# ASMO 449

> Mediated Wiki article. Canonical URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/ASMO_449
> Markdown URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/ASMO_449.md
> Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASMO_449
> Source revision: 1340823499
> License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)

{{Short description|7-bit coded character set}}
{{infobox character encoding
|name = ASMO 449
|standard = ASMO 449, ISO 9036
|alias = iso-ir-89
|mime = 
|next = [ASMO 708](/source/ASMO_708) (ISO-8859-6)
|classification = 7-bit encoding, [non-Latin ISO 646 modification](/source/ISO%2FIEC_646) with natural letter ordering
}}
'''ASMO 449''' is a now [technologically obsolete](/source/technologically_obsolete)<ref>Computing and the Qurʾān - Some caveats, 2007, Thomas Milo</ref> 7-bit coded [character set](/source/character_set) to encode the [Arabic](/source/Arabic_language) language.

==History==
This character set was devised by the now extinct<ref name="Zghibi">[http://dn.revuesonline.com/gratuit/DN6_3-4_06_Zghibi.pdf Le codage informatique de l'écriture arabe : d'ASMO 449 à Unicode et ISO/CEI 10646]</ref> [Arab Standardization and Metrology Organization](/source/Arab_Standardization_and_Metrology_Organization) in 1982<ref name="Zghibi" /> to be the 7-bit standard to be used in Arabic-speaking countries. The design of this character set is derived<ref name="ir">{{Cite web |url=http://www.itscj.ipsj.or.jp/iso-ir/089.pdf |title=7-bit Arabic Code for Information Interchange, Arab standard ASMO-449, ISO 9036 |access-date=2017-02-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170221110759/https://www.itscj.ipsj.or.jp/iso-ir/089.pdf |archive-date=2017-02-21 }}</ref> from the 7-bit [ISO 646](/source/ISO_646) (version of 1973) but with modifications suited for the Arabic language. In code points ranging from 0x41 to 0x72 (hexadecimal), Latin letters were replaced with Arabic letters. Punctuation marks which were identical in the Latin and Arabic scripts remained the same, but where they differed (comma, semicolon, question mark), the Latin ones were replaced by Arabic ones. Only nominal letters are encoded, no preshaped forms of the letters, so shaping processing is required for display. This character set is not bidirectional and was intended to be used in right to left writing. Therefore, symmetrical pairs of punctuation marks (<code>(</code> and <code>)</code>, <code><</code> and <code>></code>, <code>[</code> and <code>]</code>, <code>{</code> and <code>}</code>) appear reversed (<code>)</code> and <code>(</code>, <code>></code> and <code><</code>, <code>]</code> and <code>[</code>, <code>}</code> and <code>{</code>).

ASMO 449 was registered in the [International Register of Coded Character Sets](/source/International_Register_of_Coded_Character_Sets) as '''IR 089'''<ref name="ir" /> in 1985 and approved as an [ISO standard](/source/List_of_International_Organization_for_Standardization_standards) as '''ISO 9036:1987 Information processing - Arabic 7-bit coded character set for information interchange'''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ISO 9036:1987 |url=https://www.iso.org/standard/16597.html |access-date=2024-09-21 |website=International Organization for Standardization |language=en}}</ref>

