# Abbey Road Studios

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Recording studio in London, England

"EMI Studios" redirects here. For the film studios, see [EMI-Elstree Studios](/source/EMI-Elstree_Studios).

Abbey Road Studios Abbey Road Studios in December 2005 Formerly EMI Recording Studios Type Recording studio Industry Music Founded 12 November 1931; 94 years ago (1931-11-12)[1] Founder Gramophone Company Headquarters St John's Wood, City of Westminster, London, England Parent Universal Music Group Website abbeyroad.com

Abbey Road Studios Interactive map of Abbey Road Studios History Built 1831; 195 years ago (1831)[2] Site notes Architectural style Georgian Listed Building – Grade II Official name Abbey Road Studios Designated 23 February 2010 Reference no. 1393688[3] Listed Building – Grade II Official name Zebra crossing near Abbey Road Studios Designated 21 December 2010 Reference no. 1396390[4]

**Abbey Road Studios** (formerly **EMI Recording Studios**) is a music recording studio at 3 [Abbey Road](/source/Abbey_Road%2C_London), [St John's Wood](/source/St_John's_Wood), [City of Westminster](/source/City_of_Westminster), London.[5] It was established in November 1931 by the [Gramophone Company](/source/Gramophone_Company), a predecessor of British music company [EMI](/source/EMI), which owned it until [Universal Music Group](/source/Universal_Music_Group) (UMG) took control of part of it in 2013. It is ultimately owned by UMG subsidiary [Virgin Records](/source/Virgin_Records) Limited.

The studio's most notable client was [the Beatles](/source/The_Beatles), who used the studio – particularly its Studio Two room – as the venue for many of the [innovative recording techniques](/source/Recording_practices_of_the_Beatles) that they adopted throughout the 1960s. In 1976, the studio was renamed from *EMI* to *Abbey Road*.

In 2009, Abbey Road came under threat of sale to property developers. In response, the British Government protected the site, granting it [English Heritage](/source/English_Heritage) [Grade II listed](/source/Listed_building) status in 2010, thereby preserving the building from any major alterations.[6]

## History

### 1920s–1940s

Originally a nine-bedroom [Georgian](/source/Georgian_architecture) [townhouse](/source/Townhouse) built in 1831 on the footpath leading to [Kilburn Abbey](/source/Kilburn_Priory), the building was later converted to flats where the best-known resident was [Maundy Gregory](/source/Maundy_Gregory), who was famous (or infamous) for selling political honours.

In 1929, the [Gramophone Company](/source/Gramophone_Company) acquired the premises. The property benefited from a large garden behind the townhouse, which permitted a much larger building to be constructed to the rear; thus, the Georgian façade belies the true dimension of the building. The architectural partnership [Wallis, Gilbert and Partners](/source/Wallis%2C_Gilbert_and_Partners) was hired to convert the property into a [recording studio](/source/Recording_studio), an unusual request at the time.[7] Three purpose-built studios were constructed and the existing house was adapted for use as administration offices. [Pathé](/source/Path%C3%A9) filmed the opening of the studios in November 1931 when [Edward Elgar](/source/Edward_Elgar) conducted the [London Symphony Orchestra](/source/London_Symphony_Orchestra) in recording sessions of his music.[8][9] In 1934, the inventor of [stereo sound](/source/Stereophonic_sound), [Alan Blumlein](/source/Alan_Blumlein), recorded [Mozart](/source/Mozart)'s *[Jupiter Symphony](/source/Jupiter_Symphony)* which was conducted by [Thomas Beecham](/source/Thomas_Beecham) at the studios.[10]

The neighbouring house is also owned by the studio and used to accommodate musicians. During the mid-20th century, the studio was extensively used by British conductor Sir [Malcolm Sargent](/source/Malcolm_Sargent), whose house was located near the studio building.[11]

