# Abortion under communism

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[Communist](/source/Communist) and [Marxist](/source/Marxist) ideologies generally allow state-provided [abortions](/source/Abortions), although there is no consensus among [Communist parties](/source/Communist_parties) or [governments](/source/Communist_government) as to how far into the pregnancy abortion should be allowed.

## Communist countries

### People's Republic of China

Main article: [Abortion in China](/source/Abortion_in_China)

Abortion in China is generally legal and accessible.[1][2][3] Abortions are widely accepted socially and are available to all women through China's family planning programme, public hospitals, private hospitals, and clinics nationwide.[4] During China's [one-child policy](/source/One-child_policy), women were subjected to forced abortions and many were subjected to forced sterilization on the orders of officials in some places.[5][6]

To reduce the high number of sex-selective abortions, the Chinese government banned [prenatal sex discernment](/source/Prenatal_sex_discernment) in 1994.[7]

In 2021, China's [State Council](/source/State_Council_of_the_People's_Republic_of_China) as well as the [non-governmental organization](/source/Non-governmental_organization) responsible for [family planning](/source/Family_planning_policies_of_China) announced measures to reduce non-medically necessary abortions in response to the [country's declining birth rate](/source/Demographics_of_China).[8][9][10]

### Cuba

Main articles: [Healthcare in Cuba](/source/Healthcare_in_Cuba) and [Abortion in Cuba](/source/Abortion_in_Cuba)

The [Cuban government](/source/Cuban_government) decriminalized abortion in 1965.[11] Women have free access to abortion in Cuba, making it a "regional front-runner in women's rights," according to [Reuters](/source/Reuters) journalist Nelson Acosta.[12] Late-term abortions require a formal evaluation that is conducted by a committee of gynecologists and a psychologist.[11]

### North Korea

Main articles: [Health in North Korea](/source/Health_in_North_Korea) and [Abortion in North Korea](/source/Abortion_in_North_Korea)

The Penal Code from 1950 states that abortion is allowed for "important reasons" up to the seventh week of pregnancy, but that anyone who performs an abortion for no important reason is subject to up to three years' imprisonment. Broad interpretation of the phrase "important reasons" meant that abortion was available virtually upon request, and, reportedly, abortion services could be provided free of charge at provincial hospitals.[13]

As of the UN's 2017 World Population Policies report, abortion is available in North Korea for all reasons, including upon request, and without gestational limits.[14]

### Vietnam

Main article: [Abortion in Vietnam](/source/Abortion_in_Vietnam)

The Law of Protection of People's Health, passed in 1989, states that: "Women have the right to have an abortion, to receive gynecological diagnosis and treatment, health check-up during pregnancy, and medical service when giving birth at health facilities."[15]

Vietnam has also adopted policies to ban and prevent [sex-selective abortions](/source/Sex-selective_abortions), among other countries such as [Nepal](/source/Nepal).[16][17]

### Laos

Main article: [Abortion in Laos](/source/Abortion_in_Laos)

Under a legislation draft, abortion is permitted in the cases of:[18]

- The pregnant individual has significant health conditions including [heart disease](/source/Heart_disease), [blood diseases](/source/Blood_diseases), [mental health issues](/source/Mental_health_issues), [cancer](/source/Cancer), [kidney disease](/source/Kidney_disease), among others named in the legislation.

- The pregnant individual is a member of a low-income family, has more than four children already, or is below the [age of majority](/source/Age_of_majority).

- The [foetus](/source/Foetus) has an [intellectual disability](/source/Intellectual_disability), or has been exposed to [poison](/source/Poison) or over 15 rads of [radiation](/source/Radiation).

- The foetus was otherwise [lost](/source/Pregnancy_loss).

- The pregnancy was a result of [rape](/source/Rape) or [birth control](/source/Birth_control) failure.

## Western Communist parties

In the Western world, a variety of communist and socialist parties support abortion on request.

