# Abdullah I of Jordan

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Ruler of Jordan from 1921 to 1951

Abdullah I عبد الله الأول 1942 portrait King of Jordan Reign 25 May 1946 – 20 July 1951 Predecessor Himself as Emir of Transjordan Successor Talal Regent See list Ibrahim Hashem Samir Al-Rifai Tawfik Abu Al-Huda Sa'id Mufti Emir of Transjordan Reign 11 April 1921 – 25 May 1946[1][2] Predecessor Office established Successor Himself as King of Jordan Regent See list Rashid Talaa Mazhar Raslan Ali al-Rikabi Hasan Abu Al-Huda Abd Allah Siraj Ibrahim Hashem Tawfik Abu Al-Huda Samir Al-Rifai Born (1882-02-02)2 February 1882 Mecca, Hejaz Vilayet, Ottoman Empire Died 20 July 1951(1951-07-20) (aged 69)[3][4] East Jerusalem, West Bank, Jordan Cause of death Assassination (gunshot wounds) Burial Raghadan Palace, Amman, Jordan Spouses Musbah bint Nasser ​ (m. 1904)​ Suzdil Khanum ​ (m. 1913)​ Nahda bint Uman ​ (m. 1949)​ Issue Princess Haya King Talal Princess Munira Prince Nayef Princess Maqbula Princess Naifeh House Hashemite Father Hussein bin Ali Mother Abdiyya bint Abdullah Religion Sunni Islam Military career Allegiance Kingdom of Hejaz (1916–1921) Emirate of Transjordan (1921–1946) Jordan (1946–1951) Branches Sharifian Army Arab Legion Royal Jordanian Army Service years 1916–1951 Rank Brigadier General1916 -1921 Commonder in Chief 1921–1951 Wars Arab Revolt (1916–1918) Kura rebellion (1921) Adwan Rebellion (1923) Anglo-Iraqi War (1941) Syria–Lebanon campaign (1941) First Arab–Israeli War (1948)

**Abdullah I**[a] (**Abdullah bin Hussein**;[b] 2 February 1882 – 20 July 1951) was the ruler of [Jordan](/source/Jordan) from 11 April 1921 until [his assassination](/source/Assassination_of_Abdullah_I_of_Jordan) in 1951. He was the [Emir](/source/Emir) of [Transjordan](/source/Emirate_of_Transjordan), a [British protectorate](/source/British_protectorate), until 25 May 1946,[1][2] after which he was king of an independent Jordan.[1][2] As a member of the [Hashemite](/source/Hashemite) dynasty, the royal family of Jordan since 1921, Abdullah was a [38th-generation direct descendant](/source/Hashemites#Members_and_family_tree) of [Muhammad](/source/Muhammad).[5]

Born in [Mecca](/source/Mecca), Hejaz, Ottoman Empire, Abdullah was the second of four sons of [Hussein bin Ali](/source/Hussein_bin_Ali%2C_King_of_Hejaz), [Sharif of Mecca](/source/Sharif_of_Mecca), and his first wife, Abdiyya bint Abdullah. He was educated in [Istanbul](/source/Istanbul) and Hejaz. From 1909 to 1914, Abdullah sat in the Ottoman legislature, as deputy for Mecca, but allied with [Britain](/source/British_Empire) during the [First World War](/source/World_War_I). During the war, he played a key role in secret negotiations with the [United Kingdom](/source/United_Kingdom) that led to the [Arab Revolt](/source/Arab_Revolt) against Ottoman rule that was led by his father Sharif Hussein.[6] Abdullah personally led guerrilla raids on garrisons.[7]

Abdullah [became Emir](/source/Sharifian_Solution) of Transjordan in April 1921. He upheld his alliance with the British during World War II, and became king after Transjordan gained independence from the United Kingdom in 1946.[6] In 1950, [Jordan annexed the West Bank](/source/Jordanian_annexation_of_the_West_Bank),[6] which angered [Arab countries](/source/Arab_world) including [Syria](/source/Second_Syrian_Republic), [Saudi Arabia](/source/Saudi_Arabia) and [Egypt](/source/Kingdom_of_Egypt).[6] He was [assassinated](/source/Assassination_of_Abdullah_I_of_Jordan) in [Jerusalem](/source/Jerusalem) while attending Friday prayers at the entrance of the [Al-Aqsa Mosque](/source/Al-Aqsa_Mosque) by a [Palestinian](/source/Palestinians) in 1951.[8] Abdullah was succeeded by his eldest son [Talal](/source/Talal_of_Jordan).