The Gramophone Company merged with [Columbia Graphophone Company](/source/Columbia_Graphophone_Company) to form [Electric and Musical Industries](/source/EMI) (EMI) in 1931, and the studios later became known as EMI Recording Studios.[12] In 1936 cellist [Pablo Casals](/source/Pablo_Casals) became the first to record [Johann Sebastian Bach](/source/Johann_Sebastian_Bach)'s [Cello Suites](/source/Cello_Suites) No. 1 & 2 at the command of EMI head [Fred Gaisberg](/source/Fred_Gaisberg). The recordings went on to spur a revolution among Bach aficionados and cellists alike.[13] ["Fats" Waller](/source/Fats_Waller) played the Compton organ there.[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*]

[Glenn Miller](/source/Glenn_Miller) recorded at the Abbey Road studios during [World War II](/source/World_War_II), when he was based in the United Kingdom.[14]

In 1931, an [echo chamber](/source/Echo_chamber) was built in the studios, in the early days of artificial reverberation.[15]

### 1950s–1970s

Pianos used by many recording artists over the years in Studio Two of Abbey Road Studios

Studio Two was remodeled in 1957, with its control room moved upstairs and a large wooden staircase installed descending into the studio.[16]

In 1958, Studio Two at EMI became a centre for rock and roll music when [Cliff Richard](/source/Cliff_Richard) and the Drifters (later Cliff Richard and [the Shadows](/source/The_Shadows)) recorded "[Move It](/source/Move_It)" there,[17] and later pop music material.

EMI is closely associated with the Beatles, who recorded almost all of their albums and hits there between 1962 and 1970 using the four-track REDD mixing console designed by Peter K. Burkowitz.[18] The Beatles named their 1969 album *[Abbey Road](/source/Abbey_Road)* after the road where the studios are situated.[19][20][21] [Iain Macmillan](/source/Iain_Macmillan) took the album's cover photograph outside the studios, with the result that the nearby [zebra crossing](/source/Zebra_crossing) has become a place of pilgrimage for Beatles [fans](/source/Aficionado). It has been a tradition for visitors to pay homage to the band by writing on the wall in front of the building even though it is painted over every three months.[22] In December 2010, the zebra crossing at Abbey Road was given a Grade II [listed status](/source/Listed_building).[23]

After becoming the studio's general manager in 1974, [Ken Townsend](/source/Ken_Townsend) began a rebranding effort to capitalise on the studio's connection with the Beatles. To emphasise the studio's independence, Townsend commissioned the artist Alan Brown to design a unique logo, and in 1976 the facility officially changed names from *EMI Studios* to *Abbey Road Studios*.[24][25][a] Having previously been mostly restricted to UK-based EMI acts, the studio's name-change served the added purpose of encouraging non-EMI acts to record at the studio.[24][25]

Notable producers and [sound engineers](/source/Sound_engineer) who have worked at Abbey Road include [Fred Gaisberg](/source/Fred_Gaisberg) (who had first recorded [Enrico Caruso](/source/Enrico_Caruso) in Milan in 1902, and had set up the first recording studio in London at [Maiden Lane](/source/Maiden_Lane%2C_Covent_Garden) in 1898), [Walter Legge](/source/Walter_Legge), [George Martin](/source/George_Martin), [Tutti Camarata](/source/Tutti_Camarata), [Geoff Emerick](/source/Geoff_Emerick), [Norman "Hurricane" Smith](/source/Norman_Smith_(record_producer)), [Ken Scott](/source/Ken_Scott_(record_producer)), [Mike Stone](/source/Mike_Stone_(record_producer)), [Alan Parsons](/source/Alan_Parsons), [Peter Vince](/source/Peter_Vince), Malcolm Addey, Peter Bown, Richard Langham, [Phil McDonald](/source/Phil_McDonald), John Kurlander, [Richard Lush](/source/Richard_Lush_(recording_engineer_and_producer)) and [Ken Townsend](/source/Ken_Townsend), who invented the studio effect known as [automatic double tracking](/source/Automatic_double_tracking) (ADT). The chief mastering engineer at Abbey Road was Chris "Vinyl" Blair, who started his career as a [tape deck](/source/Tape_recorder) operator.

