# Afro-Colombians > Mediated Wiki article. Canonical URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/Afro-Colombians > Markdown URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/Afro-Colombians.md > Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afro-Colombians > Source revision: 1356998232 > License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/) Colombian people of African descent Ethnic group Afro-Colombians Afro-colombianos Proportion of Afro-Colombians in each municipality as of the 2005 Colombian census 72.7% - 100% 45.0% - 72.6% 20.4% - 44.9% 5.8% - 20.3% 0.0% - 5.7% Without data Total population 4,944,400 (2018 census)[1][2] 9.34% of the Colombian population c. 7,800,000 (Estimation) ~15% of Colombia’s population[3] 15%–26%[3][4] of Colombians (external sources) Regions with significant populations Pacific Region, Caribbean Region and urban areas across the country Valle del Cauca 647,526 Chocó 337,696 Bolívar 319,396 Antioquia 312,112 Cauca 245,362 Languages Colombian Spanish Palenquero Creole San Andrés–Providencia Creole Religion Majority: Catholicism Minority: Protestantism Lumbalú Traditional Religion Irreligion Others Related ethnic groups Sub-Saharan Africans Black Latin Americans Black Americans Black Canadians Black Jamaicans Others **Afro-Colombians** ([Spanish](/source/Spanish_language): *Afrocolombianos*), also known as **Black Colombians** ([Spanish](/source/Spanish_language): *Colombianos Negros*), are [Colombians](/source/Colombians) who have predominantly or total [Sub-Saharan African](/source/Sub-Saharan_Africa) ancestry, these stand out for having [dark skin](/source/Dark_skin).[5] In the national censuses of Colombia, black people are recognized as 3 official groups: the [Raizals](/source/Raizal), the [Palenques](/source/Palenquero) and other Afro-Colombians. ## History See also: [Slavery in Colombia](/source/Slavery_in_Colombia) Africans were [enslaved](/source/Slavery) in the early [16th century](/source/16th_century) in Colombia. They were from various places across the continent, including:[6] modern-day [Congo Republic](/source/Congo_Republic), [DR Congo](/source/DR_Congo), [Angola](/source/Angola), [Nigeria](/source/Nigeria), [Cameroon](/source/Cameroon), [Gambia](/source/Gambia), [Liberia](/source/Liberia), [Guinea](/source/Guinea), [Ghana](/source/Ghana), [Ivory Coast](/source/Ivory_Coast), [Guinea-Bissau](/source/Guinea-Bissau), [Sierra Leone](/source/Sierra_Leone), [Senegal](/source/Senegal), [Mali](/source/Mali) and parts of [Togo](/source/Togo), [Benin](/source/Benin), [Namibia](/source/Namibia) and [Zimbabwe](/source/Zimbabwe).[7] They were forcibly taken to Colombia to replace the [Indigenous](/source/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas) population, which was rapidly decreasing due to extermination genocide campaigns, disease and forced labor. Map of the [Trans-Atlantic slave trade](/source/Atlantic_slave_trade). Cartagena was the largest slave port in Colombia. "A Gold-Washing Technique, Province of Barbacoas" by [Manuel María Paz](/source/Manuel_Mar%C3%ADa_Paz) (1853). [Enslaved African people](/source/Slavery_in_Africa) were forced to work in [gold mines](/source/Gold_mining), on [sugarcane](/source/Sugarcane) [plantations](/source/Plantation), [cattle ranches](/source/Cattle_ranching), and large [haciendas](/source/Hacienda). African slaves pioneered the extraction of [alluvial](/source/Alluvial) gold deposits and the growing of sugar cane in the areas that are known in modern times as the [departments](/source/Departments_of_Colombia) of [Chocó](/source/Choc%C3%B3_Department), [Antioquia](/source/Antioquia_Department), [Cauca](/source/Cauca_Department), [Valle del Cauca](/source/Valle_del_Cauca), and [Nariño](/source/Nari%C3%B1o) in western Colombia.[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*] The [UNODOC](/source/United_Nations_Office_on_Drugs_and_Crime) reported 66% of the alluvial gold is illegally mined, with 42% of these illegal activities directly affecting Afro-Colombian communities.[8] In eastern Colombia, near the cities of [Vélez](/source/V%C3%A9lez%2C_Santander), [Cúcuta](/source/C%C3%BAcuta), [Socorro](/source/Socorro%2C_Santander) and [Tunja](/source/Tunja), Africans manufactured [textiles](/source/Textile) in commercial mills. [Emerald](/source/Emerald) mines outside of [Bogotá](/source/Bogot%C3%A1) relied on African labourers. Other sectors of the [Colombian economy](/source/Economy_of_Colombia), like [tobacco](/source/Tobacco), [cotton](/source/Cotton), [artisanship](/source/Artisan) and domestic work would have been impossible without African labor. In pre-abolition Colombian society, many Afro-Colombian captives fought the Spanish, their colonial forces and their freedom as soon as they arrived in Colombia. Those who escaped from their oppressors would live in free Black African towns called *[Palenques](/source/Quilombo)*, where they would live as "*[Cimarrones](/source/Cimarrones)",* or fugitives. Some historians considered Chocó to be a very big *palenque*, with a large population of *Cimarrones*, especially in the areas of the [Baudó River](/source/Baud%C3%B3_River). This is where [Cimarrón](/source/Maroons) leaders like [Benkos Biohó](/source/Benkos_Bioh%C3%B3) and Barule fought for freedom.[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*] African people played key roles in the struggle for independence from the [Spanish Crown](/source/Spanish_Empire). Historians note that three of every five soldiers in [Simón Bolívar](/source/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar)'s army were African.[*[better source needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Questionable_sources)*][9] Afro-Colombians were able to participate at all levels of military and political life. After the revolution, (modern day Colombia and Venezuela) created "The Law of July 21 on Free Womb, Manumission, and Abolition of the Slave trade" in the Cúcuta Congress.[10] This led to the creation of a Free Womb trade that existed until emancipation in 1852. In 1851, after the abolition of slavery, the plight of Afro-Colombians was very difficult. They were forced to live in the [jungles](/source/Jungle) for self-protection. There they learned to have a harmonious relationship with the jungle environment and share the territory with [Colombia's indigenous people](/source/Indigenous_people_of_Colombia).[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*] Beginning in 1851, the Colombian State promoted *[mestizaje](/source/Mestizaje)* or [miscegenation](/source/Miscegenation). In order to maintain their cultural traditions, many [Africans](/source/African_people) and indigenous peoples went deep into isolated jungles. Afro-Colombians and [indigenous people](/source/Indigenous_people) were often targeted by armed groups who wanted to displace them in order to take their land for sugar cane plantations, [coffee](/source/Coffee) and [banana](/source/Banana) plantations, [mining](/source/Mining) and wood exploitation. This form of discrimination still occurs today. In 1945, the department of [Chocó](/source/Choc%C3%B3_Department) was created, the first predominantly African political-administrative division in the country. [Chocó](/source/Choc%C3%B3_Department) provided the possibility of building an [African territorial identity](/source/African_territories) and some autonomous decision-making power.