# Advent wreath

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Symbol of Advent period

For the use of a single candle marked with the days of Advent, see [Advent candle](/source/Advent_candle).

Advent wreath in the pilgrimage church Maria im Sand in [Dettelbach](/source/Dettelbach), Bavaria

The **Advent wreath**, or **Advent crown**, is a Christian tradition that symbolizes the passage of the four weeks of [Advent](/source/Advent) in the [liturgical calendar](/source/Liturgical_calendar) of the [Western church](/source/Western_Christianity). It is traditionally a [Lutheran](/source/Lutheran) practice, although it has spread to many other [Christian denominations](/source/Christian_denominations).[1][2][3]

It is an [evergreen](/source/Evergreen) [wreath](/source/Wreath) with four [candles](/source/Candle), sometimes with a fifth, white candle in the center. Beginning with the First Sunday of Advent, the lighting of a candle can be accompanied by a [Bible reading](/source/Bible_study_(Christian)), [devotional time](/source/Daily_devotional) and [prayers](/source/Christian_prayer).[4][5] An additional candle is lit on each subsequent Sunday until, by the last Sunday of Advent, all four candles are lit. Some Advent wreaths include a fifth, Christ candle which is lit on [Christmas Eve](/source/Christmas_Eve) or Christmas Day.[6] The custom originated in family settings but has also become widespread in public worship.

## History

The concept of the Advent wreath originated among German Lutherans in the 16th century.[7] However, it was not until three centuries later that the modern Advent wreath took shape.[8]

Advent wreath as designed by [Johann Hinrich Wichern](/source/Johann_Hinrich_Wichern)

Research by Mary Jane Haemig of [Luther Seminary](/source/Luther_Seminary), [St. Paul, Minnesota](/source/St._Paul%2C_Minnesota), points to [Johann Hinrich Wichern](/source/Johann_Hinrich_Wichern) (1808–1881), a Lutheran pastor in Germany and a pioneer in urban mission work among the poor, as the inventor of the modern Advent wreath. During Advent, children at the mission school *[Rauhes Haus](/source/Rauhes_Haus)*, founded by Wichern in [Hamburg](/source/Hamburg), would ask daily if Christmas had arrived. In 1839, he took a large wooden ring from an old cartwheel and decorated it with 24 small red candles and four large white candles. One small candle was lit successively every weekday and Saturday during Advent, and a large white candle was lit each Sunday. The custom gained ground among Protestant churches in Germany and evolved into the smaller wreath with four or five candles known today. Roman Catholics in Germany began to adopt the custom in the 1920s, and in the 1930s it spread to North America. Haemig's research also indicates that the custom did not reach the United States until the 1930s, even among German Lutheran immigrants.[9][10]

In medieval times, Advent was a period of fasting during which people's thoughts were directed to the expected second coming of Christ; but in modern times many have forgotten this meaning and it has instead been primarily seen as the lead up to Christmas, and in that context the Advent wreath serves as a reminder of the approach of the feast.

In 1964, an Advent crown, made at home from wire coathangers and tinsel, appeared on the BBC's bi-weekly children's TV program *[Blue Peter](/source/Blue_Peter)*. This "make" became one of the program's most iconic features, repeated each year, and was the introduction of this tradition to most of the broadly Anglican audience.[11] In later years, the candles were replaced by [baubles](/source/Christmas_bauble), out of concern for fire safety.

More recently, some [Eastern Orthodox](/source/Eastern_Orthodox) families have adopted an Advent wreath with six candles, symbolizing the longer [Christmas fast](/source/Nativity_Fast) in Orthodox tradition, which corresponds to Advent in Western Christianity.[12]

## Christian symbolism in the Advent wreath

Further information: [Liturgical colors of Advent](/source/Advent#Liturgical_colour)

