# 930s

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Decade

Millennia 1st millennium Centuries 9th century 10th century 11th century Decades 910s 920s 930s 940s 950s Years 930 931 932 933 934 935 936 937 938 939 Categories Births Deaths Establishments Disestablishments v t e

The **930s** decade ran from January 1, 930, to December 31, 939.

## Events

### 930

This section is [transcluded](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Transclusion) from [AD 930](/source/AD_930). ([edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=AD_930&action=edit) | [history](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=AD_930&action=history))

#### By place

#### Europe

- The [Althing](/source/Althing), the [parliament](/source/Parliament) of [Iceland](/source/Iceland), is established at [þingvellir](/source/%C3%9Eingvellir) ("Thing Fields"). Chieftains from various tribes gather for 2 weeks at a [*thing* (assembly)](/source/Thing_(assembly)) to settle disputes, arrange [marriages](/source/Marriage), etc.; it continues in existence into the [21st century](/source/21st_century), as the world's oldest parliament of the [Icelandic Commonwealth](/source/Icelandic_Commonwealth).

- [Bishopwearmouth](/source/Bishopwearmouth) is formed and settled in the north-east of England, after [Æthelstan](/source/%C3%86thelstan) grants the lands to the [Bishop of Durham](/source/Bishop_of_Durham).

- [Gilbert, Duke of Lorraine](/source/Gilbert%2C_Duke_of_Lorraine), besieges [Douai](/source/Douai) in [West Francia](/source/West_Francia).

#### Arabian Empire

- [January 11](/source/January_11) – [Sack of Mecca](/source/Sack_of_Mecca): The [Qarmatians](/source/Qarmatians), led by [Abu Tahir al-Jannabi](/source/Abu_Tahir_al-Jannabi), sack [Mecca](/source/Mecca), desecrating the [Zamzam Well](/source/Zamzam_Well) and carrying off the [Black Stone](/source/Black_Stone) to their homeland in [Eastern Arabia](/source/Eastern_Arabia).[1]

- [Mardavij ibn Ziyar](/source/Mardavij) is sent by [Asfar ibn Shiruya](/source/Asfar_ibn_Shiruya) along with his brother Shirzad, to capture the fortress of Shamiran in [Tarom](/source/Tarom_County) (Northern [Iran](/source/Iran)), the capital of the [Sallarid](/source/Sallarid_dynasty) ruler [Muhammad ibn Musafir](/source/Muhammad_ibn_Musafir). During the [siege](/source/Siege) Mardavij is persuaded to revolt against Asfar, by letters from [Makan ibn Kaki](/source/Makan_ibn_Kaki). With the help of the sons of the Sallarid, he kills other members of his tribe, including Shirzad. Mardavij founds the [Ziyarid Dynasty](/source/Ziyarid_dynasty) and becomes the ruler of Asfar's former territories, which include [Rey](/source/Rey%2C_Iran), Qazvin, [Zanjan](/source/Zanjan%2C_Iran), [Abhar](/source/Abhar), [Qom](/source/Qom) and [Karaj](/source/Karaj).

#### Asia

- [October 16](/source/October_16) – [Emperor Daigo](/source/Emperor_Daigo) of Japan, being fatally ill, abdicates in favor of his 7-year-old son [Suzaku](/source/Emperor_Suzaku), after a 33-year reign. He enters the [Buddhist](/source/Buddhism_in_Japan) priesthood, but dies shortly after. Former Emperor [Uda](/source/Emperor_Uda) (Daigo's father), remains the power behind the Japanese [throne](/source/Throne) (until [931](/source/931)).

- The independent [Korean](/source/Korea) island state of [Usan](/source/Usan)-guk becomes a [protectorate](/source/Protectorate) of [Goryeo](/source/Goryeo).

- [Yelü Bei](/source/Yel%C3%BC_Bei), prince and elder brother of the [Liao dynasty](/source/Liao_dynasty) (Khitan) Emperor [Taizong](/source/Emperor_Taizong_of_Liao), leaves for [China](/source/China).

### 931

This section is [transcluded](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Transclusion) from [AD 931](/source/AD_931). ([edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=AD_931&action=edit) | [history](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=AD_931&action=history))

#### By place

#### North Africa

- The [Ummayad Caliphate of Córdoba](/source/Caliphate_of_C%C3%B3rdoba) invades and conquers the city of [Ceuta](/source/Ceuta), which was ruled by the [Berber](/source/Berbers) dynasty [Banu Isam](/source/Banu_Isam).

