# Aerobatics > Mediated Wiki article. Canonical URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/Aerobatics > Markdown URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/Aerobatics.md > Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerobatics > Source revision: 1354868693 > License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/) {{Short description|Flying maneuvers involving attitudes not attained during normal flight}} {{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}} [[File:Frecce Tricolori 2022.jpg|thumb|The ''[Frecce Tricolori](/source/Frecce_Tricolori)'', the aerobatic demonstration team of the [Italian Air Force](/source/Italian_Air_Force), with the smoke trail representing the [national colours of Italy](/source/national_colours_of_Italy), above the [Victor Emmanuel II Monument](/source/Victor_Emmanuel_II_Monument) in Rome during the celebrations of the ''[Festa della Repubblica](/source/Festa_della_Repubblica)'']] [[File:Patty Wagstaff At KBJC.jpg|thumb|right|[Patty Wagstaff](/source/Patty_Wagstaff) show at [JeffCo Airport](/source/KBJC) in Denver, Colorado, June 2008]] '''Aerobatics''' is the practice of [flying](/source/flight) maneuvers involving aircraft attitudes that are not used in conventional passenger-carrying flights, with the purpose of training, recreation, entertainment or sport. The term is a portmanteau of "aeroplane" and "acrobatics".{{cite web|url=http://www.caa.govt.nz/rules/Rule_Consolidations/Part_001_Consolidation.pdf|title=Civil Aviation Rules Part 1|date=23 October 2008|work=Government publication|publisher=New Zealand Civil Aviation Authority|page=16|access-date=28 May 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081014155117/http://www.caa.govt.nz/rules/Rule_Consolidations/Part_001_Consolidation.pdf|archive-date=14 October 2008|url-status=dead}}{{cite web | title = FAR 91.303 | publisher = USA Federal Aviation Administration | url = http://rgl.faa.gov/REGULATORY_AND_GUIDANCE_LIBRARY/RGFAR.NSF/0/9C54CB14E91A41B8852566CF0067B9FE?OpenDocument | access-date = 1 May 2009 | archive-date = 8 December 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161208144824/http://rgl.faa.gov/Regulatory_and_Guidance_Library/rgFAR.nsf/0/9C54CB14E91A41B8852566CF0067B9FE?OpenDocument | url-status = dead }} Most [aerobatic maneuver](/source/aerobatic_maneuver)s involve rotation of the aircraft about its longitudinal (roll) axis or lateral (pitch) axis. Other maneuvers, such as a [spin](/source/spin_(flight)), displace the aircraft about its vertical (yaw) axis.{{cite book|last=Williams|first=Neil|others=L. R. Williams, Illustrator|title=Aerobatics|publisher=Airlife Publishing Ltd|location=Surrey, England|year=1975|pages=32, et seq|isbn=0-9504543-0-3}} Manoeuvres are often combined to form a complete aerobatic sequence for entertainment or competition. Aerobatic flying requires a broader set of piloting skills and exposes the aircraft to greater structural stress than for normal flight.{{cite book|last=Langewiesche|first=Wolfgang|others=Jo Kotula, Illustrator|title=[Stick and Rudder](/source/Stick_and_Rudder)|publisher=McGraw Hill, Inc.|location=New York|year=1944|page=[https://archive.org/details/stickrudderexp00lang/page/327 327]|isbn=0-07-036240-8}} In some countries, the pilot must wear a parachute when performing aerobatics.{{cite web | title = FAR 91.307(c) | publisher = USA Federal Aviation Administration | url = http://rgl.faa.gov/Regulatory_and_Guidance_Library/rgFAR.nsf/0/23E90761E5001C628625754500734F2A?OpenDocument | access-date = 1 May 2009 | archive-date = 8 December 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161208144831/http://rgl.faa.gov/Regulatory_and_Guidance_Library/rgFAR.nsf/0/23E90761E5001C628625754500734F2A?OpenDocument | url-status = dead }} Aerobatic training enhances a pilot's ability to recover from unusual flight conditions, and thus is an element of many flight safety training programs for pilots. While many pilots fly aerobatics for recreation, some choose to fly in [aerobatic competitions](/source/Competition_aerobatics), a judged sport.{{cite book|title=Official Contest Rules|editor=Howard, Brian|publisher=International Aerobatic Club|location=Oshkosh, Wisconsin, US|year=2009|pages=1–7}} ==Overview== In the early days of flying, some pilots used their [aircraft](/source/aircraft) as part of a [flying circus](/source/barnstorming) to entertain. Maneuvers were flown for artistic reasons or to draw gasps from onlookers. In due course some of these maneuvers were found to allow aircraft to gain tactical advantage during aerial combat or [dogfight](/source/dogfight)s between fighter aircraft.