Advent wreaths are circular, representing God's infinite [love](/source/Love_of_God_in_Christianity), and are usually made of evergreen leaves, which "represent the hope of [eternal life](/source/Eternal_life_(Christianity)) brought by [Jesus Christ](/source/Jesus_Christ)".[13] Within the Advent wreath are candles that generally represent the four weeks of the Advent season as well as "the [light of God](/source/Light_of_Christ) coming into the world through the [birth of Jesus Christ](/source/Nativity_of_Jesus)" although each of the candles can be attributed its own significance as well.[13] The four candles of the Advent wreath specifically [symbolize](/source/Christian_symbolism) the Christian concepts of hope, peace, joy and love, with these candles being lit subsequently throughout each week of the Advent season.[14][15][16][17] Some Advent wreaths also have a white candle in the center, known as the 'Christ candle', to symbolize the arrival of [Christmastide](/source/Christmastide).[18] (Others omit the use of the Christ Candle as to not confuse it with the [Paschal candle](/source/Paschal_candle), and remove the wreath at the conclusion of the Advent season.)[19] It is first lit on [Christmas Eve](/source/Christmas_Eve), the beginning of Christmastide, and may be lit throughout the rest of the Christmas season, as well as during [Epiphanytide](/source/Epiphanytide).[18] The Christ candle is white because this is the traditional festal color in the Western Church.[20] An additional layer of meaning names the first candle as the [Messiah](/source/Messiah)[21] or [Prophecy](/source/Prophecy)[22] candle (representing the [Jewish prophets](/source/Prophets_in_Judaism) who predicted the coming of Jesus), the second is the [Bethlehem](/source/Bethlehem) candle (representing the journey of [Joseph](/source/Saint_Joseph) and [Mary](/source/Mary%2C_mother_of_Jesus)), the third represents the [shepherds](/source/Adoration_of_the_Shepherds) and their joy, and the fourth is the Angel's candle, representing peace.[21]

In many Catholic and Protestant churches, the most popular colors for the four surrounding Advent candles are violet (or blue) and rose, corresponding with the colors of the liturgical vestments for the Sundays of Advent. For denominations of the [Western Christian Church](/source/Western_Christianity), violet is the historic liturgical color for three of the four Sundays of Advent as it is the traditional color of penitential seasons; blue has been historically used too, as it represents hopefulness, reflective of the theme of Advent surrounding the [First Coming of Jesus and Second Coming of Jesus](/source/Parousia#New_Testament).[23][16] Rose is the liturgical color for the Third Sunday of Advent, known as [Gaudete Sunday](/source/Gaudete_Sunday) (from the Latin word meaning "rejoice ye", the first word of the [introit](/source/Introit) of this Sunday); it is a pause in the penitential spirit of Advent.[24][25] As such, the third candle, representing joy, is often a different color from the other three.[16][14]

In other Protestant churches, especially in the United Kingdom, it is more common for Advent wreaths to have four red candles (reflecting their traditional use in [Christmas decorations](/source/Christmas_decorations)).[26] An Advent wreath given to [Pope Benedict XVI](/source/Pope_Benedict_XVI) of the Catholic Church also had four red candles.[27] In the UK, the four red Advent candles are often linked to the Sunday Revised Common Lectionary readings for Advent, each candle representing those looking forward to the coming of Christ: the hope of all God's people (week one), the Old Testament prophets (week two), John the Baptist (week three) and Mary the mother of Jesus (week four).[28][29]

In *Making God Real in the Orthodox Christian Home*, Anthony Coniaris states that an Eastern Christian wreath consists of six different colored candles on a round base to celebrate the six weeks of the 40-day Advent and Christmas period. A green candle, symbolizing faith, is lit on the first Sunday that begins on November 15; on the second Sunday, a blue candle, symbolizing hope, is lit; on the third Sunday, a gold candle, symbolizing love; on the fourth Sunday, a white candle, symbolizing peace; on the fifth Sunday, a purple candle, symbolizing repentance; on the sixth Sunday, a red candle, symbolizing communion.[30]

		- Advent wreath with three purple candles and one rose candle for Gaudete

		- Advent wreath with a Christ candle in the center

		- Advent wreath with one rose candle and three blue ones, plus a central white one

		- Advent wreath, Czech Republic

## See also

- [Christianity portal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Christianity)
- [Germany portal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Germany)

- [Advent calendar](/source/Advent_calendar)

- [Chrismon tree](/source/Chrismon_tree)

- [Christingle](/source/Christingle)

- [Daily devotional](/source/Daily_devotional)