[11] ## Demographics Black Colombians 1600-2018 Year Population % of Colombia 1600 60,000 8% 1825 50,000 3.3% 1852 80,000 3.4% 1912 322,499 6.36% 1918 351,305 6.00% 1993 502,343 1.52% 2005 4,311,757 10.60% 2018 4,944,400 9.34% Source: Colombian census [12][1][2][note 1] Afro-Colombian children. Women making traditional fruit baskets. In the 1970s, a major influx of Afro-Colombians came to urban areas in search of greater economic and social opportunities for their children which led to an increase in the number of urban poor in the marginal areas of large cities like [Cali](/source/Cali%2C_Colombia), [Medellín](/source/Medell%C3%ADn), and [Bogotá](/source/Bogot%C3%A1). Most Afro-Colombians currently live in urban areas. Only around 25%, or 1.2 million people, are based in rural areas, compared to 75%, or 3.7 million people, in urban zones. The [Colombian Constitution of 1991](/source/Colombian_Constitution_of_1991) gave them the right to collective ownership of traditional Pacific coastal lands and special cultural development protections. Critics argue that the important legal instrument is not enough to address Afro-Colombians' social and developmental needs completely.[13] Afro-Colombians are concentrated on the northwest Caribbean coast and the Pacific coast in such departments as [Chocó](/source/Choc%C3%B3_Department), whose capital, [Quibdó](/source/Quibd%C3%B3), is 95.3% Afro-Colombian, as opposed to just 2.3% [mestizo](/source/Mestizo) or white. Similar numbers are found in the port cities of [Buenaventura](/source/Buenaventura%2C_Valle_del_Cauca) and [Tumaco](/source/Tumaco), where over 80% of the population is Afro-Colombian.[14] Considerable numbers are also in [Cali](/source/Cali), [Cartagena](/source/Cartagena%2C_Colombia), and [Barranquilla](/source/Barranquilla). Colombia has one of the largest afrodescendant populations in Latin America (it is often cited as the second-largest, after Brazi) and has the fourth-largest in the Western Hemisphere, after Brazil, Haiti, and the United States.[15] It has been estimated that only 4.9 million Afro-Colombians actively recognize their black ancestry, but many other African Colombians fail to do so because of racial relations with white and indigenous Colombians.[16] Afro-Colombians often encounter a noticeable degree of racial discrimination and prejudice, possibly as a sociocultural leftover from colonial times. They have been historically absent from high-level government positions, and many of their long-established settlements around the Pacific coast remain underdeveloped.[16] In Colombia's ongoing internal conflict, Afro-Colombians are both victims of violence and displacement as well as members of armed factions, such as the [FARC](/source/Revolutionary_Armed_Forces_of_Colombia) and the [AUC](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_Self-Forces_of_Colombia&action=edit&redlink=1).[17] Afro-Colombians have played a role in contributing to the development of certain aspects of Colombian culture. For example, several of Colombia's musical genres, such as *[Cumbia](/source/Cumbia)*and *[Vallenato](/source/Vallenato)*, have African origins or influences. Some Afro-Colombians have also been successful in sports such as the Olympic weightlifter [Óscar Figueroa](/source/%C3%93scar_Figueroa_(weightlifter)) and the footballer, Patrocinio Bonilla, also known as "Patrón" (believed to have been murdered on August 11, 2020).[18][19] ### Raizal people The [Raizal](/source/Raizal) ethnic group is an [Afro-Caribbean](/source/Afro-Caribbean) group living in Archipelago of San Andrés, Providencia, and Santa Catalina that speaks [San Andrés-Providencia Creole](/source/San_Andr%C3%A9s-Providencia_Creole). ### Top Afro-Colombian urban populations Source: DANE[20] Colombian cities by Afro population City Department Year Afro-Colombians Raizal Palenquero City's population % Afro Cali Valle del Cauca 2024 334,182 388 253 2,283,846 15% Buenaventura Valle del Cauca 2024 280,882 62 47 324,130 87% Cartagena de Indias Bolívar 2024 220,367 576 1,699 1,059,626 21% San Andrés de Tumaco Nariño 2024 214,206 74 48 267,010 80% Quibdó Chocó 2024 132,121 60 24 144,610 91% Turbo Antioquia 2024 88,027 14 3 134,517 65% Bogotá, D.C. Bogotá, D.C. 2024 73,960 1,193 245 7,929,539 1% Barranquilla Atlántico 2024 69,161 332 845 1,334,509 5% Medellín Antioquia 2024 66,054 351 70 2,616,335 3% Riosucio Chocó 2024 53,205 5 23 63,383 84% San Onofre Sucre 2024 50,915 26 4 57,051 89% Jamundí Valle del Cauca 2024 50,681 26 5 181,478 28% Apartadó Antioquia 2024 49,207 38 10 131,422 37% María La Baja Bolívar 2024 47,481 3 3 50,897 93% ### Black ethnic groups by population According to the 2018 census, there are the following black ethnic groups:[1][2] Black group Total population Percentage Raizal 25,515 0.06% Palenque 6,637 0.02% Others 4,671,160 9.26% Total 4,944,400 9.34% ## Culture ### Music "Fiesta in Palenque" Traditional African Colombian dance from [San Basilio de Palenque](/source/San_Basilio_de_Palenque), a former enclave, now considered by the [UNESCO](/source/UNESCO) a [Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity](/source/Masterpieces_of_the_Oral_and_Intangible_Heritage_of_Humanity). In Colombia, native songs and musical genres are characterized by an exchange of multiple energetic and progressive musical processes. Notable examples include [bambuco](/source/Bambuco), [cumbia](/source/Cumbia), and [porro](/source/Porro), which are examples of typical folkloric musical genres that can be traced to having an African origin, descent, or influence in style.[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*] #### Bambuco The Bambuco has a unique indigenous origin, but is also composed of a multicultural tradition. The Bambuco is established in Colombia's central Andean and Cauca area and is played by string ensembles.[21] The Bambuco combines elements of notations that fluctuate between a **6** **8** or **3** **4** [meter](/source/Meter_(music)), demonstrating its extreme flexibility. It can be portrayed in different instrumental variants such as the Bambuco *fiestero* (a faster more playful rhythm) or the contemporary Bambuco. It is believed that the Bambuco is a musical genre that must have been brought by Africans when the first slaves arrived at Cauca region.[22] There is also a relationship between Bambuco and the name of a town in French Sudan "Bambuk," and it has been theorized that this genre comes from that specific region. Another piece of evidence is the syncopation and other forms of rhythms within the same piece of music.[22] African music utilizes syncopated rhythms just like Bambuco does. Others theorized different appearances of Bambuco in different locations of the country, but all coincide in an African origin or inspiration for the formation of the musical genre. For instance, on the western side of what is now Mali, a century ago, a nation named "Bambouk" existed [23] and potentially the name of bambuco was derived from this nation in Mali. In a country at the horn of Africa in Eritrea, there is a town called Bambuco. In Angola, there is a town called Bambuca and very close to that town there is another one called Cauca. Like mentioned above, the Cauca department is argued to be the place where the Bambuco genre emerged.[22] A different branch of bambuco emerged in the Pacific Coast of Colombia, the *contemporary* Bambuco. The pacific coast and the northern coast of Colombia have an Afro-Colombian population that surpasses the average in comparison to any other region in the country (90% and 50%, respectively). In the region of Cauca at the coast and in between the [Magdalena River](/source/Magdalena_River), the most traditional black population is settled. Many slaves came in through the [Cauca River](/source/Cauca_River) or the Magdalena River, if they were to have come from the northern side of the country.[24] On the other hand, the argument that the Bambuco evolved in the [Pacific](/source/Pacific_Ocean) is supported by the biggest population of Afro-Colombians in the country residing in the department of Choco, on the Pacific coast. The Pacific coast is the only place in the country in which the absolute majority is of African descent.[24] The reasons are its location, the rapid entrance of transportation of boats and slaves during colonization, and emancipation around the year 1815. The act of emancipation led for the Pacific coast to become a refugee zone and to develop into a safer place for slaves from the Choco area as well as those from the interior of the country and other urban sites throughout the country.