# Abortion in Mali

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In [Mali](/source/Mali), [abortion](/source/Abortion) is [illegal](/source/Abortion_law_by_country) except in the cases of risk to health or life or [pregnancy from rape](/source/Pregnancy_from_rape) or incest. The [gestational limit](/source/Gestational_limit) is thirteen weeks. Most abortions in the country are illegal and [unsafe](/source/Unsafe_abortion). Most abortions are received by unmarried women, often motivated by the stigma against pregnancy outside of marriage. Legal providers perform both [surgical](/source/Surgical_abortion) and [medical abortion](/source/Medical_abortion), and [post-abortion care](/source/Post-abortion_care) has been available since 2006.

Mali's abortion law was originally based on [that of France](/source/Abortion_in_France), with a 1920 French abortion ban being included in Mali's penal code. This was replaced by a 2002 reproductive health law, permitting abortions on the grounds of rape, incest, or risk to life. The country ratified the [Maputo Protocol](/source/Maputo_Protocol) in 2004 and published abortion guidelines in 2012. The 2024 penal code permitted abortion on the existing legal grounds as well as risk to physical or mental health.

## Legislation

The 2024 [penal code of Mali](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Penal_code_of_Mali&action=edit&redlink=1) prohibits abortions except if the pregnancy risks the mother's life or physical or mental health or it [resulted from rape](/source/Pregnancy_from_rape) or incest.[1] The country's medical code of ethics says abortion is permitted if three physicians say that it is necessary to save the mother's life.[2] [Medical abortion](/source/Medical_abortion) is approved up to a [gestational age](/source/Gestational_age) of thirteen weeks.[3]

Article 321-20 of the penal code says illegal abortion is punishable by a prison sentence of five years, a fine of 1,000,000 [francs](/source/West_African_CFA_franc), and a [residence ban](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Residence_ban&action=edit&redlink=1) [[fr](https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/interdiction_de_s%C3%A9jour)] of ten years. The prison sentence is increased to ten years for [forced abortions](/source/Forced_abortion) or up to twenty years for abortions resulting in death. Article 321-21 says a medical professional who performs an illegal abortion may lose their license and be imprisoned for up to five years.[1]

## History

During the [colonial era](/source/French_Sudan), Mali inherited [France's abortion law](/source/Abortion_in_France), with a 1920 law banning abortion. Mali modified this law in 1972.[4] The country's penal code specified that abortions are punishable using any methods and at any stage of pregnancy.[5] The legal defense of [necessity](/source/Necessity_(criminal_law)) excused abortions done if the pregnancy poses a serious threat, although the cases in which this applied were unspecified.[6]

The 1920 law existed until 2002,[7] when a reproductive health bill, Law No. 02-044 of 24 June 2002, legalized abortion if a pregnancy is life-threatening or if it [resulted from rape](/source/Pregnancy_from_rape) or incest. Abortions in other cases remained punishable under the penal code.[8] This law was in line with the recommendations of the [International Conference on Population and Development](/source/International_Conference_on_Population_and_Development).[9] Mali ratified the [Maputo Protocol](/source/Maputo_Protocol), which provides for a right to safe abortion, on 26 October 2004. The abortion law and other laws on [women's rights in Mali](/source/Women's_rights_in_Mali) are not in line with this treaty.[1] The National Standards and Protocols for Abortion Care were published in 2012.[7] The same year, Mali's plan for implementation of [United Nations Security Council Resolution 1325](/source/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1325), an agreement surrounding women's rights, provided for "medical assistance for women with non-desired pregnancies".[10]

In 2017, US President [Donald Trump](/source/Donald_Trump) enacted the [Mexico City policy](/source/Mexico_City_policy), which withheld government funding from organizations that provide abortion services. Family planning organizations in Mali lost 600,000 US dollars upon its enactment,[11] and the group Association Malienne pour la Protection et la Promotion de la Famille lost its source of funding from [Planned Parenthood](/source/Planned_Parenthood) until the policy was rescinded.[12] The Strengthening Abortion Research Capacity in Sub-Saharan Africa Program (STARS)—a group aiming to increase abortion research from African researchers—was launched in 2019 in Mali by the Mali Center for Vaccine Development and the [International Center for Research on Women](/source/International_Center_for_Research_on_Women).[13] The program, which published studies and held discussions with the [Ministry of Health](/source/Ministry_of_Health_(Mali)), academics, and medical professionals, increased interest in research on abortion in Mali.[14] The [COVID-19 pandemic in Mali](/source/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Mali), which occurred amid [a national crisis](/source/Mali_War), led to the unavailability of health facilities and reproductive healthcare, and community groups worked to provide safe abortion access.[15] The penal code enacted in December 2024 continued to criminalize abortions, with exceptions for therapeutic abortions.[1]