## Early political career

In their Revolt and their Awakening, Arabs never incited sedition or acted out of greed, but called for justice, liberty and national sovereignty.

— Abdullah about the [Great Arab Revolt](/source/Arab_Revolt)[9]

In 1910, Abdullah persuaded his father to stand, successfully, for Grand [Sharif of Mecca](/source/Sharif_of_Mecca), a post for which Hussein acquired British support. In the following year, he became deputy for Mecca in the parliament established by the [Young Turks](/source/Young_Turks), acting as an intermediary between his father and the Ottoman government.[10] In 1914, Abdullah paid a clandestine visit to Cairo to meet [Lord Kitchener](/source/Herbert_Kitchener%2C_1st_Earl_Kitchener), the United Kingdom's [Secretary of State for War](/source/Secretary_of_State_for_War), to seek British support for his father's ambitions in Arabia.[11]

Abdullah maintained contact with the British throughout the First World War and in 1915 encouraged his father to enter into correspondence with [Sir Henry McMahon](/source/Henry_McMahon_(diplomat)), British high commissioner in Egypt, about Arab independence from Turkish rule (see [McMahon–Hussein Correspondence](/source/McMahon%E2%80%93Hussein_Correspondence)).[10] This correspondence in turn led to the Arab Revolt against the [Ottomans](/source/Ottoman_Empire).[3] During the [Arab Revolt](/source/Arab_Revolt) of 1916–18, Abdullah commanded the Arab Eastern Army.[11] Abdullah began his role in the Revolt by attacking the Ottoman garrison at [Ta'if](/source/Ta'if) on 10 June 1916.[12]

The garrison consisted of 3,000 men with ten [75-mm Krupp](/source/Krupp_7.5_cm_Model_1903) guns. Abdullah led a force of 5,000 tribesmen, but they did not have the weapons or discipline for a full attack. Instead, he laid siege to town. In July, he received reinforcements from Egypt in the form of [howitzer](/source/Howitzer) batteries manned by Egyptian personnel. He then joined the siege of [Medina](/source/Medina) commanding a force of 4,000 men based to the east and north-east of the town.[13]

In early 1917, Abdullah ambushed an Ottoman convoy in the desert, and captured £20,000 worth of gold coins that were intended to bribe the [Bedouin](/source/Bedouin) into loyalty to the Sultan.[14] In August 1917, Abdullah worked closely with the French Captain Muhammand Ould Ali Raho in sabotaging the [Hejaz Railway](/source/Hejaz_Railway).[15] Abdullah's relations with the British Captain [T. E. Lawrence](/source/T._E._Lawrence) were not good, and as a result, Lawrence spent most of his time in the Hejaz serving with Abdullah's brother, [Faisal](/source/Faisal_I_of_Iraq), who commanded the Arab Northern Army.[11]

## Founding of the Emirate of Transjordan

Abdullah arrives in Amman 1920

Abdullah 1920

Abdullah I of Transjordan during the visit to Turkey with Turkish president [Mustafa Kemal](/source/Mustafa_Kemal) 1937

On 8 March 1920, Abdullah was proclaimed King of Iraq by the Iraqi Congress but he refused the position. After his refusal, his brother [Faisal](/source/Faisal_I_of_Iraq) who had just been defeated in Syria, accepted the position.[3][6] When French forces captured Damascus after the [Battle of Maysalun](/source/Battle_of_Maysalun) (24 July 1920) and expelled his brother [Faisal](/source/Faisal_I_of_Iraq) (27 July–1 August 1920), Abdullah moved his forces from Hejaz into Transjordan with a view to liberating Damascus, where his brother had been proclaimed King in 1918.[10]

Having heard of Abdullah's plans, [Winston Churchill](/source/Winston_Churchill) invited Abdullah to Cairo in 1921 for a famous "[tea party](/source/Cairo_Conference_(1921))", where he convinced Abdullah to stay put and not attack Britain's allies, the French. Churchill told Abdullah that French forces were superior to his and that the British did not want any trouble with the French. Abdullah headed to Transjordan and [established an emirate there on 11 April 1921](/source/Establishment_of_the_Emirate_of_Transjordan)[*[clarification needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify)*] after being welcomed into the country by its inhabitants.[3]