[25] That allowed for the Afro-Colombian population to grow in this region of the country and therefore develop certain cultural characteristics such musical genres of African descent but are born or popularized in Colombia. Although the Bambuco is not originally from Colombia, it has become a national identity for its multicultural composition. It has since spread from west to north in the country. #### Cumbia The *cumbia* is another typical Colombian musical genre that emerged from the African slaves in Colombia. In this case, *cumbia* is a mixture of rhythms from Afro-Colombians and indigenous native Colombiansto bring about a different style. Unlike the Bambuco, cumbia certainly originated in the northern part of Colombia, and its instrumentation is the key evidence of its origin, as well as its dances.This dance has become the most influential in Latin America.[26] Particular to cumbia, a typical Spanish dress was adapted to available native resources. It is culturally significant enough to know about cumbia, and there is a concern to preserve it. The main festival that celebrates cumbia is the Festival de la Cumbia in [El Banco, Magdalena](/source/El_Banco%2C_Magdalena).[27] To preserve this folkloric rhythm, this genre is celebrated yearly in the Colombian Caribbean region. #### Champeta Throughout the years, the African heritage in music has evolved from bambuco to porro to cumbia to champeta. Champeta is the more modern rhythm inspired by African culture and music style and is a blend of African and Caribbean rhythms, including the cumbia. The name derives by a form of [Bowie knife](/source/Bowie_knife), which only low income, rural workers, usually people of African descent, would use from their low socioeconomic status. The Bowie knives are used to cut the grass and to keep yards or streets clean, and the musical genre is thus associated with a status and also race.[28] The genre is native to the northern coastm and experimentation with many new rhythms is common. Therefore, commerce emerged around the varying new rhythms, and more music has become available from Africa. That is another example of the multicultural composition of musical genres from the diaspora throughout Colombia. ## Current issues Ever since Afro-Colombians arrived in Colombia in the first decade of the 16th century, they have been considered a minority group by the Colombian government, which exposes them to discrimination and inequality. Many advocacy groups, including the National Association of Displaced Afro-Colombians (AFRODES) or Chao Racismo, as well as various Afro-Colombian activists, have come together to fight for this ethnic group's rights.[29] However, Afro-Colombians continue to protest for their rights and demand equality between themselves and all other Colombians in certain social aspects. Social issues concerning Afro-Colombians range from socio-economic inequalities to physical violence and other forms of inequality and discrimination in Colombia. ### Educational disparities There is an acknowledgment of a racist undertone in Colombia. There is a lack of implementing the history of Afro-Colombian culture, language, and overall visibility within Colombian educational hubs. Even so, their history is not told correctly to the [Colombian people](/source/Colombian_people).[30] It is recorded that the African slaves that entered throughout the 15th to 18th century were not given their freedom by the republic but by their own accord. During religious festivals and other days, slaves were permitted to work for their profit. Then, they would save up their money to buy their freedom. This marked the beginning of Afro-Colombians and their relationship with Colombia. In 2007, the Colombian national government implemented a new section in the government for Afro-Colombians called "la Comisión Intersectorial para el Avance de la Población Afrocolombiana, Palenquera y Raizal." This sector was intended for the advancement of the education of Afro-Colombians. Not only this but the Colombian government had also conducted specialized studies and 18 workshops across the cities of Colombia. Due to this, about 4000 Afro-Colombian community leaders came together to write recommendations to the government by May 2009.[31] However, after many years, none of the strategies have worked and Afro-Colombians still lack the same opportunities as their whiter Colombian counterparts. The Colombian government has tried to help the Afro-Colombian people by creating more programs to further the education of Afro-Colombians past high school. The main program is the "Admisión Especial a Mejores Bachilleres de la Población Negra, Afrocolombiana, Palenquera y Raizal" which gives admission to about 200 Afro-Colombians per semester into the National Colombian University. This program can be compared to affirmative action in the United States, once again highlighting the imbalance of opportunities for Afro-Colombians. The Ministry of Education has attempted to make recommendations on the subject of the background and history of Afro-Colombians when teaching Colombian history. In hopes of incorporating more Afro-Colombian history, the ministry of education plans to add Afro-Colombian history on exams of the state. ### Socio-economic inequalities Afro-Colombians are a significant portion (almost one quarter) of Colombia's overall population, yet they are one of the poorest ethnic groups of the country. More specifically, studies have shown that three-quarters of the Colombian population that is classified as being "poor" is composed of Afro-Colombians. That is reflected in some of the most basic daily aspects of their lives, such as the average annual salary of Afro-Colombians. While they earn on average 500 dollars a year (or 1.5 million [Colombian pesos](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Colombian_pesos&action=edit&redlink=1)) people that are from White or [Mestizo](/source/Mestizo) ethnic groups earn an average of 1500 dollars a year (or 4.5 million Colombian pesos). That means that the average Afro-Colombian earns three times less than the average White or Mestizo Colombian.[32] That is a result of the inequality present in the Colombian education system. The quality of education afforded to the black population pales in comparison to that of the white/mestizo population. The black population is also not granted the same opportunities when it come to jobs or social advancement. Those factors that contribute to an 80 percent rate of poverty among Afro-Colombians.[33] The [World Bank](/source/World_Bank) recently reported that the percentage of Afro-Colombians receiinge primary education to be higher than the percentage of primary education received by the rest of Colombians, being 42% versus 32%, respectively. However, many Afro-Colombians cannot to receive any higher education besides primary level education because secondary education (or high school education) is offered to only 62% of Afro-Colombians, compared to 75% of all other Colombians. Furthermore, researchers have found that the overall educational quality of schools located in Afro-Colombian communities is much lower and poorer than those in other communities, mainly because of the lack of government support and investment in those areas. This was reflected in the results of the [ICFES](/source/ICFES) (national standardized) exam, which showed that the average results for Afro-Colombians were significantly lower than the results of the rest of Colombians. Given that only a very few numbers of Afro-Colombians can reach college/university education, the range of jobs for most Afro-Colombians is very limited and obtaining high-level jobs with a good salary is very difficult for them to achieve.