#### Europe

- Spring – [Hugh of Provence](/source/Hugh_of_Italy), king of [Italy](/source/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Holy_Roman_Empire)), cedes [Lower Burgundy](/source/Lower_Burgundy) to [Rudolph II](/source/Rudolph_II_of_Burgundy), in return for Rudolf's renunciation of all claims to the Italian crown. He receives the [imperial crown](/source/Holy_Roman_Emperor), and induces the Italian [nobility](/source/Nobility) to recognize his son [Lothair II](/source/Lothair_II_of_Italy) as the co-ruler of [Lombardia](/source/Italy) (*Regnum Italiae*).[2]

- King [Harald Fairhair](/source/Harald_Fairhair) of [Norway](/source/Kingdom_of_Norway_(872%E2%80%931397)) dies after a 59-year reign as the [Scandinavian](/source/Scandinavia) nation's first ruler. He divides the kingdom among his many sons (about 25 years ago) to bring peace. Unable to travel through the country - and perform his royal duties, Harald hands over power to his favorite son [Eric Bloodaxe](/source/Eric_Bloodaxe), who allegedly kills at least two of his brothers to gain the Norwegian throne that he will hold (approximate date).

- [Rollo](/source/Rollo), duke of [Normandy](/source/Duchy_of_Normandy), dies at [Rouen](/source/Rouen) after an 11-year reign. He is the first leader of the [Viking](/source/Vikings) settlers to establish an independent dukedom (a [vassal](/source/Vassal) of the [West Frankish Kingdom](/source/West_Francia)). His eldest son, [William I Longsword](/source/William_I_Longsword), becomes the second ruler of Normandy (approximate date).

- [Ramiro II](/source/Ramiro_II_of_Le%C3%B3n) forces the abdication of his brother [Alfonso IV](/source/Alfonso_IV_of_Le%C3%B3n) and becomes king of [León](/source/Kingdom_of_Le%C3%B3n) (Northern [Spain](/source/Spain)). He has Alfonso and [Fruela](/source/Fruela_II_of_Asturias)'s three sons blinded in order to make them incapable of ruling.[3]

- Ramiro II expands the border eastwards (nearly to the [Pyrenees](/source/Pyrenees)) and captures [Burgos](/source/Burgos) and the surrounding land. This land would soon be known as the [County of Castile](/source/County_of_Castile) (approximate date).

#### England

- King [Morgan Hen](/source/Morgan_Hen_ab_Owain) of [Glywysing](/source/Glywysing) and [Gwent](/source/Kingdom_of_Gwent) ([Wales](/source/Wales)) submits to the overlordship of King [Æthelstan](/source/%C3%86thelstan), and attends his court with Kings [Hywel Dda](/source/Hywel_Dda) of [Deheubarth](/source/Deheubarth) and [Idwal Foel](/source/Idwal_Foel) of [Gwynedd](/source/Kingdom_of_Gwynedd).

#### Asia

- Emir [Mardavij ibn Ziyar](/source/Mardavij) defeats and kills his rival [Asfar ibn Shiruya](/source/Asfar_ibn_Shiruya). He conquers in rapid succession the [Abbasid](/source/Abbasid_Caliphate) cities of [Hamadan](/source/Hamadan), [Dinavar](/source/Dinavar), and [Kashan](/source/Kashan), and finally the entire region of [Isfahan](/source/Isfahan_Province), which becomes his capital. Mardavij appoints his brother [Vushmgir](/source/Vushmgir) as the governor of [Amol](/source/Amol) (modern [Iran](/source/Iran)).

#### By topic

#### Literature

- [Nómina Leonesa](/source/N%C3%B3mina_Leonesa), an account of the kings of [Asturias](/source/Asturias) and León, is published (approximate date).

#### Religion

- March – [Pope Stephen VII](/source/Pope_Stephen_VII) dies after a three-year reign. He is succeeded by [John XI](/source/Pope_John_XI) (at the age of 20) as the 125th [pope](/source/Pope) of the [Catholic Church](/source/Catholic_Church). His mother [Marozia](/source/Marozia) is the powerful [senatrix](/source/Roman_Senate) and *patricia* of [Rome](/source/Rome).

### 932

This section is [transcluded](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Transclusion) from [AD 932](/source/AD_932). ([edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=AD_932&action=edit) | [history](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=AD_932&action=history))

#### By place

#### Europe

- Summer – [Alberic II](/source/Alberic_II_of_Spoleto) leads an uprising at [Rome](/source/Rome) against his stepfather [Hugh of Provence](/source/Hugh_of_Italy), king of [Italy](/source/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Holy_Roman_Empire)), after he is insulted at the wedding of his mother, [Marozia](/source/Marozia). Alberic seizes the [Lateran Palace](/source/Lateran_Palace), and Hugh escapes with an escort out of the city. Marozia is captured and put in prison. Alberic takes control of the city and appoints himself as the ruler (*[princeps](/source/Princeps)*) of Rome.

- Doge [Orso II Participazio](/source/Orso_II_Participazio) retires voluntarily to a [monastery](/source/Monastery), marking the end of the Participazio dominance of the Venetian dogeship. He is succeeded by [Pietro II Candiano](/source/Pietro_II_Candiano), the son and namesake of the earlier doge [Pietro I](/source/Pietro_I_Candiano).