==Character set==

{|{{chset-table-header1|ASMO 449 (1982)}}
|-
|{{chset-left1|0x}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|U+0000 NULL|[NUL](/source/Null_character)}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|U+0001 START OF HEADING|[SOH](/source/Start_of_heading)}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|U+0002 START OF TEXT|[STX](/source/Start_of_text)}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|U+0003 END OF TEXT|[ETX](/source/End_of_text)}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|U+0004 END OF TRANSMISSION|[EOT](/source/End_of_transmission_character)}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|U+0005 ENQUIRY|[ENQ](/source/Enquiry_character)}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|U+0006 ACKNOWLEDGE|[ACK](/source/Acknowledge_character)}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|U+0007 BELL|[BEL](/source/Bell_character)}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|U+0008 BACKSPACE|[BS](/source/Backspace)}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|U+0009 CHARACTER TABULATION|[HT](/source/Horizontal_tabulation)}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|U+000A LINE FEED (LF)|[LF](/source/Line_feed)}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|U+000B LINE TABULATION|[VT](/source/Vertical_tabulation)}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|U+000C FORM FEED (FF)|[FF](/source/Form_feed)}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|U+000D CARRIAGE RETURN (CR)|[CR](/source/Carriage_return)}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|U+000E SHIFT OUT|[SO](/source/Shift_out)}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|U+000F SHIFT IN|[SI](/source/Shift_in)}}
|-
|{{chset-left1|1x}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|U+0010 DATA LINK ESCAPE|[DLE](/source/Data_link_escape)}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|U+0011 DEVICE CONTROL ONE|[DC1](/source/Device_Control_1)}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|U+0012 DEVICE CONTROL TWO|[DC2](/source/Device_Control_2)}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|U+0013 DEVICE CONTROL THREE|[DC3](/source/Device_Control_3)}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|U+0014 DEVICE CONTROL FOUR|[DC4](/source/Device_Control_4)}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|U+0015 NEGATIVE ACKNOWLEDGE|[NAK](/source/Negative_acknowledge_character)}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|U+0016 SYNCHRONOUS IDLE|[SYN](/source/Synchronous_idle)}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|U+0017 END OF TRANSMISSION BLOCK|[ETB](/source/End_of_transmission_block)}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|U+0018 CANCEL|[CAN](/source/Cancel_character)}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|U+0019 END OF MEDIUM|[EM](/source/End_of_medium)}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|U+001A SUBSTITUTE|[SUB](/source/Substitute_character)}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|U+001B ESCAPE|[ESC](/source/Escape_character)}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|U+001C INFORMATION SEPARATOR FOUR|[FS](/source/File_Separator)}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|U+001D INFORMATION SEPARATOR THREE|[GS](/source/Group_Separator)}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|U+001E INFORMATION SEPARATOR TWO|[RS](/source/Record_Separator)}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|U+001F INFORMATION SEPARATOR ONE|[US](/source/Unit_Separator)}}