Although Abdullah established a legislative council in 1928, its role remained advisory, leaving him to rule as an autocrat.[10] Prime ministers under Abdullah formed 18 governments during the 23 years of the Emirate.[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*]

Abdullah set about the task of building Transjordan with the help of a reserve force headed by Lieutenant-Colonel [Frederick Peake](/source/Frederick_Peake), who was seconded from the Palestine police in 1921.[10] The force, renamed the [Arab Legion](/source/Arab_Legion) in 1923, was led by [John Bagot Glubb](/source/John_Bagot_Glubb) between 1930 and 1956.[10] During World War II, Abdullah was a faithful British ally, maintaining strict order within Transjordan, and helping to suppress a pro-Axis uprising in Iraq.[10] The Arab Legion assisted in the occupation of Iraq and Syria.[3]

## Expansionist aspirations

King Abdullah declaring the end of the British Mandate and the independence of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan, 25 May 1946.

The Independence of Jordan

King Abdullah I of Jordan after Jordanian independence 1946

Abdullah negotiated with Britain to gain independence. On 25 May 1946, the Hashemite Kingdom of Transjordan (renamed the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan on 26 April 1949) was proclaimed independent. On the same day, Abdullah was crowned king in [Amman](/source/Amman).[3][16]

King Abdullah I of Transjordan and King Abdulaziz of Saudi Arabia in 1947

King Abdullah I of Transjordan and King Farouk I of Egypt

Abdullah, alone among the Arab leaders of his generation, was considered a moderate by the West.[17][18] It is possible that he might have been willing to sign a separate peace agreement with Israel, but for the [Arab League](/source/Arab_League)'s militant opposition. Because of his dream for a [Greater Syria](/source/Greater_Syria) within the borders of what was then [Transjordan](/source/Emirate_of_Transjordan), Syria, Lebanon, and [Palestine](/source/Mandatory_Palestine) under a Hashemite dynasty with "a throne in Damascus," many Arab countries distrusted Abdullah and saw him as both "a threat to the independence of their countries and they also suspected him of being in cahoots with the enemy" and in return, Abdullah distrusted the leaders of other Arab countries.[19][20][21]

Abdullah supported the [Peel Commission](/source/Peel_Commission) in 1937, which proposed that Palestine be split up into a small Jewish state (20 percent of the [British Mandate for Palestine](/source/Mandatory_Palestine)) and the remaining land be annexed into Transjordan. The Arabs within Palestine and the surrounding Arab countries objected to the Peel Commission while the Jews accepted it reluctantly.[22] Ultimately, the Peel Commission was not adopted. In 1947, when the UN supported [partition of Palestine](/source/United_Nations_Partition_Plan_for_Palestine) into one Jewish and one Arab state, Abdullah was the only Arab leader supporting the decision.[3]

In 1946–48, Abdullah supported partition in order that the Arab allocated areas of the British Mandate for Palestine could be annexed into Transjordan. Abdullah went so far as to have secret meetings with the [Jewish Agency for Israel](/source/Jewish_Agency_for_Israel). Future Israeli prime minister [Golda Meir](/source/Golda_Meir) was among the delegates to these meetings that came to a mutually agreed upon partition plan independently of the United Nations in November 1947.[23]

On 17 November 1947, in a secret meeting with Golda Meir, Abdullah stated that he wished to annex all of the Arab parts as a minimum, and would prefer to annex all of Palestine.[24][25] This partition plan was supported by British Foreign Secretary [Ernest Bevin](/source/Ernest_Bevin) who preferred to see Abdullah's territory increased at the expense of the Palestinians rather than risk the creation of a Palestinian state headed by the [Mufti](/source/Mufti) of Jerusalem [Mohammad Amin al-Husayni](/source/Mohammad_Amin_al-Husayni).[10][26]

Historian Graham Jevon discusses the Shlaim and Karsh interpretations of the critical meeting and accepts that there may not have been a "firm agreement" as posited by Shlaim while claiming it is clear that the parties openly discussed the possibility of a Hashemite-Zionist accommodation and further says it is "indisputable" that the Zionists confirmed that they were willing to accept Abdullah's intention.[27]