From 1966 to 1971, the [Walt Disney Music Company](/source/Walt_Disney_Music_Company) recorded vocals, instrumentals and narration and dialogue for over a dozen albums at Abbey Road for U.S. and international release, including *The Aristocats, Bedknobs and Broomsticks, Doctor Dolittle, Heidi* and *The Wizard of Oz*. Most of the sessions included [The Mike Sammes Singers](/source/The_Mike_Sammes_Singers), who backed up The Beatles on "I Am the Walrus" and "Good Night".[26]

In 1979, EMI commissioned the British jazz fusion band [Morrissey–Mullen](/source/Morrissey%E2%80%93Mullen) to record Britain's first [digitally recorded](/source/Digital_recording) single record at Abbey Road Studios.[27][28]

### 1980s–2010s

Abbey Road has become a London tourist attraction, with the studio erecting Beatles lyric-themed signs encouraging fans to restrict graffitiing to the studio's property.

Abbey Road Studios got its start in the [film scoring](/source/Film_score) business in 1980 when Anvil Post Production formed a partnership with the studio, called Anvil-Abbey Road Screen Sound; with *[Raiders of the Lost Ark](/source/Raiders_of_the_Lost_Ark_(soundtrack))* being the first major film soundtrack recorded in Studio 1. The partnership started when Anvil was left without a scoring stage when [Denham Studios](/source/Denham_Film_Studios) were demolished. It ended in 1984 when EMI merged with [Thorn Electrical Industries](/source/Thorn_Electrical_Industries) to become [Thorn EMI](/source/Thorn_EMI). Abbey Road's success in the scoring business continued after the partnership ended.[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*]

From 18 July to 11 September 1983, the public had a rare opportunity to see inside the Studio Two room, where the Beatles made most of their records. While a new mixing console was being installed in the control room, the studio was used to host a video presentation called *[The Beatles at Abbey Road](/source/The_Beatles_at_Abbey_Road)*. The soundtrack to the video had a number of recordings that were not made commercially available until the release of *[The Beatles Anthology](/source/The_Beatles_Anthology)* project over a decade later.[29]

In September 2012, with the takeover of EMI, the studio became the property of [Universal Music](/source/Universal_Music_Group). It was not one of the entities that were sold to Warner Music as part of [Parlophone](/source/Parlophone) and instead the control of Abbey Road Studios Ltd was transferred to [Virgin Records](/source/Virgin_Records).

## Sale attempt

On 17 February 2010, it was reported that [EMI](/source/EMI) had put the studios up for sale because of increasing debts. There was reported interest by property developers in redeveloping the site into luxury flats.[30] It had also been reported there was a possibility the studios could be purchased by the [National Trust](/source/National_Trust_for_Places_of_Historic_Interest_or_Natural_Beauty)[31] to preserve what was in effect a historical building. A Save Abbey Road Studios campaign attempted to ensure the premises remained a working studio.[32]

On 21 February 2010, EMI stated it planned to keep the studio and was looking for an investor to help finance a "revitalisation" project.[33][34] Meanwhile, the British government declared Abbey Road Studios a Grade II [listed building](/source/Listed_building) which protected it from major alteration.[34][35] The following December, the pedestrian crossing at Abbey Road was separately Grade II listed on the [National Heritage List](/source/National_Heritage_List_for_England).[36]

[Paul McCartney](/source/Paul_McCartney), speaking to BBC *[Newsnight](/source/Newsnight)* on 16 February 2010, said there had been efforts to save Abbey Road by "a few people who have been associated with the studio for a long time," although he did not name them or include himself among them. "I have so many memories there with the Beatles," McCartney said, "It still is a great studio. So it would be lovely for someone to get a thing together to save it."[37]

