# Adjutant

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Military position or rank

This article is about the military officer. For the bird, see [Leptoptilos](/source/Leptoptilos).

This article needs more citations. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Adjutant" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2025) (Learn how and when to remove this message)

[C. G. E. Mannerheim](/source/Gustaf_Mannerheim) as [regent](/source/Regent) of [Finland](/source/Finland) (sitting) and his adjutants (from the left) Lt.Col. Kasimir Lilius, Cap. Heikki Kekoni, Lt. [Akseli Gallen-Kallela](/source/Akseli_Gallen-Kallela), Ensign John Rosenbröijer

Look up ***[adjutant](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/adjutant)*** in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

**Adjutant** is a military appointment given to an [officer](/source/Officer_(armed_forces)) who assists the [commanding officer](/source/Commanding_officer) with unit administration, mostly the management of "[human resources](/source/Human_resources)" in an army unit. The term *adjudant* is used in French-speaking armed forces as a [non-commissioned officer](/source/Non-commissioned_officer) rank similar to a [master sergeant](/source/Master_sergeant) or [warrant officer](/source/Warrant_officer) but is not equivalent to the role or appointment of an adjutant.

An [adjutant general](/source/Adjutant_general) is commander of an army's administrative services.

President of Austria [Rudolf Kirchschläger](/source/Rudolf_Kirchschl%C3%A4ger) and commander [Karl von Wohlgemuth](/source/Karl_von_Wohlgemuth); the president's adjutant is in the background

## Etymology

Adjutant comes from the [Latin](/source/Latin) *adiutāns*, present participle of the verb *adiūtāre*, frequentative form of *adiuvāre* 'to help'; the Romans actually used *adiūtor* for the noun.

## Military appointment

In various uniformed hierarchies, the term is used for a number of functions, but generally as a principal aide to a commanding officer.

A **regimental adjutant**, **garrison adjutant** etc. is a staff officer who assists the [commanding officer](/source/Commanding_officer) of a [regiment](/source/Regiment), [battalion](/source/Battalion) or [garrison](/source/Garrison) in the details of regimental, garrison or similar duty. In [United States Army](/source/United_States_Army) [squadrons](/source/Squadron_(army)), the adjutant is often the officer-in-charge (OIC) of the administrative platoon.

### UK and other Commonwealth countries

In the [British Army](/source/British_Army), an adjutant (*adj*; sometimes actually referred to as this) is usually a senior [captain](/source/Captain_(land)), and sometimes a [major](/source/Major_(rank)). As the colonel's personal staff officer, he was once in charge of all the organisation, administration and discipline for a [battalion](/source/Battalion) or [regiment](/source/Regiment), although now the bulk of administrative work is carried out by the [regimental administrative officer](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Regimental_administrative_officer&action=edit&redlink=1) (RAO). Until the 1970s the adjutant was also the regimental operations officer, although this job is now filled by a separate officer. In the British Army, adjutants are given [field rank](/source/Field_rank) and as such are senior by appointment to all other captains, ranking just behind the majors. Unlike the RAO (who is an officer of the [Adjutant General's Corps](/source/Adjutant_General's_Corps)), the adjutant is a member of the [corps](/source/Corps) or regiment of which their unit is a part.

The adjutant's job is not solely a 'backroom' one, since he usually accompanies the colonel—Captain David Wood, the adjutant of [2 Para](/source/Parachute_Regiment_(United_Kingdom)), was killed in action at the [Battle of Goose Green](/source/Battle_of_Goose_Green), for example. Normally, in a British Infantry battalion, the adjutant controls the battle whilst the CO commands it. As such, the adjutant is usually a person of significant influence within their battalion. In the [Foot Guards](/source/Foot_Guards), the adjutant of the unit in charge of [Trooping the Colour](/source/Trooping_the_Colour) is one of three officers on horseback.