### Brazil

Main article: [Abortion in Brazil](/source/Abortion_in_Brazil)

- The [Brazilian Communist Party](/source/Brazilian_Communist_Party) supports abortion on request, criticizing relationships between state and religion leading to its ban.[19]

### Canada

Main article: [Abortion in Canada](/source/Abortion_in_Canada)

- In a 2017 statement, the [Communist Party of Canada](/source/Communist_Party_of_Canada) criticized then-President of the United States [Donald Trump's](/source/Donald_Trump) [anti-abortion policies](/source/Social_policy_of_Donald_Trump#Presidency), including his defunding of the [pro-choice](/source/Pro-choice) organization [Planned Parenthood](/source/Planned_Parenthood).[20]

### United States

Main article: [Abortion in the United States](/source/Abortion_in_the_United_States)

- The [Communist Party USA](/source/Communist_Party_USA) supports the right of abortion and social services to provide access to it, arguing that unplanned pregnancy is prejudiced against poor women. They condemned the [Supreme Court's](/source/SCOTUS) 2022 decision in *[Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization](/source/Dobbs_v._Jackson_Women's_Health_Organization)*.[21]

- The [Party for Socialism and Liberation](/source/Party_for_Socialism_and_Liberation) support free access to abortion. They criticized the Supreme Court's decision to reverse *[Roe v. Wade](/source/Roe_v._Wade)* as "misogynistic" and "anti-democratic"[22]

## Former Communist countries

Many historical Communist countries, primarily in Europe, allowed abortion on request or due to socioeconomic factors. The Soviet Union under [Stalin](/source/Joseph_Stalin) and Romania under [Ceaușescu](/source/Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu), however, took action to further limit abortions, and other Communist countries retained prohibitive laws against them.

### Afghanistan

See also: [Abortion in Afghanistan](/source/Abortion_in_Afghanistan)

The criminal code from 7 October 1976 only allowed abortion to save the mother's life. The socialist government never changed this law.[23]

### Albania

See also: [Abortion in Albania](/source/Abortion_in_Albania)

During [Enver Hoxha's](/source/Enver_Hoxha) rule, abortion was only legally allowed to save mother's life,[24] but in practice could be obtained for any reason. The punishment for a woman who had an abortion was social reprimand by re-education through work. By 1989, abortion was officially legalized in cases of rape, incest, and for women under 16 years old, among other reasons.[25]

### Angola

See also: [Abortion in Angola](/source/Abortion_in_Angola)

Abortion remained prohibited in Angola with exceptions to save the mother's life.[15]

### Benin

See also: [Abortion in Benin](/source/Abortion_in_Benin)

The civil code from 8 February 1973 only allowed abortion to save the mother's life, which the socialist government never changed.[26]

### Bulgaria

See also: [Abortion in Bulgaria](/source/Abortion_in_Bulgaria)

Abortion was legalized on 27 April 1956. It was only allowed once every 6 months, and no later than the 12th week of pregnancy, except for medical reasons. To increase the birth rate, the government restricted abortion for certain women in February 1968 by the Decree 188, which discouraged childless women and women with one or two children from having an abortion (although they could possibly have the procedure if they persisted). Only women with three or more children, or women over 45 years ago, had the right to an abortion on request. The time ceiling was also lowered to 10 weeks.[27] In April 1973, women with just one child lost the right to abortion, except in cases of rape, incest, medical emergency, if the woman was an unmarried person under the age of 18, with no living children, or if she was over 45 years, old with a living child. By 1974, unmarried women were allowed to get an abortion.[28]

### Czechoslovakia

See also: [Abortion in the Czech Republic](/source/Abortion_in_the_Czech_Republic)

An abortion law passed in 1957 allowed termination for, both medical (forming 10% of the cases) and other reasons (the remaining 90%).[29] The law was changed after 1957.[*[clarification needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify)*] The birth ratio decreased, falling below number of abortions.[30]

### East Germany

Main article: [Abortion in Germany](/source/Abortion_in_Germany)

In East Germany, women under 16 years of age, women over 40, and mothers with at least four children were given the right to abortion after applying to a state commission. Abortion was fully legalized by parliament in 1972.[31]

### Ethiopia

See also: [Abortion in Ethiopia](/source/Abortion_in_Ethiopia)

Abortion was only allowed to "save the pregnant woman from the grave and permanent danger to life or health that is impossible to avert in any other way". Although the code does not accept broad health, judicial or socio-economic grounds, and doesn't specify whether a threat to health includes both physical and mental health, it does consider a "grave state of physical or mental distress, especially following rape or incest, or because of extreme poverty" a mitigating circumstance in sentencing.[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*]

### Grenada

This section is empty. You can help by adding to it. (April 2026)

### Hungary

See also: [Abortion in Hungary](/source/Abortion_in_Hungary)

Prior to 1953, abortion was only allowed to save the mother's life. In 1953 and 1956, the laws legalized abortion until 12 weeks of pregnancy, in cases of socioeconomic factors. In 1973, although abortion was still allowed for social reasons, the list of other acceptable reasons was reduced.[32]

