# 978

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Calendar year

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Calendar year

Years Millennium 1st millennium Centuries 9th century 10th century 11th century Decades 950s 960s 970s 980s 990s Years 975 976 977 978 979 980 981 v t e

978 by topic Leaders Political entities State leaders Religious leaders Categories Births Deaths Establishments Disestablishments v t e

978 in various calendars Gregorian calendar 978 CMLXXVIII Ab urbe condita 1731 Armenian calendar 427 ԹՎ ՆԻԷ Assyrian calendar 5728 Balinese saka calendar 899–900 Bengali calendar 384–385 Berber calendar 1928 Buddhist calendar 1522 Burmese calendar 340 Byzantine calendar 6486–6487 Chinese calendar 丁丑年 (Fire Ox) 3675 or 3468 — to — 戊寅年 (Earth Tiger) 3676 or 3469 Coptic calendar 694–695 Discordian calendar 2144 Ethiopian calendar 970–971 Hebrew calendar 4738–4739 Hindu calendars - Vikram Samvat 1034–1035 - Shaka Samvat 899–900 - Kali Yuga 4078–4079 Holocene calendar 10978 Iranian calendar 356–357 Islamic calendar 367–368 Japanese calendar Jōgen 3 / Tengen 1 (天元元年) Javanese calendar 879–880 Julian calendar 978 CMLXXVIII Korean calendar 3311 Minguo calendar 934 before ROC 民前934年 Nanakshahi calendar −490 Seleucid era 1289/1290 AG Thai solar calendar 1520–1521 Tibetan calendar མེ་མོ་གླང་ལོ་ (female Fire-Ox) 1104 or 723 or −49 — to — ས་ཕོ་སྟག་ལོ་ (male Earth-Tiger) 1105 or 724 or −48

[Æthelred II](/source/%C3%86thelred_the_Unready) (**the Unready**) (c. 966–1016)

Year **978** (**[CMLXXVIII](/source/Roman_numerals)**) was a [common year starting on Tuesday](/source/Common_year_starting_on_Tuesday) of the [Julian calendar](/source/Julian_calendar).

## Events

### By place

#### Byzantine Empire

- [Battle of Pankaleia](/source/Battle_of_Pankaleia): Rebel forces under General [Bardas Skleros](/source/Bardas_Skleros) are defeated by the [Byzantine](/source/Byzantine_Empire) army loyal to Emperor [Basil II](/source/Basil_II), commanded by General [Bardas Phokas](/source/Bardas_Phokas_the_Younger) (**the Younger**), near Pankaleia (modern-day [Hisarköy](/source/Hisark%C3%B6y%2C_Emirda%C4%9F)). Phokas regroups his forces and continues his march to the East, drawing Skleros away from [Constantinople](/source/Constantinople).

#### Europe

- [War of the Three Henries](/source/War_of_the_Three_Henries_(977%E2%80%93978)): Emperor [Otto II](/source/Otto_II%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperor) (the Red) supported by his nephew [Otto I](/source/Otto_I%2C_Duke_of_Carinthia), duke of [Bavaria](/source/Duchy_of_Bavaria) and [Carinthia](/source/Duchy_of_Carinthia), attacks [Passau](/source/Passau), where the rebels have assembled. In September, the town surrenders due to Otto's [siege](/source/Siege) tactics, which includes a [bridge of boats](/source/Pontoon_bridge). Ending of the revolt of [Henry II](/source/Henry_II%2C_Duke_of_Bavaria) (the Wrangler) against Otto II.

- Otto II has the three insurrectionists punished at [Magdeburg](/source/Magdeburg). Henry II is stripped of all his possessions and imprisoned in the custody of Bishop [Folcmar](/source/Folcmar_(bishop)) of [Utrecht](/source/Episcopal_principality_of_Utrecht). The other two: [Henry III](/source/Henry_III%2C_Duke_of_Bavaria) (the Younger) loses his duchy to Otto I and [Henry I](/source/Henry_I_(bishop_of_Augsburg)), bishop of [Augsburg](/source/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Augsburg), is arrested and imprisoned in [Werden Abbey](/source/Werden_Abbey) ([Germany](/source/Germany)).[1]

- [Franco-German war of 978–980](/source/Franco-German_war_of_978%E2%80%93980) begins.

- [Almanzor](/source/Almanzor), a court official and [regent](/source/Regent) of [Córdoba](/source/Caliphate_of_C%C3%B3rdoba), becomes a [chamberlain](/source/Chamberlain_(office)) (*[hajib](/source/Hajib)*) and seizes power from the 13-year-old Caliph [Hisham II](/source/Hisham_II). During his reign, Almanzor will exercise strong influence over [Subh](/source/Subh_of_Cordoba) (the mother of Hisham) and wages successful campaigns against the [Christian](/source/Christians) kingdoms in Northern [Spain](/source/Spain).