In many [Commonwealth](/source/Commonwealth_of_Nations) armies, the adjutant performs much the same role as in the British Army. There is no RAO position within the Australian or Canadian armies, where an adjutant performs the administrative role with the assistance of a chief clerk, who usually has a rank of warrant officer class two.[1]

### Canada

In the [Canadian Armed Forces](/source/Canadian_Armed_Forces), the term adjutant is used in common with other English-speaking armies, and the corresponding French term is *Capitaine-adjudant*.

### Bangladesh

The [Bangladesh Army](/source/Bangladesh_Army) has the appointment of adjutant which is similar to that in old British system. Though the authorization is of captain rank, often a lieutenant can be appointed as adjutant, although a lieutenant posted as adjutant will not receive the staff pay as a captain with same appointment. **Resaldar Adjutant** (**RA**), or **warrant officer adjutant** (**WOA**), is a position unique to the Bangladesh Army. He is a [warrant officer](/source/Warrant_officer) who acts as deputy to the adjutant. In spite of this, the WOA or RA does not have any authority in official correspondences. His main role is the transmission and the execution of the adjutant's orders in all companies. On all formal parades, the standard procedure is for the [squadron/company sergeant major](/source/Sergeant) to first report to the RA/WOA, and the RA/WOA in turn to report to the Adjutant.

### India

The [Indian Army](/source/Indian_Army) has the position of adjutant, which is based on the old British system. The adjutants in most cases are captains but in some cases hold the rank of [major](/source/Major_(rank)) (especially in Regimental Centres). **Subedar Adjutant** (**SA**) is a position unique to the Bangladesh Army and Indian Army. He is a [subedar](/source/Subedar) who acts as deputy to the adjutant. On all formal parades, the standard procedure is for the [company havildar major](/source/Havildar) to first report to the subedar adjutant, and the subedar adjutant in turn to report to the adjutant. In the [British Indian Army](/source/British_Indian_Army), the equivalent position was the **jemadar adjutant**, who held the lower rank of [jemadar](/source/Jemadar).

### Pakistan

The [Pakistan Army](/source/Pakistan_Army) has the appointment of adjutant which is similar to that in old British system. Adjutants in the Pak Army are mostly captains and sometimes lieutenants. The Pak Army also holds the rank of junior adjutant (JA), who works as an aide to the adjutant and is of the rank of [subedar](/source/Subedar), an equivalent rank to warrant officer or sergeant in Western armies.

The regimental adjutant is also commander of regimental provost and assist commanding officer in all matters pertaining to discipline, training and operational planning.

### United States

In the [US Army](/source/United_States_Army), historically the adjutant was generally a member of the branch or regiment of the parent unit (e.g. in an infantry battalion, the adjutant was usually an infantry officer). In 2008, as a result of the Army's transformation, the [Human Resources](/source/Human_Resources) community implemented the Personnel Services Delivery Redesign, which recoded the adjutant position in battalions to an officer from the [Adjutant General's Corps](/source/United_States_Army_Adjutant_General's_Corps).[2] The adjutant general at the battalion-level is generally a junior [captain](/source/Captain_(land)) or senior [first lieutenant](/source/First_lieutenant) and, in conjunction with the S-1 section, manages the administrative functions of the unit. The adjutant also works closely with the unit's [command sergeant major](/source/Command_Sergeant_Major) for awards ceremonies, traditional ceremonial functions, casual events (hails and farewells), evaluation reports, and management of correspondence and other secretarial functions. Based upon the needs of the commander, an adjutant typically from the combat arms branches may still be specially appointed in modern-day to assist a brigade commander to ease his/her burden of command.

There is a [bugle call announcing the adjutant](/source/Adjutant's_Call) that is still used in military ceremonies today.

In the [United States Marine Corps](/source/United_States_Marine_Corps), the adjutant serves as the senior administrator for their unit, and is the OIC (officer in charge) of the S-1 or admin shop.