- Pietro II and [Capodistria](/source/Koper) make a trade agreement without imperial authorization, the self-proclaimed "Marquis" Wintkar forbids repaying any debts to [Venice](/source/Republic_of_Venice). Pietro begins an economic [blockade](/source/Blockade) of [Istrian](/source/Istria) cities.[4]

#### Asia

- Emir [Mardavij ibn Ziyar](/source/Mardavij) invades [Tabaristan](/source/Tabaristan) and captures the city of [Gorgan](/source/Gorgan). The [Daylamite](/source/Daylamites) military leader [Makan ibn Kaki](/source/Makan_ibn_Kaki) tries to reclaim his territories, but fails. He seeks refuge among the [Samanids](/source/Samanid_Empire) and enters the service of their ruler [Nasr II](/source/Nasr_II). He appoints him as governor of [Kirman](/source/Kerman) (modern [Iran](/source/Iran)).

[Dirham](/source/Dirham) of Abbasid caliph Al-Muqtadir (r. 908–932)

- [October 31](/source/October_31) – [Abbasid caliph](/source/Abbasid_caliph) [al-Muqtadir](/source/Al-Muqtadir) is killed while fighting against the forces of general [Mu'nis al-Muzaffar](/source/Mu'nis_al-Muzaffar). Al-Muqtadir's brother [al-Qahir](/source/Al-Qahir) is chosen to succeed him.

#### By topic

#### Religion

- Summer – [Pope John XI](/source/Pope_John_XI) is forced to grant power over Rome to his half-brother Alberic II, who is invested as "Prince and Senator of all Romans". John is to resign himself to spiritual leadership of the [Catholic Church](/source/Catholic_Church).

### 933

This section is [transcluded](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Transclusion) from [AD 933](/source/AD_933). ([edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=AD_933&action=edit) | [history](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=AD_933&action=history))

#### By place

#### Europe

- Spring – [Hugh of Provence](/source/Hugh_of_Italy), king of [Italy](/source/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Holy_Roman_Empire)), launches an expedition to [Rome](/source/Rome) to remove the Roman ruler (*[princeps](/source/Princeps)*) [Alberic II](/source/Alberic_II_of_Spoleto) and avenge his humiliation (see [932](/source/932)). It fails, however, as Roman civic [militias](/source/Militia) repel the [Lombard](/source/Lombardy) army. Hugh ravages the Italian countryside, before he withdraws to [Pavia](/source/Pavia).[5]

- [March 15](/source/March_15) – [Battle of Merseburg](/source/Battle_of_Riade): King [Henry I](/source/Henry_the_Fowler) ("the Fowler") defeats the [Magyars](/source/Principality_of_Hungary) near [Merseburg](/source/Merseburg) after his refusal to pay the annual [tribute](/source/Tribute). During Henry's lifetime they never raid the [East Frankish Kingdom](/source/East_Francia) again.[6]

- [William I](/source/William_I_Longsword) ("Longsword"), duke of [Normandy](/source/Duchy_of_Normandy), recognizes King [Rudolph](/source/Rudolph_of_France) as his overlord. In turn he gives William the [Cotentin Peninsula](/source/Cotentin_Peninsula) and the [Channel Islands](/source/Channel_Islands).[7]

#### England

- Prince [Edwin](/source/Edwin%2C_son_of_Edward_the_Elder), the youngest son of the late King [Edward the Elder](/source/Edward_the_Elder), is drowned en route to the [West Frankish Kingdom](/source/West_Francia) and buried at [Saint-Bertin](/source/Saint-Omer).

#### Africa

- [Fatimid](/source/Fatimid_Caliphate) forces fail to seize the [Maghreb al-Aqsa](/source/Maghreb) (modern [Morocco](/source/Morocco)) from the local [Berber](/source/Berbers) tribes allied to the [Iberia](/source/Iberia)-based [Caliphate of Córdoba](/source/Caliphate_of_C%C3%B3rdoba).[8]

### 934

This section is [transcluded](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Transclusion) from [AD 934](/source/AD_934). ([edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=AD_934&action=edit) | [history](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=AD_934&action=history))

#### By place

#### Byzantine Empire

- Spring and Summer – The [Hungarians](/source/Principality_of_Hungary) make an alliance with the [Pechenegs](/source/Pechenegs), and fight their way through [Thrace](/source/Thrace_(theme)) to [Constantinople](/source/Constantinople).

- [Battle of W.l.n.d.r](/source/Battle_of_W.l.n.d.r): The Hungarians and Pechenegs kill Constantinople's inhabitants, inflict severe damage on the countryside, and defeat both the [Byzantine Empire](/source/Byzantine_Empire) and [Bulgaria](/source/First_Bulgarian_Empire), forcing them to pay [tribute](/source/Tribute). Emperor [Romanos I](/source/Romanos_I_Lekapenos) signs a [peace treaty](/source/Peace_treaty) with the Hungarians.[9]

#### Europe

- King [Henry I](/source/Henry_the_Fowler) ("the Fowler") pacifies the territories to the north, where the Danish [Vikings](/source/Vikings) have been harrying the [Frisians](/source/Frisians) by sea. He defeats the [Danes](/source/Denmark) petty King Gnupa, and conquers [Hedeby](/source/Hedeby).