- Fall – [Mieszko I](/source/Mieszko_I_of_Poland), duke and prince (*[de facto](/source/De_facto)* ruler) of [Poland](/source/Greater_Poland), abducts [Oda of Haldensleben](/source/Oda_of_Haldensleben) from the monastery of [Kalbe](/source/Kalbe%2C_Saxony-Anhalt) ([Saxony-Anhalt](/source/Saxony-Anhalt)) and marries her. She becomes Mieszko's second wife and [Duchess of the Polans](/source/List_of_Polish_consorts).

- [Pandulf I](/source/Pandulf_Ironhead) (Ironhead), a [Lombard](/source/Lombards) prince, annexes the [Principality of Salerno](/source/Principality_of_Salerno) into his domains. For the first time, the Lombard duchies of [Benevento](/source/Duchy_of_Benevento), [Capua](/source/Principality_of_Capua), Salerno and [Spoleto-Camerino](/source/Duchy_of_Spoleto) are united under one ruler.

- [Pietro I Orseolo](/source/Pietro_I_Orseolo), doge of [Venice](/source/Republic_of_Venice), escapes from Venice and travels to the [Benedictine](/source/Order_of_Saint_Benedict) abbey of [Michel-de-Cuxa](/source/Abbey_of_Saint-Michel-de-Cuxa) (Southern [France](/source/France)). He is succeeded by [Vitale Candiano](/source/Vitale_Candiano) (not the bishop of [Grado](/source/Grado%2C_Friuli-Venezia_Giulia)) as doge of Venice.

- Winter – [Vladimir I](/source/Vladimir_the_Great) (the Great), grand prince of [Kiev](/source/Kiev), returns from [Norway](/source/Kingdom_of_Norway_(872%E2%80%931397)) with a [Varangian](/source/Varangians) [mercenary](/source/Mercenary) army and re-captures [Novgorod](/source/Veliky_Novgorod). On his way to Kiev, he marches against the forces of his brother [Yaropolk I](/source/Yaropolk_I_of_Kiev).

#### England

- [March 18](/source/March_18) – King Edward the Martyr is murdered at [Corfe Castle](/source/Corfe_Castle) ([Dorsetshire](/source/Dorset)) upon the orders of his step-mother [Ælfthryth](/source/%C3%86lfthryth%2C_wife_of_Edgar) (or **Elfrida**). He is succeeded by his half-brother [Æthelred II](/source/%C3%86thelred_the_Unready) (**the Unready**) who becomes king of [England](/source/Kingdom_of_England). During his reign Æthelred tries to keep his realm from being overrun by [Danish](/source/Denmark) [Viking](/source/Vikings) invaders.

- English troops are deployed on the [Llŷn Peninsula](/source/Ll%C5%B7n_Peninsula) on behalf of King [Hywel](/source/Hywel_ap_Ieuaf) of [Gwynedd](/source/Kingdom_of_Gwynedd) in order to prevent his uncle, King [Iago](/source/Iago_ab_Idwal), invading with Viking allies from [Dublin](/source/Dublin).

- The town of [Guildford](/source/Guildford) ([Surrey](/source/Surrey)) becomes the location of the [Royal Mint](/source/Royal_Mint).

#### China

- [June 3](/source/June_3) – [Chen Hongjin](/source/Chen_Hongjin), [Jiedushi](/source/Jiedushi) of [Pinghai Circuit](/source/Qingyuan_Circuit), surrenders his territories and pledges [allegiance](/source/Allegiance) to the [Song Dynasty](/source/Song_dynasty).

- [June 9](/source/June_9) – King [Qian Chu](/source/Qian_Chu) surrenders his territories and pledges [allegiance](/source/Allegiance) to the [Song Dynasty](/source/Song_dynasty), saving his people from war and economic destruction. Qian Chu remains ruler and moves 3,000 members of his [household](/source/Household) to Bianjing (modern-day [Kaifeng](/source/Kaifeng)). [Wuyue](/source/Wuyue) is absorbed into the Song Dynasty, effectively ending the kingdom.

### By topic

#### Literature

- One of the [Four Great Books of Song](/source/Four_Great_Books_of_Song), the *[Taiping Guangji](/source/Taiping_Guangji)*, a Chinese collection of [deities](/source/Deity), [fairies](/source/Fairy), [ghost stories](/source/Ghost_story) and [theology](/source/Theology), is completed. The collection is divided into 500 volumes and consists of about 3 million [Chinese characters](/source/Chinese_characters).

#### Religion

- The [Badia Fiorentina](/source/Badia_Fiorentina), a Benedictine abbey in [Florence](/source/Florence), is founded by [Willa of Tuscany](/source/Willa_of_Tuscany), the widow of [Hubert of Tuscany](/source/Hubert%2C_Duke_of_Spoleto).