### Mongolia

See also: [Abortion in Mongolia](/source/Abortion_in_Mongolia)

Induced abortion in socialist Mongolia was allowed since 1940 to preserve the mother's health, officially recorded in the penal code on July 6, 1960.[33] In 1986, the amendment authorized medical authorities to decide when to perform an abortion, and abortion was fully legalized in 1989.[34]

### Mozambique

See also: [People's Republic of Mozambique](/source/People's_Republic_of_Mozambique)

This section is empty. You can help by adding to it. (April 2026)

### People's Republic of the Congo

See also: [People's Republic of the Congo](/source/People's_Republic_of_the_Congo)

Abortion was prohibited, but the general principles of criminal law allowed abortions on grounds of medical necessity, with reports suggesting they were also permitted for less immediately dangerous complications.[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*]

### Poland

See also: [Abortion in Poland](/source/Abortion_in_Poland)

Debates surrounding abortion started around 1929 in [Poland](/source/Poland). By 1932, abortion was considered legal if the pregnancy was a result of a crime where a woman's health was at risk.[35] Despite the protests of the [Catholic Church](/source/Catholic_Church), abortion in Poland was allowed on social grounds in 1956 by the [Communist government](/source/Polish_United_Workers'_Party). Subsequently, it was fully allowed in 1959 to protect the life and morality of women that had unsafe abortions. The abortions were provided by public hospitals.[35]

### Romania

See also: [Abortion in Romania](/source/Abortion_in_Romania)

Before 1966, Romania had the most progressive laws of abortion in Europe. However, after the rise of power of [Nicolae Ceaușescu](/source/Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu), [Decree 770](/source/Decree_770) only allowed abortion to save the life of the mother. It was also allowed for women over 45 years old or with four or more children. In 1974, this age was lowered to 40 before being restored to 45 in 1986. The goal of the ban was a larger population that could drive a larger workforce and consumer-led growth, in order to achieve economic independence from the Soviet Union.[36] Over the span of these 23 years, more than 2 million unwanted children were born and at least 10,000 women died as a result. The 770 Decree was one of the first laws to be repealed right after Ceaușescu's trial and execution on 25 December 1989; more than 1 million abortions were performed the year after, more than three times the number of children born that year.

### Somalia

Since December 16, 1962, abortion was prohibited. The socialist regime never changed the law, but the criminal law's general principles of necessity allowed for an abortion to save the mother's life.[26]

### Soviet Union

Main article: [Abortion in Russia § Abortion in the Soviet Union](/source/Abortion_in_Russia#Abortion_in_the_Soviet_Union)

In 1920, the [Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic](/source/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic) became the first modern country to legalize abortion.[37][38]

In the [USSR](/source/USSR), during the Congress of Kiev in 1932, abortion was criticized for decreasing the country's birth rate. Abortion was finally banned on June 27, 1936.[39] The number of officially-recorded abortions dropped sharply from 1.9 million in 1935 to 570,000 in 1937, but began to climb just two years later, reaching 755,000 in 1939.[39] On November 23, 1955, the [Presidium of the Supreme Soviet](/source/Presidium_of_the_Supreme_Soviet), under [Nikita Khrushchev](/source/Nikita_Khrushchev), liberalized abortion restrictions.[40]

### Yemen

See also: [Abortion in Yemen](/source/Abortion_in_Yemen)

The law of South Yemen only allowed abortion to save the mother's life, as with [North Yemen](/source/Yemen_Arab_Republic).[41]

### Yugoslavia

See also: [Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia](/source/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia)

Socio-medical indications were accepted as grounds for abortion from 1952. In 1969 the law was further liberalised.[42][*[better source needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Questionable_sources)*]Article 191 of the federal constitution states that "it is a human right to decide on the birth of children". All the republics of Yugoslavia passed laws between 1977 and 1979 that regulated abortion; even if there were small disparities, the general common rule was "up to the tenth week of pregnancy and, beyond ten weeks, with the approval of a medical commission".[43]

## Other Communist areas

### Democratic Federation of Northern Syria

See also: [Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria](/source/Autonomous_Administration_of_North_and_East_Syria)

Although Syria only allows abortion to save a mother's life, the [de facto](/source/De_facto) [autonomous region](/source/Autonomous_region) of the [DFNS](/source/DFNS) legalizes abortion for all women. Barbara Anna, a member of the [Turkish Communist Party](/source/TKP%2FML), reflected more broadly on how limits to women's bodily autonomy relate to the imposition of capitalism and imperialism. She compared the situations in the Middle East where women's economic activity and sexual freedom is heavily restricted to the situation in the neoliberal capitalist centre, where women's sexual freedom comes at the expense of constant objectification and commodification.[44]

### Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia

The [Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia](/source/Revolutionary_Armed_Forces_of_Colombia) supported abortion, despite the laws of Colombia only allowing it in cases of rape, fetal defects, or a need to preserve the mother's health.[45]

### Paris Commune

Article XII states that: "The submission of the children and the mother to the authority of the father, who prepares the submission of each one to the authority of the chief, is pronounced dead. The couple consents freely to seek common pleasure. The Commune proclaims freedom of birth: the right to sexual information from childhood, the right to abortion, the right to contraception. As the products cease to be the property of their parents. They live together in their home and run their own lives." This was in sharp contrast to the French law at the time, which prohibited abortion.[46][*[better source needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Questionable_sources)*]

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1. **[^](#cite_ref-24)** ["Albanian Women Remember Fear of Abortion During Communism"](http://www.balkaninsight.com/en/article/albanian-women-remember-fear-of-abortion-during-communism-11-06-2017). *Balkaninsight.com*. 9 November 2017. Retrieved 24 August 2018.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-25)** ["Data"](http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/abortion/doc/albani1.doc). *www.un.org*.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-:0_26-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-:0_26-1) [Fact Sheet: Abortion in Africa](https://guttmacher.org/sites/default/files/factsheet/ib_aww-africa.pdf) (PDF) (Report). New York: [Guttmacher Institute](/source/Guttmacher_Institute). March 2018. p. 2. Retrieved 2024-11-01.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-27)** ["Data"](http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/abortion/doc/bulgaria1.doc). *[United Nations](/source/United_Nations)*.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-28)** Bradatan, Cristina; Firebaugh, Glenn (April 2007). ["History, Population Policies, and Fertility Decline in Eastern Europe: A Case Study"](https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0363199006297732). *Journal of Family History*. **32** (2): 179–192. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1177/0363199006297732](https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0363199006297732). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [0363-1990](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0363-1990).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-29)** Kőlblová, Věra (25 April 1966). "Legal Abortion in Czechoslovakia". *JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association*. **196** (4): 371. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1001/jama.1966.03100170113043](https://doi.org/10.1001%2Fjama.1966.03100170113043).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-30)** Zidovsky, J.; Zwinger, A. (24 August 1972). "Legalized abortion in Czechoslovakia". *Medical Gynaecology, Andrology, and Sociology*. **8** (2): 7–9. [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [12256872](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12256872).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-31)** ["East German Parliament Approves Free Abortion"](https://web.archive.org/web/20210803202646/https://www.nytimes.com/1972/03/10/archives/east-german-parliament-approves-free-abortion.html). *[The New York Times](/source/The_New_York_Times)*. 10 March 1972. p. 2. Archived from [the original](https://www.nytimes.com/1972/03/10/archives/east-german-parliament-approves-free-abortion.html) on 2021-08-03. Retrieved 22 August 2018. The [East German Parliament](/source/Volkskammer) passed a bill today allowing free abortion on demand within the first 12 weeks of pregnancy. [Dr. Mecklinger](/source/Ludwig_Mecklinger) took note of the opposition of the churches and of a "religiously motivated sense of morality" among some East German women. He said the new bill left it to the women concerned 'to make use of the right or to waive it.'

1. **[^](#cite_ref-32)** Buranbaeva, Oksana; Mladineo, Vanja (30 September 2011). [*Culture and Customs of Hungary*](https://books.google.com/books?id=mEyfOKHDORsC&q=ABORTION+HUNGARY+1953&pg=PA77). ABC-CLIO. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [9780313383694](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780313383694). Retrieved 22 August 2018 – via [Google Books](/source/Google_Books).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-33)** ["Data"](http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/abortion/doc/mongolia.doc). *www.un.org*.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-34)** Tsogt, Bazarragchaa; Seded, Khishgee; Johnson, Brooke; Strategic Assessment Team (2008). "Applying the WHO Strategic Approach to Strengthening First and Second Trimester Abortion Services in Mongolia". *Reproductive Health Matters*. **16** (31 Supplement): 127–34. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1016/S0968-8080(08)31383-4](https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0968-8080%2808%2931383-4). [hdl](/source/Hdl_(identifier)):[10986/5367](https://hdl.handle.net/10986%2F5367). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [18772093](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18772093). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [206112339](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:206112339).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-:1_35-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-:1_35-1) Nowicka, Wanda (22 April 2015). ["The Struggle for Abortion Rights in Poland"](http://www.sxpolitics.org/frontlines/book/pdf/capitulo5_poland.pdf) (PDF). In Parker, Richard; Petchesky, Rosalind; Sember, Robert (eds.). [*SexPolitics - Reports from the Front Lines*](https://sxpolitics.org/frontlines/book/index.php) (PDF). Rio de Janeiro. pp. 167–196. Retrieved 22 August 2018.{{[cite book](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book)}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ([link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher))

