# ALBA

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Intergovernmental organization of Latin American and Caribbean states

This article is about the intergovernmental organization in Latin America and the Caribbean. For the Scottish Gaelic name for Scotland, see [Alba](/source/Alba). For the Gaelic television channel from the BBC, see [BBC Alba](/source/BBC_Alba). For other uses, see [Alba (disambiguation)](/source/Alba_(disambiguation)).

Bolivarian Alliance for the Peoples of Our America – Peoples' Trade Treaty Alianza Bolivariana para los Pueblos de Nuestra América – Tratado de Comercio de los Pueblos (Spanish) Emblem Headquarters Caracas Official languages Spanish English Member states 10 full members Antigua and Barbuda Bolivia (suspended) Cuba Dominica Grenada Nicaragua Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Venezuela Pending full membership Suriname[a] Observers Haiti Iran Former members Honduras Ecuador Former observer Syria Leaders • Secretary General Jorge Arreaza[2] Establishment • Cuba–Venezuela Agreement 14 December 2004 • People's Trade Agreement 29 April 2006 Area • Total 2,513,337[3] km2 (970,405 sq mi) Population • 2008 estimate 69,513,221 • Density 27.65/km2 (71.6/sq mi) GDP (PPP) 2008 estimate • Total $636.481 billion • Per capita $9,156 Currency 5 currencies Bolívar Boliviano Córdoba EC dollar Peso Time zone UTC−4 to −6 Internet TLD 10 TLDs .ag .bo .cu .dm .gd .ni .kn .lc .vc .ve Website albatcp.org

**ALBA** or **ALBA–TCP**, formally the **Bolivarian Alliance for the Peoples of Our America** ([Spanish](/source/Spanish_language): *Alianza Bolivariana para los Pueblos de Nuestra América*) or the **Bolivarian Alliance for the Peoples of Our America – Peoples' Trade Treaty** ([Spanish](/source/Spanish_language): *Alianza Bolivariana para los Pueblos de Nuestra América – Tratado de Comercio de los Pueblos*), is an [intergovernmental organization](/source/Intergovernmental_organization) based on the idea of political and economic integration of [Latin American](/source/Latin_America) and [Caribbean](/source/Caribbean) countries.

Founded initially by Cuba and Venezuela in 2004, it is associated with [socialist](/source/Socialism_of_the_21st_century) and [social democratic](/source/Social_democracy) governments wishing to consolidate regional economic integration based on a vision of social welfare, [bartering](/source/Barter) and mutual economic aid. The ten member countries are [Antigua and Barbuda](/source/Antigua_and_Barbuda), [Bolivia](/source/Bolivia), [Cuba](/source/Cuba), [Dominica](/source/Dominica), [Grenada](/source/Grenada), [Nicaragua](/source/Nicaragua), [Saint Kitts and Nevis](/source/Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis), [Saint Lucia](/source/Saint_Lucia), [Saint Vincent and the Grenadines](/source/Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines) and [Venezuela](/source/Venezuela).[4] [Suriname](/source/Suriname) was admitted to ALBA as a guest country at a February 2012 summit.[5][6]

## History

Late Venezuelan President [Hugo Chávez](/source/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez), founder of ALBA

The agreement was proposed by the [government of Venezuela](/source/Government_of_Venezuela), led by [Hugo Chávez](/source/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez)[7] as an alternative to the [Free Trade Area of the Americas](/source/Free_Trade_Area_of_the_Americas) (FTAA or ALCA in Spanish, an agreement proposed by the [United States](/source/United_States)), which never materialized.[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*]

This Cuba–Venezuela Agreement,[8] signed on 14 December 2004, by President Chávez and [Cuban leader](/source/First_Secretary_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Cuba) [Fidel Castro](/source/Fidel_Castro), was aimed at the exchange of medical and educational resources and [petroleum](/source/Petroleum) between the two nations. Venezuela began to deliver about 96,000 barrels of oil per day from its state-owned oil company, [PDVSA](/source/PDVSA), to Cuba at very favorable prices. In exchange, Cuba sent 20,000 state-employed medical staff and thousands of teachers to Venezuela's poorest states. The agreement also made it possible for Venezuelans to travel to Cuba for specialized medical care, free of charge.[9][10][*[self-published source?](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Self-published_sources)*]

When it was launched in 2004, ALBA had only two member states, [Venezuela](/source/Venezuela) and [Cuba](/source/Cuba).[10][11] Subsequently, a number of other Latin American and Caribbean nations entered into this 'Peoples' Trade Agreement' (Spanish: *Tratado de Comercio de los Pueblos*, or TCP), which aims to implement the principles of ALBA. [Bolivia](/source/Bolivia) under [Evo Morales](/source/Evo_Morales) joined in 2006, [Nicaragua](/source/Nicaragua) under [Daniel Ortega](/source/Daniel_Ortega) in 2007, and [Ecuador](/source/Ecuador) under [Rafael Correa](/source/Rafael_Correa) in 2009. [Honduras](/source/Honduras), under [Manuel Zelaya](/source/Manuel_Zelaya), joined in 2008, but withdrew in 2010 after the [2009 Honduran coup d'état](/source/2009_Honduran_coup_d'%C3%A9tat).[12] The Caribbean nations Antigua and Barbuda, Dominica, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines and Saint Lucia also joined.[13]