## Prevalence

In 2015–2019, the estimated annual incidence of abortion in Mali was 92,600, equating to 33% of unintended pregnancies or 9% of all pregnancies. The abortion rate had remained stagnant since 1990–1994, during which time the unintended pregnancy rate had decreased by 18%.[16] There is little research on abortion in Mali, and the country has no organizations dedicated to abortion research.[7]

About four-fifths of abortions in Mali are performed outside of health facilities, and most are [unsafe](/source/Unsafe_abortion). Abortions are often provided by illegal providers with unsanitary conditions; women seeking abortions find these providers through [social networks](/source/Social_network). Unsafe abortion is the fifth-most common cause of [maternal mortality](/source/Maternal_mortality) in the country, as of 2022[\[update\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abortion_in_Mali&action=edit).[7] Many abortions are performed by untrained providers. [Self-induced abortion](/source/Self-induced_abortion) is commonly performed by inserting objects into the uterus, consuming excessive doses of medication,[7] or consuming poisons such as soap, dye, or [methylene blue](/source/Methylene_blue).[17] [Traditional medicine](/source/Traditional_medicine) workers believe abortions can be induced with bitter plants such as *[Khaya senegalensis](/source/Khaya_senegalensis)* and *[Opilia amentacea](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Opilia_amentacea&action=edit&redlink=1)*.[18] Many [sexual slavery camps in Mali](/source/Prostitution_in_Mali) have clinics for traditional abortion providers, according to the [National Agency for the Prohibition of Trafficking in Persons](/source/National_Agency_for_the_Prohibition_of_Trafficking_in_Persons) in 2010.[19] As of 2020[\[update\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abortion_in_Mali&action=edit), illegal abortion services cost between 40,000 and 110,000 francs, depending on the gestational age.[20]

Legal abortions are available with both [medical](/source/Medical_abortion) and [surgical abortion](/source/Surgical_abortion).[3] Abortion care is more available at private facilities, according to the 2013 [HeRAMS](/source/HeRAMS) survey by the [World Health Organization](/source/World_Health_Organization) and the Ministry of Health.[21]

Women with unintended pregnancies often have abortions to avoid negative reactions from family members or society. Abortions are typically the result of [premarital sex](/source/Premarital_sex), as pregnancy outside of marriage is viewed as dishonorable for a family, whereas high birth rates are encouraged for married women.[22] In 1981–1982, 82.1% of pregnancy terminations were among unmarried women.[23] According to some estimates, abortion is common among young women and adolescents.[24]

## Post-abortion care

Since it first became available in Mali in 2006, [post-abortion care](/source/Post-abortion_care) (PAC) has been managed through decentralized local authorities with local funding.[25] Many women with abortion complications only receive PAC through informal providers or self-medication, as revealing abortions risks legal punishment and stigmatization.[7] The NGO [Population Services International](/source/Population_Services_International) has trained public and private facilities to provide PAC using [manual vacuum aspiration](/source/Manual_vacuum_aspiration) and [misoprostol](/source/Misoprostol).[3]

