# APEX1

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Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

APEX1 Available structures PDB Ortholog search: PDBe RCSB List of PDB id codes 1BIX, 1CQH, 4LND, 4QH9, 5DFF, 4QHD, 1E9N, 3U8U, 5DFI, 1HD7, 5DG0, 5DFJ, 4QHE, 5DFH, 1DE9, 4IEM, 2ISI, 1DE8, 2O3H, 1CQG, 1DEW, 5CFG Identifiers Aliases APEX1, APE, APE1, APEN, APEX, APX, HAP1, REF1, apurinic/apyrimidinic endodeoxyribonuclease 1 External IDs OMIM: 107748; MGI: 88042; HomoloGene: 1241; GeneCards: APEX1; OMA:APEX1 - orthologs Gene location (Human) Chr. Chromosome 14 (human)[1] Band 14q11.2 Start 20,455,191 bp[1] End 20,457,772 bp[1] Gene location (Mouse) Chr. Chromosome 14 (mouse)[2] Band 14 C1|14 26.3 cM Start 51,162,425 bp[2] End 51,164,596 bp[2] RNA expression pattern Bgee Human Mouse (ortholog) Top expressed in ganglionic eminence ventricular zone islet of Langerhans right adrenal gland right adrenal cortex left ovary right ovary left adrenal cortex gallbladder rectum Top expressed in primitive streak internal carotid artery external carotid artery abdominal wall epiblast condyle maxillary prominence mandibular prominence medial ganglionic eminence embryo More reference expression data BioGPS More reference expression data Gene ontology Molecular function DNA binding nuclease activity endonuclease activity hydrolase activity metal ion binding lyase activity class I DNA-(apurinic or apyrimidinic site) endonuclease activity protein-containing complex binding protein binding exonuclease activity phosphodiesterase I activity double-stranded DNA 3'-5' exodeoxyribonuclease activity endodeoxyribonuclease activity chromatin DNA binding endoribonuclease activity uracil DNA N-glycosylase activity phosphoric diester hydrolase activity site-specific endodeoxyribonuclease activity, specific for altered base double-stranded telomeric DNA binding oxidoreductase activity double-stranded DNA exodeoxyribonuclease activity transcription coactivator activity NF-kappaB binding RNA-DNA hybrid ribonuclease activity damaged DNA binding transcription corepressor activity 3'-5' exonuclease activity DNA-(apurinic or apyrimidinic site) endonuclease activity RNA binding class III/IV DNA-(apurinic or apyrimidinic site) endonuclease activity Cellular component cytoplasm centrosome intracellular anatomical structure mitochondrion nucleus perinuclear region of cytoplasm ribosome transcription regulator complex nuclear speck nucleoplasm nucleolus endoplasmic reticulum Biological process DNA repair nucleic acid phosphodiester bond hydrolysis cellular response to DNA damage stimulus DNA recombination positive regulation of G1/S transition of mitotic cell cycle negative regulation of smooth muscle cell migration regulation of transcription, DNA-templated DNA demethylation cellular response to cAMP RNA phosphodiester bond hydrolysis, endonucleolytic transcription, DNA-templated response to organonitrogen compound cellular response to hydrogen peroxide cellular response to peptide hormone stimulus regulation of mRNA stability cellular response to organonitrogen compound cell redox homeostasis ageing base-excision repair telomere maintenance negative regulation of nucleic acid-templated transcription telomere maintenance via base-excision repair regulation of apoptotic process positive regulation of nucleic acid-templated transcription Sources:Amigo / QuickGO Orthologs Species Human Mouse Entrez 328 11792 Ensembl ENSG00000100823 ENSMUSG00000035960 UniProt P27695 P28352 RefSeq (mRNA) NM_001244249 NM_001641 NM_080648 NM_080649 NM_009687 RefSeq (protein) NP_001231178 NP_001632 NP_542379 NP_542380 NP_033817 Location (UCSC) Chr 14: 20.46 – 20.46 Mb Chr 14: 51.16 – 51.16 Mb PubMed search [3] [4] Wikidata View/Edit Human View/Edit Mouse

**DNA-(apurinic or apyrimidinic site) lyase** is an [enzyme](/source/Enzyme) that in humans is encoded by the *APEX1* [gene](/source/Gene).