[Jamaica](/source/Jamaica), at the invitation of Chávez,[14] and [Mexico](/source/Mexico), at the invitation of Ortega,[15] were invited to join the ALBA countries. Chávez also invited the countries of Central America to join ALBA,[16] and invited [Argentina](/source/Argentina) to use the virtual currency [SUCRE](/source/SUCRE) for trade transactions.[17] In the 11th Summit of ALBA in February 2012, Suriname, Saint Lucia and Haiti requested admission to the organization. Haiti was granted the special status of permanent member and the other two countries were named special members, while awaiting their full incorporation.[10]

In July 2013, Chávez was honored posthumously by the nine member countries of the group and special guests Uruguay, Argentina, Brazil, Suriname, Guyana and Haiti at the group's 12th Presidential Summit in Guayaquil, Ecuador.[18]

In December 2014, Grenada and Saint Kitts and Nevis were accepted as full members during the 13th Summit of the Alliance, which occurred in Havana, Cuba.[19]

Ecuador withdrew from ALBA in August 2018.[20] [Bolivia](/source/Bolivia)'s interim government withdrew in November 2019 during the [political crisis](/source/2019_Bolivian_political_crisis),[21] but the newly elected government of [Luis Arce](/source/Luis_Arce) rejoined following the [2020 Bolivian general election](/source/2020_Bolivian_general_election).[22][23]

Amid the international isolation Russia is facing due to the [invasion of Ukraine](/source/2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine), ALBA invited Russia to participate at the [2023 ALBA Games](/source/ALBA_Games).[24]

Bolivia was suspended by ALBA after the [2025 general election](/source/2025_Bolivian_general_election), following statements by newly elected president [Rodrigo Paz Pereira](/source/Rodrigo_Paz_Pereira) against member countries Cuba, Nicaragua and Venezuela.[25][26]

### Virtual currency

In October 2009, ALBA leaders agreed at a summit in Bolivia to create a virtual currency, named the [SUCRE](/source/SUCRE_(currency)). "The document is approved," said Bolivian President Evo Morales, the summit host. President of Venezuela Hugo Chávez announced "The sucre [is] an autonomous and sovereign monetary system that will be agreed upon today so that it can be implemented in 2010."[27] As of 2015, the virtual currency is being used to compensate trade between Bolivia, Cuba, Nicaragua, and especially Ecuador and Venezuela.[10]

### Summits of heads of state and government

Summit Date Location Country Decisions I Ordinary 14 December 2004 Havana Cuba Founding summit of ALBA. Cuba-Venezuela Agreement signed by presidents Hugo Chávez and Fidel Castro. II Ordinary 27–28 April 2005 Havana Cuba Attended by presidents Hugo Chávez and Fidel Castro. III Ordinary 29 April 2006 Havana Cuba Attended by presidents Hugo Chávez, Fidel Castro and Evo Morales from Bolivia, who joins the group. The TCP is signed. IV Ordinary 10 January 2007 Managua Nicaragua Meeting coinciding with inauguration as president of Nicaragua of Daniel Ortega, who announces the entry in the bloc as fourth country member. V Ordinary 28–29 April 2007 Barquisimeto Venezuela VI Ordinary 24–26 January 2008 Caracas Venezuela Dominica joins the bloc. I Extraordinary 22 April 2008 Caracas Venezuela II Extraordinary 25 August 2008 Tegucigalpa Honduras Honduras joins the bloc. III Extraordinary 26 November 2008 Caracas Venezuela IV Extraordinary 2 February 2009 Caracas Venezuela Celebration of the tenth anniversary of Bolivarian Revolution. V Extraordinary 16–17 April 2009 Cumaná Venezuela VI Extraordinary 24 June 2009 Maracay Venezuela Antigua and Barbuda, Ecuador and Saint Vincent and the Grenadines join the bloc. VII Extraordinary 29 June 2009 Managua Nicaragua Condemnation of the coup d'état in Honduras and demand of restoration of deposed president Manuel Zelaya. VII Ordinary 16–17 October 2009 Cochabamba Bolivia The Unified System for Regional Compensation (SUCRE) is adopted. VIII Ordinary 13–14 December 2009 Havana Cuba Celebration of the fifth anniversary of the bloc. IX Ordinary 19 April 2010 Caracas Venezuela Honduras had left the group.[28] X Ordinary 25 June 2010 Otavalo Ecuador XI Ordinary 4–5 February 2012 Caracas Venezuela XII Ordinary 30 July 2013 Guayaquil Ecuador Saint Lucia joins the bloc. VIII Extraordinary 20 October 2014 Havana Cuba Summit to deal with the Ebola crisis. XIII Ordinary 14 December 2014 Havana Cuba Grenada and Saint Kitts and Nevis join the bloc. Celebration of the tenth anniversary of the bloc. IX Extraordinary 17 March 2015 Caracas Venezuela XIV Ordinary 5 March 2017 Caracas Venezuela XV Ordinary 5 March 2018 Caracas Venezuela XVI Ordinary 14 December 2018[29] Havana Cuba XVII Ordinary 14 December 2019[30] Havana Cuba Celebration of the fifteenth anniversary of the bloc. XVIII Ordinary 14 December 2020[31] videoconference Celebration of the sixteenth anniversary of the bloc and of the rejoining of Bolivia into it. XIX Ordinary 24 June 2021[32] Caracas Venezuela Celebration of the 200th anniversary of the Battle of Carabobo. XX Ordinary 14 December 2021[33][34] Havana Cuba XXI Ordinary 27 May 2022[35][36] Havana Cuba XXII Ordinary 14 December 2022[37][38] Havana Cuba Celebration of the eighteenth anniversary of the bloc. XXIII Ordinary 24 April 2024[39] Caracas Venezuela XXIV Ordinary 14 December 2024[40] Caracas Venezuela Celebration of the 20th anniversary of the bloc. XXV Ordinary 14 December 2025[41] videoconference