{{Citation needed|date=October 2025}} Aerobatic aircraft fall into two categories—specialist aerobatic, and aerobatic capable. Specialist designs such as the [Pitts Special](/source/Pitts_Special), the [Extra 200](/source/Extra_200) and [300](/source/Extra_300), and the [Sukhoi Su-26](/source/Sukhoi_Su-26)M and [Sukhoi Su-29](/source/Sukhoi_Su-29) aim for ultimate aerobatic performance. This comes at the expense of general purpose use such as touring, or ease of non aerobatic handling such as landing. At a more basic level, ''aerobatic capable'' aircraft, such as the [Cessna 152](/source/Cessna_152) Aerobat or the [R2160 Acrobin](/source/Alpha_2000), can be dual purpose—equipped to carrying passengers and luggage, as well as being capable of basic aerobatic figures.{{Citation needed|date=October 2025}} ''[Flight formation](/source/Formation_Flying) aerobatics'' are flown by teams of up to sixteen aircraft, although most teams fly between four and ten aircraft.The record is a 22-aircraft formation in 1958. Some are state funded to reflect pride in the [armed forces](/source/armed_forces), while others are commercially sponsored. [Coloured smoke](/source/Colored_smoke) trails may be emitted to emphasise the patterns flown and/or the colours of a national flag.{{Citation needed|date=October 2025}} Aerobatic maneuvers flown in a jet-powered aircraft are limited in scope as they cannot take advantage of the gyroscopic forces that a propeller driven aircraft can exploit. Jet-powered aircraft also tend to fly much faster, which increases the size of the figures and the length of time the pilot has to withstand increased g-forces. Jet aerobatic teams often fly in formations, which further restricts the maneuvers that can be safely flown.{{Citation needed|date=October 2025}} thumb|A "Lazy eight" aerobatic maneuver from the perspective of the wingtip Aerobatics done at low levels and for an audience is called "stunt flying". To enhance the show effect of aerobatic manoeuvres, smoke is sometimes generated; the smoke allows viewers to see the path travelled by the aircraft. Due to safety concerns, the smoke is not a result of combustion but is produced by the [vaporization](/source/vaporization) of [fog oil](/source/Smoke_screen) into a fine [aerosol](/source/aerosol), achieved either by injecting the oil into the hot engine exhaust{{Cite web|url=http://www.northwestaerobatics.com/decathlon.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714195416/http://www.northwestaerobatics.com/decathlon.htm|url-status=dead|title=Bellanca Decathlon|archive-date=14 July 2011|website=www.northwestaerobatics.com}} or by the use of a dedicated device{{cite web |date=21 September 2006 |title=Patentscope: 1. (WO2006096918) Smoke Generator |publisher=World Intellectual Property Association |url=http://patentscope.wipo.int/search/en/WO2006096918}} that can be fitted in any position on the aircraft. The first military aerobatic team to use smoke at will during displays was [Fleet Air Arm](/source/Fleet_Air_Arm) [702 Squadron](/source/702_Naval_Air_Squadron) "[The Black Cats](/source/Black_Cats_(Royal_Navy))" at the [Farnborough Airshow](/source/Farnborough_Airshow) in September 1957.{{Cite web |url=http://www.seayourhistory.org.uk/index2.php?option=com_content&do_pdf=1&id=600 |title=Aerobatic Display Teams |quote=In June 1957 738 squadron was chosen to take part in a combined Naval display at the Farnborough Airshow in September 1957, despite having a full operational programme. It was decided to have a team of five Hawker Seahawks. They were the first aerobatic team to produce smoke at will, by modifying the fuel injection system. |access-date=21 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090801192354/http://www.seayourhistory.org.uk/index2.php?option=com_content&do_pdf=1&id=600 |archive-date=1 August 2009 |url-status=dead }} Aerobatics are typically performed in [aeroplane](/source/aeroplane)s and [gliders](/source/Glider_(sailplane)), but are not limited solely to fixed-wing aircraft, as they can also be performed in specific [helicopter](/source/helicopter)s, such as the [MBB Bo 105](/source/MBB_Bo_105),{{cite web |url=http://www.redbullusa.com/en/ArticlePage.1165622311204-62961151/htmlArticlePage.action |title=Red Bull Bo-105 CBS Helicopter |work=Web page |publisher=Red Bull |access-date=28 May 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090501130507/http://www.redbullusa.com/en/ArticlePage.1165622311204-62961151/htmlArticlePage.action |archive-date=1 May 2009 |url-status=dead }} [Westland Lynx](/source/Westland_Lynx) and [Eurocopter EC120 Colibri](/source/Eurocopter_EC120_Colibri). The [British Army](/source/British_Army), [Royal Navy](/source/Royal_Navy), [Spanish Air Force](/source/Spanish_Air_Force) and the [Indian Air Force](/source/Indian_Air_Force) have helicopter display teams.{{Citation needed|date=October 2025}} ===Training=== [[File:Spanish Air Force EC-120B Colibri.jpg|thumb|A Spanish Air Force Colibri demonstrates its agility with a [barrel roll](/source/barrel_roll)]] Aerobatics are taught to military fighter pilots as a means of developing flying skills and for tactical use in combat. Many aerobatic manoeuvres were indeed developed in military conflicts, e.g. the [Immelmann turn](/source/Immelmann_turn) or [Split S](/source/Split_S).