[Apurinic/apyrimidinic (AP) sites](/source/AP_site) (also called "abasic sites") occur frequently in DNA molecules by spontaneous hydrolysis, by DNA damaging agents or by [DNA glycosylases](/source/DNA_glycosylase) that remove specific abnormal bases. AP sites are pre-mutagenic lesions that can prevent normal [DNA replication](/source/DNA_replication). All cells, from simple prokaryotes to humans, have evolved systems to identify and repair such sites. Class II AP endonucleases cleave the phosphodiester backbone 5' to the AP site, thereby initiating a process known as [base excision repair](/source/Base_excision_repair) (BER). The *APEX1* gene (alternatively named APE1, HAP1, APEN) encodes the major [AP endonuclease](/source/AP_endonuclease) in human cells. Splice variants have been found for this gene; all encode the same protein.[5]

## Interactions

APEX1 has been shown to [interact](/source/Protein-protein_interaction) with [MUTYH](/source/MUTYH),[6] [Flap structure-specific endonuclease 1](/source/Flap_structure-specific_endonuclease_1)[7] and [XRCC1](/source/XRCC1).[8]

## Aging

Deficiency of APEX1 causes accummulation of [DNA damage](/source/DNA_damage_(naturally_occurring)) leading to both [cellular senescence](/source/Cellular_senescence) and features of premature [aging](/source/Ageing).[9] This finding is consistent with the theory that DNA damage is a primary cause of aging.[10]

## References

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-refGRCh38Ensembl_1-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-refGRCh38Ensembl_1-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-refGRCh38Ensembl_1-2) [GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000100823](http://May2017.archive.ensembl.org/Homo_sapiens/Gene/Summary?db=core;g=ENSG00000100823) – [Ensembl](/source/Ensembl_genome_database_project), May 2017

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-refGRCm38Ensembl_2-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-refGRCm38Ensembl_2-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-refGRCm38Ensembl_2-2) [GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000035960](http://May2017.archive.ensembl.org/Mus_musculus/Gene/Summary?db=core;g=ENSMUSG00000035960) – [Ensembl](/source/Ensembl_genome_database_project), May 2017

1. **[^](#cite_ref-3)** ["Human PubMed Reference:"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=gene&cmd=Link&LinkName=gene_pubmed&from_uid=328). *National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine*.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-4)** ["Mouse PubMed Reference:"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=gene&cmd=Link&LinkName=gene_pubmed&from_uid=11792). *National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine*.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-entrez_5-0)** ["Entrez Gene: APEX1 APEX nuclease (multifunctional DNA repair enzyme) 1"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=328).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-pmid11092888_6-0)** Parker A, Gu Y, Mahoney W, Lee SH, Singh KK, Lu AL (February 2001). ["Human homolog of the MutY repair protein (hMYH) physically interacts with proteins involved in long patch DNA base excision repair"](https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.M008463200). *The Journal of Biological Chemistry*. **276** (8): 5547–55. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1074/jbc.M008463200](https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.M008463200). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [11092888](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11092888).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-pmid11601988_7-0)** Dianova II, Bohr VA, Dianov GL (October 2001). "Interaction of human AP endonuclease 1 with flap endonuclease 1 and proliferating cell nuclear antigen involved in long-patch base excision repair". *Biochemistry*. **40** (42): 12639–44. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1021/bi011117i](https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fbi011117i). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [11601988](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11601988).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-pmid11707423_8-0)** Vidal AE, Boiteux S, Hickson ID, Radicella JP (November 2001). ["XRCC1 coordinates the initial and late stages of DNA abasic site repair through protein-protein interactions"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC125722). *The EMBO Journal*. **20** (22): 6530–9. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1093/emboj/20.22.6530](https://doi.org/10.1093%2Femboj%2F20.22.6530). [PMC](/source/PMC_(identifier)) [125722](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC125722). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [11707423](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11707423).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-pmid29750271_9-0)** Li M, Yang X, Lu X, Dai N, Zhang S, Cheng Y, et al. (June 2018). ["APE1 deficiency promotes cellular senescence and premature aging features"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6009672). *Nucleic Acids Research*. **46** (11): 5664–5677. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1093/nar/gky326](https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fnar%2Fgky326). [PMC](/source/PMC_(identifier)) [6009672](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6009672). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [29750271](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29750271).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-pmid7031747_10-0)** Gensler HL, Bernstein H (September 1981). "DNA damage as the primary cause of aging". *The Quarterly Review of Biology*. **56** (3): 279–303. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1086/412317](https://doi.org/10.1086%2F412317). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [7031747](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7031747). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [20822805](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:20822805).

## Further reading

- Mol CD, Hosfield DJ, Tainer JA (August 2000). ["Abasic site recognition by two apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease families in DNA base excision repair: the 3' ends justify the means"](https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0921-8777%2800%2900028-8). *Mutation Research*. **460** (3–4): 211–29. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1016/s0921-8777(00)00028-8](https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0921-8777%2800%2900028-8). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [10946230](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10946230).