## Membership

Main article: [Member states of ALBA](/source/Member_states_of_ALBA)

### Full members

Common name Official name Join date Population Area (km2) E.E.Z + Area (km2) GDP PPP (US$ bn) Capital Antigua and Barbuda Antigua and Barbuda 24 June 2009 97,118 442 110,531 1.575 St. John's Bolivia (Suspended)[25] Plurinational State of Bolivia 29 April 2006 9,119,152 1,098,581 50.904 Sucre Cuba Republic of Cuba 14 December 2004 11,451,652 110,861 460,637 114.100 Havana Dominica Commonwealth of Dominica 20 January 2008 72,660 754 29,736 0.977 Roseau Grenada[4][42] Grenada 14 December 2014 111,454 348.5 27,770 1.467 St. George's Nicaragua Republic of Nicaragua 11 January 2007[43] 6,466,199 129,495 254,254 18.878 Managua Saint Kitts and Nevis[4][44] Federation of Saint Kitts and Nevis 14 December 2014 54,961 261 10,235 1.087 Basseterre Saint Lucia Saint Lucia 20 July 2013 180,870 617 16,156 2.101 Castries St. Vincent and the Grenadines Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 24 June 2009 120,000 389 36,691 1.259 Kingstown Venezuela Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela 14 December 2004 28,199,825 916,445 1,387,952 374.111 Caracas ALBA–TCP totals 10 countries 46,166,389 1,159,612.5 2,333,962 515.555

### Observer members

Common name Official name Population Capital Haiti[45] Republic of Haiti 10,847,334 Port-au-Prince Iran[45] Islamic Republic of Iran 81,672,300 Tehran

### Former members

Common name Official name Join year Withdrawal year Population Capital Honduras Republic of Honduras 2008 2010 9,112,867 Tegucigalpa Ecuador Republic of Ecuador 2009 2018 16,385,068 Quito

## Other ALBA initiatives

This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this message)

A clickable [Euler diagram](/source/Euler_diagram) showing the relationships between various multinational organizations in the Americas

- [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Supranational_American_bodies)
- [t](/source/Template_talk%3ASupranational_American_bodies)
- [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Supranational_American_bodies)

XIV ALBA-TCP summit, 2017

### PetroCaribe

Based on the earlier [San José Accords](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=San_Jos%C3%A9_Accords&action=edit&redlink=1) (1980) and [Caracas Energy Accords](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caracas_Energy_Accords&action=edit&redlink=1) (2000) between [Venezuela](/source/Venezuela) and a number of Caribbean states, [Petrocaribe](/source/Petrocaribe) was founded in 2005 to facilitate oil trade under a concessionary financial agreement. The initiative has provided the Caribbean member states with important hydrocarbon resources, which many do not possess on their territories, in exchange for services and goods. In the case of [Cuba](/source/Cuba), a nation largely deprived of oil since the [fall of the Soviet Union](/source/Fall_of_the_Soviet_Union) in 1991, Petrocaribe has provided oil in exchange for medical doctors.[46]

### Other energy initiatives

As part of Cuba's efforts to spread its [Energy Revolution](/source/Energy_Revolution) campaign through ALBA, Cuban social workers traveled to 11 countries in the Caribbean and Latin America to help develop energy efficiency projects in those countries.[47]: 294

### TeleSUR

Launched in 2005, [TeleSUR](/source/TeleSUR) is a media network that provides news and current affairs broadcasts throughout the ALBA bloc. The network has an internet based television channel and is a cooperative effort between the governments of [Venezuela](/source/Venezuela), [Cuba](/source/Cuba) and [Nicaragua](/source/Nicaragua).