{{Citation needed|date=October 2025}} Aerobatics demands extensive training and practice to avoid [accidents](/source/Aircraft_accident). Accidents due to aerobatic manoeuvres are very rare in competition aerobatics; most of them happen when performing formation flying or stunt flying at very low levels at [airshows](/source/airshows) or [air racing](/source/air_racing). Low-level aerobatics are extremely demanding and airshow pilots must demonstrate their ability before being allowed to gradually reduce the height at which they may fly their show.{{Citation needed|date=October 2025}} In the European Union, aerobatics requires special training and a rating. In Canada, no licence is required to perform aerobatics, but to carry passengers during aerobatics a pilot must have at least 10 hours dual flight instruction of aerobatic manoeuvres, or 20 hours of total aerobatic experience.{{Cite book|title = Canadian Aviation Regulations| date=21 June 2023 |publisher = Transport Canada|pages = 602.28|url = http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/regulations/SOR-96-433/FullText.html#s-602.28}} ===Competition=== {{Main|Competition aerobatics}} Aerobatic flying competitions are a worldwide phenomenon, rather like the Olympic games, and are governed by the FAI Aerobatics Commission (CIVA).{{Citation needed|date=October 2025}} Competitions start at Primary, or Graduate level (in UK "Beginners") and proceed in complexity through Sportsman (in UK "Standard"), Intermediate and Advanced, with Unlimited being the top competition level. Experienced aerobatic pilots have been measured to pull ±5 g for short periods while unlimited pilots can perform more extreme maneuvers and experience higher [g levels](/source/g-force) -possibly up to +8/−6 g.{{Cite web|url=https://historic.aerobatics.org.uk/repeats/g_forces.htm|archive-url=https://archive.today/20121224063456/http://www.aerobatics.org.uk/repeats/g_forces.htm|url-status=dead|title=Effects of G forces on aerobatic pilots|website=historic.aerobatics.org.uk|archive-date=24 December 2012|access-date=7 March 2021}} The limits for positive g are higher than for negative g and this is due to the ability to limit blood pooling for positive g maneuvers, but it is generally accepted that +9 g for more than a few seconds will lead to loss of consciousness (also known as [GLOC](/source/G-LOC)).FAA Advisory Circular 91-61 2/28/84 ===Performance=== [[File:utterly.butterly.aerobatics.arp.jpg|thumb|The [Utterly Butterly](/source/Utterly_Butterly) [wingwalking](/source/wingwalking) team perform an [aerobatic maneuver](/source/aerobatic_maneuver) with their [Boeing Stearman](/source/Boeing_Stearman)s]] Aerobatics are likely to be seen at public [airshow](/source/airshow)s in the form of stunt flying. ==In popular culture== ===Film=== *''[Cloud Dancer](/source/Cloud_Dancer)'' – 1980 drama film starring [David Carradine](/source/David_Carradine) *''[The Great Waldo Pepper](/source/The_Great_Waldo_Pepper)'' – 1975 film starring [Robert Redford](/source/Robert_Redford), [Bo Svenson](/source/Bo_Svenson), [Susan Sarandon](/source/Susan_Sarandon), and [Edward Herrmann](/source/Edward_Herrmann). ===Video games=== *{{annotated link|Ace Combat}} *{{annotated link|AeroWings}} *{{annotated link|Flight Unlimited}} *{{annotated link|Microsoft Flight Simulator 2024}} *{{annotated link|X-Plane (simulator)}} * VRChat Flight Communities *{{annotated link|War Thunder}} ==See also== *[List of air display teams](/source/List_of_air_display_teams) *[List of aerobatic aircraft](/source/List_of_aerobatic_aircraft) *[Aero GP](/source/Aero_GP) *[Aerobatic maneuver](/source/Aerobatic_maneuver) *[Aerobatic pilots](/source/%3ACategory%3AAerobatic_pilots) *[Aerobatics (radio-controlled aircraft)](/source/Aerobatics_(radio-controlled_aircraft)) *[Air racing](/source/Air_racing) *[Aresti Catalog](/source/Aresti_Catalog) *[Competition aerobatics](/source/Competition_aerobatics) *[Flight dynamics](/source/Flight_dynamics) *[Flypast](/source/Flypast) *[HASELL](/source/HASELL) ==References== {{Reflist|30em}} ==External links== {{Commons category}} * [http://media.libsyn.com/media/airspeed/AirspeedHunter.mp3 Audio of an aerobatic ride with air show performer Brett Hunter in a Pitts S-2C] * [http://media.libsyn.com/media/airspeed/MancusoRide1.mp3 Audio of an aerobatic ride with air show performer Michael Mancuso in an Extra 300L] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20190130083938/http://www.citabria.co.nz/ Aerobatics and formation in New Zealand] {{Aerobatics}} {{Modern aerobatic teams}} {{Authority control}} Category:Aerobatics Category:Air sports Category:Sport aircraft Category:Military sports Category:French inventions Category:Soviet inventions --- Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Aerobatics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerobatics) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerobatics?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.