The USMC MOS handbook says:

Adjutants coordinate administrative matters for Marine Corps staff sections and external agencies at the staff level. They ensure that every Marine in their command has administrative resources both for day-to-day tasks and long-term career progression. Adjutants supervise the execution of administrative policies. They receive and route correspondence, preparing responses to any special correspondence. They also manage their unit's legal matters and monitor fitness reports, among other administrative duties.[3]

## Military rank

### France

In the [French Army](/source/French_Army), [Air Force](/source/French_Air_and_Space_Force) and [Gendarmerie](/source/National_Gendarmerie), the ranks of *adjudant* (*premier maître* in the navy) and *adjudant-chef* (*maître-principal* in the navy) may be considered equivalent to Commonwealth [warrant officer](/source/Warrant_officer) ranks. These ranks are senior to the rank of *[sergeant](/source/Sergeant)* and junior to the rank of *[major](/source/Major_(France))*.[a] Like the officers, the *adjudants* are entitled to the *mon* before their rank, as in "*mon adjudant*".[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*][b]

OR-9 OR-8 Army[4] Air force[5] Army[4] Air force[5] Shoulder Camouflage French Adjudant-chef Adjudant English translation Chief Adjutant Adjutant

In France, each corps has a colour (gold for most infantry units, artillery, the air force and engineers, or silver for most cavalry units, transport and materiel corps). A French adjutant wears a band, with thin red line, in the opposite colour to that of his corps. A chief adjutant wears a band, with thin red line, in the colour of his corps. In order to distinguish an *adjutant* from a *chief adjutant* it is necessary to know the arm's colour.[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*]

In cavalry units, *adjudants* and *adjudants-chefs* are addressed by tradition as "lieutenants".[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*]

### Netherlands

Main article: [Military ranks of the Netherlands armed forces](/source/Military_ranks_of_the_Netherlands_armed_forces)

Within the [Netherlands Armed Forces](/source/Netherlands_Armed_Forces) the seniormost [non-commissioned officer](/source/Non-commissioned_officer) rank across all branches is called *adjudant-[onderofficier](/source/Unteroffizier)*.[6] The rank is both rated OR-8 and OR-9 within the [NATO rank structure](/source/Ranks_and_insignia_of_NATO), however, it is only after 3 years as an *adjudant-onderofficier* that there is advancement to OR-9.[7]

### Gallery

		- *Adjudant* ([Arabic](/source/Arabic_language): مساعد, [romanized](/source/Romanization_of_Arabic): *Mosa'id*) ([Algerian Land Forces](/source/Algerian_Land_Forces))[8]

		- *Adjudant* ([Belgian Land Component](/source/Belgian_Land_Component))[9]

		- *Adjudant* ([Benin Army](/source/Benin_Armed_Forces))[10]

		- *Adjudant* ([Burkina Faso Ground Forces](/source/Burkina_Faso_Armed_Forces))[11][12]

		- *Adjudant* ([Burundi Army](/source/Burundi_Army))[13]

		- *Adjudant* ([Cameroon Ground Forces](/source/Cameroon_Armed_Forces))[14]

		- *Adjudant* ([Central African Ground Forces](/source/Central_African_Armed_Forces))

		- *Adjudant* ([Comorian Army](/source/Comorian_Armed_Forces))

		- *Adjudant* ([Land Forces of the DR Congo](/source/Land_Forces_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo))

		- *Adjudant* ([Djiboutian Army](/source/Djiboutian_Army))

		- *Adjudant* ([French Army](/source/French_Army))[15]

		- *Adjudant* ([Gabonese Army](/source/Gabonese_Army))[16]

		- *Adjudant* ([Guinea Ground Forces](/source/Republic_of_Guinea_Armed_Forces))

		- *Adjudant* ([Ivory Coast Ground Forces](/source/Armed_Forces_of_the_Republic_of_Ivory_Coast))[17]

		- *Adjudant* ([Luxembourg Army](/source/Luxembourg_Army))[18]

		- *Adjudant* ([Madagascar Ground Forces](/source/Madagascar_People's_Armed_Forces))[19]

		- *Adjudant* ([Malian Army](/source/Malian_Army))[20]