### PETROSUR

PETROSUR is an inter-governmental energy alliance between Venezuelan [PDVSA](/source/PDVSA), Argentinean [YPF](/source/YPF), and Brazilian [Petrobras](/source/Petrobras) nationalized oil companies. The goal of this initiative is to provide funding for social welfare programs within these nations.[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*]

### ALBA at the UNFCCC

ALBA also speaks on behalf of its member states, if they find a common position in intergovernmental meetings of the [UNFCCC](/source/UNFCCC).

## Criticism

In July 2018, President [Lenín Moreno](/source/Len%C3%ADn_Moreno) of Ecuador distanced himself from ALBA, stating that the organization "has not worked for a while."[48] In August 2018, Ecuador officially withdrew from ALBA.[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*]

[Karen Longaric](/source/Karen_Longaric), appointed as foreign minister by [Jeanine Áñez](/source/Jeanine_%C3%81%C3%B1ez)'s interim government, announced the formal departure of the country from ALBA in November 2019 over "interference" in Bolivia's [political crisis](/source/2019_Bolivian_political_crisis).[49] Bolivia remained in ALBA after the Áñez government was defeated in the [2020 Bolivian general election](/source/2020_Bolivian_general_election).[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*]

## See also

- [Andean Community of Nations](/source/Andean_Community_of_Nations)

- [Association of Caribbean States](/source/Association_of_Caribbean_States)

- [Axis of Resistance](/source/Axis_of_Resistance)

- [Belt and Road Initiative](/source/Belt_and_Road_Initiative)

- [CARIFORUM](/source/CARIFORUM)

- [Community of Latin American and Caribbean States](/source/Community_of_Latin_American_and_Caribbean_States) (CELAC)

- [Copenhagen Accord](/source/Copenhagen_Accord)

- [CSTO](/source/CSTO)

- [Eurasian Economic Union](/source/Eurasian_Economic_Union)

- [Foro de São Paulo](/source/Foro_de_S%C3%A3o_Paulo)

- [International trade](/source/International_trade)

- [Latin American integration](/source/Latin_American_integration)

- [Lima Group](/source/Lima_Group)

- [Mercosur](/source/Mercosur)

- [Non Aligned Movement](/source/Non_Aligned_Movement)

- [Pacific Alliance](/source/Pacific_Alliance)

- [PetroCaribe](/source/PetroCaribe)

- [Pink tide](/source/Pink_tide)

- [Alliance of Sahel States](/source/Alliance_of_Sahel_States)

- [Social security](/source/Social_security)

- [SUCRE](/source/SUCRE)

- [Trade bloc](/source/Trade_bloc)

- [Union of South American Nations](/source/Union_of_South_American_Nations)

- [Warsaw Pact](/source/Warsaw_Pact)

- [Free Trade Area of the Americas](/source/Free_Trade_Area_of_the_Americas) (FTAA or ALCA)

- [Latin American Free Trade Agreement](/source/Latin_American_Free_Trade_Agreement)

- [North American Free Trade Agreement](/source/North_American_Free_Trade_Agreement)

## Notes

1. **[^](#cite_ref-2)** In addition, Suriname is a "special guest member" that intends to become a full member.[1]

## References

1. **[^](#cite_ref-1)** *[El Universal](/source/El_Universal_(Caracas))*, 6 February 2012, [ALBA summit ends with entry of guest countries](http://www.eluniversal.com/nacional-y-politica/120206/alba-summit-ends-with-entry-of-guest-countries)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-3)** ["Declaración del ALBA-TCP: Justicia social y cooperación"](https://web.archive.org/web/20230614154602/http://www.acn.cu/mundo/102803-declaracion-del-alba-tcp-justicia-social-y-cooperacion). *ACN* (in Spanish). 16 December 2022. Archived from [the original](http://www.acn.cu/mundo/102803-declaracion-del-alba-tcp-justicia-social-y-cooperacion) on 14 June 2023. Retrieved 17 December 2022.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-ref_6_4-0)** The total area of ALBA reaches 5,057,735 km2 if the maritime areas is included .