[32] White Colombians in Bogota strengthen already existing racial ladders and reinforce them in urban areas through spatial isolation`placing racism and racial discrimination external to their social worlds.[34] Discrimination based on race and spatial isolation affects the interaction between citizens in urban spaces. Urban researchers have found drastic economic differences between the residents of Bogota. The suburbs are segregated and more uniform, and people have similar incomes. The stratification has racial and economic elements. Afro-Colombians are segregated and live in all 19 sectors of the city, which are sectors with the two lowest stratum classification such as designations, Bosa, Kennedy, and Ciudad Bolivar. They are very far away from Zona Rosa, a city full of nightlife and entertainment.[35] ### Statistics on jobs and politics According to a study, between 2002 and 2010, Afro-Colombian legislators proposed 25 bills directly affecting the Afro-Colombian community; only two bills were approved.[36] Another study done by the National Union School found that 65% of Afro-Colombians in the informal sector and 29% in the formal sector make less than the minimum wage.[37] ### Example of social inequality Racism in Colombia is so extreme that it can get Afro-Colombians stopped for just looking suspicious. It maximizes whether or not they can places. For instance, Afro-Colombians are prevented from getting into some nightclubs and restaurants.[33] They are denied entrance to certain places where many elites and tourists usually go. People have been moved aside and questioned because of their skin color, but other people can get in without further questioning. Bouncers usually tell them that they are hosting a private party and that invitations are needed to get in.[38] They use this as an excuse to stop them from entering these places. The television comedy [Sábados Felices](/source/S%C3%A1bados_Felices) includes a blackface character.[39][40] ### Effects of the war on Afro-Colombians The [Colombia's civil war](/source/Colombian_conflict) began 1964 and ended in 2017, when a peace treaty between the [FARC](/source/FARC) guerrilla and the government was signed. The long civil war has affected most Colombians, but according to the World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous People (WDMIP), particular communities have been significantly more affected than others. One of them, says WDMIP, is the Afro-Colombian community, which has been strongly impacted by the civil war, mainly because of its vulnerability and lack of protection from the government. For years, FARC sought areas to invade and to gain possession of as many Colombian territories as the gueilla could. Territories that are occupied by minority groups such as indigenous groups and Afro-Colombians are typically the poorest, which causes them to be seen as the easiest areas to invade. Many Afro-Colombian regions have been "attacked" and taken over by the FARC, which has resulted in more than 2 million Afro-Colombians being displaced.[29] Most of them have been forced to migrate towards larger cities (like Bogotá, Cali, or Medellín), which has increased their level of poverty because of the higher cost of living in such urban areas and their exposure to discrimination and violence. Even though those scenarios have become significantly rarer since the peace treaty was signed, the people who were displaced continue to be affected by the situation and struggle to go back to their hometowns. On another hand, the civil war has made Afro-Colombians victims of violence because their territories, such as [El Chocó](/source/Tumbes-Choc%C3%B3-Magdalena), have become the combat zone between FARC and the government. More specifically, that means that they have been exposed to bombs, shootings, and deaths much more often than have all other Colombians. That has made many Afro-Colombians become victims of collateral damage and killed from the war, other major reasons for their displacement. According to research by [Caracol Radio](/source/Caracol_Radio), one of Colombia's official radio stations, over 25% of Afro-Colombians have left their hometown from violence.[41] Finally, another conflict that has been generated by the civil war is that of drug trafficking and prostitution. For years, FARC sought to recruit people to get involved with for a low cost. Since many Afro-Colombians are extremely poor, young people from those communities are tempted by those options, which are seen as the only ways to combat poverty. As a result, over 40% of the people in the guerrilla are Afro-Colombians now supporting the conflict and have been manipulated to continue to do so.[32] ### Health disparities A recent study conducted by the [London School of Economics](/source/London_School_of_Economics) revealed that Afro-Colombians are at an extreme disadvantage in terms of being healthy, compared to the rest of Colombians. Furthermore, the study showed that many socioeconomic factors are involved and contribute to such disparities. For example, Afro-Colombians are much poorer than the rest of Colombians, which is one of the main reasons that the former are disadvantaged in to seeking health care services and being healthy in general. That is supported by the findings that just under 5% of Afro-Colombians have medical insurance, compared to almost 30% of all non-Afro Colombians. Additionally, most Afro-Colombians have been found to live in unsanitary conditions, which increase exposure to a large variety of diseases, as well as a common trend for children to have bad health, often because of uneducated mothers.[42] Health inequality has negatively affected many minorities in Colombia, particularly those from a very low socioeconomic status such as Afro-Colombians. In comparison with the Indigenous populations in Colombia, Afro-Colombians are at a greater disadvantage when it comes to access to health care. Research from 2003 shows that 53.8% of black people did not have access to health insurance, compared to 37.9% of the indigenous population. Only 10.64% of Afro-Colombians were affiliated to the subsidised regime in comparison with most of the indigenous population. Moreover, 65.8% vs. 74.6% of non-minorities groups characterized their health status as very good and good, and 30.7% vs. 22.7% of indigenous and Afro-Colombians described it as fair and 3.5% vs. 2.8% as poor. That reveals the [health disparities](/source/Health_disparities) among minority groups in Colombia in comparison with the rest of the population.[43] Researchers have found that adult Afro-Colombians are less likely to be described as being in good health than the rest of the population. Afro-Colombians are also more likely to report that they are sick and deal with chronic issues. They also are less likely to obtain treatment if they are sick. Nevertheless, when they look for medical treatment, they tend to receive it in the same numbers as non-Afro-Colombians. Those results are explained by disadvantages in socioeconomic status, health insurance, or educational level but also by the discrimination that Afro-Colombians experience in their daily lives. Even when health insurance is given for free, Afro-Colombians are far less likely to be enrolled, which can be explained by structural and internalized discrimination.