## References

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Presbyterian_Church_(U.S.A.)_1-0)** Bower, Peter C. (2003). [*The Companion to the Book of Common Worship*](https://books.google.com/books?id=dyWqm3hCMC0C&q=emanated+Lutheran+tradition&pg=PA98). Office of Theology and Worship, Presbyterian Church (U.S.A.). p. 98. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-664-50232-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-664-50232-4). Retrieved 2 December 2024. It apparently emanated from the Lutheran tradition, but it has been appropriated by almost all other traditions.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-John_Trigilio,_Kenneth_Brighenti_2-0)** Trigilio, John; Brighenti, Kenneth (2007). [*The Catholicism Answer Book: The 300 Most Frequently Asked Questions*](https://books.google.com/books?id=fEmaqHANzXsC&q=advent+wreath+lutheran&pg=PA369). Sourcebooks. p. 369. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-4022-3229-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4022-3229-9). Retrieved 2 December 2010. Historically, the Advent wreath is a Lutheran custom dating back three hundred years ago.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Carl_Seaburg_3-0)** Seaburg, Carl (2003). [*Celebrating Christmas: An Anthology*](https://books.google.com/books?id=lzPoC4aq4lIC&q=advent+wreath+lutheran&pg=PA236). Unitarian Universalist Ministers Association. p. 236. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-595-30974-0](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-595-30974-0). Retrieved 2 December 2010. The use of an Advent Wreath originated a few hundred years ago among Lutherans in Germany.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-GeddesGriffiths2001_4-0)** Geddes, Gordon; Griffiths, Jane (2001). *Christianity*. [Heinemann](/source/Heinemann_(publisher)). p. 96. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-435-30695-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-435-30695-3). Every day during Advent, the candle is lit and burnt down to the next number. In many homes, a reading from the Bible and a prayer accompanies the lighting of the candle.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Bradner1977_5-0)** Bradner, John (1977). [*Symbols of Church Seasons and Days*](https://archive.org/details/symbolsofchurchs00brad). Morehouse-Barlow Company. p. 10. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-8192-1228-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8192-1228-3). The Advent wreath usually rests on a horizontal surface. This is especially appropriate when it is used in the home as the center for daily Advent devotions.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-CRI_6-0)** Bratcher, Dennis. [*The Season of Advent: Anticipation and Hope*](http://www.crivoice.org/cyadvent.html). [Christian Research Institute](/source/Christian_Research_Institute). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20110102182005/http://www.crivoice.org/cyadvent.html) from the original on 2 January 2011. Retrieved 2 December 2010. Finally, the light that has come into the world is plainly visible as the Christ candle is lighted at Christmas, and worshippers rejoice over the fact that the hope and promise of long ago have been realized.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Colbert1996_7-0)** Colbert, Teddy (1996). [*The Living Wreath*](https://archive.org/details/livingwreath0000colb). Gibbs Smith. p. 17. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-87905-700-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87905-700-8). It is believed that the European advent wreath began as a Lutheran innovation in the sixteenth century.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-8)** Mosteller, Angie (2010). *Christmas, Celebrating the Christian History of Classic Symbols, Songs and Stories*. Holiday Classics Publishing. p. 167. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-9845649-0-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9845649-0-3). The first clear association with Advent is generally attributed to German Lutherans in the 16th century. However, another three centuries would pass before the modern Advent wreath took shape. Specifically, a German theologian and educator by the name of Johann Hinrich Wichern (1808–1881) is credited with the idea of lighting an increasing number of candles as Christmas approached.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-9)** Haemig, Mary Jane (2005). "The Origin and Spread of the Advent Wreath". *[Lutheran Quarterly](/source/Lutheran_Quarterly)*. **19**: 332–343.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-10)** ["Johann Hinrich Wichern – Der Erfinder des Adventskranzes"](http://www.medienwerkstatt-online.de/lws_wissen/vorlagen/showcard.php?id=4506) (in German). Medienwerkstatt. 5 January 2008. Retrieved 20 December 2011.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-11)** "An Advent Crown for Christmas". [*Blue Peter annual*](https://www.bbc.co.uk/cult/classic/bluepeter/valpetejohn/scrapbook/page1.shtml). BBC. c. 1970.