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-2014dec_5-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-2014dec_5-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-2014dec_5-2) ["Declaration of the ALBA-TCP XIII Summit and commemoration of its tenth anniversary, December 14, 2014 – ALBA TCP"](https://web.archive.org/web/20141220020448/http://alba-tcp.org/en/contenido/declaration-alba-tcp-xiii-summit-and-commemoration-its-tenth-anniversary-december-14-2014). *alba-tcp.org*. Archived from [the original](http://alba-tcp.org/en/contenido/declaration-alba-tcp-xiii-summit-and-commemoration-its-tenth-anniversary-december-14-2014) on 20 December 2014. Retrieved 28 June 2016.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-6)** ["Raisi vows to boost relations with Latin America"](https://www.tehrantimes.com/news/463734/Raisi-vows-to-boost-relations-with-Latin-America). *Tehran Times*. 4 August 2021. Retrieved 8 August 2024.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-7)** Kaufman, Chuck (30 October 2015). ["Critical Support: What Does It Mean for Solidarity with Latin America?"](https://www.counterpunch.org/2015/10/30/critical-support-what-does-it-mean-for-solidarity-with-latin-america-2/). *CounterPunch*. Retrieved 8 August 2024.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-8)** Arana, Marie (18 April 2013). ["Opinion – Bolívar, Latin America's Go-To Hero"](https://www.nytimes.com/2013/04/18/opinion/arana-latin-americas-go-to-hero.html?mcubz=1). *The New York Times*. Retrieved 24 August 2018.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-9)** ["Cuba-Venezuela Agreement - December 14, 2004"](https://web.archive.org/web/20051104200546/http://www.mltoday.com/Pages/NLiberation/Cuba-VenezPact.html). *www.mltoday.com*. Archived from [the original](http://www.mltoday.com/Pages/NLiberation/Cuba-VenezPact.html/) on 4 November 2005. Retrieved 2 December 2005. initial Cuba-Venezuela TCP

1. **[^](#cite_ref-10)** Ted Piccone; Harold Trinkunas (June 2014). ["The Cuba-Venezuela Alliance: The Beginning of the End? Line"](https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/CubaVenezuela-Alliance-Piccone-Trinkunas.pdf) (PDF). *brookings.edu*. Retrieved 5 April 2023.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-auto_11-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-auto_11-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-auto_11-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-auto_11-3) [*Latin America Energy Policy and Regulations Handbook Volume 1 Strategic Information and Programs*](https://books.google.com/books?id=j0yqCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA55). Lulu.com. 20 March 2009. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [9781438728360](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781438728360). Retrieved 24 August 2018 – via Google Books.[*[self-published source](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Self-published_sources)*]