## Births

- [Berno of Reichenau](/source/Berno_of_Reichenau), German [abbot](/source/Abbot) (approximate date)

- [Elvira of Castile](/source/Elvira_of_Castile%2C_Queen_of_Le%C3%B3n), queen consort of [León](/source/Kingdom_of_Le%C3%B3n) (approximate date)

- [Ibn 'Abd al-Barr](/source/Ibn_'Abd_al-Barr), Moorish judge and [scholar](/source/Islamic_studies) (d. [1071](/source/1071))

- [Murasaki Shikibu](/source/Murasaki_Shikibu), Japanese [poet](/source/Japanese_poetry) and [lady-in-waiting](/source/Lady-in-waiting) (or [973](/source/973))

- [Wang Zeng](/source/Wang_Zeng), Chinese [grand chancellor](/source/Grand_Chancellor_of_China) (approximate date)

- [Yaroslav I](/source/Yaroslav_I_the_Wise) (**the Wise**), Russian [grand prince](/source/Grand_prince) (d. [1054](/source/1054))

- [Zoë](/source/Zo%C3%AB_Porphyrogenita), Byzantine empress consort (approximate date)

## Deaths

- [February 9](/source/February_9) – [Luitgarde](/source/Luitgarde_of_Vermandois), duchess consort of [Normandy](/source/Duchy_of_Normandy)

- [February 22](/source/February_22) – [Lambert](/source/Lambert_of_Chalon), count of [Chalon](/source/Chalon-sur-Sa%C3%B4ne) (b. [930](/source/930))

- [March 18](/source/March_18) – [Edward the Martyr](/source/Edward_the_Martyr), king of [the English](/source/Kingdom_of_England)[2]

- [May 18](/source/May_18) – [Frederick I](/source/Frederick_I%2C_Duke_of_Upper_Lorraine), duke of [Upper Lorraine](/source/Lotharingia)

- [August 15](/source/August_15) – [Li Yu](/source/Li_Yu_(Southern_Tang)), ruler ('king') of [Southern Tang](/source/Southern_Tang)

- [December 3](/source/December_3) – [Abraham](/source/Pope_Abraham_of_Alexandria), Coptic pope of [Alexandria](/source/Alexandria)

- *unknown date* - [Aboazar Lovesendes](/source/Aboazar_Lovesendes), Portuguese [nobleman](/source/Nobility) - [Comhaltan Ua Clerigh](/source/Comhaltan_Ua_Clerigh), king of [Hy Fiachrach](/source/U%C3%AD_Fiachrach_Aidhne) ([Ireland](/source/Ireland)) - [Fernando Ansúrez II](/source/Fernando_Ans%C3%BArez_II), count of [Monzón](/source/County_of_Monz%C3%B3n) and [Campos](/source/Tierra_de_Campos) - [Fernando Bermúdez](/source/Fernando_Berm%C3%BAdez_de_Cea), count of [Cea](/source/Cea_(river)) (approximate date) - [Ibn Hawqal](/source/Ibn_Hawqal), Muslim writer, geographer and chronicler (earliest likely date) - [Geirmund the Noisy](/source/Geirmund_the_Noisy), Viking adventurer (approximate date) - [Gyeongsun](/source/Gyeongsun_of_Silla), king of [Silla](/source/Silla) ([Korea](/source/Korea)) (b. [896](/source/896)) - [Ibn Hawqal](/source/Ibn_Hawqal), Muslim Arab geographer - [Lashkari ibn Muhammad](/source/Lashkari_ibn_Muhammad), Shaddadid emir - [Máel Muad mac Brain](/source/M%C3%A1el_Muad_mac_Brain), king of [Munster](/source/Munster) (Ireland) - [Rogvolod](/source/Rogvolod), prince of [Polotsk](/source/Principality_of_Polotsk) (approximate date)[3] - [Yang Guangmei](/source/Yang_Guangmei), Chinese general (approximate date)

## References

1. **[^](#cite_ref-1)** Reuter, Timothy (1999). *The New Cambridge Medieval History, Volume III*, p. 254. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-521-36447-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-36447-8).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-2)** David Michael Metcalf (1998). [*An Atlas of Anglo-Saxon and Norman Coin Finds, C.973-1086*](https://books.google.com/books?id=cVoaAAAAYAAJ). Royal Numismatic Society. p. 105. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-85444-110-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85444-110-2).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-3)** John Lister Illingworth Fennell (1995). [*A History of the Russian Church to 1448*](https://books.google.com/books?id=qxfZAAAAMAAJ). Longman. p. 32. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-582-08068-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-582-08068-3).

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [978](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/978) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/978?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.