		- *Adjudant* ([Royal Moroccan Army](/source/Royal_Moroccan_Army))[21]

		- *Adjudant-onderofficier* ([Royal Netherlands Army](/source/Royal_Netherlands_Army))[6]

		- *Adjudant* ([Niger Army](/source/Niger_Army))[22]

		- *Adjudant* ([Senegalese Army](/source/Armed_Forces_of_Senegal))

		- *Adjudant-onderofficier* ([Suriname Army](/source/Suriname_National_Army))[23]

		- *Adjudant* ([Togolese Army](/source/Togolese_Armed_Forces))[24]

		- *Adjudant* ([Arabic](/source/Arabic_language): وكيل, [romanized](/source/Romanization_of_Arabic): *Wakil*) ([Tunisian Army](/source/Tunisian_Army))[25]

## Adjutant general

Main article: [Adjutant general](/source/Adjutant_general)

An [adjutant general](/source/Adjutant_general) is both a rank and a role that may represent the principal [staff officer](/source/Staff_officer) of an army; through the adjutant general, the commanding general receives communications and issues military orders.

In the [United States](/source/United_States), the adjutant general is the chief military officer of the [United States National Guard](/source/United_States_National_Guard) units in any one of the [American states](/source/State_(United_States)). This use of the term reflects the early history of the United States, because of which each of the 50 states has partial sovereignty, including the right to maintain military forces; the [Army National Guard](/source/Army_National_Guard) and [Air National Guard](/source/Air_National_Guard) are state units that can be called to federal duty in case of national emergency.

## See also

- [S1](/source/Staff_(military)#Manpower_or_personnel_.281.29)

- [Aide-de-camp](/source/Aide-de-camp)

- [Equerry](/source/Equerry)

- [Batman](/source/Batman_(military))

## References

**Informational notes**

1. **[^](#cite_ref-4)** Major is the senior NCO rank in the French military, shortened from adjudant-major.[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*]

1. **[^](#cite_ref-5)** *Mon* is shortened from [monsieur](/source/Monsieur), similar to the "sir" in Anglo-Saxon military tradition.[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*]