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-12)** Reardon, Patrick Henry. ["The Origins of Advent"](https://web.archive.org/web/20171113100648/http://www.orthodoxytoday.org/articles6/ReardonAdvent.php). *Orthodoxy Today*. Archived from [the original](http://www.orthodoxytoday.org/articles6/ReardonAdvent.php) on 13 November 2017.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-GeddesGriffiths2002_13-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-GeddesGriffiths2002_13-1) Geddes, Gordon; Griffiths, Jane (2002). *Christian Belief and Practice*. [Heinemann](/source/Heinemann_(publisher)). p. 97. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-435-30691-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-435-30691-5). The wreath's circle reminds Christians of God's endless love and mercy. The evergreen leaves represent the hope of eternal life brought by Jesus Christ. The candles symbolize the light of God coming into the world through the birth of Jesus Christ.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-StRoberts2016_14-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-StRoberts2016_14-1) ["Advent Wreath Prayers"](http://www.saintroberts.net/documents/Liturgy%20&%20Prayer_advent%20prayer.pdf) (PDF). St. Robert Bellarmine Parish: A Roman Catholic Faith Community. Retrieved 25 November 2016. The first week of Advent we remember the gift of hope we have in Christ. … The second week of Advent we remember the gift of Peace we have in Christ. … The third week of Advent we remember the gift of Joy we have in Christ. … The fourth week of Advent we remember the gift of Love we have in Christ.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-15)** Howe, Heath (2013). ["The Gifts of Hope, Peace, Joy and Love"](https://web.archive.org/web/20170520043444/http://www.holycomforter.org/site/epage/148628_810.htm). Episcopal Church of the Holy Comforter. Archived from [the original](http://www.holycomforter.org/site/epage/148628_810.htm) on 20 May 2017. Retrieved 25 November 2016. Week one of Advent we light one candle on the Advent wreath and reflect on the gift of Hope. Week two we dedicate to Peace. Week three honors Joy. Week four, Love.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-UMC2016_16-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-UMC2016_16-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-UMC2016_16-2) ["What do the candles in our Advent wreath mean?"](http://www.umc.org/what-we-believe/what-do-the-candles-in-our-advent-wreath-mean). [The United Methodist Church](/source/The_United_Methodist_Church). Retrieved 25 November 2016. The Advent wreath, four candles on a wreath of evergreen, is shaped in a perfect circle to symbolize the eternity of God. In some churches, four purple candles, one for each week in Advent, are used with one larger white candle in the middle as the Christ candle. Other churches prefer three purple or blue candles with one candle being rose or pink, to represent joy. … During each Sunday of the Advent season, we focus on one of the four virtues Jesus brings us: Hope, Love, Joy and Peace.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-17)** ["Presbyterian Church (U.S.A.) - Resources - Lighting the Advent Wreath in the Tradition of Hope, Peace, Joy, and Love"](https://web.archive.org/web/20160730023814/https://www.pcusa.org/resource/lighting-advent-wreath/). 30 July 2016. Archived from [the original](https://www.pcusa.org/resource/lighting-advent-wreath/) on 30 July 2016. Retrieved 22 March 2018.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Long2011_18-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Long2011_18-1) Long, Gavin (2011). *At Home with God: A Complete Liturgical Guide for the Christian Home*. Paraclete Press. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-55725-842-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55725-842-7). The largest candle, which sits in the middle of the wreath, is the Christ candle and is the focal symbol of the Advent wreath. The Christ candle is lit on Christmas Day and may be used throughout the Christmas and Epiphany seasons.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-19)** Maxwell, Rev. Lee A. (2008). *The Altar Guild Manual: Lutheran Service Book Edition*. St. Louis, MO: Concorida. pp. 46–47. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0758613768](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0758613768). The use of the "Christ Candle," also promoted by the supply houses, is definitely to be discouraged. First, it should be discouraged because it is an importation of the idea of the paschal candle; second, because the Advent wreath belongs to the season preparatory for Christmas, and on the festival of our Savior's birth the wreath should be removed from the chancel or nave.