On 4 May 1948, Abdullah, as a part of the effort to seize as much of Palestine as possible, sent in the Arab Legion to attack the Israeli settlements in the Etzion Bloc.[24] Less than a week before the outbreak of the [1948 Arab–Israeli War](/source/1948_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_War), Abdullah met with Meir for one last time on 11 May 1948.[24] Abdullah told Meir, "Why are you in such a hurry to proclaim your state? Why don't you wait a few years? I will take over the whole country and you will be represented in my parliament. I will treat you very well and there will be no war".[24]

Abdullah proposed to Meir the creation "of an autonomous Jewish [canton](/source/Canton_(administrative_division)) within a Hashemite kingdom," but "Meir countered back that in November, they had agreed on a partition with [Jewish statehood](/source/Jewish_state)."[28] Depressed by the unavoidable war that would come between Jordan and the [Yishuv](/source/Yishuv), one [Jewish Agency](/source/Jewish_Agency) representative wrote, "[Abdullah] will not remain faithful to the 29 November [UN Partition] borders, but [he] will not attempt to conquer all of our state [either]."[29] Abdullah too found the coming war to be unfortunate, in part because he "preferred a Jewish state [as Transjordan's neighbour] to a Palestinian Arab state run by the [mufti](/source/Mohammad_Amin_al-Husayni)."[28]

King Abdullah welcomed by [Palestinian Christians](/source/Palestinian_Christians) in [East Jerusalem](/source/East_Jerusalem) on 29 May 1948, the day after his forces [took control](/source/Battle_for_Jerusalem) over the city.

The Palestinian Arabs, the neighbouring Arab states, the promise of the expansion of territory and the goal to conquer [Jerusalem](/source/Jerusalem) finally pressured Abdullah into joining them in an "all-Arab military intervention" on 15 May 1948. He used the military intervention to restore his prestige in the Arab world, which had grown suspicious of his relatively good relationship with Western and Jewish leaders.[28][30] Abdullah was especially anxious to take Jerusalem as compensation for the loss of the guardianship of Mecca, which had traditionally been held by the Hashemites until [Ibn Saud](/source/Ibn_Saud) [seized the Hejaz](/source/Saudi_conquest_of_Hejaz) in 1925.[31]

Abdullah's role in this war became substantial. He distrusted the leaders of the other Arab nations and thought they had weak military forces; the other Arabs distrusted Abdullah in return.[32][33] He saw himself as the "supreme commander of the Arab forces" and "persuaded the [Arab League](/source/Arab_League) to appoint him" to this position.[34] His forces under their British commander [Glubb Pasha](/source/John_Bagot_Glubb) did not approach the area set aside for the Jewish state, though they clashed with the Yishuv forces around Jerusalem, intended to be an international zone.[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*] According to [Abdullah el-Tell](/source/Abdullah_el-Tell) it was the King's personal intervention that led to the [Arab Legion](/source/Arab_Legion) entering the [Old City](/source/Old_City_(Jerusalem)) against Glubb's wishes.[32]

On 16 July 1951, [Riad Al Solh](/source/Riad_Al_Solh), a former prime minister of Lebanon, was assassinated in Amman, where rumours were circulating that Lebanon and Jordan were discussing a joint separate peace with Israel.[32]

## Assassination

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Main article: [Assassination of Abdullah I of Jordan](/source/Assassination_of_Abdullah_I_of_Jordan)

Visiting the Dome of the Rock, 1948

King Abdullah, in white, leaving the [Al-Aqsa](/source/Al-Aqsa) Mosque compound a few weeks before his assassination, July 1951

King Abdullah with [Glubb Pasha](/source/John_Bagot_Glubb), the day before Abdullah's assassination, 19 July 1951

Abdullah's coffin with mourners.

On 20 July 1951, King Abdullah of Jordan was assassinated while visiting Al-Aqsa Mosque in Jerusalem by Mustafa Shukri Ashu, a Palestinian tailor's apprentice associated with a [Palestinian nationalist](/source/Palestinian_nationalism) group seeking an [independent Palestinian state](/source/State_of_Palestine). Abdullah, who was accompanied by his grandson Prince Hussein, was shot during Friday prayers, with three bullets hitting his head and chest. Prince Hussein survived when a medal he wore deflected a bullet.