[44] ## Notable Afro-Colombians - [Alejo Durán](/source/Alejo_Dur%C3%A1n), vallenato music composer, singer and accordionist. - [Alexander Mejía](/source/Alexander_Mej%C3%ADa) - [Jaafar Jackson](/source/Jaafar_Jackson), actor and singer - [Angelo Balanta](/source/Angelo_Balanta) - [Cristhian Mosquera](/source/Cristhian_Mosquera) - [Danovis Banguero](/source/Danovis_Banguero) - [Yirleidis Minota](/source/Yirleidis_Minota) - [Deiver Machado](/source/Deiver_Machado) - [Dorlan Pabon](/source/Dorlan_Pabon) - [Kelly Caicedo](/source/Kelly_Caicedo) - [Eliécer Espinosa](/source/Eli%C3%A9cer_Espinosa) - [Jhon Romero](/source/Jhon_Romero), baseball player - [Ivonne Chacón](/source/Ivonne_Chac%C3%B3n) - [Jaminton Campaz](/source/Jaminton_Campaz) - [Jherson Vergara](/source/Jherson_Vergara) - [Jhon Mosquera](/source/Jhon_Mosquera_(footballer%2C_born_1990)) - [Justin Arboleda](/source/Justin_Arboleda) - [Melissa Gonzalez](/source/Melissa_Gonzalez_(hurdler)), hurdler - [Braian Angola](/source/Braian_Angola), basketball player - [Agustín Julio](/source/Agust%C3%ADn_Julio) - [Aquivaldo Mosquera](/source/Aquivaldo_Mosquera) - [Johan Mojica](/source/Johan_Mojica) - [Daniela Caracas](/source/Daniela_Caracas) - [Andrés Colorado](/source/Andr%C3%A9s_Colorado) - [Stalin Ortiz](/source/Stalin_Ortiz), basketball player - [Andres Reyes](/source/Andr%C3%A9s_Reyes_(footballer%2C_born_1999)) - [Antonio Cervantes](/source/Antonio_Cervantes), professional boxer from [San Basilio de Palenque](/source/San_Basilio_de_Palenque) - [Carlos Carbonero](/source/Carlos_Carbonero) - [Reiver Sanmartín](/source/Reiver_Sanmart%C3%ADn), baseball player - [Cristhian Mosquera](/source/Cristhian_Mosquera) - [David Ferreira](/source/David_Ferreira) - [Manuela Paví](/source/Manuela_Pav%C3%AD) - [Diego Valoyes](/source/Diego_Valoyes) - [Wendy Bonilla](/source/Wendy_Bonilla) - [Eddie Salcedo](/source/Eddie_Salcedo) - [Romário Roque](/source/Rom%C3%A1rio_Roque), basketball player - [Edna Liliana Valencia](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edna_Liliana_Valencia&action=edit&redlink=1) journalist - [Hugo Rodallega](/source/Hugo_Rodallega) - [Reynaldo Rodríguez](/source/Reynaldo_Rodr%C3%ADguez), baseball player - [Francia Márquez](/source/Francia_M%C3%A1rquez), [Vice President of Colombia](/source/Vice_President_of_Colombia) - [Jader Valencia](/source/Jader_Valencia) - [Jhon Córdoba](/source/Jhon_C%C3%B3rdoba) - [Jorelyn Carabalí](/source/Jorelyn_Carabal%C3%AD) - [Christian Gonzalez](/source/Christian_Gonzalez), American football player - [Jeison Murillo](/source/Jeison_Murillo) - [Jefferson Lerma](/source/Jefferson_Lerma) - [Willer Ditta](/source/Willer_Ditta) - [Valerin Loboa](/source/Valerin_Loboa) - [Omar Jimenez](/source/Omar_Jimenez), journalist - [Jonathan Copete](/source/Jonathan_Copete) - [Jorge Segura](/source/Jorge_Segura_(footballer)) - [Jhon Vásquez](/source/Jhon_V%C3%A1squez) - [Juan José Nieto Gil](/source/Juan_Jos%C3%A9_Nieto_Gil), first and only [President of the Republic](/source/President_of_Colombia) with known Afro-Colombian ancestry - [Luis Antonio Robles Suárez](/source/Luis_Antonio_Robles_Su%C3%A1rez), first Afro-Colombian lawyer and politician - [Joe Arroyo](/source/Joe_Arroyo), [Salsa](/source/Salsa_music) singer-songwriter and composer - [Benkos Biohó](/source/Benkos_Bioh%C3%B3), founder of [San Basilio de Palenque](/source/San_Basilio_de_Palenque) - [Caterine Ibargüen](/source/Caterine_Ibarg%C3%BCen), athlete - [Faustino Asprilla](/source/Faustino_Asprilla), footballer - [Guillo Zuñiga](/source/Guillo_Zu%C3%B1iga), baseball player - [Felipe Pardo](/source/Felipe_Pardo) - [Frank Fabra](/source/Frank_Fabra) - [Adassa](/source/Adassa), singer and actress - [Éder Álvarez Balanta](/source/%C3%89der_%C3%81lvarez_Balanta), footballer - [Vanessa Mendoza](/source/Vanessa_Mendoza), Miss Colombia 2001 winner and fashion model - [Piedad Córdoba](/source/Piedad_C%C3%B3rdoba), politician - [ChocQuibTown](/source/ChocQuibTown), Afro-Colombian hip-hop group - [Linda Caicedo](/source/Linda_Caicedo), footballer - [Juan Cuadrado](/source/Juan_Cuadrado), footballer - [Laura de la Torre](/source/Laura_de_la_Torre_(footballer)), footballer - [Cristián Zapata](/source/Cristi%C3%A1n_Zapata), footballer - [Raul Cuero](/source/Raul_Cuero), scientist - [Alfredo Morelos](/source/Alfredo_Morelos), footballer - [Jackson Martínez](/source/Jackson_Mart%C3%ADnez), footballer - [Robinson Zapata](/source/Robinson_Zapata) - [Luis Alberto Moore](/source/Luis_Alberto_Moore), police brigadier-general - [Alfonso Múnera Cavadía](/source/Alfonso_M%C3%BAnera_Cavad%C3%ADa), diplomat and historian - [Nixon Perea](/source/Nixon_Perea), footballer - [Andrés Perea](/source/Andr%C3%A9s_Perea), American soccer player for [Orlando City SC](/source/Orlando_City_SC) and son of Nixon Perea - [Luis Amaranto Perea](/source/Luis_Amaranto_Perea), footballer - [Luis Gilberto Murillo](/source/Luis_Gilberto_Murillo), politician - [Manuel Zapata Olivella](/source/Manuel_Zapata_Olivella), writer - [Breidis Prescott](/source/Breidis_Prescott), professional boxer - [Julián Quiñones](/source/Juli%C3%A1n_Qui%C3%B1ones), footballer - [Édgar Rentería](/source/%C3%89dgar_Renter%C3%ADa), Major League Baseball player - [Freddy Rincón](/source/Freddy_Rinc%C3%B3n), footballer - [Carlos Sánchez](/source/Carlos_S%C3%A1nchez_(Colombian_footballer)) - [Davinson Sánchez](/source/Davinson_S%C3%A1nchez), footballer - [María Isabel Urrutia](/source/Mar%C3%ADa_Isabel_Urrutia), first [Olympic gold medal](/source/Olympic_gold_medal) winner for the country - [Óscar Figueroa](/source/%C3%93scar_Figueroa_(weightlifter)), weightlifter - [Carlos Valderrama](/source/Carlos_Valderrama), footballer - [Jealisse Andrea Tovar Velásquez](/source/Andrea_Tovar), Miss Colombia 2015 winner and fashion model - [Valeria Ayos](/source/Valeria_Ayos), Miss Universe Colombia 2021 winner - [Paula Marcela Moreno Zapata](/source/Paula_Marcela_Moreno_Zapata), politician - [Luis Díaz](/source/Luis_D%C3%ADaz_(footballer%2C_born_1997)), footballer - [Adrián Ramos](/source/Adri%C3%A1n_Ramos) - [Antumi Toasijé](/source/Antumi_Toasij%C3%A9), historian and activist - [Rachel Zegler](/source/Rachel_Zegler), actress - [Cucho Hernández](/source/Cucho_Hern%C3%A1ndez) - [Candelario Obeso](/source/Candelario_Obeso), Afro-Colombian author, journalist, engineer - [Duván Zapata](/source/Duv%C3%A1n_Zapata), footballer - [Diego Salazar](/source/Diego_Salazar) weightlifter and Olympic medalist - [Ilia Calderón](/source/Ilia_Calder%C3%B3n), journalist - [Brayan Angulo](/source/Brayan_Angulo_(footballer%2C_born_1989)) - [Brayan Moreno](/source/Brayan_Moreno_(footballer%2C_born_1999)) - [Carlos Cuesta](/source/Carlos_Cuesta_(footballer)) - [Carlos Llamosa](/source/Carlos_Llamosa) - [Diego Chará](/source/Diego_Char%C3%A1) - [Laura Victoria Valencia Rentería](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Laura_Victoria_Valencia_Renter%C3%ADa&action=edit&redlink=1) writer - [Emerson Rodriguez](/source/Emerson_Rodriguez_(footballer)) - [Luis Sinisterra](/source/Luis_Sinisterra) - [Victor Ibarbo](/source/Victor_Ibarbo) - [Víctor Montaño](/source/V%C3%ADctor_Monta%C3%B1o) - [Wbeymar Angulo](/source/Wbeymar_Angulo) - [Yimmi Chará](/source/Yimmi_Char%C3%A1) - [Brayan Gil](/source/Brayan_Gil) - [Jordy Monroy](/source/Jordy_Monroy) - [Harold Preciado](/source/Harold_Preciado) - [Humberto Osorio](/source/Humberto_Osorio) - [Mauricio Cuero](/source/Mauricio_Cuero) - [Macnelly Torres](/source/Macnelly_Torres) - [Mikkel Mena Qvist](/source/Mikkel_Mena_Qvist) - [Yerson Mosquera](/source/Yerson_Mosquera) - [Didier Moreno](/source/Didier_Moreno) - [Orlando Berrío](/source/Orlando_Berr%C3%ADo) - [Rene Higuita](/source/Rene_Higuita) - [Vicente Besuijen](/source/Vicente_Besuijen) - [Wason Rentería](/source/Wason_Renter%C3%ADa) - [Wilmar Barrios](/source/Wilmar_Barrios) - [Jhon Lucumí](/source/Jhon_Lucum%C3%AD) - [Lucho](/source/Lucho_(footballer%2C_born_2003)) - [Luis Muriel](/source/Luis_Muriel) - [Pedro Portocarrero](/source/Pedro_Portocarrero_(footballer)) - [Stiven Mendoza](/source/Stiven_Mendoza) - [Mateo Cassierra](/source/Mateo_Cassierra) - [Walter Moreno](/source/Walter_Moreno) - [William Tesillo](/source/William_Tesillo) - [Yairo Moreno](/source/Yairo_Moreno) - [Farid Díaz](/source/Farid_D%C3%ADaz) - [Marlos Moreno](/source/Marlos_Moreno) - [Miguel Borja](/source/Miguel_Borja) - [Sebastian Villa](/source/Sebasti%C3%A1n_Villa_(footballer)) - [Yony González](/source/Yony_Gonz%C3%A1lez) - [Jhon Arias](/source/Jhon_Arias_(footballer)) - [Jimmy Valoyes](/source/Jimmy_Valoyes) - [Luis