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-20)** Garrison, Greg (27 November 2010). ["Birmingham Catholic Bishop Robert J. Baker writes Advent devotional"](http://blog.al.com/living-news/2010/11/birmingham_catholic_bishop_rob.html). [The Birmingham News](/source/The_Birmingham_News). Retrieved 31 January 2016. An Advent wreath is traditionally made of evergreens in a circle, symbolizing God's unending love. It includes three purple candles, and the candle for the third week of Advent is pink in most Advent wreaths. It signifies the hope of the coming of Christ, Baker said. "Hope is needed in our culture," Baker said. "People are struggling economically. People are in dire need of hope." For Christians, that hope comes from the birth of Jesus, he said. For the first week, there is one purple candle lit on the Advent wreath every day. Another is added the second week. A pink candle is lit the third week, another purple candle the fourth week. The three purple candles and the pink candle are all lit on the last Sunday before Christmas and throughout that week. A white candle at the center of most Advent wreaths, the Christ candle, is lit on Christmas day, Baker said.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Crow_21-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Crow_21-1) Crow, Earl (18 December 2019). ["The season offers a chance for people of different faiths to work together"](https://www.journalnow.com/news/columnists/earl-crow-the-season-offers-a-chance-for-people-of/article_1d1a38b5-ed43-5e8b-94f0-90758286ff5f.html). *[Winston-Salem Journal](/source/Winston-Salem_Journal)*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20191221172450/https://www.journalnow.com/news/columnists/earl-crow-the-season-offers-a-chance-for-people-of/article_1d1a38b5-ed43-5e8b-94f0-90758286ff5f.html) from the original on 21 December 2019. Retrieved 21 December 2019.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-22)** Bollinger, Hope. ["What Is the Candle of Hope for Advent? Week 1"](https://www.christianity.com/wiki/holidays/what-is-the-candle-of-hope-for-advent-week-1.html). christianity.com. Retrieved 23 December 2019.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-DM2007_23-0)** ["The Color Blue in Advent"](https://www.umcdiscipleship.org/resources/the-color-blue-in-advent). [Discipleship Ministries](/source/Discipleship_Ministries). 2007. Retrieved 1 December 2021. The genesis of the introduction of blue into the liturgical colors comes from continued reflection on the calendar of the Christian year, particularly on the season of Advent. Here is how the reasoning goes: Advent is a season of preparation that anticipates both Bethlehem and the consummation of history in the second coming of Jesus Christ. Since this anticipation is characterized by hope -- in contrast to the repentance characteristic of Lent -- the color for the season should not be purple, with its mood of solemnity and somberness, but blue with its hopefulness. Admittedly, there is a some subjectivity in linking colors with certain moods. There is precedent for the use of blue during Advent. The Swedish Church and the Mozarabic rite (the rite used in the parts of Spain under Moorish rule from the eighth to the twelfth centuries) used blue. … The Evangelical Lutheran Church in its 1978 Lutheran Book of Worship lists blue as the preferred color for Advent, but leaves purple as an option. The rule of thumb here is this: Your congregation may use either color.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-24)** ["Catholic Encyclopedia: Advent"](http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/01165a.htm). New Advent. 1 March 1907. Retrieved 20 December 2011.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-25)** ["What Color is Lent?"](https://web.archive.org/web/20160304185950/http://www.adoremus.org/color-lent.html). Adoremus.org. Archived from [the original](http://www.adoremus.org/color-lent.html) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 20 December 2011.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-26)** ["Christian celebration of Advent"](https://news.bbc.co.uk/local/tees/hi/people_and_places/religion_and_ethics/newsid_9196000/9196158.stm). *BBC News*. 16 November 2010. Retrieved 19 December 2010.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-27)** Manning, Kathleen (2015). ["Why are Advent candles pink and purple?"](http://www.uscatholic.org/articles/201511/why-are-advent-candles-pink-and-purple-30471). *[U.S. Catholic Magazine](/source/U.S._Catholic_(magazine))*. [Claretians](/source/Claretians). Retrieved 25 November 2016. In 2006 photographers snapped a few shots of the Advent wreath in Benedict XVI's office. The German pontiff's wreath featured four red candles.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-28)** ["Year C - Advent - First Sunday of Advent : Revised Common Lectionary"](https://lectionary.library.vanderbilt.edu/texts.php?id=95). *lectionary.library.vanderbilt.edu*. Retrieved 1 December 2018.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-29)** ["The Advent Wreath and Advent Candles - Christmas 2009"](http://projectbritain.com/adventwreath.html). *projectbritain.com*. Retrieved 1 December 2018.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-30)** Coniaris, Anthony (1977). *Making God Real in the Orthodox Christian Home*. Minneapolis, Minnesota: Light and Life Publishing. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-9370320-7-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9370320-7-7).