The assassination was attributed to a secret group linked to the [Muslim Brotherhood](/source/Muslim_Brotherhood) with political ties to [Amin al-Husseini](/source/Amin_al-Husseini), the former [Grand Mufti of Jerusalem](/source/Grand_Mufti_of_Jerusalem). The assassin was shot dead by Abdullah's guards, and several individuals, including Colonel Abdullah at-Tell and members of the Husseini family, were later implicated in the plot. Abdullah's reign was followed by the reign of his son [Talal](/source/Talal_of_Jordan) (r.1951-1952), and thereafter by that of Talal's son [Hussein](/source/Hussein_of_Jordan) (r.1952-1999). Abdullah's assassination is thought to have influenced Hussein's decision not to pursue peace talks with Israel after the [Six-Day War](/source/Six-Day_War). However, King Hussein remained interested in a [Jordanian-Palestinian federation](/source/Jordanian_option) throughout his reign - proposing a [federation of Jordan, the West Bank, and East Jerusalem](/source/King_Hussein's_federation_plan) in 1972; and reaching a [secret agreement with Israel](/source/Peres%E2%80%93Hussein_London_Agreement) on the matter in 1987. Despite the interest of Israeli leadership (notably including [Shimon Peres](/source/Shimon_Peres)), Palestinian unification with Jordan was opposed by Palestinian nationalist factions including the [PLO](/source/Palestine_Liberation_Organization), and the 1987 agreement failed to materialise largely due to the start of the [First Intifada](/source/First_Intifada) later that year.

## Marriages and children

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Abdullah married three times.[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*]

In 1904, Abdullah married his first wife, Sharifa [Musbah bint Nasser](/source/Musbah_bint_Nasser) (1884 – 15 March 1961), at Stinia Palace, [İstinye](/source/%C4%B0stinye), Istanbul, Ottoman Empire. She was a daughter of [Emir](/source/Emir) Nasser Pasha and his wife, Dilber Khanum. They had three children:

- [Princess Haya](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Princess_Haya_bint_Abdullah&action=edit&redlink=1) (1907–1990). Married Abdul-Karim Ja'afar Zeid Dhaoui.

- [King Talal](/source/Talal_of_Jordan) (26 February 1909 – 7 July 1972).

- [Princess Munira](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Princess_Munira_bint_Abdullah&action=edit&redlink=1) (1915–1987). Never married.

In 1913, Abdullah married his second wife, Suzdil Khanum (d. 16 August 1968), in Istanbul, Turkey. They had two children:

- [Prince Nayef bin Abdullah](/source/Prince_Nayef_bin_Abdullah) (14 November 1914 – 12 October 1983; a [colonel](/source/Colonel) of the [Royal Jordanian Land Force](/source/Royal_Jordanian_Land_Force). Regent for his older half-brother, Talal, from 20 July to 3 September 1951). Married in [Cairo](/source/Cairo) or [Amman](/source/Amman) on 7 October 1940 Princess [Mihrimah Sultan](/source/Mihrimah_Sultan_(daughter_of_%C5%9Eehzade_Ziyaeddin)) (11 November 1922 – March 2000, [Amman](/source/Amman), and buried in [Istanbul](/source/Istanbul) on 2 April 2000), daughter of the Ottoman prince, [Şehzade Mehmed Ziyaeddin](/source/%C5%9Eehzade_Mehmed_Ziyaeddin) (1873–1938) and his fifth consort, Neşemend Hanım (1905–1934), and paternal granddaughter of [Mehmed V](/source/Mehmed_V) through his first consort.

- [Princess Maqbula](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Princess_Maqbula_bint_Abdullah&action=edit&redlink=1) (6 February 1921 – 1 January 2001); married [Hussein ibn Nasser](/source/Hussein_ibn_Nasser), [Prime Minister of Jordan](/source/List_of_Prime_Ministers_of_Jordan) (terms 1963–64, 1967).

In 1949, Abdullah married his third wife, Nahda bint Uman, a lady from [Anglo-Egyptian Sudan](/source/Anglo-Egyptian_Sudan), in Amman. They had one child:

- [Princess Naifeh](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Princess_Naifeh_bint_Abdullah&action=edit&redlink=1) (1950–); married Sameer Hilal Ashour.

## Honours

- [Francoist Spain](/source/Francoist_Spain): Grand Cross of the [Order of Military Merit](/source/Crosses_of_Military_Merit_(Spain)), with white distinctive, 1949.[35]

## Notes

1. **[^](#cite_ref-5)** [Arabic](/source/Arabic_language): عبد الله الأول, [romanized](/source/Romanization_of_Arabic): *ʿAbd Allāh al-Awwal*.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-6)** Arabic: عبد الله بن الحسين, romanized: *ʿAbd Allāh bin al-Ḥusayn*.

