Penrose |title=National Hosta and Agapanthus Collections & Gardens Tours |url=https://www.bowdenhostas.com/pages/National-Hosta-and-Agapanthus-Collections-%26-Garden-Tours.html |publisher=Bowdens Nursery |access-date=16 October 2023}} * Mr & Mrs R J & C L Fulcher in Eggesford, Devon (Pine Cottage cultivars).{{cite web |title=Agapanthus (Pine Cottage cvs.) |url=https://www.plantheritage.org.uk/national-plant-collections/search-the-national-plant-collections/collection/2055/agapanthus-pine-cottage-cvs |publisher=Plant Heritage |access-date=16 October 2023}} ===Invasive species=== In some regions, some agapanthus are listed as [invasive species](/source/invasive_species) of plants. In New Zealand, ''[Agapanthus praecox](/source/Agapanthus_in_New_Zealand)'' is classed as an "environmental weed"{{cite book |last=Howell |first=Clayson |title=Consolidated list of environmental weeds in New Zealand |publisher=Department of Conservation |location=Wellington |date=May 2008 |series=DRDS292 |url=http://www.doc.govt.nz/upload/documents/science-and-technical/drds292.pdf |isbn=978-0-478-14413-0 |access-date=2012-01-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090530024209/http://www.doc.govt.nz/upload/documents/science-and-technical/drds292.pdf |archive-date=2009-05-30 |url-status=dead }} and calls to have it added to the [National Pest Plant Accord](/source/National_Pest_Plant_Accord) have encountered opposition from gardeners. ===Pests=== thumb|''Neuranethes spodopterodes'' in affected inflorescence buds, the central specimen opened to reveal larvae As a rule, ''Agapanthus'' species are pest-hardy, neither being much attacked nor drastically affected by common garden pests. However, since the early 21st century ''Agapanthus'' in the far south of South Africa have fallen victim to a species of [noctuid moth](/source/Noctuidae), the ''Agapanthus'' borer, ''[Neuranethes spodopterodes](/source/Neuranethes_spodopterodes)''. The larvae of the moth bore into the budding inflorescence and as they mature they tunnel down towards the roots, or emerge from the stem and drop down to feed on the leaves or [rhizomes](/source/rhizomes). A severe attack promotes rot and may stunt or even kill the plant; even plants that survive commonly lose most of their inflorescences and fail to produce the desired show of flowers. Though ''Neuranethes spodopterodes'' is invasive in the regions where it has emerged as a pest, it is not an exotic invader, but a [translocated species](/source/Species_translocation), having been imported inadvertently from its natural range in more northerly regions of the country. In its original range, the moth is not of horticultural importance, being controlled by natural enemies that as yet have neither been identified nor imported along with the host plants. In contrast, the ''Agapanthus'' borer is of considerable concern in the South West, and its voracity is so impressive that the species shows promise as a possible control for invasive ''Agapanthus praecox'' in countries like New Zealand.M.D. Picker and M. Krüger. Spread and Impacts of the Agapanthus Borer (Neuranethes spodopterodes (Hampson, 1908), comb. nov.), a Translocated Native Moth Species (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). African Entomology 2013 21 (1), 172–176 In 2016, a new species of [gall midge](/source/Cecidomyiidae), ''[Enigmadiplosis agapanthi](/source/Enigmadiplosis_agapanthi)'', was described damaging Agapanthus in the [United Kingdom](/source/United_Kingdom).{{cite journal| last1 =Harris | first1 =KM | last2 =Salisbury |first2=A| last3=Jones |first3=H | title =''Enigmadiplosis agapanthi'', a new genus and species of gall midge (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae) damaging Agapanthus flowers in England. | journal =Cecidology | volume =31 | pages =17–20 | publisher =British Gall Society | date =2016 }} Agapanthus begin bloom.JPG|Beginning to bloom Agapanthus Prebloom.jpg|Pre-bloom stage Bloemknop van een Agapanthus 'Senna'. 18-07-2023. (d.j.b) 02.jpg|Single pre-bloom bud Agapanthus praecox Snow White. 03-08-2024 (d.j.b.).jpg|Flower buds of a ''Agapanthus praecox'' Snow White. A pure white dwarf, 45 cm. ==Allergenic potential== ''Agapanthus'' has low potential for causing allergies; its [OPALS](/source/OPALS_(Ogren_Plant_Allergy_Scale)) allergy scale rating is 2 out of 10.{{cite book|last1=Ogren|first1=Thomas|title=The Allergy-Fighting Garden|date=2015|publisher=Ten Speed Press|location=Berkeley, CA|isbn=978-1-60774-491-7|page=57}} It can cause itchy skin, burning sensation, as well as irritation if the sap from the leaves come in contact with skin.{{Citation needed|date=August 2025}} If ingested medical advise should be sought immediately.{{Citation needed|date=August 2025}} ==References== {{Reflist|30em}} ==External links== {{Commons}} {{Wikispecies}} * [http://www.botany.si.edu/ing/INGsearch.cfm?searchword=Agapanthus ''Agapanthus''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304031329/http://botany.si.edu/ing/INGsearch.cfm?searchword=Agapanthus |date=2016-03-04 }} At: [http://www.botany.si.edu/ing/ Index Nominum Genericorum] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181116211833/http://botany.si.edu/ing/ |date=2018-11-16 }} At: :[http://www.botany.si.edu/index.htm?references References] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100927172741/http://botany.si.edu/index.htm?references |date=2010-09-27 }} At: :[http://www.botany.si.edu/index.htm NMNH Department of Botany] * [http://www.plantsystematics.org/reveal/pbio/fam/inspv1.html Agapanthus] At: [http://www.plantsystematics.org/reveal/pbio/fam/inspvindex.html Alphabetical Listing by Genera of Validly Published Suprageneric Names] At: [https://web.archive.org/web/20131030002020/http://www.plantsystematics.org/reveal/ Home page of James L. Reveal and C. Rose Broome] * [http://www.gutenberg.org/files/38937/38937-h/38937-h.htm#Agapanthus Original diagnosis of the genus by L'Héritier online at Project Gutenberg] * [http://www.somethingforthegarden.co.uk: Hoyland Plant Centre- UK National Collection Holders- Agapanthus] * [http://www.plantzafrica.com/plantab/agapanafric.htm PlantZAfrica: ''Agapanthus africanus''] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20131104085302/http://www.landcareresearch.co.nz/publications/researchpubs/Fecundity_of_dwarf_Agapanthus.pdf Wayback Machine] {{Taxonbar|from=Q159541}} {{Authority control}} Category:Agapanthus Category:Amaryllidaceae genera Category:Flora of Mozambique Category:Flora of Southern Africa Category:Taxa named by Charles Louis L'Héritier de Brutelle --- Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Agapanthus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agapanthus) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agapanthus?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.