## Abbey Road Institute

In March 2015, Abbey Road Institute was founded as a school for music production and audio engineering.[38] In addition to the London location, Abbey Road Institute has schools in [Amsterdam](/source/Amsterdam), [Johannesburg](/source/Johannesburg), [Miami](/source/Miami), [Paris](/source/Paris) and [Sydney](/source/Sydney).[39] All of the campuses offer the Advanced Diploma in Music Production and Sound Engineering. Some campuses offer additional short courses.[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*]

In April 2021, Abbey Road Institute London expanded and moved into and reopened [Angel Recording Studios](/source/Angel_Recording_Studios) in Islington, North London. The building now accommodates students in the Institute's dedicated teaching spaces and studio and welcomes clients to Studio One.[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*]

In November 2025, Abbey Road Institute Mumbai opened, the first school in South Asia. A new campus in Los Angeles is set to open in 2026.[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*]

## The Studios

Studio One

### Studio One

Studio One is the world's largest purpose-built recording studio, and can accommodate a 100-piece orchestra alongside a 100-member choir. It has been used by [Edward Elgar](/source/Edward_Elgar), [Igor Stravinsky](/source/Igor_Stravinsky), [Serge Prokofiev](/source/Serge_Prokofiev) and [Maria Callas](/source/Maria_Callas).[40]

### Studio Two

Studio Two

Studio Two is the most popular room, and was the main studio used by [the Beatles](/source/The_Beatles).[41]

### Studio Three

Studio Three is the smallest studio compared to Two and One and has been used by the Beatles, Queen, [Pink Floyd](/source/Pink_Floyd) and [Lady Gaga](/source/Lady_Gaga).[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*]

## Notes

1. **[^](#cite_ref-26)** A 2012 article in *[Sound on Sound](/source/Sound_on_Sound)* magazine instead dates the name change to 1970.[19]

## References

1. **[^](#cite_ref-1)** ["Our Story"](https://www.abbeyroad.com/our-story). *Abbey Road*. Retrieved 6 July 2022.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-2)** ["About us – Abbey Road Studios"](https://www.abbeyroad.com/about-us). *Abbey Road*. Retrieved 6 July 2022.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-NHL_3-0)** [Historic England](/source/Historic_England). ["Abbey Road Studios (1393688)"](https://HistoricEngland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1393688?section=official-list-entry). *[National Heritage List for England](/source/National_Heritage_List_for_England)*. Retrieved 18 May 2018.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-4)** [Historic England](/source/Historic_England). ["Zebra crossing near Abbey Road Studios (1396390)"](https://HistoricEngland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1396390?section=official-list-entry). *[National Heritage List for England](/source/National_Heritage_List_for_England)*. Retrieved 5 October 2021.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-5)** ["Studio 1"](https://web.archive.org/web/20110714120039/http://www.abbeyroad.com/studios/studio1/). Abbey Road Studios; EMI Records Limited. Archived from [the original](http://www.abbeyroad.com/studios/studio1/) on 14 July 2011. Retrieved 19 August 2011.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-6)** ["Abbey Road studios given listed building status"](https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/8531054.stm). *BBC News*. 23 February 2010. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220614040214/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/8531054.stm) from the original on 14 June 2022. Retrieved 19 August 2011.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-7)** Ryan, Kevin; [Kehew, Brian](/source/Brian_Kehew) (2008). *[Recording the Beatles](/source/Recording_the_Beatles)*. Houston, Tex: Curvebender. pp. 15–16. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-9785200-0-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9785200-0-7).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-saga_8-0)** ["Recording the Star Wars Saga"](http://www.malonedigital.com/starwars.pdf) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20110409081816/http://www.malonedigital.com/starwars.pdf) 9 April 2011 at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine) Retrieved 4 August 2012.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-9)** ["Sir Edward Elgar, Master of the King's Music. "Land of hope & glory""](https://web.archive.org/web/20170808210419/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FpDP9VTamZY). 1931. Archived from [the original](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FpDP9VTamZY) on 8 August 2017. Retrieved 27 November 2016 – via YouTube.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-10)** Shankleman, Martin (1 August 2008). ["Early stereo recordings restored"](https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/7537782.stm). BBC. Retrieved 16 December 2023.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-11)** Discography in *Sir Malcolm Sargent: a Tribute*.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Hewitt_12-0)** Hewitt, Paolo (24 May 2000). ["One for the road"](https://www.theguardian.com/media/2000/may/25/tvandradio.television). *The Guardian*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210308122636/https://www.theguardian.com/media/2000/may/25/tvandradio.television) from the original on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 25 April 2018.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-13)** Siblin, Eric (4 January 2011). [*The Cello Suites: J. S. Bach, Pablo Casals, and the Search for a Baroque Masterpiece*](https://books.google.com/books?id=Euf2Loch7YcC). Crows Nest, New South Wales: Allen & Unwin. p. unstated. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-74237-159-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-74237-159-7). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20200724205749/https://books.google.com/books?id=Euf2Loch7YcC) from the original on 24 July 2020. Retrieved 17 October 2016 – via Google Books.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-14)** [Visit Abbey Road. "1940s"](http://www.abbeyroad.com/visit/history-of-abbey-road/1940s/) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20081119152517/http://www.abbeyroad.com/visit/history-of-abbey-road/1940s/) 19 November 2008 at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine), *Abbeyroad.com* (16 September 1944). Retrieved 29 July 2011.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-15)** Curtis Roads (2015) | Composing Electronic Music - A New Aesthetic| Oxford University Press