## References

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Salibi_1-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Salibi_1-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-Salibi_1-2) Salibi (1998), p. 93

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Hussein_2-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Hussein_2-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-Hussein_2-2) [Hashemite Monarchs of Jordan](https://www.alhussein.jo/en/the-hashemites/history-hashemites), "The Emirate of Transjordan was founded on 11 April 1921, and became the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan upon formal independence from Britain in 1946". alhussein.jo.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-EB_22_3-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-EB_22_3-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-EB_22_3-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-EB_22_3-3) [***e***](#cite_ref-EB_22_3-4) [***f***](#cite_ref-EB_22_3-5) [***g***](#cite_ref-EB_22_3-6) Encyclopædia Britannica (2010), p. [22](https://archive.org/details/newencyclopaedia2009ency/page/22)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-4)** Some sources state that his birth date was on 22 September.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-7)** Corboz, Elvire (2015). [*Guardians of Shi'ism: Sacred Authority and Transnational Family Networks*](https://books.google.com/books?id=BOkKngEACAAJ). Edinburgh University Press. p. 271. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-7486-9144-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-9144-9).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-EB_8-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-EB_8-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-EB_8-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-EB_8-3) [***e***](#cite_ref-EB_8-4) Encyclopaedia Britannica (online). *Abdullah I:...*

1. **[^](#cite_ref-9)** Shlaim (2007), p. 3

1. **[^](#cite_ref-10)** [Chambers Biographical Dictionary](/source/Chambers_Biographical_Dictionary), [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-550-18022-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-550-18022-2), page 3

1. **[^](#cite_ref-11)** ["Abdullah I quotes"](https://arabrevolt.jo/en/quotes-list/advocates-of-righteousness-and-liberty/). Arabrevolt.jo. 1 January 2016. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20180722213621/https://arabrevolt.jo/en/quotes-list/advocates-of-righteousness-and-liberty/) from the original on 22 July 2018. Retrieved 20 July 2018.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Thornhill_12-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Thornhill_12-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-Thornhill_12-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-Thornhill_12-3) [***e***](#cite_ref-Thornhill_12-4) [***f***](#cite_ref-Thornhill_12-5) [***g***](#cite_ref-Thornhill_12-6) [***h***](#cite_ref-Thornhill_12-7) Thornhill (2004)

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Murphy_13-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Murphy_13-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-Murphy_13-2) Murphy (2008), p. 13

1. **[^](#cite_ref-14)** Murphy (2008), p. 34

1. **[^](#cite_ref-15)** MacMunn. p. 228.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-16)** Murphy (2008), p. 38

1. **[^](#cite_ref-17)** Murphy (2008), p. 45

1. **[^](#cite_ref-18)** Yitzhak, Ronen (2022). [*Abdullah al-Tall – Arab Legion Officer: Arab Nationalism and Opposition to the Hashemite Regime*](https://books.google.com/books?id=Qv2gEAAAQBAJ). Liverpool University Press. p. 20. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-80207-224-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-80207-224-2).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-19)** ["Profile: King Abdullah I of Jordan"](https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2008/2/20/profile-king-abdullah-i-of-jordan). Al Jazeera. Retrieved 15 December 2023.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-20)** Vijayan, Anoop (4 May 2023). ["King Abdullah I of Jordan"](https://winstonchurchill.org/publications/finest-hour/finest-hour-196/king-abdullah-i-of-jordan/). *International Churchill Society*. Retrieved 15 December 2023.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-21)** Shlaim, 2001, p. 82.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-22)** Tripp, in Rogan & Shlaim (2001), p. 136.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-23)** Landis, in Rogan & Shlaim (2001), pp. 179–184.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-24)** Morris, 190

1. **[^](#cite_ref-25)** Rogan & Shlaim (2007, 2nd edition), pp. [109](https://archive.org/details/warforpalestiner00roga/page/n134)–110

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Karsh_26-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Karsh_26-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-Karsh_26-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-Karsh_26-3) Karsh (2002), p. 51.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-27)** Shlaim (1988)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-28)** Sela, ed. (2002). "al-Husseini, Hajj (Muhammad) Amin". pp. 360–362 (see p. 361).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-29)** Jevon (2017), pp. 64–65.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Morris_193_30-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Morris_193_30-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-Morris_193_30-2) Morris, 193–194.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-31)** "Meeting of the Arab Section of the Political Department of the Jewish Agency," qtd. in Morris, 194