|-
|{{chset-left1|2x}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|U+0020 SPACE|&nbsp;[SP](/source/Space_character)&nbsp;}}
|{{chset-cell1|U+0021 EXCLAMATION MARK|[!](/source/Exclamation_mark)}}
|{{chset-cell1|U+0022 QUOTATION MARK|["](/source/Quotation_mark)}}
|{{chset-cell1|U+0023 NUMBER SIGN|[#](/source/Number_sign)}}
|{{chset-cell1|U+00A4 CURRENCY SIGN|[¤](/source/Currency_sign_(typography))}}
|{{chset-cell1|U+0025 PERCENT SIGN|[%](/source/Percent_sign)}}
|{{chset-cell1|U+0026 AMPERSAND|[&](/source/Ampersand)}}
|{{chset-cell1|U+0027 APOSTROPHE|['](/source/Apostrophe)}}
|{{chset-cell1|U+0029 RIGHT PARENTHESIS|[)](/source/Right_parenthesis)}}
|{{chset-cell1|U+0028 LEFT PARENTHESIS|[(](/source/Left_parenthesis)}}
|{{chset-cell1|U+002A ASTERISK|[*](/source/Asterisk)}}
|{{chset-cell1|U+002B PLUS SIGN|[+](/source/Plus_sign)}}
|{{chset-cell1|U+060C ARABIC COMMA|[،](/source/Arabic_comma))}}
|{{chset-cell1|U+002D HYPHEN-MINUS|[-](/source/Hyphen-minus)}}
|{{chset-cell1|U+002E FULL STOP|[.](/source/Full_stop)}}
|{{chset-cell1|U+002F SOLIDUS|[/](/source/Slash_(punctuation))}}
|-
|{{chset-left1|3x}}
|{{chset-cell1|U+0030 DIGIT ZERO|[0](/source/0_(number))}}
|{{chset-cell1|U+0031 DIGIT ONE|[1](/source/1_(number))}}
|{{chset-cell1|U+0032 DIGIT TWO|[2](/source/2_(number))}}
|{{chset-cell1|U+0033 DIGIT THREE|[3](/source/3_(number))}}
|{{chset-cell1|U+0034 DIGIT FOUR|[4](/source/4_(number))}}
|{{chset-cell1|U+0035 DIGIT FIVE|[5](/source/5_(number))}}
|{{chset-cell1|U+0036 DIGIT SIX|[6](/source/6_(number))}}
|{{chset-cell1|U+0037 DIGIT SEVEN|[7](/source/7_(number))}}
|{{chset-cell1|U+0038 DIGIT EIGHT|[8](/source/8_(number))}}
|{{chset-cell1|U+0039 DIGIT NINE|[9](/source/9_(number))}}
|{{chset-cell1|U+003A COLON|[:](/source/Colon_(punctuation))}}
|{{chset-cell1|U+061B ARABIC SEMICOLON|[؛](/source/Arabic_semicolon)}}
|{{chset-cell1|U+003E GREATER-THAN SIGN|[>](/source/Less-than_sign)}}
|{{chset-cell1|U+003D EQUALS SIGN|[=](/source/Equal_sign)}}
|{{chset-cell1|U+003C LESS-THAN SIGN|[<](/source/Greater-than_sign)}}
|{{chset-cell1|U+061F ARABIC QUESTION MARK|[؟](/source/Arabic_question_mark)}}
|-
|{{chset-left1|4x}}
|{{chset-cell1|U+0040 COMMERCIAL AT|[@](/source/%40)}}
|{{chset-cell1|U+0621 ARABIC LETTER HAMZA|[ء](/source/%D8%A1)}}
|{{chset-cell1|U+0622 ARABIC LETTER ALEF WITH MADDA ABOVE|[آ](/source/%D8%A2)}}
|{{chset-cell1|U+0623 ARABIC LETTER ALEF WITH HAMZA ABOVE|[أ](/source/%D8%A3)}}
|{{chset-cell1|U+0624 ARABIC LETTER WAW WITH HAMZA ABOVE|[ؤ](/source/%D8%A4)}}
|{{chset-cell1|U+0625 ARABIC LETTER ALEF WITH HAMZA BELOW|[إ](/source/%D8%A5)}}
|{{chset-cell1|U+0626 ARABIC LETTER YEH WITH HAMZA ABOVE|[ئ](/source/%D8%A6)}}
|{{chset-cell1|U+0627 ARABIC LETTER ALEF|[ا](/source/%D8%A7)}}
|{{chset-cell1|U+0628 ARABIC LETTER BEH|[ب](/source/%D8%A8)}}
|{{chset-cell1|U+0629 ARABIC LETTER TEH MARBUTA|[ة](/source/%D8%A9)}}
|{{chset-cell1|U+062A ARABIC LETTER TEH|[ت](/source/%D8%AA)}}
|{{chset-cell1|U+062B ARABIC LETTER THEH|[ث](/source/%D8%AB)}}