- Summer – Caliph [Abd-al-Rahman III](/source/Abd-ar-Rahman_III) invades [Navarra](/source/Kingdom_of_Navarra) and forces Queen [Toda](/source/Toda_of_Pamplona) to submit to him. Her son the 15-year-old King [García Sánchez I](/source/Garc%C3%ADa_S%C3%A1nchez_I_of_Pamplona) becomes a [vassal](/source/Vassal) of the [Caliphate of Córdoba](/source/Caliphate_of_C%C3%B3rdoba).

- [Haakon I](/source/Haakon_the_Good) ("the Good"), a son of the late King [Harald Fairhair](/source/Harald_Fairhair), once again reunites the kingdom after he has deposed his half-brother [Eric Bloodaxe](/source/Eric_Bloodaxe). Haakon is installed as king of [Norway](/source/Kingdom_of_Norway_(872%E2%80%931397)).

- The [Eldgjá](/source/Eldgj%C3%A1) volcanic eruption is the largest [basalt flood](/source/Flood_basalt) in history (first documented).

#### England

- King [Tewdwr of Brycheiniog](/source/Brycheiniog#Dependency) attends the court of King [Æthelstan](/source/%C3%86thelstan) and signs the [English Land Charters](/source/Anglo-Saxon_charters). Kings [Hywel Dda](/source/Hywel_Dda) of [Deheubarth](/source/Deheubarth), [Idwal Foel](/source/Idwal_Foel) of [Gwynedd](/source/Kingdom_of_Gwynedd) and [Morgan Mwynfawr](/source/List_of_rulers_of_Wales#Morgannwg) ("the Old") of [Morgannwg](/source/Glywysing) are compelled to accompany Æthelstan on [his campaign](/source/%C3%86thelstan's_invasion_of_Scotland) against King [Constantine II of Scotland](/source/Constantine_II_of_Scotland).

#### Abbasid Caliphate

- [April 24](/source/April_24) – [Abbasid caliph](/source/Abbasid_caliph) [al-Qahir](/source/Al-Qahir) is deposed and blinded; he is succeeded by his nephew [ar-Radi](/source/Ar-Radi).

- Summer – [Ali ibn Buya](/source/Imad_al-Dawla), a [Samanid](/source/Samanid_Empire) governor, takes advantage of the [anarchy](/source/Anarchy) in [Persia](/source/Iran) and conquers [Fars](/source/Fars_province) (modern [Iran](/source/Iran)). He founds the [Buyid Dynasty](/source/Buyid_dynasty), and makes [Shiraz](/source/Shiraz) his capital. Ali seeks the recognition of the [Abbasid](/source/Abbasid_Caliphate) caliph [Ar-Radi](/source/Ar-Radi), who confirms him later as his [viceroy](/source/Viceroy).

#### Asia

- [March 16](/source/March_16) – [Meng Zhixiang](/source/Meng_Zhixiang), a military governor (*[jiedushi](/source/Jiedushi)*), declares himself emperor (formally called "Gaozu") and establishes [Later Shu](/source/Later_Shu) as a new Chinese state, independent of [Later Tang](/source/Later_Tang). He dies after a short-lived five-month reign and is succeeded by his son [Meng Chang](/source/Meng_Chang).

- [Goryeo](/source/Goryeo) forces push the army of [Hubaekje](/source/Later_Baekje) back into its heartland and defeat them finally at [Hongseong](/source/Hongseong_County) (modern [South Korea](/source/South_Korea)).

#### By topic

#### Religion

- [Einsiedeln Abbey](/source/Einsiedeln_Abbey), a [Benedictine](/source/Order_of_Saint_Benedict) monastery, is founded (modern [Switzerland](/source/Switzerland)).

### 935

This section is [transcluded](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Transclusion) from [AD 935](/source/AD_935). ([edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=AD_935&action=edit) | [history](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=AD_935&action=history))

#### By place

#### Europe

- Spring – [Arnulf I](/source/Arnulf%2C_Duke_of_Bavaria) ("the Bad") of [Bavaria](/source/Duchy_of_Bavaria) invades [Italy](/source/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Holy_Roman_Empire)), crossing through the [Upper Adige](/source/South_Tyrol) (modern [Tyrol](/source/Tyrol_(state))). He proceeds towards [Verona](/source/Verona) to join his supporters. King [Hugh of Provence](/source/Hugh_of_Italy) takes a [Burgundian](/source/Kingdom_of_Burgundy) army against him, and defeats Arnulf at [Gossolengo](/source/Gossolengo), forcing him to return to Bavaria.