1. **[^](#cite_ref-16)** Lewisohn, Mark (3 September 2015). [*The Beatles – All These Years: Volume One: Tune In*](https://books.google.com/books?id=C8A9oAEACAAJ). Little, Brown Book Group Limited. p. 159. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-4087-0575-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4087-0575-9). Retrieved 25 May 2025.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-17)** ["EMI puts Abbey Road up for sale: Ten things you need to know about the iconic recording studio"](https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/uk-news/emi-puts-abbey-road-up-201857). *[The Mirror](/source/Daily_Mirror)*. London. 16 February 2010. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20140728061714/http://www.mirror.co.uk/news/uk-news/emi-puts-abbey-road-up-201857) from the original on 28 July 2014.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-18)** [Peter Karl Burkowitz 1920–2012](http://www.aes.org/aeshc/docs/jaes.obit/JAES_V60_7_8_PG639.pdf) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20141213091609/http://www.aes.org/aeshc/docs/jaes.obit/JAES_V60_7_8_PG639.pdf) 13 December 2014 at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine) Obituary by the AES

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-SoS_19-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-SoS_19-1) Bieger, Hannes (November 2012). ["Abbey Road Studios, London"](https://www.soundonsound.com/music-business/abbey-road-studios-london). *[Sound on Sound](/source/Sound_on_Sound)*. Retrieved 16 December 2023.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-20)** Lancy, Justin (23 October 2014). ["The Technical Constraints That Made Abbey Road So Good"](https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2014/10/the-technical-constraints-that-made-abbey-road-so-good/381820/). *[The Atlantic](/source/The_Atlantic)*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20141023231140/https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2014/10/the-technical-constraints-that-made-abbey-road-so-good/381820/) from the original on 23 October 2014. Retrieved 14 February 2019.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-21)** Atkinson, Peter (2015). "Abbey Road Studios, the Tourist, and Beatles Heritage". *Relocating Popular Music*. pp. 129–147. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1057/9781137463388_7](https://doi.org/10.1057%2F9781137463388_7). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-349-69057-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-349-69057-2).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-22)** Pollard, Lawrence (7 August 2009). ["Revisiting Abbey Road 40 Years On"](https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/8188475.stm). [BBC](/source/BBC). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20201218075439/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/8188475.stm) from the original on 18 December 2020. Retrieved 2 November 2010.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-23)** Taylor, Matthew (2 January 2011). ["Housing minister tries to save Ringo Starr's childhood home"](https://www.theguardian.com/music/2011/jan/02/ringo-starr-childhood-home). *The Guardian*. London. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210308151036/https://www.theguardian.com/music/2011/jan/02/ringo-starr-childhood-home) from the original on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 19 August 2011.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWomack2019237–238_24-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWomack2019237–238_24-1) [Womack 2019](#CITEREFWomack2019), pp. 237–238.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Womack_25-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Womack_25-1) Womack, Kenneth (25 September 2019). ["The Legacy of Abbey Road: Rebranding EMI Studios for the Ages with Ken Townsend"](https://www.cornellpress.cornell.edu/the-legacy-of-abbey-road-rebranding-emi-studios-for-the-ages-with-ken-townsend/). *[Cornell University Press](/source/Cornell_University_Press)*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220215081930/https://www.cornellpress.cornell.edu/the-legacy-of-abbey-road-rebranding-emi-studios-for-the-ages-with-ken-townsend/) from the original on 15 February 2022. Retrieved 30 May 2022.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-27)** Hollis, Tim (2006). *Mouse tracks : the story of Walt Disney Records*. Greg Ehrbar (First ed.). Jackson: University Press of Mississippi. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [1-57806-848-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57806-848-7). [OCLC](/source/OCLC_(identifier)) [61309354](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/61309354).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-28)** *Gramophone* AUDIO NEWS: "EMI digital recording" July 1979. Retrieved 19 August 2010. ["EMI digital recording"](http://www.gramophone.net/Issue/Page/July%201979/125/750999/AUDIO+NEWS). Retrieved 25 August 2016.{{[cite web](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_web)}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service ([link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_deprecated_archival_service))