## External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to [Advent wreaths](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Advent_wreaths).

- [Advent wreath FAQ](https://www.lcms.org/about/beliefs/faqs/worship-and-congregational-life#advent) at the Lutheran Missouri Synod web site

- [Advent hymns](https://web.archive.org/web/20091204060114/http://www.stainer.co.uk/hymns/advent.html) including two examples of Advent Wreath carols

- [Advent Bible Themes](http://www.intothyword.org/apps/articles/default.asp?articleid=32879&columnid=3881)

v t e Advent Liturgy Advent Sunday Angelus Christmas Eve Ember days Gaudete Sunday Hail Mary Magnificat Saint Lucy's Day Saint Nicholas Day Narratives Fall of man Christian messianic prophecies Isaiah 9:6 Isaiah 53 Davidic dynasty in Bible prophecy Genealogy of Jesus John 1:1 John the Baptist Saint Joseph's dreams Tree of Jesse Traditions Advent calendar Advent candle Advent daily devotional Advent wreath Chrismon tree Christingle Hanging of the greens Christmas markets List Las Posadas Moravian star Simbang Gabi Stir-up Sunday Songs and hymns "Adam lay ybounden" "Advent är mörker och kyla" Advent song Adventstid Angelus ad virginem "Bereden väg för Herran" "Come, thou Redeemer of the earth" "Conditor alme siderum" "The Cherry-Tree Carol" "Come, Thou Long Expected Jesus" "Det är advent" "Es ist ein Ros entsprungen" Gabriel's Message "The Holly and the Ivy" "Hosianna, Davids son" "In das Warten dieser Welt" "Jesus Christ the Apple Tree" "Kündet allen in der Not" "Lo! He comes with clouds descending" "Long Ago, Prophets Knew" "Macht hoch die Tür" "Macht weit die Pforten in der Welt" "Maria durch ein Dornwald ging" "Meine Seele, dank und singe" "Mit Ernst, o Menschenkinder" "Der Morgenstern ist aufgedrungen" "Nun komm, der Heiden Heiland" O Antiphons "O Come, O Come, Emmanuel" "O Heiland, reiß die Himmel auf" "O How Shall I Receive Thee" "Of the Father's Heart Begotten" Rorate Caeli "Sei uns willkommen, Herre Christ" "Singet fröhlich im Advent" "There is no rose of such virtue" "Tochter Zion, freue dich" "Savior of the Nations, Come" "Vi tänder ett ljus i advent" "Hark, a Thrilling Voice Is Sounding" "Wachet auf, ruft uns die Stimme" Cantatas and other music Ärgre dich, o Seele, nicht, BWV 186a Bereitet die Wege, bereitet die Bahn, BWV 132 Herz und Mund und Tat und Leben, BWV 147a Handel's Messiah (Part I) Nun komm, der Heiden Heiland (Böhm) Nun komm, der Heiden Heiland, BWV 61 Nun komm, der Heiden Heiland, BWV 62 This is the Record of John Unser lieben Frauen Traum Virga Jesse (Bruckner) Wachet auf, ruft uns die Stimme, BWV 140 Wachet! betet! betet! wachet! BWV 70a Wir sagen euch an den lieben Advent List of Advent cantatas Music publications Carols for Choirs The New English Hymnal The Oxford Book of Carols The New Oxford Book of Carols Piae Cantiones The English Hymnal The Lutheran Hymnal Hymns Ancient and Modern The Hymnal 1982 Related Anglican church music Blue Christmas Catholic music Lutheran hymns Carol service Christmastide Liturgical year Category Commons Christianity portal