- Summer – [Fatimid caliph](/source/Fatimid_Caliphate) [al-Qa'im](/source/Al-Qa'im_(Fatimid_caliph)) dispatches a naval expedition under [Ya'qub ibn Ishaq al-Tamimi](/source/Ya'qub_ibn_Ishaq_al-Tamimi) to raid the coast of [Provence](/source/Provence) and [Liguria](/source/Liguria), [sacking](/source/Fatimid_sack_of_Genoa) [Genoa](/source/Genoa) on 16 August and attacking [Pisa](/source/Pisa). Ya'qub also raids [Corsica](/source/Corsica) and [Sardinia](/source/Sardinia) before returning to [Mahdia](/source/Mahdia) with some 8,000 prisoners.[10]

- [September 28](/source/September_28) (probable year) – [Wenceslaus I, Duke of Bohemia](/source/Wenceslaus_I%2C_Duke_of_Bohemia) (the subject of the [1853](/source/1853) Christmas carol "[Good King Wenceslas](/source/Good_King_Wenceslas)") is murdered by a group of [nobles](/source/Nobility) led by his brother [Boleslaus I](/source/Boleslaus_I%2C_Duke_of_Bohemia) ("the Cruel"), who succeeds him.

- [Córdoba](/source/C%C3%B3rdoba%2C_Spain), capital of [Al-Andalus](/source/Al-Andalus), becomes the largest city of the world, taking the lead from [Baghdad](/source/Baghdad), capital of the [Abbasid Caliphate](/source/Abbasid_Caliphate).[11]

#### Africa

- Summer – [Muhammad ibn Tughj al-Ikhshid](/source/Muhammad_ibn_Tughj_al-Ikhshid) is appointed governor and becomes the ruler of [Egypt](/source/Egypt_in_the_Middle_Ages) and parts of [Syria](/source/Bilad_al-Sham) (or the [Levant](/source/Levant)). He launches a campaign against his rival [Ahmad ibn Kayghalagh](/source/Ahmad_ibn_Kayghalagh) by land and sea: the naval forces take [Tinnis](/source/Tinnis) and ibn Kayghalagh is forced to retreat. Ibn Tughj enters [Fustat](/source/Fustat), making it his capital, and founds the [Ikhshidid dynasty](/source/Ikhshidid_dynasty), marking Egypt's independence as an autonomous state.

- [Ziri ibn Manad](/source/Ziri_ibn_Manad) is installed as governor of central [Maghreb](/source/Maghreb). He initiates the construction of the fortress of Ashir, near [Médéa](/source/M%C3%A9d%C3%A9a) (modern [Algeria](/source/Algeria)). It symbolises the rise of the [Zirid dynasty](/source/Zirid_dynasty) in the Western [Mediterranean](/source/Mediterranean_Sea) region.[12]

#### Arabian Empire

- January – Emir [Mardavij](/source/Mardavij), founder of the [Ziyarid dynasty](/source/Ziyarid_dynasty), is murdered by his [Turkish](/source/Turkic_people) slaves. He is succeeded by his brother and general [Vushmgir](/source/Vushmgir), who is crowned as the new Ziyarid ruler in [Rey](/source/Rey%2C_Iran) (modern [Iran](/source/Iran)).

#### Asia

- March – King [Kyŏn Hwŏn](/source/Ky%C5%8Fn_Hw%C5%8Fn) of [Later Baekje](/source/Later_Baekje) is overthrown by his eldest son [Kyŏn Sin-gŏm](/source/Ky%C5%8Fn_Sin-g%C5%8Fm) (who is crowned on November 15) and put in prison, but he is able to escape.

- November 17 – [Wang Yanjun](/source/Wang_Yanjun), Emperor Huizong of Min ([Ten Kingdoms](/source/Ten_Kingdoms)), is killed in his own palace in an uprising together with his empress consort and several clansmen, and succeeded as second emperor by his son [Wang Jipeng](/source/Wang_Jipeng).

- King [Gyeongsun](/source/Gyeongsun_of_Silla), the [last ruler](/source/List_of_monarchs_of_Korea) of [Unified Silla](/source/Unified_Silla), formally surrenders and abdicates in favour of [Taejo of Goryeo](/source/Taejo_of_Goryeo). This completes Taejo's unification of [Korea](/source/Korea), bringing the [Silla](/source/Silla) dynasty to an end.

- [Ki no Tsurayuki](/source/Ki_no_Tsurayuki) returns to [Kyoto](/source/Kyoto) from [Tosa Province](/source/Tosa_Province), a journey that becomes the basis of the earliest surviving Japanese [poetic diary](/source/Poetic_diary), called the *[Tosa Nikki](/source/Tosa_Nikki)* (*Tosa Diary*).

#### By topic

#### Religion

- Winter (probable year) – [Pope John XI](/source/Pope_John_XI), the son of *[de facto](/source/De_facto)* Roman ruler [Marozia](/source/Marozia), dies at [Rome](/source/Rome) after a four-year reign, aged between 25 and 27.

### 936

This section is [transcluded](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Transclusion) from [AD 936](/source/AD_936). ([edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=AD_936&action=edit) | [history](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=AD_936&action=history))

#### By place

#### Europe

- [June 19](/source/June_19) – At [Laon](/source/Laon), [Louis IV](/source/Louis_IV_of_France), the 14-year old son of the late King [Charles the Simple](/source/Charles_the_Simple), is crowned [King of West Francia](/source/List_of_French_monarchs) after being recalled from [Wessex](/source/Wessex) by [Hugh the Great](/source/Hugh_the_Great), count of [Paris](/source/Paris). Hugh, whose father, King [Robert I](/source/Robert_I_of_France), was killed in battle near [Soissons](/source/Soissons) in [923](/source/923), is given the title [Duke of the Franks](/source/Duke_of_the_Franks) and becomes the second most powerful man in the [West Frankish Kingdom](/source/West_Francia). The crowning of Louis IV follows the death of King [Rudolph I](/source/Rudolph_of_France) at [Auxerre](/source/Auxerre) earlier in the year.