1. **[^](#cite_ref-29)** Robertshaw, Nick (26 May 1979). ["EMI Enters Digital Race with System"](https://books.google.com/books?id=_iQEAAAAMBAJ&dq=Mullen+Morrissey&pg=PT110). *[Billboard](/source/Billboard_(magazine))*. pp. 3, 71.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-30)** *[The Beatles Book](/source/The_Beatles_Book)* July & August 1983.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Times_AR_Sale_31-0)** Smyth, Chris; Power, Helen (17 February 2010). ["End for Abbey Road? EMI puts Beatles' studios up for sale at £30m"](https://web.archive.org/web/20220614040214/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/). *The Times*. London. Archived from [the original](http://business.timesonline.co.uk/tol/business/industry_sectors/media/article7029140.ece) on 14 June 2022. Retrieved 19 February 2010.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-32)** TJ. ["Should the National Trust save Abbey Road Studios"](https://web.archive.org/web/20100817154306/http://www.nationaltrust.org.uk/main/w-global/w-news/w-latest_news/w-news-should-national-trust-save-abbey-road-studios.htm). Nationaltrust.org.uk. Archived from [the original](http://www.nationaltrust.org.uk/main/w-global/w-news/w-latest_news/w-news-should-national-trust-save-abbey-road-studios.htm) on 17 August 2010. Retrieved 19 September 2010.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-33)** ["Stop the legendary studios becoming luxury flats"](https://web.archive.org/web/20100224000257/http://saveabbeyroadstudios.org/archives/date/2010/02). Save Abbey Road Studios!. February 2010. Archived from [the original](http://saveabbeyroadstudios.org/archives/date/2010/02) on 24 February 2010.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-EMI_AR_Sale_34-0)** ["Abbey Road studios 'not for sale,' says EMI"](https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/london/8527095.stm). *BBC News*. 21 February 2010. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20100222053226/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/london/8527095.stm) from the original on 22 February 2010. Retrieved 20 February 2010.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Listed-Ind_35-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Listed-Ind_35-1) ["Abbey Road studios to be listed by British authorities"](https://www.independent.co.uk/incoming/abbey-road-studios-to-be-listed-by-british-authorities-5525467.html). *[The Independent](/source/The_Independent)*. 27 February 2010. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20140726060358/http://www.independent.co.uk/incoming/abbey-road-studios-to-be-listed-by-british-authorities-1912945.html) from the original on 26 July 2014.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-36)** ["Abbey Road Studios Grade II Listed"](http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/about/news/abbey-road-studios-grade-ii/). The National Heritage List for England. 23 February 2010. 1393688. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20140727044837/http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/about/news/abbey-road-studios-grade-ii/) from the original on 27 July 2014.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-37)** ["Beatles 'Abbey Road' crossing given heritage status"](https://web.archive.org/web/20140726064633/http://www.independent.co.uk/travel/news-and-advice/beatles-abbey-road-crossing-given-heritage-status-2167647.html). *[The Independent](/source/The_Independent)*. 23 December 2010. Archived from [the original](https://www.independent.co.uk/travel/news-and-advice/beatles-abbey-road-crossing-given-heritage-status-2167647.html) on 26 July 2014.