# 994

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Calendar year

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Calendar year

Years Millennium 1st millennium Centuries 9th century 10th century 11th century Decades 970s 980s 990s 1000s 1010s Years 991 992 993 994 995 996 997 v t e

994 by topic Leaders Political entities State leaders Religious leaders Categories Births Deaths Establishments v t e

994 in various calendars Gregorian calendar 994 CMXCIV Ab urbe condita 1747 Armenian calendar 443 ԹՎ ՆԽԳ Assyrian calendar 5744 Balinese saka calendar 915–916 Bengali calendar 400–401 Berber calendar 1944 Buddhist calendar 1538 Burmese calendar 356 Byzantine calendar 6502–6503 Chinese calendar 癸巳年 (Water Snake) 3691 or 3484 — to — 甲午年 (Wood Horse) 3692 or 3485 Coptic calendar 710–711 Discordian calendar 2160 Ethiopian calendar 986–987 Hebrew calendar 4754–4755 Hindu calendars - Vikram Samvat 1050–1051 - Shaka Samvat 915–916 - Kali Yuga 4094–4095 Holocene calendar 10994 Iranian calendar 372–373 Islamic calendar 383–384 Japanese calendar Shōryaku 5 (正暦５年) Javanese calendar 895–896 Julian calendar 994 CMXCIV Korean calendar 3327 Minguo calendar 918 before ROC 民前918年 Nanakshahi calendar −474 Seleucid era 1305/1306 AG Thai solar calendar 1536–1537 Tibetan calendar ཆུ་མོ་སྦྲུལ་ལོ་ (female Water-Snake) 1120 or 739 or −33 — to — ཤིང་ཕོ་རྟ་ལོ་ (male Wood-Horse) 1121 or 740 or −32

King [Otto III](/source/Otto_III) (left) and [Heribert of Cologne](/source/Heribert_of_Cologne)

Year **994** (**[CMXCIV](/source/Roman_numerals)**) was a [common year starting on Monday](/source/Common_year_starting_on_Monday) of the [Julian calendar](/source/Julian_calendar).

## Events

### By place

#### Byzantine Empire

- [September 15](/source/September_15) – [Battle of the Orontes](/source/Battle_of_the_Orontes): [Fatimid](/source/Fatimid_Caliphate) forces, under Turkish general [Manjutakin](/source/Manjutakin) (also the governor of [Damascus](/source/Damascus)), besiege [Apamea](/source/Apamea%2C_Syria) (modern [Syria](/source/Syria)). Emperor [Basil II](/source/Basil_II) sends a [Byzantine](/source/Byzantine_Empire) expeditionary army, led by Dux [Michael Bourtzes](/source/Michael_Bourtzes), to relieve the city in [alliance](/source/Alliance) with the [Hamdanid Dynasty](/source/Hamdanid_dynasty). Manjutakin defeats the Hamdanids with his forces and attacks the Byzantine force in the rear. The Byzantine army panics and flees, losing some 5,000 men in the process.

#### Europe

- [June 23](/source/June_23) – [Viking Age](/source/Viking_Age): Danish [Viking](/source/Vikings) raiders, (probably) under King [Sweyn Forkbeard](/source/Sweyn_Forkbeard), plunder the city of [Stade](/source/Stade) ([Lower Saxony](/source/Lower_Saxony)). Count [Lothair Udo I](/source/Lothair_Udo_I%2C_Count_of_Stade) is captured and killed, during the battle with the pirates.[1]

- [September](/source/September) – King [Otto III](/source/Otto_III), now 14 years old, receives the *[regalia](/source/Regalia)* to rule the [Kingdom of Germany](/source/Kingdom_of_Germany) at an assembly of the [Imperial Diet](/source/Imperial_Diet_(Holy_Roman_Empire)) in [Solingen](/source/Solingen). Otto appoints [Heribert of Cologne](/source/Heribert_of_Cologne) as [chancellor](/source/Chancellor) of [Italy](/source/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Holy_Roman_Empire)).[2]

#### Egypt

- [Egyptian](/source/Egyptians) politician [Isa ibn Nasturus ibn Surus](/source/Isa_ibn_Nasturus_ibn_Surus) appointed [Vizier](/source/Vizier) of [Egypt](/source/Egypt_in_the_Middle_Ages).

#### England

- A [Danish](/source/Denmark) Viking fleet, under [Olaf Tryggvason](/source/Olaf_Tryggvason), sails up the [Thames Estuary](/source/Thames_Estuary), and besieges [London](/source/London). King [Æthelred II](/source/%C3%86thelred_the_Unready) (**the Unready**) pays Olaf 16,000 lbs of silver ([Danegeld](/source/Danegeld)).[3]

- Olaf Tryggvason, already a [baptised](/source/Baptism) Christian, is [confirmed](/source/Confirmation) as Christian in a ceremony at [Andover](/source/Andover%2C_Hampshire). After receiving gifts from Æthelred II, Olaf leaves for [Norway](/source/Norway).