- Summer – [Hugh of Provence](/source/Hugh_of_Italy), king of [Italy](/source/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Holy_Roman_Empire)), dispatches his son and co-ruler [Lothair II](/source/Lothair_II_of_Italy) with a third expedition to [Rome](/source/Rome) to dislodge [Alberic II](/source/Alberic_II_of_Spoleto). Assault after assault is repulsed by the Roman civic [militia](/source/Militia). At length, weakened by an [epidemic](/source/Epidemic), the [Lombard](/source/Lombardy) nobles press on Hugh to accept a peace treaty mediated by [Odo of Cluny](/source/Odo_of_Cluny).

- [July 2](/source/July_2) – King [Henry I](/source/Henry_the_Fowler) ("the Fowler") dies at his [royal palace](/source/Kaiserpfalz) in [Memleben](/source/Memleben), [Thuringia](/source/Thuringia), after a 17-year reign. He is succeeded by his 23-year-old son [Otto I](/source/Otto_I%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperor), who is married to [Eadgyth](/source/Eadgyth), a daughter of the late King [Edward the Elder](/source/Edward_the_Elder). Otto is the first German king to be crowned in [Charlemagne](/source/Charlemagne)'s former capital of [Aachen](/source/Aachen).

- A [Hungarian](/source/Principality_of_Hungary) army invades [Franconia](/source/Franconia) and occupies [Fulda](/source/Fulda). They are attacked by [East Frankish](/source/East_Francia) forces and forced to go westwards. Otto I moves against the rebellious [Elbe](/source/Elbe) Slavs.[13]

- Archbishop [Unni](/source/Unni_(bishop)) of [Hamburg-Bremen](/source/Archbishopric_of_Bremen) visits the king of Denmark [Gorm](/source/Gorm_the_Old) and the king of the [Swedes](/source/Swedes_(Germanic_tribe)) [Ring](/source/Ring_of_Sweden) before he dies in [Birka](/source/Birka).

#### England

- King [Æthelstan](/source/%C3%86thelstan) sets the border between the [Kingdom of England](/source/Kingdom_of_England) and [Cornwall](/source/Cornwall) as the east bank of the [River Tamar](/source/River_Tamar).[14]

#### Africa

- Spring – [Muhammad ibn Tughj al-Ikhshid](/source/Muhammad_ibn_Tughj_al-Ikhshid), ruler of [Egypt](/source/Egypt_in_the_Middle_Ages) and [Syria](/source/Bilad_al-Sham), defeats the [Fatimid](/source/Fatimid_Caliphate) forces near [Alexandria](/source/Alexandria). He drives them out of the city, forcing the Fatimids to retreat from Egypt to their base at [Cyrenaica](/source/Cyrenaica).

#### Arabian Empire

- Summer – [Ibn Muqla](/source/Ibn_Muqla), an [Abbasid](/source/Abbasid_Caliphate) official and [vizier](/source/Vizier), is disgraced after his failed campaign against [Muhammad ibn Ra'iq](/source/Muhammad_ibn_Ra'iq), the rebellious governor of [Wasit](/source/Wasit%2C_Iraq). He is arrested and imprisoned in [Baghdad](/source/Baghdad).

#### China

- [November 28](/source/November_28) – [Shi Jingtang](/source/Shi_Jingtang) is enthroned as the first emperor of the [Later Jin](/source/Later_Jin_(Five_Dynasties)) by [Tai Zong](/source/Emperor_Taizong_of_Liao), ruler of the [Khitan](/source/Khitan_people)-led [Liao Dynasty](/source/Liao_dynasty), following a revolt against his rival, emperor [Fei](/source/Li_Congke) of [Later Tang](/source/Later_Tang).

#### By topic

#### Religion

- [January 3](/source/January_3) – [Pope Leo VII](/source/Pope_Leo_VII) succeeds [John XI](/source/Pope_John_XI) (who died the previous year) as the 126th [pope](/source/Pope) of the [Catholic Church](/source/Catholic_Church).

### 937

This section is [transcluded](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Transclusion) from [AD 937](/source/AD_937). ([edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=AD_937&action=edit) | [history](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=AD_937&action=history))

#### By place

#### Europe

- A [Hungarian](/source/Principality_of_Hungary) army invades [Burgundy](/source/Burgundy), and burns the city of [Tournus](/source/Tournus). Then they go southwards to [Italy](/source/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Holy_Roman_Empire)), pillaging the environs of [Naples](/source/Duchy_of_Naples), [Benevento](/source/Duchy_of_Benevento) and [Monte Cassino](/source/Monte_Cassino). When the Hungarians return home, they are attacked in the [Apennine Mountains](/source/Apennine_Mountains) by [Lombard](/source/Lombardy) forces, losing their plunder (approximate date).