v t e Christmas Blue Christmas Boxing Day Children's Day Christmas Eve Saint Nicholas Day Saint Stephen's Day Sol Invictus Yule In Christianity Holy Family Jesus Christ Child Mary Joseph Biblical Magi Adoration of the Magi Adoration of the Shepherds Advent Angel Gabriel Annunciation Annunciation to the shepherds Bethlehem Christmastide Epiphany Herod the Great Massacre of the Innocents flight into Egypt Nativity Fast Nativity of Jesus in art in later culture Nativity scene Neapolitan Star of Bethlehem Twelfth Night In folklore Badalisc Caganer Christkind Grýla Jack Frost Korvatunturi Kallikantzaros Legend of the Christmas Spider Mari Lwyd Miner's figure Nisse North Pole Old Man Winter Perchta Santa's workshop Tió de Nadal Turoń Wenceslaus Yule cat Gift-bringers Saint Nicholas folklore Santa Claus Befana Ded Moroz Father Christmas Grandpa Indian Joulupukki Julemanden Noel Baba Olentzero Père Noël Sinterklaas Others Companions of Saint Nicholas Belsnickel Elves Knecht Ruprecht Krampus Mrs. Claus Père Fouettard Sack Man Santa Claus' daughter Santa's reindeer Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer Snegurochka Zwarte Piet Traditions Advent calendar Advent candle Advent wreath Boar's Head Feast Candle arches Chalking the door Cards Carols by Candlelight Cavalcade of Magi Christingle Christmas jumper Christmas Peace Crackers Decorations Didukh Eggbert The Elf on the Shelf Feast of the Seven Fishes Flying Santa Gifts Google Santa Tracker Hampers Las Posadas Letters Lights Lord of Misrule Markets Midnight Mass Moravian star Mummers' play Nine Lessons and Carols NORAD Tracks Santa Nutcrackers dolls Ornaments Parades list Piñatas Poinsettia Pyramids Räuchermann Christmas seals Secret Santa Spanbaum Szopka Stamps Stockings Tree Twelve Days Vertep Wassailing Windows Yule goat Yule log By country Australia Bangladesh Colombia Denmark Ethiopia Finland France Germany Nazi Germany Hungary Iceland folklore Indonesia Ireland Italy Mexico New Zealand Norway Philippines Poland Romania Russia Scotland Serbia Sweden Ukraine United States American Civil War Hawaii New Mexico Music Carols list Operas Hit singles in the UK Hit singles in the US Music charts (Billboard) Music books Carols for Choirs The Oxford Book of Carols The New Oxford Book of Carols Piae Cantiones Other media In literature A Christmas Carol Films Santa Claus in film Christmas horror Poetry "Old Santeclaus with Much Delight" "A Visit from St. Nicholas" "Christmas Day in the Workhouse" "Journey of the Magi" "Tomten" Christmas television specials United States Yule Log Apollo 8 Genesis reading In modern society Black Friday (partying) Black Friday (shopping) Bronner's Christmas Wonderland Christmas and holiday season Christmas club Christmas creep Christmas Day (Trading) Act 2004 Christmas jumpers Christmas Lectures Christmasland in New Taipei City Christmas Mountains Christmas seals Christmas truce Controversies Cyber Monday Economics GivingTuesday Grinch El Gordo Jews and Christmas In July In August NBA games NFL games Pikkujoulu SantaCon Santa's Candy Castle Santa Claus Village Scrooge Small Business Saturday Super Saturday Virginia O'Hanlon ("Yes, Virginia, there is a Santa Claus") White Christmas Xmas Food and drink Dinner Joulupöytä Julbord Julebord Kūčios Réveillon Thirteen desserts Twelve-dish supper Wigilia Sweets Baked Alaska Candy cane Cake Cookie Cozonac Fruitcake Gingerbread Kutia Makówki Melomakarono Mince pie Pampushka Panettone Pavlova Pecan pie Poppy seed roll Pudding Pumpkin pie Qurabiya Red velvet cake Sugar plum Stollen Szaloncukor Turrón Yule log Soup Menudo Borscht Sauces Bread sauce Cranberry sauce Redcurrant sauce Beverages Apple cider Champurrado Coquito Eggnog Hot chocolate Kissel Mulled wine Smoking bishop Ponche crema Snowball Dumplings Hallaca Pierogi Tamale Meat and fish Carp Gefilte fish Ham Pickled herring Roast goose Romeritos Stuffing Tourtière Turkey Category