|{{chset-cell1|U+062C ARABIC LETTER JEEM|[ج](/source/%D8%AC)}}
|{{chset-cell1|U+062D ARABIC LETTER HAH|[ح](/source/%D8%AD)}}
|{{chset-cell1|U+062E ARABIC LETTER KHAH|[خ](/source/%D8%AE)}}
|{{chset-cell1|U+062F ARABIC LETTER DAL|[د](/source/%D8%AF)}}
|-
|{{chset-left1|5x}}
|{{chset-cell1|U+0630 ARABIC LETTER THAL|[ذ](/source/%D8%B0)}}
|{{chset-cell1|U+0631 ARABIC LETTER REH|[ر](/source/%D8%B1)}}
|{{chset-cell1|U+0632 ARABIC LETTER ZAIN|[ز](/source/%D8%B2)}}
|{{chset-cell1|U+0633 ARABIC LETTER SEEN|[س](/source/%D8%B3)}}
|{{chset-cell1|U+0634 ARABIC LETTER SHEEN|[ش](/source/%D8%B4)}}
|{{chset-cell1|U+0635 ARABIC LETTER SAD|[ص](/source/%D8%B5)}}
|{{chset-cell1|U+0636 ARABIC LETTER DAD|[ض](/source/%D8%B6)}}
|{{chset-cell1|U+0637 ARABIC LETTER TAH|[ط](/source/%D8%B7)}}
|{{chset-cell1|U+0638 ARABIC LETTER ZAH|[ظ](/source/%D8%B8)}}
|{{chset-cell1|U+0639 ARABIC LETTER AIN|[ع](/source/%D8%B9)}}
|{{chset-cell1|U+063A ARABIC LETTER GHAIN|[غ](/source/%D8%BA)}}
|{{chset-cell1|U+005D RIGHT SQUARE BRACKET|[&#93;](/source/Right_square_bracket)}}
|{{chset-cell1|U+005C REVERSE SOLIDUS|[\](/source/Backslash)}}
|{{chset-cell1|U+005B LEFT SQUARE BRACKET|[&#91;](/source/Left_square_bracket)}}
|{{chset-cell1|U+005E CIRCUMFLEX ACCENT|[^](/source/Caret_(computing))}}
|{{chset-cell1|U+005F LOW LINE|[_](/source/Underscore)}}
|-
|{{chset-left1|6x}}
|{{chset-cell1|U+0640 ARABIC TATWEEL|[ـ](/source/Tatweel)}}
|{{chset-cell1|U+0641 ARABIC LETTER FEH|[ف](/source/%D9%81)}}
|{{chset-cell1|U+0642 ARABIC LETTER QAF|[ق](/source/%D9%82)}}
|{{chset-cell1|U+0643 ARABIC LETTER KAF|[ك](/source/%D9%83)}}
|{{chset-cell1|U+0644 ARABIC LETTER LAM|[ل](/source/%D9%84)}}
|{{chset-cell1|U+0645 ARABIC LETTER MEEM|[م](/source/%D9%85)}}
|{{chset-cell1|U+0646 ARABIC LETTER NOON|[ن](/source/%D9%86)}}
|{{chset-cell1|U+0647 ARABIC LETTER HEH|[ه](/source/%D9%87)}}
|{{chset-cell1|U+0648 ARABIC LETTER WAW|[و](/source/%D9%88)}}
|{{chset-cell1|U+0649 ARABIC LETTER ALEF MAKSURA|[ى](/source/%D9%89)}}
|{{chset-cell1|U+064A ARABIC LETTER YEH|[ي](/source/%D9%8A)}}
|{{chset-cell1|U+064B ARABIC FATHATAN|[ً](/source/%D9%8B)}}
|{{chset-cell1|U+064C ARABIC DAMMATAN|[ٌ](/source/%D9%8C)}}
|{{chset-cell1|U+064D ARABIC KASRATAN|[ٍ](/source/%D9%8D)}}
|{{chset-cell1|U+064E ARABIC FATHA|[َ](/source/%D9%8E)}}
|{{chset-cell1|U+064F ARABIC DAMMA|[ُ](/source/%D9%8F)}}
|-
|{{chset-left1|7x}}
|{{chset-cell1|U+0650 ARABIC KASRA|[ِ](/source/%D9%90)}}
|{{chset-cell1|U+0651 ARABIC SHADDA|[ّ](/source/%D9%91)}}
|{{chset-cell1|U+0652 ARABIC SUKUN|[ْ](/source/%D9%92)}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|U+007D RIGHT CURLY BRACKET|[}](/source/Right_curly_bracket)}}
|{{chset-cell1|U+007C VERTICAL LINE|[{{pipe}}](/source/Vertical_bar)}}
|{{chset-cell1|U+007B LEFT CURLY BRACKET|[{](/source/Left_curly_bracket)}}
|{{chset-cell1|U+007E TILDE|[~](/source/~)}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|U+007F DELETE|[DEL](/source/Delete_character)}}
|}
There is a variant, sometimes named '''ASMO 449+'''<ref name="Printronix">[http://printronix.com/emea/wp-content/uploads/manuals/PTX_PRM_ACA_P8_258187a.pdf Printronix ACA Emulation Programmer's Reference Manual]</ref> which adds the characters [NBSP](/source/Non-breaking_space) in 0x75, "ﹳ" in 0x76, "لآ" in 0x77, "لأ" in 0x78, "لإ" in 0x79 and "لا" in 0x7A.