## References

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Haïdara_1-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Haïdara_1-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-Haïdara_1-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-Haïdara_1-3) Haïdara, Boubacar (7 February 2025). ["Avortement médicalisé : Un droit reconnu mais peu appliqué au Mali"](https://www.journaldumali.com/avortement-medicalise-un-droit-reconnu-mais-peu-applique-au-mali/) [Therapeutic abortion: A right that is recognized but rarely applied in Mali]. *[Le Journal du Mali](/source/Le_Journal_du_Mali)* (in French). Retrieved 26 July 2025.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETembelyKoumare_TembelyLudotMoro2022168_2-0)** [Tembely et al. 2022](#CITEREFTembelyKoumare_TembelyLudotMoro2022), p. 168.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESorhaindoCastleFlomenLathrop20235_3-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESorhaindoCastleFlomenLathrop20235_3-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESorhaindoCastleFlomenLathrop20235_3-2) [Sorhaindo et al. 2023](#CITEREFSorhaindoCastleFlomenLathrop2023), p. 5.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnoppersBraultSloss1990892_4-0)** [Knoppers, Brault & Sloss 1990](#CITEREFKnoppersBraultSloss1990), p. 892.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnoppersBraultSloss1990899,_901_5-0)** [Knoppers, Brault & Sloss 1990](#CITEREFKnoppersBraultSloss1990), pp. 899, 901.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnoppersBraultSloss1990908RahmanKatziveHenshaw199857_6-0)** [Knoppers, Brault & Sloss 1990](#CITEREFKnoppersBraultSloss1990), p. 908; [Rahman, Katzive & Henshaw 1998](#CITEREFRahmanKatziveHenshaw1998), p. 57.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESowIzugbaraDiarraDjiteye2022112_7-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESowIzugbaraDiarraDjiteye2022112_7-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESowIzugbaraDiarraDjiteye2022112_7-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESowIzugbaraDiarraDjiteye2022112_7-3) [***e***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESowIzugbaraDiarraDjiteye2022112_7-4) [***f***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESowIzugbaraDiarraDjiteye2022112_7-5) [Sow et al. 2022](#CITEREFSowIzugbaraDiarraDjiteye2022), p. 112.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-GAPD_8-0)** ["Country Profile: Mali"](https://abortion-policies.srhr.org/country/mali/). *Global Abortion Policies Database*. [World Health Organization](/source/World_Health_Organization). 7 May 2017. Retrieved 25 July 2025.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHessini200593_9-0)** [Hessini 2005](#CITEREFHessini2005), p. 93.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomsonPierson2018329_10-0)** [Thomson & Pierson 2018](#CITEREFThomsonPierson2018), p. 329.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-11)** ["Au Mali, premières conséquences du décret anti-avortement de Trump"](https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20170302-mali-premieres-consequences-decret-anti-avortement-trump) [In Mali, the first consequences of Trump's anti-abortion decree]. *[Radio France Internationale](/source/Radio_France_Internationale)* (in French). 3 February 2017. Retrieved 26 July 2025.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-12)** Porter Robbins, Claire (28 January 2021). ["End of US 'global gag rule' raises hopes for women's healthcare at crucial time"](https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/news/2021/1/28/global-gag-rule-abortion-access-biden-mexico-city-policy-haiti-namibia). *[The New Humanitarian](/source/The_New_Humanitarian)*. Retrieved 26 July 2025.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESowIzugbaraDiarraDjiteye2022113_13-0)** [Sow et al. 2022](#CITEREFSowIzugbaraDiarraDjiteye2022), p. 113.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESowIzugbaraDiarraDjiteye2022115_14-0)** [Sow et al. 2022](#CITEREFSowIzugbaraDiarraDjiteye2022), p. 115.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESorhaindoCastleFlomenLathrop20234,_11_15-0)** [Sorhaindo et al. 2023](#CITEREFSorhaindoCastleFlomenLathrop2023), pp. 4, 11.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-16)** ["Country profile: Mali"](https://www.guttmacher.org/regions/africa/mali). *[Guttmacher Institute](/source/Guttmacher_Institute)*. 2022. Retrieved 25 July 2025.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDialloHamiMaigaCoulibaly2013365_17-0)** [Diallo et al. 2013](#CITEREFDialloHamiMaigaCoulibaly2013), p. 365.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENordengAl-ZayadiDialloBallo20134_18-0)** [Nordeng et al. 2013](#CITEREFNordengAl-ZayadiDialloBallo2013), p. 4.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-19)** ["Thousands of Nigerian women 'found in Mali slave camps'"](https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-11438341). *[BBC News](/source/BBC_News)*. 29 September 2010. Retrieved 26 July 2025.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-20)** Fatoumata (15 January 2020). ["Mali : Pratique de l'Avortement : Le Coût Financier à Supporter"](https://maliactu.net/mali-pratique-de-lavortement-le-cout-financier-a-supporter/) [Mali: Abortion Practice: The Financial Cost]. *Mali Tribune* (in French). Retrieved 27 July 2025 – via MaliActu.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETunçalpFallPhillipsWilliams20157_21-0)** [Tunçalp et al. 2015](#CITEREFTunçalpFallPhillipsWilliams2015), p. 7.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETembelyKoumare_TembelyLudotMoro2022168–169_22-0)** [Tembely et al. 2022](#CITEREFTembelyKoumare_TembelyLudotMoro2022), pp. 168–169.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBankoleSinghHaas199973_23-0)** [Bankole, Singh & Haas 1999](#CITEREFBankoleSinghHaas1999), p. 73.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_de_WalleMaiga199185_24-0)** [van de Walle & Maiga 1991](#CITEREFvan_de_WalleMaiga1991), p. 85.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERamaRaoTownsendDiopRaifman201143_25-0)** [RamaRao et al. 2011](#CITEREFRamaRaoTownsendDiopRaifman2011), p. 43.

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Abortion in Mali](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abortion_in_Mali) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abortion_in_Mali?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.