v t e Anglican liturgy Services Daily Office Morning Prayer (Mattins) Prayer During the Day Evening Prayer (Vespers or Evensong) Night Prayer (Compline) Eucharist (also called Mass, Holy Communion, or the Lord's Supper) Occasional Advent wreath Anointing of the sick Baptism Minor exorcism Christian burial Requiem Commination Confirmation Catechism Consecration Coronation of the British monarch Churching of women Dedication of a church Exhortation and Litany Exorcism Holy Week liturgies Tenebrae Chrism Mass Mass of the Lord's Supper Foot washing Mass of the Presanctified Good Friday Prayer for the Jews Solemn Collects Reproaches Seven Last Words from the Cross Three Hours' Agony Easter Vigil Exsultet Marriage Banns of marriage Vows Nine Lessons and Carols Ordination Structure Common Alleluia Apostles' Creed Antiphon O Antiphons Collect Confession Episcopal blessing General Intercessions Glory Be Introit Kyrie Lamb of God Laying on of hands Lesson Epistle Gospel Let us pray The Lord be with you Lord's Prayer Embolism Psalms Priestly Blessing Processional hymn Recessional hymn Responsory Sermon Sign of the cross Trinitarian formula Versicle Divine Office Athanasian Creed Benedictus (Song of Zechariah) Canticle Invitatory Magnificat Nunc dimittis O God, make speed to save us Phos hilarion Te Deum To Thee before the close of day Eucharist Anaphora Anamnesis Epiclesis Fraction Memorial Acclamation Words of Institution Bidding-prayer Collect for Purity Glory to God in the highest Holy Communion Nicene Creed Offertory Sentence Oblation Prayer of Humble Access Preface Lift up your hearts Holy, Holy, Holy Sign of peace Tarping Ten Commandments Music Anglican chant Carol Fraction anthem Great Four Anglican Hymns List of Anglican church composers List of Anglican hymnals Mass (music) Metrical psalter Service (music) Voluntary (music) Participants Acolyte altar server Bishop Choir Crucifer Deacon Laity Lector Priest Reader Usher Verger Liturgical objects Altar or communion table Antependium candle cloths lamp rail Rood Ashes Aspergillum Baptismal font Chalice or Communion cup Chrism Crosier Crucifix Cruet Evangeliary Flagon Holy water Incense Lights Palm Paten Processional cross Sacramental bread and wine Salt Sanctuary lamp Tabernacle Pyx Veil Wedding ring Liturgical books Book of Common Prayer Book of Alternative Services Sunday Services The Books of Homilies Common Worship Directory for Public Worship Edwardine Ordinals Lectionary Revised Common Lectionary Psalter Vestments (Pontifical) Alb Bands Baptismal clothing Canterbury cap Cassock Cassock-alb Chasuble Chimere Choir dress Cincture Cope Dalmatic Gaiters Geneva gown Girdle Mitre Pectoral cross Rochet Stole Surplice Tippet Vimpa Zucchetto Liturgical year and calendar Advent Advent Sunday Gaudete Sunday Christmastide Christmas Midnight Mass Epiphanytide Epiphany Baptism of the Lord Candlemas Pre-Lent Feast of the Annunciation Lent Ash Wednesday Laetare Sunday Passion Sunday Passiontide Holy Week Palm Sunday Paschal Triduum of Holy Thursday, Good Friday, Holy Saturday, and Easter Eastertide Ascension Pentecost Trinitytide (some churches use Pentecost Season instead of Trinitytide) All Saints' Day Kingdomtide Stir-up Sunday or Feast of Christ the King Principal Feast Principal Holy Day Festival Lesser Festival Commemoration Anglo-Catholicism and Western Rite Orthodoxy Altar bell Altar of repose Angelus Anglican Breviary Anglican Use Book of Divine Worship Divine Worship: The Missal Divine Worship: Daily Office Anglican Missal Antiochian Western Rite Vicariate Amice Biretta Blessed Sacrament Adoration Benediction Ciborium Ecclesiastical Latin English Missal Humeral veil Hymns to Mary Last Gospel Liturgy of Saint Tikhon Maniple Monstrance Personal ordinariate Roman Canon Thurible Tunicle Stations of the Cross Eucharistic discipline Ad orientem and Versus populum Church etiquette Communion and the developmentally disabled Communion under both kinds Fasting Headcover Genuflection Host desecration Intinction Open communion Reserved sacrament Spiritual Communion Thanksgiving after Communion Theology Black Rubric Body and Blood of Christ Ex opere operato Grace and means of grace Koinonia Liturgical colours Origin of the Eucharist (Last Supper) Paschal mystery Passion of Jesus and its salvific nature Real presence Receptionism Thirty-nine Articles Related Agape feast Anglican Communion Anglican devotions Anglican sacraments Bible translations into English Canonical hours Choral Evensong (BBC) Christian liturgy Churchmanship Convergence Movement English Reformation Elizabethan settlement Prayer Book Rebellion John Merbecke Latitudinarian Liturgical Movement Millenary Petition Ornaments Rubric Oxford Movement The Parson's Handbook Paschal greeting Prayer for the dead Reformed worship Ritualism in the Church of England Rood screen Sarum Rite Thomas Cranmer Thou Vestments controversy Christianity portal

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Advent wreath](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advent_wreath) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advent_wreath?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.