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-38)** Sisario, Ben (18 February 2010). ["McCartney Expresses Hopes for Abbey Road"](https://www.nytimes.com/2010/02/18/arts/music/18arts-MCCARTNEYEXP_BRF.html). *[The New York Times](/source/The_New_York_Times)*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210308160223/https://www.nytimes.com/2010/02/18/arts/music/18arts-MCCARTNEYEXP_BRF.html) from the original on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 27 March 2010.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-39)** ["Abbey Road Studios opens school of music production and sound engineering"](http://www.factmag.com/2015/03/19/abbey-road-studios-open-school-of-music-production-and-sound-engineering/). *factmag.com*. 19 March 2015. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20201108132234/https://www.factmag.com/2015/03/19/abbey-road-studios-open-school-of-music-production-and-sound-engineering/) from the original on 8 November 2020. Retrieved 25 January 2017.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-40)** Siddique, Haroon (19 March 2015). ["Music institute opens in Beatles' Abbey Road Studios"](https://www.theguardian.com/music/2015/mar/19/music-institute-opens-in-beatles-abbey-road-studios). *The Guardian*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210308132527/https://www.theguardian.com/music/2015/mar/19/music-institute-opens-in-beatles-abbey-road-studios) from the original on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 2 September 2016.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-41)** ["Refurbished Abbey Road Studio One reopens with evening of "boundary-pushing expressive dance" that blends styles from ballet to hip-hop and krump - and a new mixing desk"](https://www.musicradar.com/music-tech/studios/refurbished-abbey-road-studio-one-reopens-with-evening-of-boundary-pushing-expressive-dance-that-blends-styles-from-ballet-to-hip-hop-and-crunk-and-a-new-mixing-desk). *Music Radar*. 28 March 2025. Retrieved 1 June 2026.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-42)** ["Inside Abbey Road: behind the scenes at the world's most famous studios"](https://www.musicradar.com/news/inside-abbey-road-behind-the-scenes-at-the-worlds-most-famous-studios). *Music Radar*. 26 September 2019. Retrieved 1 June 2026.

### Sources

- [Womack, Kenneth](/source/Kenneth_Womack) (2019). [*Solid State: The Story of*Abbey Road*and the End of the Beatles*](https://books.google.com/books?id=yU2WDwAAQBAJ). Ithaca, New York: [Cornell University Press](/source/Cornell_University_Press). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-5017-4685-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5017-4685-7). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210822192507/https://books.google.com/books?id=yU2WDwAAQBAJ) from the original on 22 August 2021.

## Further reading

- Lawrence, Alistair (2012). *Abbey Road: The Best Studio in the World*. New York: [Bloomsbury](/source/Bloomsbury_Publishing). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-60819-999-0](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60819-999-0).

## External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to [Abbey Road Studios](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Abbey_Road_Studios).

- [Invention of Stereo Sound in 1931](https://www.hmdb.org/m.asp?m=167118/)

- [Abbey Road Studios — official site](http://www.abbeyroad.com/)

- [Google presents Inside Abbey Road](https://insideabbeyroad.withgoogle.com/)

- [Abbey Road Institute](https://abbeyroadinstitute.com/)

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Abbey Road Studios](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbey_Road_Studios) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbey_Road_Studios?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.