1. **[^](#cite_ref-36)** ["Decree 770 of Ceausescu - Searching in History"](https://searchinginhistory.blogspot.com/2014/01/decree-770-of-ceausescu.html). *Searchinghistory.blogspot.com*. 19 January 2014. Retrieved 22 August 2018.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-37)** Hovey, G. (1985). "Abortion: a history". *Planned Parenthood Review*. **5** (2): 18–21. [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [0275-5122](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0275-5122). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [12340403](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12340403).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-38)** Solomon, S. G. (1993). *The demographic argument in Soviet debates over the legalization of abortion in the 1920s*. Clio Medica (Amsterdam, Netherlands). Vol. 23. pp. 140–173. [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [0045-7183](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0045-7183). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [7691465](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7691465).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-:2_39-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-:2_39-1) ["Abolition of Legal Abortion"](https://web.archive.org/web/20260117160117/https://soviethistory.msu.edu/1936/abolition-of-legal-abortion/). *Soviethistory.msu.edu*. 18 June 2015. Archived from [the original](https://soviethistory.msu.edu/1936/abolition-of-legal-abortion/) on 17 January 2026. Retrieved 13 March 2026.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-40)** Field, Mark G. (30 August 1956). "The Re-Legalization of Abortion in Soviet Russia". *New England Journal of Medicine*. **255** (9): 421–427. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1056/nejm195608302550905](https://doi.org/10.1056%2Fnejm195608302550905). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [13358858](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13358858).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-41)** ["Data"](http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/abortion/doc/yemen.doc). *www.un.org*.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-42)** Rašević, Mirjana (1 May 1994). ["Yugoslavia: Abortion as a preferred method of birth control"](https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/citedby/10.1016/0968-8080%2894%2990083-3?scroll=top&needAccess=true). *Reproductive Health Matters* (academic articles website). **2** (3): 68–74. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1016/0968-8080(94)90083-3](https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0968-8080%2894%2990083-3). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220620051133/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1016/0968-8080(94)90083-3) from the original on 2022-06-20. Retrieved 2024-01-11.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-43)** Rašević, Mirjana (January 1994). ["Yugoslavia: Abortion as a preferred method of birth control"](https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1016/0968-8080%2894%2990083-3). *Reproductive Health Matters*. **2** (3): 68–74. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1016/0968-8080(94)90083-3](https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0968-8080%2894%2990083-3). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [0968-8080](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0968-8080).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-44)** ["Kurdish women call for YES vote"](https://www.lookleftonline.org/2018/05/kurdish-women-call-for-yes-vote/). *LookLeft*. 24 May 2018. Retrieved 24 August 2018.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-bbc.com_45-0)** ["Farc têm grande contingente de mulheres guerrilheiras - BBC Brasil - BBC World Service"](https://web.archive.org/web/20180823174043/https://www.bbc.com/portuguese/noticias/2003/030310_colombiaguerrilheirasvr.shtml) [FARC has large contingent of female guerrillas]. *[BBC Brasil](/source/BBC_Brasil)*. 2003-03-12. Archived from [the original](https://www.bbc.com/portuguese/noticias/2003/030310_colombiaguerrilheirasvr.shtml) on 23 August 2018. Retrieved 24 August 2018. As forças militares colombianas também acusam a guerrilha de obrigar as meninas a usar métodos anticoncepcionais incompatíveis com a idade delas, de realizar abortos e ser obrigadas a ter relações sexuais com seus superiores. [According to her, most of them opt for implants and injections. In the FARC, according to her, abortion is allowed. It is a woman's own decision.]

1. **[^](#cite_ref-46)** ["Núcleo Psol UFMG: Decretos da Comuna de Paris de 1871"](http://psolufmg.blogspot.com/p/ha-140-anos-comuna-de-paris.html) [Decrees of the Paris Commune of 1871]. *Núcleo Psol UFMG* (blog) (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2024-11-01.

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Abortion under communism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abortion_under_communism) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abortion_under_communism?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.