1. **[^](#cite_ref-12)** *[Monthly Review](/source/Monthly_Review)*, 2 July 2008, [ALBA: Creating a Regional Alternative to Neo-liberalism?](http://mrzine.monthlyreview.org/hattingh070208.html)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-13)** ["Honduran Congress Approves Withdrawal From ALBA"](https://www.americasquarterly.org/blog/honduran-congress-approves-withdrawal-from-alba/). *Americas Quarterly*. Retrieved 5 April 2023.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-14)** ["Two more Caribbean Nations join ALBA"](https://web.archive.org/web/20230226191521/https://repeatingislands.com/2009/06/26/two-more-caribbean-nations-join-alba/). *repeatingislands.com*. 26 June 2009. Archived from [the original](https://repeatingislands.com/2009/06/26/two-more-caribbean-nations-join-alba/) on 26 February 2023. Retrieved 8 April 2021.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-15)** ["Cuba Revolución: Chávez invita a Jamaica a sumarse al ALBA"](http://cubarevolucion.blogspot.com/2007/03/chvez-invita-jamaica-sumarse-al-alba.html). *cubarevolucion.blogspot.com*. Retrieved 28 June 2016.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-16)** ["El Nuevo Diario"](https://web.archive.org/web/20080908123539/http://www.elnuevodiario.com.ni/). *El Nuevo Diario*. Archived from [the original](http://www.elnuevodiario.com.ni/) on 8 September 2008. Retrieved 28 June 2016.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-17)** (ABN), Agencia Bolivariana de Noticias (20 July 2007). ["Chávez invitó a toda Centroamérica a unirse al ALBA"](http://www.aporrea.org/venezuelaexterior/n98299.html). *www.aporrea.org*. Retrieved 28 June 2016.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-18)** ["Chávez invita a Argentina a sumarse a la moneda virtual sucre"](https://web.archive.org/web/20160527165259/http://www.radiolaprimerisima.com/noticias/alba/53080). *Radio La Primerísima*. Archived from [the original](http://www.radiolaprimerisima.com/noticias/alba/53080) on 27 May 2016. Retrieved 28 June 2016.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-19)** ["Twelfth ALBA Presidential Summit Takes Place in Ecuador"](http://www.americasquarterly.org/content/twelfth-alba-presidential-summit-takes-place-ecuador). *americasquarterly.org*. Retrieved 24 August 2018.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-20)** ["Grenada Joins ALBA | NOW Grenada"](https://www.nowgrenada.com/2014/12/grenada-joins-alba/). *www.nowgrenada.com*. 15 December 2014.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-21)** ["Ecuador leaves Venezuelan-run regional alliance"](https://apnews.com/6a7d8ed8738a475d8b6c276ffa0b761e). *AP NEWS*. Associated Press. 24 August 2018. Retrieved 18 December 2018.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-22)** ["Bolivia rompe relaciones con Venezuela y se retira de la Alianza Bolivariana ALBA | DW | 15.11.2019"](https://www.dw.com/es/bolivia-rompe-relaciones-con-venezuela-y-se-retira-de-la-alianza-bolivariana-alba/a-51271927). *Deutsche Welle* (in European Spanish). 15 November 2019. Retrieved 16 November 2019.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-23)** ["Bolivia reanuda su participación en Unasur, Celac y Alba"](https://www.france24.com/es/minuto-a-minuto/20201120-bolivia-reanuda-su-participaci%C3%B3n-en-unasur-celac-y-alba). [France 24](/source/France_24). 20 November 2020. Retrieved 21 November 2020.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-24)** ["ALBA-TCP member countries celebrate 16 years of regional integration"](https://peoplesdispatch.org/2020/12/14/alba-tcp-member-countries-celebrate-16-years-of-regional-integration/). *peoplesdispatch.org*. 14 December 2020.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-25)** ["Россию пригласили на самые антиамериканские старты мира. Что это такое?"](https://www.sport-express.ru/others/reviews/gde-sorevnuetsya-rossiya-v-usloviyah-izolyacii-chto-takoe-igry-bolivarianskogo-alyansa-kuda-ee-priglasili-2041301/). *sport-express.ru* (in Russian). 23 February 2023. Retrieved 5 April 2023.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-BOLSUS_26-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-BOLSUS_26-1) ["ALBA suspends Bolivia's future government"](https://www.dw.com/es/la-alba-suspende-al-futuro-gobierno-de-bolivia/a-74492602). [Deutsche Welle](/source/Deutsche_Welle). 24 October 2025.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-27)** ["El nuevo Gobierno de Bolivia ratificó que marcará distancia con la dictadura de Nicolás Maduro"](https://www.infobae.com/america/america-latina/2025/11/11/el-nuevo-gobierno-de-bolivia-ratifico-que-marcara-distancia-con-la-dictadura-de-nicolas-maduro/). *[infobae](/source/Infobae)* (in Spanish). 11 November 2025. Retrieved 11 February 2026.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-28)** ["Bolivia summit adopts new currency"](http://english.aljazeera.net/news/americas/2009/10/2009101712255748516.html). Retrieved 28 June 2016.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-29)** ["Honduras se retira de Alba"](https://www.semana.com/mundo/america-latina/articulo/honduras-retira-alba/111890-3). *Honduras se retira de Alba*. 13 January 2010.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-30)** ["*Inicia hoy XVI Cumbre del ALBA-TCP en La Habana*. In: *albatcp.cubaminrex.cu* 12/14/2018"](https://web.archive.org/web/20181214213947/http://albatcp.cubaminrex.cu/article/inicia-hoy-xvi-cumbre-del-alba-tcp-en-la-habana). Archived from [the original](http://albatcp.cubaminrex.cu/article/inicia-hoy-xvi-cumbre-del-alba-tcp-en-la-habana) on 14 December 2018. Retrieved 14 December 2018.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-31)** ["17th Summit of ALBA-TCP in Cuba focuses on regional situation"](https://www.plenglish.com/index.php?o=rn&id=49937&SEO=17th-summit-of-alba-tcp-in-cuba-focuses-on-regional-situation). *Prensa Latina*. 14 December 2019. Retrieved 14 December 2019.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-32)** ["ALBA-TCP celebra su 16 aniversario vía videoconferencia con presidentes de países miembros"](https://web.archive.org/web/20201214151803/https://www1.abi.bo/abi_/?i=461004). *ABI* (in Spanish). 