Manuel Orejuela](/source/Luis_Manuel_Orejuela) - [Yesus Cabrera](/source/Yesus_Cabrera) - [Mauricio Cuero](/source/Mauricio_Cuero) - [Yáser Asprilla](/source/Y%C3%A1ser_Asprilla) - [Wilmar Jordán](/source/Wilmar_Jord%C3%A1n) - [Mary Grueso](/source/Mary_Grueso) ## See also - [Colombia portal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Colombia) - [Africa portal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Africa) - [Afro-American peoples of the Americas](/source/Afro-American_peoples_of_the_Americas) - [Afro-Latin Americans](/source/Afro-Latin_Americans) - [Race and ethnicity in Colombia](/source/Race_and_ethnicity_in_Colombia) - [Mestizo Colombians](/source/Mestizo_Colombians) - [White Colombians](/source/White_Colombians) - [Arab Colombians](/source/Arab_Colombians) - [Indigenous peoples in Colombia](/source/Indigenous_peoples_in_Colombia) ## Notes 1. **[^](#cite_ref-13)** The reason for the discrepancy has mainly to do with Afro-Colombians being undercounted in the censuses and/or choosing to identify with a different race. ## References 1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-grupos_étnicos_1-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-grupos_étnicos_1-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-grupos_étnicos_1-2) ["Estadística de los grupos étnicos 2018"](https://geoportal.dane.gov.co/geovisores/sociedad/cnpv-2018/?lt=4.456007353293281&lg=-73.2781601239999&z=5). *Censo General 2018*. Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadistica (DANE). Retrieved 10 February 2020. 1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-CIA_2-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-CIA_2-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-CIA_2-2) Central Intelligence Agency (2016). ["Colombia"](https://web.archive.org/web/20210111023539/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/colombia). *The World Factbook*. Langley, Virginia: Central Intelligence Agency. Archived from [the original](https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/colombia/) on 11 January 2021. Retrieved 1 January 2017. 1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-barómetro_3-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-barómetro_3-1) ["Informe 2018"](https://ibb.co/Rb7mFqX). Barometro. Retrieved 3 October 2022. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-4)** ["Cátedra de Estudios Afrocolombianos"](https://www.mineducacion.gov.co/1621/article-87286.html). Ministry of National Education. 2001. Los afrodescendientes representan aproximadamente 26% de la población total del país, alrededor de 10 y medio millones de personas, es decir, la cuarta parte de los colombianos. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-5)** ["Afro-Colombians"](https://minorityrights.org/minorities/afro-colombians/). *Minority Rights Group*. 19 June 2015. Retrieved 8 September 2021. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-6)** ["African Origins of AfroColombian Lastnames"](https://web.archive.org/web/20160611154153/http://clopediaafrocolombiana.bligoo.com.co/media/users/8/439187/files/59436/ORIGEN_EN_AFRICA_DE_ALGUNOS_APELLIDOS.pdf) (PDF). *Clopedia Afrocolombiana*. Archived from [the original](http://clopediaafrocolombiana.bligoo.com.co/media/users/8/439187/files/59436/ORIGEN_EN_AFRICA_DE_ALGUNOS_APELLIDOS.pdf) (PDF) on 11 June 2016. Retrieved 22 May 2016. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-7)** ["African Origins of AfroColombians"](https://web.archive.org/web/20160408130339/http://www.afrocolombiany.org/african-origins-of-afrocolombians.html). *AfroColombia NY*. Archived from [the original](http://www.afrocolombiany.org/african-origins-of-afrocolombians.html) on 8 April 2016. Retrieved 22 May 2016. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-8)** ["Already a Scourge, Illegal Gold Mining in Colombia Is Getting Worse"](https://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/insights/25266/already-a-scourge-illegal-gold-mining-in-colombia-is-getting-worse). *www.worldpoliticsreview.com*. 27 July 2018. Retrieved 9 October 2020. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-:4_9-0)** ["Afro-Colombians"](https://minorityrights.org/minorities/afro-colombians/). *Minority Rights Group*. 19 June 2015. Retrieved 15 September 2020. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-10)** Barragan, Yesenia (April 2021). ["Commerce in Children: Slavery, Gradual Emancipation, and the Free Womb Trade in Colombia"](https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/americas/article/abs/commerce-in-children-slavery-gradual-emancipation-and-the-free-womb-trade-in-colombia/B6477B0B3902BB760DAE7DBC246C9D80). *The Americas*. **78** (2): 229–257. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1017/tam.2020.136](https://doi.org/10.1017%2Ftam.2020.136). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [0003-1615](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0003-1615). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [233366442](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:233366442). 1. **[^](#cite_ref-colhrnet.igc.org_11-0)** [Gilberto Murillo, Luis](/source/Luis_Gilberto_Murillo) (23 February 2001). ["El Chocó: The African Heart of Colombia"](http://colhrnet.igc.org/newsletter/y2001/spring01art/africanheart101.htm). Columbian Human Rights Network. Retrieved 9 October 2016. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-12)** ["Distribución de la población colombiana según pertenencia étnica"](https://www.dane.gov.co/files/censo2005/etnia/sys/visibilidad_estadistica_etnicos.pdf) (PDF). Documento DANE - Las Estadísticas Vitales en Colombia. Retrieved 27 October 2016. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-14)** ["Who is Indigenous? Who is Afro-Colombian? Who Decides?"](https://www.culturalsurvival.org/publications/cultural-survival-quarterly/who-indigenous-who-afro-colombian-who-decides). *www.culturalsurvival.org*. Retrieved 15 September 2020. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-15)** ["Perfil: Censo General 2005"](http://www.dane.gov.co/files/censo2005/PERFIL_PDF_CG2005/27001T7T000.PDF) [Profile: General Census 2005] (PDF). *Colombian National Administrative Department of Statistics* (in Spanish). 14 September 2010. Retrieved 9 October 2016. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-16)** [World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples: Colombia – Afro-Colombians](https://www.refworld.org/reference/countryrep/mrgi/2008/en/64673) (Report). Minority Rights Group International. Retrieved 25 March 2026. 1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Afrocol01_17-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Afrocol01_17-1) Salazar, Hernando (25 May 2007). ["¿Colombia hacia la integración racial?"](http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/spanish/latin_america/newsid_6691000/6691309.stm) [Is Colombia moving toward racial integration?] (in Spanish). BBC.com.uk. Retrieved 9 October 2016. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-18)** ["Colombian fighting displaced more than 900 families since January - UN agency"](https://news.un.org/en/story/2017/03/553082-colombian-fighting-displaced-more-900-families-january-un-agency). *UN News*. 10 March 2017. Retrieved 9 October 2020. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-19)** Medina Uribe, Pabloe (16 August 2016). ["Óscar Figueroa and the Precarious World of an Afro-Colombian Gold Medal Winner"](https://www.okayafrica.com/afro-colombian-gold-medalist/). *Okay Africa*. Retrieved 17 October 2020. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-20)** Prishad, Vijay; et al. (20 August 2020). ["The tragic assassination of Colombia's sports hero Patrón, lover of football and his Afro-Colombian community"](https://mronline.org/2020/08/20/the-tragic-assassination-of-colombias-sports-hero-patron-lover-of-football-and-his-afro-colombian-community/). *Monthly Review Online*. Retrieved 17 October 2020. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-DANE_21-0)** ["Proyección Población Pertenencia Étnico Racial"](https://www.dane.gov.co/files/censo2018/proyecciones-de-poblacion/Nacional/anex-DCD-Proypoblacion-PerteneniaEtnicoRacialmun.xlsx) (in Spanish). DANE. Retrieved 22 April 2024. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-22)** Varney, John (2001). "An Introduction to the Colombian Bambuco". *Latin American Music Review*. **22** (2): 123–156. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1353/lat.2001.0017](https://doi.org/10.1353%2Flat.2001.0017). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [1536-0199](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1536-0199). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [191100819](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:191100819). 1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-:2_23-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-:2_23-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-:2_23-2) Isaacs, Jorge (2016). *Maria*. [CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform]. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [9781537512471](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781537512471). [OCLC](/source/OCLC_(identifier)) [1040595091](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1040595091). 1. **[^](#cite_ref-24)** *Lippincott's Gazetteer of the World. A complete pronouncing Gazetteer ... New edition ... enlarged, etc*. J.B. Lippincott & Co. 1880. [OCLC](/source/OCLC_(identifier)) [560816137](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/560816137). 1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-:3_25-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-:3_25-1) Hoffmann, Odile (4 June 2015), ["Capítulo 2. La región del pacífico. Entre "marginalidad" y "particularidad""](http://books.openedition.org/ifea/5702), *Comunidades negras en el Pacífico colombiano : Innovaciones y dinámicas étnicas*, Travaux de l'IFEA (in Spanish), Institut français d’études andines, pp. 51–62, [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [9782821844407](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782821844407), retrieved 1 March 2019{{[citation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Citation)}}: CS1 maint: work parameter with ISBN ([link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_work_parameter_with_ISBN)) 1. **[^](#cite_ref-26)** Gardiner, C. Harvey (April 1954). "Colonial Placer Mining in Colombia. By Robert C. West. (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1952. Pp. x, 157. $3.00.)". *The Americas*. **10** (4): 506–507. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.2307/977703](https://doi.org/10.2307%2F977703). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [0003-1615](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0003-1615). [JSTOR](/source/JSTOR_(identifier)) [977703](https://www.jstor.org/stable/977703). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [148114305](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:148114305). 1. **[^](#cite_ref-27)** Garsd, Jasmine (2015), ["Cumbia: The Musical Backbone Of Latin America"](https://www.npr.org/sections/altlatino/2013/09/30/227834004/cumbia-the-musical-backbone-of-latin-america), *npr.org* 1. **[^](#cite_ref-28)** Davila, Deisy (2005), *Carnaval, Cumbia and Queens: Representations of Blackness*, Studies in Symbolic Interaction, vol. 28, Emerald (MCB UP ), pp. 127–171, [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1016/s0163-2396(04)28014-0](https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0163-2396%2804%2928014-0), [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [9780762311866](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780762311866) 1. **[^](#cite_ref-29)** CALLE, Sebastián Restrepo; Medina, Diego Pérez (2018), "Introducción", *En diálogo con la tierra. Por una Colombia sostenible*, Editorial Universidad del Rosario, pp. 25–29, [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.2307/j.ctv11wjh4.5](https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctv11wjh4.5), [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [9789587840063](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789587840063) 1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-:0_30-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-:0_30-1) Aidi, Hisham (18 July 2015). ["Afro-Colombians face surge in racial violence"](https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2015/07/afro-colombians-face-surge-racial-violence-150707094927679.html). *Aljazeera*. Retrieved 16 October 2018. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-31)** "Cátedra De Estudios Afrocolombianos." Afrocolombianidad y Educacion Como Poltica De Estado - Ministerio De Educacion Nacional De Colombia, [https://www.mineducacion.gov.co/1621/article-87286.html](https://www.mineducacion.gov.co/1621/article-87286.html) 1. **[^](#cite_ref-32)** "Afrocolombianidad y Educación Como Política De Estado." Afrocolombianidad y Educacion Como Poltica De Estado - Ministerio De Educacion Nacional De Colombia, [https://www.mineducacion.gov.co/1621/article-208086.html](https://www.mineducacion.gov.co/1621/article-208086.html) 1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-:1_33-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-:1_33-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-:1_33-2) ["Afro-Colombians"](https://minorityrights.org/minorities/afro-colombians/). *Minority Rights Group International*. 19 June 2015. Retrieved 16 October 2018. 1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-theroot.com_34-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-theroot.com_34-1) Robinson, Lori S. "Fighting for Black Lives in Colombia: At War's End, the Search for a Seat at the Table." The Root, The Root, 3 July 2017, www.theroot.com/fighting-for-black-lives-in-colombia-at-war-s-end-the-1796521962. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-35)** Castro, Fatimah Williams. "Afro-Colombians and the Cosmopolitan City: New Negotiations of Race and Space in Bogotá, Colombia." Latin American Perspectives, vol. 40, no. 2, 2013, pp. 105–117. JSTOR, [https://www.jstor.org/stable/23466025](https://www.jstor.org/stable/23466025). 1. **[^](#cite_ref-36)** Castro, Fatimah Williams. "Afro-Colombians and the Cosmopolitan City: New Negotiations of Race and Space in Bogotá, Colombia." Latin American Perspectives, vol. 40, no. 2, 2013, pp. 105–117. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/23466025. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-37)** Soendergaard, Maren. "How Political Exclusion Affects Colombia's Afro-descendant Minority." Colombia News | Colombia Reports, 26 Feb. 2015, [https://colombiareports.com/afro-colombian-political-exclusion-effects-social-indicators/](https://colombiareports.com/afro-colombian-political-exclusion-effects-social-indicators/). 1. **[^](#cite_ref-38)** Hernández, Tanya Katerí. "Revealing the Race-Based Realities of Workforce Exclusion." NACLA, 9 Feb. 2015, [https://nacla.org/article/revealing-race-based-realities-workforce-exclusion/](https://nacla.org/article/revealing-race-based-realities-workforce-exclusion/). 1. **[^](#cite_ref-39)** Castro, Fatimah Williams. "Afro-Colombians and the Cosmopolitan City: New Negotiations of Race and Space in Bogotá, Colombia." Latin American Perspectives, vol. 40, no. 2, 2013, pp. 105–117. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/23466025 1. **[^](#cite_ref-40)** ["Translation – I'm not your Joke"](https://radioambulante.org/en/translation/translation-im-not-your-joke). 24 April 2018. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-41)** ["Twenty-First Century Blackface : Code Switch"](https://www.npr.org/transcripts/619359049?t=1645705255241). *[NPR](/source/NPR)*. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-42)** ["El 25% de la población Afro-Colombian en Quindío es esplanade por la violencia"](http://caracol.com.co/radio/2015/10/08/regional/1444336212_547761.html). *Caracol Armenia*. 8 October 2015. Retrieved 16 October 2018. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-43)** Dedios, Maria Cecilia (31 October 2017). ["Poor health outcomes amongst Afro-Colombians are driven by discrimination as well as economic disadvantage"](http://blogs.lse.ac.uk/latamcaribbean/2017/10/31/poor-health-outcomes-amongst-afro-colombians-are-driven-by-discrimination-as-well-as-economic-disadvantage/). *London School of Economics*. Retrieved 16 October 2018. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-44)** Bernal, Raquel, and Mauricio Cárdenas. "Race and ethnic inequality in health and health care in Colombia." [https://www.repository.fedesarrollo.org.co/bitstream/handle/11445/811/WP_2005_No_29.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y](https://www.repository.fedesarrollo.org.co/bitstream/handle/11445/811/WP_2005_No_29.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y) (2005). 1. **[^](#cite_ref-45)** Dedios, María C. "Poor Health Outcomes amongst Afro-Colombians Are Driven by Discrimination as Well as Economic Disadvantage." LSE Latin America and the Caribbean, 1 Nov. 2017, [https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/latamcaribbean/2017/10/31/poor-health-outcomes-amongst-afro-colombians-are-driven-by-discrimination-as-well-as-economic-disadvantage/](https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/latamcaribbean/2017/10/31/poor-health-outcomes-amongst-afro-colombians-are-driven-by-discrimination-as-well-as-economic-disadvantage/). ## External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to [African Colombians](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:African_Colombians). - ["Afro-Colombian Solidarity Network"](https://web.archive.org/web/20200516040419/https://afrocolombian.org/). Archived from [the original](http://www.afrocolombian.org) on 16 May 2020.> - [AfroColombiany.org](http://www.afrocolombiany.org/) Afro-Colombian News in English. - CNN video of [Afro-Colombian community](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JgzOlTAze3Q) - Colombian 2005 Census Television Commercial [*Orgullosamente Afrocolombiano*](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PY4uf49dMqg) - The World Bank's Sector Report *"The Gap Matters: poverty and well-being of Afro-Colombians and indigenous peoples"* [Click here for the report](https://web.archive.org/web/20100219125442/http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/main?pagePK=64193027&piPK=64187937&theSitePK=523679&menuPK=64187510&searchMenuPK=64187283&theSitePK=523679&entityID=000160016_20050809094739&searchMenuPK=64187283&theSitePK=523679) - African-Diasporic Regions of Colombia plus more [*COLOMBIAFRICA*](https://www.myspace.com/xposuredivine) - Documentary 150 years after abolition [*Libertad En Colombia (Liberty In Colombia)*](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SyfPWfbA_Mo) - [Colombia contra el racismo](http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/spanish/latin_america/newsid_7415000/7415897.stm) - ["Law 70: English Translation of Ley 70"](https://web.archive.org/web/20110927214946/http://www.benedict.edu/exec_admin/intnl_programs/other_files/bc-intnl_programs-law_70_of_colombia-english.pdf) v t e Ancestry and ethnicity in Colombia Indigenous Achagua Andaquí Andoque Arhuaco Awa-Kwaiker Baniwa Barasana Bora Barí Calima Cauca Carabayo Carijona Chimila Chitarero Cocamilla Cofán Cubeo Emberá Embera-Wounaan Guahibo Guambiano Guane Guna Hiwi Hupda Inga Kamëntšá Kankuamo Kogi Koreguaje Lache Macuna Mokaná Muisca Muzo Nukak Nutabe Paez Panche Patángoro Piaroa Pijao Pira-tapuya Quechua Quimbaya Siona Siriano Sutagao Tahamí Tairona Tariana Tegua Ticuna Tinigua Tucano U'wa Wayuu Witoto Wiwa Yagua Yarigui Yukpa Zenú Mixed Mestizo Zambo Non-indigenous Asian Arab Lebanese Syrian Indian Japanese European French German Mennonite Italian Polish Spanish Basque Others African (Raizal) Jewish Romani White See also Lists of Colombians Race and ethnicity in Colombia v t e African diaspora Geography Americas/ Latin America Creole peoples Free person of color Maroons Immigrants Latinamerica Canada USA Caribbean Americans Canada Indigenous Black Canadians Black Mennonites New Brunswick Nova Scotia Ontario Hispanic America Mexico Costa Chica Veracruz Central Americans Costa Rica El Salvador Guatemala Honduras Miskito people Miskito Sambu Nicaragua Panama Cimarrón South American Argentina Bolivia Chile Colombia Raizal Mina Ecuador Paraguay Peru Uruguay Mina Venezuela Mina Caribbean Haiti Marabou Marron Mina Diaspora Americans Bahamians Brazilians Canadians Cuban Dominicanos Mexicans Jamaica Afro-Roma Coromantee Igbos Jamaican Maroons Diaspora Americans British Canadians Ethiopians Anglo Anguilla Antigua and Barbuda Bahamas Barbados Belize Garifuna Bermuda Cayman Islands Dominica Grenada Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Garifuna Trinidad and Tobago Douglas Merikins Turks and Caicos Islands Virgin Islanders Franco Guadeloupe Martinique Saint-Martin Saint Lucia Hispano Cuba Afro-Roma Ganga-Longoba Mina Dominican Republic Cocolo Mina Samaná Americans Puerto Rico Nuyorican Stateside Dutch Aruba Curaçao Brazil Caribbean Brazilians Cafuzos Kalungas Brazilian Mina Macombo Quilombola Diaspora Americans Saro Tabom United States Black Southerners Exodusters Great Migrators American Maroons Gulf Coast Dominickers Louisiana Mina Redbone Creoles of color Alabama Creole people Arkansas Creoles Ark-La-Tex Creoles Cane River Creoles Louisiana Creole people St. Landry Parish Creoles Mississippi Creoles Black Indians Black Seminoles Cherokee Freedmen Chickasaw Freedmen Choctaw Freedmen Creek Freedmen Freedmen Mascogos Appalachia Affrilachians Black Ozarkers Melungeon Carmelites Chestnut Ridge Old South Atlantic Creoles Tidewater Creoles Brass Ankles Delaware Moors Gullah Great Dismal Swamp Maroons Multiethnic African-American Jews Louisiana Afro-Roma Black Mennonites Blasians Afro-Latino Americans Afro-Chicano Diaspora Israeli Noirs américains Americo-Liberians Ghanaian Krio Aku Krio Fernandinos Saro The Guianas French Guiana Aluku Ndyuka Saramaka Guyana Suriname Kwinti Matawai Ndyuka Paramaccan Saramaka Europe (Blacks) Abkhazia Austria Belgium Denmark Finland France Paris Germany Greece Blacks Ireland Italy Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia Spain Sweden Switzerland Ukraine United Kingdom Cambridge Liverpool London Scotland Wales Middle East Iran Iraq Israel Ethiopian Israelis Sudanese refugees Jordan Oman Palestine Saudi Arabia Syria Turkey Africans United Arab Emirates Yemen Asia and Oceania Australia China Guangzhou Hong Kong Afro-Asians in South Asia India and Pakistan Siddi in Karnataka Indonesia Black Dutchmen Mardijker Japan Malaysia New Zealand Sri Lanka Kaffirs Atlantic Saint Helena Secondary Afro-American diaspora Africa Ghana African Americans Tabom Liberia Americo-Liberians Nigeria Afro-Brazilians Saro Sierra Leone Sierra Leone Creole Europe France African Americans Haitians United Kingdom African Americans Afro-Caribbean people British Jamaicans Asia and Oceania Israel African Hebrew Israelites Japan Related topics Africanisms Religions Anti-African sentiment Anti-Black racism Atlantic slave trade Coromantee Igbo Kongo Tikar Yoruba Slavery in the Ottoman Empire Black Lives Matter Black power Civil rights movement Creole peoples Genetic history Maroons Pan-Africanism Slavery Reparations Outline Category Commons --- Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Afro-Colombians](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afro-Colombians) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afro-Colombians?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.