**Citations**

1. **[^](#cite_ref-1)** ["Other Ranks"](https://web.archive.org/web/20150108125606/http://www.army.gov.au/Who-we-are/Ranks/Other-Ranks). *www.army.gov.au*. Archived from [the original](http://www.army.gov.au/Who-we-are/Ranks/Other-Ranks) on January 8, 2015. Retrieved January 6, 2025.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-2)** ["HRC Homepage"](https://www.hrc.army.mil/site/Active/TAGD/CDID/PSDR/documents/PSDRBrochure.pdf) (PDF). *www.hrc.army.mil*. Retrieved June 5, 2010.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-3)** ["Roles in the Corps"](http://www.marines.com/being-a-marine/roles-in-the-corps/logistics-combat-element/adjutant). *United States Marine Corps*. Retrieved 20 March 2018.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-France_Army_6-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-France_Army_6-1) [*Instruction N° 10300/DEF/EMAT/LOG/ASH*](https://web.archive.org/web/20220612085956/https://rescue18.fr/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/INSTRUCTION-N-10300_DEF_EMAT_LOG_ASH-DEF_DCCAT_LOG_REG.pdf) (PDF) (in French). Staff of the French Army. 13 June 2005. Archived from [the original](https://rescue18.fr/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/INSTRUCTION-N-10300_DEF_EMAT_LOG_ASH-DEF_DCCAT_LOG_REG.pdf) (PDF) on 12 June 2022. Retrieved 30 May 2021.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-France_AirForce_7-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-France_AirForce_7-1) ["Les grades"](https://www.defense.gouv.fr/content/download/473665/7580470/file/Les_grades.pdf) (PDF). *defense.gouv.fr* (in French). Ministry of Armed Forces (France). Retrieved 4 June 2021.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Netherlands_8-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Netherlands_8-1) ["De rangonderscheidingstekens van de krijgsmacht"](https://www.defensie.nl/binaries/defensie/documenten/brochures/2021/01/15/rangen-krijgsmacht/rangonderscheidingstekens.pdf) (PDF) (in Dutch). Ministry of Defence (Netherlands). 19 December 2016. Retrieved 18 March 2021.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-9)** NATO (2021). *STANAG 2116 NATO* (7th ed.). Brussels, Belgium: NATO Standardization Agency. p. D-5.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Algeria_10-0)** ["Ranks"](https://www.mdn.dz/site_principal/sommaire/presentation/armoiries_an.php). *mdn.dz*. Ministry of National Defence (Algeria). Retrieved 30 May 2021.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Belgium_Army_11-0)** ["IPR Landcomponent"](https://web.archive.org/web/20050217100130/http://www.mil.be/def/ranks/index.asp?LAN=nl&ID=1&IDS=1&IDT=3). *mil.be* (in Dutch). Archived from [the original](http://www.mil.be/def/ranks/index.asp?LAN=nl&ID=1&IDS=1&IDT=3) on 17 February 2005. Retrieved 25 November 2021.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Benin_12-0)** ["LOI N° 2005-43 DU 26 JUIN 2006"](https://www.ilo.org/dyn/natlex/docs/ELECTRONIC/94851/111467/F-404511779/BEN-94851.pdf) (PDF). *ilo.org* (in French). National Assembly (Benin). 26 June 2006. pp. 19–20, 35–36. Retrieved 13 June 2021.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-BurkinaFaso1_13-0)** ["LOI N° 037-2016/AN PORTANT CONDITIONS D'AVANCEMENT DES PERSONNELS D'ACTIVE DES FORCES ARMEES NATIONALES"](https://web.archive.org/web/20210831104305/https://lavoixdujuristebf.files.wordpress.com/2018/02/loi_037_avancement_personnel_fan.pdf) (PDF) (in French). 2015. pp. 17–21. Archived from [the original](https://lavoixdujuristebf.files.wordpress.com/2018/02/loi_037_avancement_personnel_fan.pdf) (PDF) on 31 August 2021. Retrieved 3 June 2021.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-BurkinaFaso2_14-0)** ["LOI N° 019-2015/CNT PORTANT STATUT GENERAL DES PERSONNELS DES FORCES ARMEES NATIONALES"](https://web.archive.org/web/20220328221120/https://archives.assembleenationale.bf/IMG/pdf/loi_019_portant_statut_militaire_fan-2.pdf) (PDF) (in French). 2014. Archived from [the original](https://archives.assembleenationale.bf/IMG/pdf/loi_019_portant_statut_militaire_fan-2.pdf) (PDF) on 28 March 2022. Retrieved 3 June 2021.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Burundi_15-0)** ["Loi organique N°1/ 04 du 20 février 2017 portant Missions, Organisation, Composition, Instruction, Conditions de service et Fonctionnement de la Force de Défense Nationale du Burundi"](http://fdnb.bi/sites/default/files/loi-04-2017.pdf) (PDF). *fdnb.bi/* (in French). Government of Burundi. p. 45. Retrieved 27 June 2021.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-16)** ["Grades Et Appellations Sous-Officier Superieurs Armee De Terre"](https://mindef.gov.cm/armee-de-terre/grades-et-appellations-sous-officier-superieurs-armee-de-terre/). *Ministère de la défense du Cameroun* (in French). 