13 December 2020. Archived from [the original](https://www1.abi.bo/abi_/?i=461004) on 14 December 2020. Retrieved 14 December 2020.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-33)** ["Venezuela acoge la XIX Cumbre del ALBA-TCP en el marco del Bicentenario de la Batalla de Carabobo"](https://www.abi.bo/#/noticia/6724). *ABI* (in Spanish). 24 June 2021. Retrieved 1 July 2021.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-34)** ["Inaugura Presidente cubano la XX Cumbre del ALBA-TCP (+Fotos)"](https://web.archive.org/web/20211214154054/http://www.acn.cu/cuba/88552-inaugura-presidente-cubano-la-xx-cumbre-del-alba-tcp-fotos). *ACN* (in Spanish). 14 December 2021. Archived from [the original](http://www.acn.cu/cuba/88552-inaugura-presidente-cubano-la-xx-cumbre-del-alba-tcp-fotos) on 14 December 2021. Retrieved 14 December 2021.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-35)** ["ALBA-TCP Summit Declaration endorses independent politics"](https://www.plenglish.com/news/2021/12/14/alba-tcp-summit-declaration-endorses-independent-politics/). *Prensa Latina*. 14 December 2021. Retrieved 15 December 2021.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-36)** ["ALBA-TCP Summit in Havana without exclusions"](https://www.plenglish.com/news/2022/05/27/alba-tcp-summit-in-havana-without-exclusions/). *PL*. 27 May 2022. Retrieved 27 May 2022.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-37)** ["ALBA-TCP Summit in Cuba rejects exclusion and discrimination"](https://www.plenglish.com/news/2022/05/27/alba-tcp-summit-in-cuba-rejects-exclusion-and-discrimination/). *PL*. 27 May 2022. Retrieved 28 May 2022.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-38)** ["ALBA-TCP chief arrives in Cuba to attend 22nd Summit (+Photo)"](https://www.plenglish.com/news/2022/12/13/alba-tcp-chief-arrives-in-cuba-to-attend-22nd-summit/). *PL*. 13 December 2022. Retrieved 14 December 2022.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-39)** ["ALBA-TCP define fortalecer liderazgo y actuar en bloque en la cumbre de la CELAC"](https://www.boliviatv.bo/principal/nota.php?noticia=d99d258f4be687e6e8aab25967c88b85). *Bolivia TV* (in Spanish). 15 December 2022. Retrieved 15 December 2022.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-40)** ["Declaración final de la XXIII Cumbre del ALBA-TCP"](http://www.eluniversal.com/politica/180250/declaracion-final-de-la-xxiii-cumbre-del-albatcp). *El Universal* (in Spanish). 25 April 2024. Retrieved 25 April 2024.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-41)** ["ALBA-TCP holds 24th Summit in Caracas"](https://www.plenglish.com/news/2024/12/14/alba-tcp-holds-24th-summit-in-caracas/). *PL*. 14 December 2024. Retrieved 14 December 2024.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-42)** ["ALBA-TCP advances on objectives despite threats and aggressions"](https://www.plenglish.com/news/2025/12/15/alba-tcp-advances-on-objectives-despite-threats-and-aggressions/). *PL*. 15 December 2025. Retrieved 15 December 2025.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-43)** ["Granada – ALBA TCP"](https://web.archive.org/web/20160720110405/http://alba-tcp.org/contenido/granada). *alba-tcp.org*. Archived from [the original](http://alba-tcp.org/contenido/granada) on 20 July 2016. Retrieved 28 June 2016.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-44)** ["Nicaragua celebra 14 años de solidaridad y respeto como parte del ALBA-TCP"](https://web.archive.org/web/20210112013839/https://www.lavozdelsandinismo.com/nicaragua/2021-01-11/nicaragua-celebra-14-anos-de-solidaridad-y-respeto-como-parte-del-alba-tcp/). *La Voz del Sandinismo* (in Spanish). 11 January 2021. Archived from [the original](https://www.lavozdelsandinismo.com/nicaragua/2021-01-11/nicaragua-celebra-14-anos-de-solidaridad-y-respeto-como-parte-del-alba-tcp/) on 12 January 2021. Retrieved 12 January 2021.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-45)** ["San Cristóbal y Nieves – ALBA TCP"](https://web.archive.org/web/20160720110411/http://alba-tcp.org/contenido/san-cristobal-y-nieves). Archived from [the original](http://alba-tcp.org/contenido/san-cristobal-y-nieves) on 20 July 2016. Retrieved 28 June 2016.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Hirst_2019_46-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Hirst_2019_46-1) Hirst, Joel D. (15 August 2019). ["A Guide to ALBA"](https://www.americasquarterly.org/a-guide-to-alba/). *Americas Quarterly*. Retrieved 25 October 2022.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-47)** Cederlöf, Gustav; Kingsbury, Donald V. (2019). ["On PetroCaribe: Petropolitics, Energopower, and Post-Neoliberal Development in the Caribbean Energy Region"](https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/publications/on-petrocaribe(3934d218-c9cd-4c0d-8559-fda53ad6b4d0).html). *Political Geography*. **72**: 124–133. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1016/j.polgeo.2019.04.006](https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.polgeo.2019.04.006). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [164598358](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:164598358).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-:1_48-0)** Yaffee, Helen (2020). *We Are Cuba! How a Revolutionary People Have Survived in a Post-Soviet World* (hardcover ed.). USA: [Yale University Press](/source/Yale_University_Press). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-300-23003-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-23003-1).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-49)** ["Lenin Moreno ordenó a la UNASUR desalojar edificio en Ecuador"](http://www.laprensalara.com.ve/?p=423454). *La Prensa* (in Spanish). Retrieved 7 July 2018.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-50)** ["La política internacional de Añez: anunció la salida de Bolivia del Alba, de la Unasur y rompió relaciones con Venezuela"](https://latinoamericapiensa.com/la-politica-internacional-de-anez-anuncio-la-salida-de-bolivia-del-alba-de-la-unasur-y-rompio-relaciones-con-venezuela/21065/). *Latinomerica Piensa* (in Spanish). 15 November 2019.