- [July 11](/source/July_11) – King [Rudolph II of Burgundy](/source/Rudolph_II_of_Burgundy) dies after a 25-year reign, and is succeeded by his 12-year-old son [Conrad I](/source/Conrad_I_of_Burgundy) ("the Peaceful"). His wife, Queen [Bertha](/source/Bertha_of_Swabia), takes effective control of unified Burgundy, transferring its capital to [Arles](/source/Arles) (that Burgundian kingdom was later known from the 12th century as the [Kingdom of Arles](/source/Kingdom_of_Burgundy-Arles)).[15]

- King [Otto I](/source/Otto_I%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperor) refuses to give land to his older (illegitimate) half-brother [Thankmar](/source/Thankmar), who gains the support of [Eberhard III](/source/Eberhard_of_Franconia) (duke of [Franconia](/source/Duchy_of_Franconia)) and [Wichmann the Elder](/source/Wichmann_the_Elder), and seizes the fortress of [Eresburg](/source/Eresburg). Otto assumes direct rule over Franconia, and dissolves it into smaller counties.[16]

- King [Hugh of Arles](/source/Hugh_of_Arles) (king of Italy) travels to [Colombier](/source/Colombier%2C_Neuch%C3%A2tel) ([Switzerland](/source/Switzerland)) and marries Rudolph's widow Bertha. He takes Conrad I under his tutelage and betroths Rudolph's 6-year-old daughter [Adelaide](/source/Adelaide_of_Italy) with his own son and co-ruler [Lothair II](/source/Lothair_II_of_Italy).

- Winter – [Gero](/source/Gero) succeeds his brother [Siegfried](/source/Siegfried%2C_Count_of_Merseburg) after his death. King Otto I appoints him as count and [margrave](/source/Margrave) of a [vast border](/source/Marca_Geronis) region around [Merseburg](/source/Merseburg) that abuts the [Wends](/source/Wends) on the [River Saale](/source/Saale) ([Lower Saxony](/source/Lower_Saxony)).

- [Magdeburg](/source/Magdeburg) becomes the capital of the [East Frankish Kingdom](/source/East_Francia), after a [Diet](/source/Diet_(assembly)) held by King Otto I (approximate date).

#### England

- [Battle of Brunanburh](/source/Battle_of_Brunanburh): King [Æthelstan](/source/%C3%86thelstan) defeats a combined Northern Army under the kings [Olaf of Dublin](/source/Olaf_Guthfrithson), [Constantine II of Scotland](/source/Constantine_II_of_Scotland) and [Owain of Strathclyde](/source/Owain_ap_Dyfnwal_(fl._934)). Though none of the British monarchs appear to have taken part, the people of [Strathclyde](/source/Kingdom_of_Strathclyde) were a major contingent under their Scottish king.

#### Asia

- [November 10](/source/November_10) – [Li Bian](/source/Li_Bian) usurps the throne and deposes Emperor [Yang Pu](/source/Yang_Pu). The [Wu State](/source/Wu_(Ten_Kingdoms)) is replaced and Li (called "Xu Zhigao") becomes the first emperor of [Southern Tang](/source/Southern_Tang), one of the [Ten Kingdoms](/source/Ten_Kingdoms) in southern [China](/source/China).

- Winter – The [Later Tang](/source/Later_Tang) falls to the [Later Jin](/source/Later_Jin_(Five_Dynasties)) (during the [Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period](/source/Five_Dynasties_and_Ten_Kingdoms_period)) founded by Emperor [Shi Jingtang](/source/Shi_Jingtang) (posthumously known as "Gaozu of Jin").

### 938

This section is [transcluded](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Transclusion) from [AD 938](/source/AD_938). ([edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=AD_938&action=edit) | [history](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=AD_938&action=history))

#### By place

#### Europe

- Summer – The [Hungarian](/source/Principality_of_Hungary) army invades Northern [Italy](/source/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Holy_Roman_Empire)) with the permission of King [Hugh of Arles](/source/Hugh_of_Italy). They cross the [Apennines](/source/Apennines), and sack the [Lombard](/source/Lombardy) lands in [Tuscany](/source/Tuscany), [Lazio](/source/Lazio) and [Campania](/source/Campania). Finally, the Hungarians are defeated at [Wolfenbüttel](/source/Wolfenb%C3%BCttel) by a Saxon army.

- [July](/source/July) – King [Otto I](/source/Otto_I%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperor) besieges the fortress of [Eresburg](/source/Eresburg). He defeats his half-brother [Thankmar](/source/Thankmar) and kills him as he tries to find sanctuary. [Eberhard III](/source/Eberhard_of_Franconia), duke of [Franconia](/source/Duchy_of_Franconia), is banished and replaced by his uncle [Berthold](/source/Berthold%2C_Duke_of_Bavaria).