4 August 2023. Retrieved 30 November 2024.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-17)** [*Instruction N° 10300/DEF/EMAT/LOG/ASH*](https://web.archive.org/web/20220612085956/https://rescue18.fr/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/INSTRUCTION-N-10300_DEF_EMAT_LOG_ASH-DEF_DCCAT_LOG_REG.pdf) (PDF) (in French). Staff of the French Army. 13 June 2005. Archived from [the original](https://rescue18.fr/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/INSTRUCTION-N-10300_DEF_EMAT_LOG_ASH-DEF_DCCAT_LOG_REG.pdf) (PDF) on 12 June 2022. Retrieved 30 May 2021.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Gabon_18-0)** ["Nos Galons"](https://web.archive.org/web/20230830210233/https://defense-nationale.gouv.ga/930-ministere/1164-insignes-et-galons-des-forces-de-defense/1196-nos-galons/). *Ministère de la Défense nationale*. 20 August 2021. Archived from [the original](https://defense-nationale.gouv.ga/930-ministere/1164-insignes-et-galons-des-forces-de-defense/1196-nos-galons/) on 30 August 2023. Retrieved 26 May 2024.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-IvoryCoast_19-0)** ["GRADES / APPELLATIONS / DISTINCTIONS"](http://www.defense.gouv.ci/culture/grades). *defense.gouv.ci* (in French). Ministère de la Défense. Retrieved 23 September 2020.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Luxembourg_20-0)** ["Grades"](http://www.armee.lu/organisation/personnel/grades). *Armee.lu*. Luxembourg Army. Retrieved 12 October 2022.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Madagascar_21-0)** ["LOI N° 96-029 portant Statut Général des Militaires"](https://web.archive.org/web/20210710195555/http://www.defense.gov.mg/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/LOI-96-029.pdf) (PDF). *United States Department of Defense* (in French). Ministry of Defence (Madagascar). 15 November 1996. p. 2. Archived from [the original](http://www.defense.gov.mg/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/LOI-96-029.pdf) (PDF) on July 10, 2021. Retrieved 10 July 2021.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Mali_22-0)** ["2011 - Plaquette sur les insignes et blasons des Forces Armées du Mali"](https://web.archive.org/web/20210121154146/http://www.memoriamali.com/webdossier/2011-parcours-historique-de-la-region-de-segou/) (in French). 23 April 2011. Archived from [the original](http://www.memoriamali.com/webdossier/2011-parcours-historique-de-la-region-de-segou/) on 21 January 2021. Retrieved 17 October 2020.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Morocco_23-0)** Ehrenreich, Frederich (1985). ["National Security"](https://archive.org/details/moroccocountryst00nels/page/350/mode/2up). In Nelson, Harold D. (ed.). *Morocco: a country study*. Area Handbook (5th ed.). Washington, D.C.: American University. pp. 350–351. [LCCN](/source/LCCN_(identifier)) [85600265](https://lccn.loc.gov/85600265). Retrieved 16 September 2023.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Niger_24-0)** Bureau international des droits des enfants (December 2012). ["État des Lieux: Formation des forces de défense et de sécurité sur les droit de l'enfant au Niger"](http://www.ibcr.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/%C3%89tat-des-lieux-Niger.pdf) (PDF) (in French). p. 34. Retrieved 28 September 2020.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Dyer_1979_-_Surinam_25-0)** Dyer, Gwynne (1979). ["Surinam"](https://archive.org/details/worldarmies00keeg/page/662/mode/2up). In Keegan, John (ed.). *World armies*. Sandhurst: [Royal Military Academy](/source/Royal_Military_Academy_Sandhurst). p. 663. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-87196-407-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87196-407-6). [LCCN](/source/LCCN_(identifier)) [79-9217](https://lccn.loc.gov/79-9217). Retrieved 9 March 2022.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Togo_26-0)** ["Journal officiel de la république togolaise"](http://jo.gouv.tg/sites/default/files/annee/2008/jo%202008-5.pdf) (PDF) (in French). 12 February 2008. Retrieved 16 June 2021.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Tunisia_27-0)** ["Décret n° 72-380 du 6 décembre 1972, portant Statut particulier des militaires"](https://web.archive.org/web/20221222102428/https://legislation-securite.tn/law/40982). *legislation-securite.tn* (in French). Geneva Centre for Security Sector Governance. 6 December 1972. Archived from [the original](https://legislation-securite.tn/law/40982) on 22 December 2022. Retrieved 22 December 2021.

Authority control databases International GND Other Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine

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