- Fritz G (September 2000). "Human APE/Ref-1 protein". *The International Journal of Biochemistry & Cell Biology*. **32** (9): 925–9. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1016/S1357-2725(00)00045-5](https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS1357-2725%2800%2900045-5). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [11084372](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11084372).

- Fritz G, Grösch S, Tomicic M, Kaina B (November 2003). "APE/Ref-1 and the mammalian response to genotoxic stress". *Toxicology*. **193** (1–2): 67–78. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1016/S0300-483X(03)00290-7](https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0300-483X%2803%2900290-7). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [14599768](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14599768).

- Tell G, Damante G, Caldwell D, Kelley MR (2005). "The intracellular localization of APE1/Ref-1: more than a passive phenomenon?". *Antioxidants & Redox Signaling*. **7** (3–4): 367–84. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1089/ars.2005.7.367](https://doi.org/10.1089%2Fars.2005.7.367). [hdl](/source/Hdl_(identifier)):[1805/4802](https://hdl.handle.net/1805%2F4802). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [15706084](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15706084).

- Hung RJ, Hall J, Brennan P, Boffetta P (November 2005). ["Genetic polymorphisms in the base excision repair pathway and cancer risk: a HuGE review"](https://doi.org/10.1093%2Faje%2Fkwi318). *American Journal of Epidemiology*. **162** (10): 925–42. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1093/aje/kwi318](https://doi.org/10.1093%2Faje%2Fkwi318). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [16221808](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16221808).

- Dyrkheeva NS, Khodyreva SN, Lavrik OI (2007). "[Multifunctional human apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease 1: the role of additional functions]". *Molekuliarnaia Biologiia*. **41** (3): 450–66. [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [17685223](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17685223).

- Harrison L, Ascione G, Menninger JC, Ward DC, Demple B (December 1992). "Human apurinic endonuclease gene (APE): structure and genomic mapping (chromosome 14q11.2-12)". *Human Molecular Genetics*. **1** (9): 677–80. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1093/hmg/1.9.677](https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fhmg%2F1.9.677). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [1284593](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1284593).

- Cheng XB, Bunville J, Patterson TA (January 1992). ["Nucleotide sequence of a cDNA for an apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease from HeLa cells"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC310384). *Nucleic Acids Research*. **20** (2): 370. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1093/nar/20.2.370](https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fnar%2F20.2.370). [PMC](/source/PMC_(identifier)) [310384](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC310384). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [1371347](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1371347).

- Xanthoudakis S, Miao G, Wang F, Pan YC, Curran T (September 1992). ["Redox activation of Fos-Jun DNA binding activity is mediated by a DNA repair enzyme"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC556867). *The EMBO Journal*. **11** (9): 3323–35. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1002/j.1460-2075.1992.tb05411.x](https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fj.1460-2075.1992.tb05411.x). [PMC](/source/PMC_(identifier)) [556867](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC556867). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [1380454](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1380454).

- Zhao B, Grandy DK, Hagerup JM, Magenis RE, Smith L, Chauhan BC, Henner WD (August 1992). ["The human gene for apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease (HAP1): sequence and localization to chromosome 14 band q12"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC334100). *Nucleic Acids Research*. **20** (15): 4097–8. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1093/nar/20.15.4097](https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fnar%2F20.15.4097). [PMC](/source/PMC_(identifier)) [334100](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC334100). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [1380694](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1380694).

- Robson CN, Hochhauser D, Craig R, Rack K, Buckle VJ, Hickson ID (September 1992). ["Structure of the human DNA repair gene HAP1 and its localisation to chromosome 14q 11.2-12"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC334166). *Nucleic Acids Research*. **20** (17): 4417–21. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1093/nar/20.17.4417](https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fnar%2F20.17.4417). [PMC](/source/PMC_(identifier)) [334166](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC334166). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [1383925](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1383925).

- Seki S, Hatsushika M, Watanabe S, Akiyama K, Nagao K, Tsutsui K (July 1992). "cDNA cloning, sequencing, expression and possible domain structure of human APEX nuclease homologous to Escherichia coli exonuclease III". *Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Gene Structure and Expression*. **1131** (3): 287–99. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1016/0167-4781(92)90027-w](https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0167-4781%2892%2990027-w). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [1627644](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1627644).

- Robson CN, Hickson ID (October 1991). ["Isolation of cDNA clones encoding a human apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease that corrects DNA repair and mutagenesis defects in E. coli xth (exonuclease III) mutants"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC328951). *Nucleic Acids Research*. **19** (20): 5519–23. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1093/nar/19.20.5519](https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fnar%2F19.20.5519). [PMC](/source/PMC_(identifier)) [328951](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC328951). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [1719477](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1719477).