### By topic

#### Astronomy

- An increase in [carbon-14](/source/Carbon-14) concentration, recorded in [tree rings](/source/Dendrochronology#Growth_rings), suggests that a [strong solar storm](/source/993%E2%80%93994_carbon-14_spike) may have hit the [Earth](/source/Earth) in either 993 or 994.

## Births

- [November 7](/source/November_7) – [Ibn Hazm](/source/Ibn_Hazm), Andalusian [historian](/source/Historian) and poet (d. [1064](/source/1064))

- [Ahmad al-Bayhaqi](/source/Al-Bayhaqi), Persian [Sunni](/source/Sunni_Islam) [hadith](/source/Hadith) scholar (d. [1066](/source/1066))

- [Alfonso V](/source/Alfonso_V_of_Le%C3%B3n) (**the Noble**), king of [León](/source/Kingdom_of_Le%C3%B3n) ([Spain](/source/Spain)) (d. [1028](/source/1028))

- [Lothair Udo I](/source/Lothair_Udo_I%2C_Margrave_of_the_Nordmark), margrave of the [Nordmark](/source/Northern_March) (d. [1057](/source/1057))

- [Sancho III](/source/Sancho_III_of_Pamplona) (**the Great**), king of [Pamplona](/source/Kingdom_of_Navarre) (approximate date)

- [Simeon](/source/Simeon_(abbot)), Norman [abbot](/source/Abbot) of [Ely Abbey](/source/Ely_Cathedral) (approximate date)

- [Wallada bint al-Mustakfi](/source/Wallada_bint_al-Mustakfi), Andalusian female [poet](/source/Poet) (d. [1091](/source/1091))

## Deaths

- [February 3](/source/February_3) – [William IV](/source/William_IV%2C_Duke_of_Aquitaine), duke of [Aquitaine](/source/Duchy_of_Aquitaine) (b. [937](/source/937))

- [April 4](/source/April_4) – [Egbert](/source/Egbert_the_One-Eyed) (**the One-Eyed**), German [nobleman](/source/Nobility)

- [April 23](/source/April_23) – [Gerard of Toul](/source/Gerard_of_Toul), German priest and [bishop](/source/Bishop)

- [May 11](/source/May_11) – [Majolus of Cluny](/source/Majolus_of_Cluny), Frankish priest and [abbot](/source/Abbot)

- [June 23](/source/June_23) – [Lothair Udo I](/source/Lothair_Udo_I%2C_Count_of_Stade), German nobleman (b. [950](/source/950))

- [June 24](/source/June_24) – [Abu Isa al-Warraq](/source/Abu_Isa_al-Warraq), Arab scholar (b. [889](/source/889))

- [July 8](/source/July_8) – [Richardis](/source/Richardis_of_Sualafeldgau), margravine consort of [Austria](/source/Margraviate_of_Austria)

- [July 10](/source/July_10) – [Leopold I](/source/Leopold_I%2C_Margrave_of_Austria), margrave of Austria (b. [940](/source/940))

- [October 28](/source/October_28) – [Sigeric](/source/Sigeric_the_Serious), archbishop of [Canterbury](/source/Diocese_of_Canterbury)

- [October 31](/source/October_31) – [Wolfgang](/source/Wolfgang_of_Regensburg), bishop of [Regensburg](/source/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Regensburg)

- [Bagrat II](/source/Bagrat_II_of_Iberia), king of [Iberia](/source/Principality_of_Iberia)-[Kartli](/source/Kartli) ([Georgia](/source/Georgia_(country))) (b. 937)

- [Fujiwara no Takamitsu](/source/Fujiwara_no_Takamitsu), Japanese *[waka](/source/Waka_(poetry))* poet

- [Ibn Juljul](/source/Ibn_Juljul), Andalusian [physician](/source/Medicine_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world) (approximate date)

- [Sancho Garcés II](/source/Sancho_II_of_Pamplona), king of [Navarre](/source/Kingdom_of_Navarra) (Spain)

## References

1. **[^](#cite_ref-1)** Reuter, Timothy (1992). *Germany in the Early Middle Ages, 800-1036*, London and New York.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-2)** Reuter, Timothy (1999). *The New Cambridge Medieval History, Volume III*, p. 257. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-521-36447-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-36447-8).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-3)** John Haywood (1995). *The Historical Atlas of the Vikings*: Raids on Æthelred's Kingdom, p. 119. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-140-51328-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-140-51328-8).

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [994](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/994) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/994?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.