1. **[^](#cite_ref-32)** Sela (2002), p. 14.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-33)** Karsh (2002), p. 50.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Morris_189_34-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Morris_189_34-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-Morris_189_34-2) Morris, 189

1. **[^](#cite_ref-35)** Bickerton, 103

1. **[^](#cite_ref-36)** Tripp, in Rogan & Shlaim (2001), p. 137.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-37)** ["Boletín Oficial del Estado"](http://www.boe.es/datos/pdfs/BOE/1949/287/A04354-04354.pdf) (PDF). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20140429080217/http://www.boe.es/datos/pdfs/BOE/1949/287/A04354-04354.pdf) (PDF) from the original on 29 April 2014. Retrieved 28 April 2014.

## Bibliography

- Alon, Yoav. *The Shaykh of Shayks: Mithqal al-Fayiz and Tribal Leadership in Modern Jordan*, Stanford Univ. Press, 2016.

- Bickerton, Ian J., and Carla L. Klausner. *A Concise History of the Arab-Israeli Conflict*. 4th ed. Upper Saddle River: Prentice Hall, 2002.

- Corboz, Elvire (2015). [*Guardians of Shi'ism: Sacred Authority and Transnational Family Networks*](https://books.google.com/books?id=BOkKngEACAAJ). Edinburgh University Press. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-7486-9144-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-9144-9).

- [Dayan, Moshe](/source/Moshe_Dayan) (1976). *Moshe Dayan: Story of My Life: An Autobiography*. [William Morrow & Co.](/source/William_Morrow_%26_Co.) [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-688-03076-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-688-03076-9).

- Encyclopædia Britannica (Macropaedia) (2010). [*Abdullah*](https://archive.org/details/newencyclopaedia01ency_1/page/22/mode/2up?view=theater). Vol. I (15th ed.). Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica Inc. p. 22. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-59339-837-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59339-837-8).

- Encyclopaedia Britannica (online). ["Abdullah I: Biography, History, & Assassination"](https://www.britannica.com/biography/Abdullah-I). *Encyclopædia Britannica*. Retrieved 4 September 2021.

- Haddad, Jurj Mari (1965). [*Revolutions and Military Rule in the Middle East: The Arab states pt. I: Iraq, Syria, Lebanon and Jordan*](https://books.google.com/books?id=g926AAAAIAAJ&q=habis+majali+prince+naif). R. Speller. p. 488. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-8315-0060-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8315-0060-3). Retrieved 24 October 2021.

- [Hiro, Dilip](/source/Dilip_Hiro) (1996). "Abdullah ibn Hussein al Hashem". *Dictionary of the Middle East*. New York: St. Martin's Press. pp. 3–4.

- Jevon, Graham (2017). [*Glubb Pasha and the Arab Legion: Britain, Jordan and the End of Empire in the Middle East*](https://books.google.com/books?id=teXFDgAAQBAJ). Cambridge University Press. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-316-83396-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-316-83396-4).

- Karsh, Efraim (September 1996). ["Historical Fictions"](http://www.meforum.org/93/historical-fictions). *[Middle East Quarterly](/source/Middle_East_Quarterly)*. **3** (3): 55–60. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20130207182838/http://www.meforum.org/93/historical-fictions) from the original on 7 February 2013. Retrieved 13 December 2012.

- [Karsh, Efraim](/source/Efraim_Karsh) (2002). *The Arab-Israeli Conflict: The Palestine War 1948*. London: Osprey. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [1-4728-9518-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4728-9518-5). No Google Books access. - see also the 2014 [Bloomsbury Publishing](/source/Bloomsbury_Publishing) edition, [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1472810014](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1472810014)

- Karsh, Efraim (2003). [*Arafat's War: The Man and His Battle for Israeli Conquest*](https://books.google.com/books?id=EiUXQgruG7EC&pg=PA43). New York: Grove Press. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-8021-4158-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8021-4158-3). Retrieved 24 October 2021.

- [Lunt, James](/source/James_Lunt) (1990) [1989 (Macmillan)]. *Hussein of Jordan*. Fontana/Collins. pp. 7–8. See also W. Morrow 1989 edition, [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0688064981](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0688064981), [books.google.com/books?id=TYctAQAAIAAJ](https://books.google.com/books?id=TYctAQAAIAAJ).