==Relationship with other character sets==
ASMO 449 is a 7-bit character set. Although some encodings allocate this 7-bit character set in the upper part of the 8-bit character set, it should not be confused with [ASMO 708](/source/ASMO_708). In the character sets that allocate ASMO 449 (or some variant of it) in the upper part of the 8-bit character set, the existence of apparently repeated characters is because the characters in the lower part are for left-to-right script while the characters in the upper part are for right-to-left script. When ASMO 449 (or some variant of it) is allocated to the  upper part of the 8-bit character set, it has [Arabic digits](/source/Eastern_Arabic_numerals).<!-- Always? -->
*[Al-Arabi](/source/Al-Arabi_(character_set))<ref name="Printronix" /> adds the characters NBS in 0xF5, "-" in 0xF6, "÷" in 0xF7, "×" in 0xF8, "«" in 0xF9 and "»" in 0xFA, and replaces "ـ" with "`"; this character set is sometimes referred as Code Page 768 (not an official IBM code page).
*DEC's [DEC/8/ASMO](/source/DEC%2F8%2FASMO)<ref name="Printronix" /> has the same repertoire and the same sequence of Arabic characters but dislocates them.
*HP's [Arabic-8](/source/Arabic-8)<ref name="Printronix" /> is also based on ASMO 449;
*Apple's [MacArabic](/source/MacArabic_encoding) adds French, German and Spanish characters in their typical code points from [MacRoman](/source/Mac_OS_Roman), and adds letters for Persian and Urdu.
*Apple's MacFarsi replaces the Arabic digits from MacArabic with Persian ones.
*The [Code Table 7](/source/MARC_Code_Table_7)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Code Table 7: Basic and Extended Arabic |url=https://www.itsmarc.com/crs/mergedprojects/marcspec/marcspec/code_table_7_basic_and_extended_arabic.htm |access-date=2024-09-21 |website=www.itsmarc.com}}</ref> from [MARC-8](/source/MARC-8) allocates ASMO 449 in the lower part of the 8-bit character set and allocates the upper part with the Arabic Extension ([ISO 11822](/source/ISO_11822) / IR 224).
*Microsoft's [Code page 709](/source/Code_page_709),<ref name="Printronix" /> for MS-DOS, adds French and German characters in their typical code points from [code page 437](/source/code_page_437).

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://sourceforge.net/project/showfiles.php?group_id=147704&package_id=193433 giconv] a graphical interface to a patched [libiconv](/source/libiconv) version that recodes ASMO449+ to [UTF-8](/source/UTF-8)
*[https://www.iso.org/standard/16597.html ISO 9036:1987 Information processing — Arabic 7-bit coded character set for information interchange]

{{ISO standards}}
{{character encoding}}

Category:Character sets
Category:ISO standards

---
Adapted from the Wikipedia article [ASMO 449](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASMO_449) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASMO_449?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.