- Demple B, Herman T, Chen DS (December 1991). ["Cloning and expression of APE, the cDNA encoding the major human apurinic endonuclease: definition of a family of DNA repair enzymes"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC53153). *Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America*. **88** (24): 11450–4. [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[1991PNAS...8811450D](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1991PNAS...8811450D). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1073/pnas.88.24.11450](https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.88.24.11450). [PMC](/source/PMC_(identifier)) [53153](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC53153). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [1722334](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1722334).

- Okazaki T, Chung U, Nishishita T, Ebisu S, Usuda S, Mishiro S, Xanthoudakis S, Igarashi T, Ogata E (November 1994). ["A redox factor protein, ref1, is involved in negative gene regulation by extracellular calcium"](https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0021-9258%2818%2946865-2). *The Journal of Biological Chemistry*. **269** (45): 27855–62. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1016/S0021-9258(18)46865-2](https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0021-9258%2818%2946865-2). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [7961715](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7961715).

- Akiyama K, Seki S, Oshida T, Yoshida MC (September 1994). "Structure, promoter analysis and chromosomal assignment of the human APEX gene". *Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Gene Structure and Expression*. **1219** (1): 15–25. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1016/0167-4781(94)90241-0](https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0167-4781%2894%2990241-0). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [8086453](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8086453).

- Andersson B, Wentland MA, Ricafrente JY, Liu W, Gibbs RA (April 1996). "A "double adaptor" method for improved shotgun library construction". *Analytical Biochemistry*. **236** (1): 107–13. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1006/abio.1996.0138](https://doi.org/10.1006%2Fabio.1996.0138). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [8619474](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8619474).

- Chung U, Igarashi T, Nishishita T, Iwanari H, Iwamatsu A, Suwa A, Mimori T, Hata K, Ebisu S, Ogata E, Fujita T, Okazaki T (April 1996). ["The interaction between Ku antigen and REF1 protein mediates negative gene regulation by extracellular calcium"](https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.271.15.8593). *The Journal of Biological Chemistry*. **271** (15): 8593–8. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1074/jbc.271.15.8593](https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.271.15.8593). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [8621488](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8621488).

- Rothwell DG, Hickson ID (November 1996). ["Asparagine 212 is essential for abasic site recognition by the human DNA repair endonuclease HAP1"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC146231). *Nucleic Acids Research*. **24** (21): 4217–21. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1093/nar/24.21.4217](https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fnar%2F24.21.4217). [PMC](/source/PMC_(identifier)) [146231](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC146231). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [8932375](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8932375).

- Izumi T, Henner WD, Mitra S (November 1996). "Negative regulation of the major human AP-endonuclease, a multifunctional protein". *Biochemistry*. **35** (47): 14679–83. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1021/bi961995u](https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fbi961995u). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [8942627](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8942627).

## External links

- Human [*APEX1*](https://genome.ucsc.edu/cgi-bin/hgTracks?db=hg38&singleSearch=knownCanonical&position=APEX1) genome location and [*APEX1*](https://genome.ucsc.edu/cgi-bin/hgGene?db=hg38&hgg_type=knownGene&hgg_gene=APEX1) gene details page in the [UCSC Genome Browser](/source/UCSC_Genome_Browser).

v t e PDB gallery 1bix: THE CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF THE HUMAN DNA REPAIR ENDONUCLEASE HAP1 SUGGESTS THE RECOGNITION OF EXTRA-HELICAL DEOXYRIBOSE AT DNA ABASIC SITES 1de8: HUMAN APURINIC/APYRIMIDINIC ENDONUCLEASE-1 (APE1) BOUND TO ABASIC DNA 1de9: HUMAN APE1 ENDONUCLEASE WITH BOUND ABASIC DNA AND MN2+ ION 1dew: CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF HUMAN APE1 BOUND TO ABASIC DNA 1e9n: A SECOND DIVALENT METAL ION IN THE ACTIVE SITE OF A NEW CRYSTAL FORM OF HUMAN APURINIC/APYRIMIDINIC ENDONUCLEASE, APE1, AND ITS IMPLICATIONS FOR THE CATALYTIC MECHANISM 1hd7: A SECOND DIVALENT METAL ION IN THE ACTIVE SITE OF A NEW CRYSTAL FORM OF HUMAN APURINIC/APYRIDINIMIC ENDONUCLEASE, APE1, AND ITS IMPLICATIONS FOR THE CATALYTIC MECHANISM 2isi: Crystal structure of Ape1 from Homo sapiens in a new crystal form complexed with a ligand

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [APEX1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APEX1) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APEX1?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.