- [Morris, Benny](/source/Benny_Morris) (2008). *1948: The History of the First Arab-Israeli War*. New Haven: Yale University Press

- Murphy, David (2008). *The Arab Revolt 1916–18: Lawrence sets Arabia ablaze*. London: Osprey. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-84603-339-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84603-339-1).

- [Oren, Michael](/source/Michael_Oren) (2003). *Six Days of War: June 1967 and the Making of the Modern Middle East*. New York: Ballantine. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-345-46192-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-345-46192-4) pp. 5, 7.

- Rogan, Eugene L.; Shaim, Avi (2001). *The War for Palestine: Rewriting the History of 1948*. Cambridge University Press.

- [*The War for Palestine...*](https://archive.org/details/warforpalestiner00roga) (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. 2007. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-521-87598-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-87598-1). - [Shlaim, Avi](/source/Avi_Shlaim). "Israel and the Arab coalition in 1948". pp. 79–103. - [Rogan, Eugene L](/source/Eugene_Rogan). "Jordan and 1948: the persistence of an official history". pp. 104–124. - [Tripp, Charles](/source/Charles_R._H._Tripp). "Iraq and the 1948 War: mirror of Iraq's disorder". pp. 125–150. - [Landis, Joshua](/source/Joshua_Landis). "Syria and the Palestine War: fighting King 'Abdullah's 'Greater Syria plan'". pp. 178–205.

- Rogan, Eugene (2012). [*The Arabs: A History*](https://books.google.com/books?id=16U0mEbf4nAC). Basic Books. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-465-03248-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-465-03248-8).

- Salibi, Kamal S. (1998). [*The Modern History of Jordan*](https://books.google.com/books?id=7zdi2sCuIh8C). I.B. Tauris. p. 93. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-86064-331-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86064-331-6).

- [Sela, Avraham](/source/Avraham_Sela), ed. (2002). *The Continuum Political Encyclopedia of the Middle East*. New York: Continuum. - Sela, "Abdallah Ibn Hussein". pp. 13–14. - "al-Husseini, Hajj (Muhammad) Amin". pp. 360–362.

- Shlaim, Avi (1988). *Collusion across the Jordan: King Abdullah, the Zionist movement, and the partition of Palestine*. Columbia University Press. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-231-06838-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-06838-3). [OCLC](/source/OCLC_(identifier)) [876002691](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/876002691).

- Shlaim, Avi (1990). *The Politics of Partition; King Abdullah, the Zionists and Palestine 1921–1951*. [Columbia University Press](/source/Columbia_University_Press). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-231-07365-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-231-07365-8).

- Shlaim, Avi (2007). *Lion of Jordan; The life of King Hussein in War and Peace*. Allen Lane [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-7139-9777-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7139-9777-4)

- Thornhill, Michael T. (2004). *[Abdullah ibn Hussein (1882–1951)](http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/70069)*. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press; online edn, Jan 2008. Retrieved 10 March 2009.

- Wilson, Mary Christina (1990). *King Abdullah, Britain and the Making of Jordan*. Cambridge University Press. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-521-39987-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-39987-4).

## Further reading

- Tell, Tariq Moraiwed (2013). [*The Social and Economic Origins of Monarchy in Jordan*](https://books.google.com/books?id=XR56Jup9hwwC). [Palgrave Macmillan](/source/Palgrave_Macmillan). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-230-10801-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-10801-1). Retrieved 24 October 2021.

## External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to [Abdullah I of Jordan](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Abdullah_I_of_Jordan).

- [A genealogical profile of him](http://www.geneall.net/W/per_page.php?id=527299)

- [Newspaper clippings about Abdullah I of Jordan](https://purl.org/pressemappe20/folder/pe/000022) in the [20th Century Press Archives](/source/20th_Century_Press_Archives) of the [ZBW](/source/German_National_Library_of_Economics)

Preceded by Office established Emir of Transjordan under the British Mandate 1921–46 Succeeded by Himself as King of Transjordan Preceded by Himself as Emir of Transjordan King of Jordan 1946–51 (titled as King of Transjordan 1946–49) Succeeded by Talal

v t e Kings of Jordan Abdullah I Talal Hussein Abdullah II

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Abdullah I of Jordan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdullah_I_of_Jordan) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdullah_I_of_Jordan?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.