## External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to [Bolivarian Alliance for the Americas](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Bolivarian_Alliance_for_the_Americas).

- (in English) [Official website](https://www.albatcp.org/en/)

- (in Spanish) [Official website](https://www.albatcp.org/)

- (in Spanish) [Portal ALBA](https://portalalba.org/)

v t e Bolivarian Alliance for the Peoples of Our America - Peoples’ Trade Treaty (ALBA-TCP) Member states Antigua and Barbuda Bolivia Cuba Dominica Grenada Nicaragua Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Venezuela

v t e Pan-Americanism History Spanish American wars of independence Decolonization of the Americas Latin American integration North American integration Patria Grande Simón Bolívar José de San Martín Lucas Alamán Inter-American Commission of Women United States involvement in regime change in Latin America Organizations Amazon Cooperation Treaty Organization (ACTO) Andean Community (CAN) Association of Caribbean States (ACS) Bolivarian Alliance for the Americas (ALBA) Caribbean Community (CARICOM) Central American Integration System (SICA) Community of Latin American and Caribbean States (CELAC) Contadora group Contadora support group Forum for the Progress and Integration of South America (PROSUR) Latin American Economic System (SELA) Latin American Integration Association (ALADI) Lima Group (LG) Mercosur Organization of American States (OAS) Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States (OECS) Organization of Ibero-American States (OEI) Pacific Alliance Petrocaribe Rio Group Union of South American Nations (UNASUR) United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC, CEPAL) United States Pirate Party (USPP) Projects Andean passport CARICOM passport CARICOM Single Market and Economy CARIPASS Central America-4 Border Control Agreement Central America-4 passport Eastern Caribbean Currency Union Initiative for the Integration of the Regional Infrastructure of South America (IIRSA) Interoceanic Highway SUCRE Institutions Andean Parliament Bank of the South Caribbean Court of Justice Caribbean Development Bank Central American Parliament Development Bank of Latin America and the Caribbean (CAF) Inter-American Development Bank Latin American Parliament Mercosur Parliament South American Parliament Free trade areas Caribbean Free Trade Association (CARIFTA) CARIFORUM Dominican Republic–Central America Free Trade Agreement (CAFTA-DR) Economic Partnership Agreements Latin American Free Trade Association (LAFTA) Free Trade Area of the Americas G3 Free Trade Agreement United States–Mexico–Canada Agreement (USMCA) Events Pan American Games Pan-American Congress

v t e Hugo Chávez 45th President of Venezuela (1999–2013) Early life and career Military career February 1992 Venezuelan coup attempt November 1992 Venezuelan coup attempt Presidency Cabinet 1999 Constitution 2002 Venezuelan coup d'état attempt Venezuelan general strike of 2002–2003 Plaza Altamira military Llaguno Overpass events Plan Bolívar 2000 Vargas tragedy Decree 1011 Tascón List Assassination of Danilo Anderson teleSUR United Socialist Party of Venezuela (PSUV) Detention of Maria Lourdes Afiuni PDVAL affair Death of Franklin Brito Yare prison riot 2013 Uribana prison riot Daktari Ranch affair Rodrigo Granda affair 2004 2006 Chávez speech at the United Nations South American Energy Summit 2007 Venezuelan constitutional referendum RCTV Protests 2008 Andean diplomatic crisis 2009 Venezuelan constitutional referendum 2010 Colombia–Venezuela diplomatic crisis Operation Emmanuel Los Maniceros massacre Censorship during the Bolivarian Revolution Con mis hijos no te metas Economic policy National Center for Foreign Commerce Bolivarian Revolution Boliburguesía Bolivarianism Bolivarian Circles Bolivarian missions Barrio Adentro Florentino Guaicaipuro Hábitat Identidad Mercal Miranda Piar Plan Bolivar 2000 Ribas Robinson Sucre Vuelta al Campo Vuelvan Caras Zamora Chavismo Colectivos Socialism of the 21st century Venezuelan communal councils Snitch Law Foreign policy Bank of the South ALBA Community of Latin American and Caribbean States Petrocaribe Electoral history 1998 Venezuelan presidential election 2000 Venezuelan general election 2004 Venezuelan recall referendum 2006 Venezuelan presidential election Presidential election of 2012 Public Image Hugo Chávez's cult of personality Bolivarian propaganda Aló Presidente Chavismo: The Plague of the 21st Century El ocaso del socialismo mágico El pueblo soy yo Mi amigo Hugo ¿Por qué no te callas? ¿¡Revolución!? The Silence and the Scorpion Venezuelanalysis Venezuela Information Office Related Death and state funeral United Socialist Party of Venezuela ← Rafael Caldera Nicolás Maduro → Category

v t e UNFCCC negotiating groups of parties Non-Annex, "Global South" LDCs African Group AOSIS G77 & China LMDCs Arab Group AILAC ALBA Annex, "Global North" EIG Umbrella EU Temporary and other groupings High Ambition Coalition (COP21) Coalition for Rainforest Nations

Authority control databases International VIAF GND National United States

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [ALBA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ALBA) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ALBA?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.