- Fall – Otto I defeats in two campaigns a series of uprisings in [Saxony](/source/Duchy_of_Saxony), Franconia and [Lotharingia](/source/Lotharingia).[17] He signs a "friendship pact" with King [Louis IV](/source/Louis_IV_of_France) ("d'Outremer") of the [West Frankish Kingdom](/source/West_Francia).

#### Asia

- [Battle of Bach Dang](/source/Battle_of_Bach_Dang_(938)): [Tĩnh Hải Quân](/source/T%C4%A9nh_H%E1%BA%A3i_qu%C3%A2n) forces under the rule of [Ngô Quyền](/source/Ng%C3%B4_Quy%E1%BB%81n) defeated an invading force of the [Southern Han](/source/Southern_Han) state at the [Bach Dang River](/source/Bach_Dang_River). This put an end to [Chinese](/source/China) imperial domination in [Vietnam](/source/Vietnam) after nearly 1,000 years.[18]

- The [Sixteen Prefectures](/source/Sixteen_Prefectures), which includes the area around modern-day [Beijing](/source/Beijing), are absorbed in the [Khitan Empire](/source/Liao_dynasty).

### 939

This section is [transcluded](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Transclusion) from [AD 939](/source/AD_939). ([edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=AD_939&action=edit) | [history](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=AD_939&action=history))

#### By place

#### Europe

- [Hugh the Great](/source/Hugh_the_Great), count of [Paris](/source/Paris), rebels against King [Louis IV](/source/Louis_IV_of_France) ("d'Outremer") and gains support from [William I](/source/William_I_Longsword), duke of [Normandy](/source/Duchy_of_Normandy). Hugh, along with [Herbert II](/source/Herbert_II%2C_Count_of_Vermandois), count of [Vermandois](/source/Vermandois), [Arnulf I](/source/Arnulf_I%2C_Count_of_Flanders), count of [Flanders](/source/County_of_Flanders) and William pay homage to King [Otto I](/source/Otto_I%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperor) (ruler of the [East Frankish Kingdom](/source/East_Francia)), and support him in his struggle against Louis.[19]

- [July 19](/source/July_19) – [Battle of Simancas](/source/Battle_of_Simancas): Caliph [Abd-al-Rahman III](/source/Abd-ar-Rahman_III) of [Córdoba](/source/Caliphate_of_C%C3%B3rdoba) claims a [Jihad](/source/Jihad) ('Holy War') and raises an army of 100,000 men to end the [Kingdom of León](/source/Kingdom_of_Le%C3%B3n). He razes the cities of [Medina del Campo](/source/Medina_del_Campo), [Ìscar](/source/Villaverde_de_%C3%8Dscar) and [Alcazarén](/source/Alcazar%C3%A9n) (previously abandoned by their population) and finally, reaches the city of [Simancas](/source/Simancas) (near modern-day [Valladolid](/source/Valladolid)), where Christian forces under King [Ramiro II](/source/Ramiro_II_of_Le%C3%B3n) wait for him. After three days, Ramiro defeats the [Moorish](/source/Moors) army with an alliance of [Castile](/source/Kingdom_of_Castile) and [Navarre](/source/Kingdom_of_Navarre). Abd-al-Rahman orders a retreat along the [Duero River](/source/Douro), and is almost killed,[20] due, most likely, to treason by [Arab](/source/Arabs) elements in the Moorish army.

- [August 1](/source/August_1) – [Battle of Trans-la-Forêt](/source/Battle_of_Trans-la-For%C3%AAt): Bretons defeat Viking occupiers.

- [August 5](/source/August_5) – [Battle of Alhandic](/source/Battle_of_Alhandic): Abd-al-Rahman III defeats the garrison of those loyal to Ramiro II at [Zamora](/source/Zamora%2C_Spain), in the context of the Spanish *[Reconquista](/source/Reconquista)*.

- [October 2](/source/October_2) – [Battle of Andernach](/source/Battle_of_Andernach_(939)): Otto I crushes a rebellion against his rule, by a coalition of [Eberhard III](/source/Eberhard_of_Franconia), duke of [Franconia](/source/Duchy_of_Franconia), and other [Frankish](/source/Francia) dukes, in [Andernach](/source/Andernach) on the [Rhine River](/source/Rhine). Otto prevails, with support from [Odo of Wetterau](/source/Odo_of_Wetterau). Eberhard is killed while [Gilbert](/source/Gilbert%2C_Duke_of_Lorraine), duke of [Lotharingia](/source/Lotharingia) (or [Lorraine](/source/Duchy_of_Lorraine)) drowns when trying to escape.

#### England

- [October 27](/source/October_27) – King [Æthelstan](/source/%C3%86thelstan) dies at [Gloucester](/source/Gloucester) after a 15-year reign. He is buried at [Malmesbury Abbey](/source/Malmesbury_Abbey) and succeeded by his half-brother, [Edmund I](/source/Edmund_I) ("the Magnificent"). After Æthelstan's death [Olaf Guthfrithson](/source/Olaf_Guthfrithson) (or his cousin, [Anlaf Cuaran](/source/Amla%C3%ADb_Cuar%C3%A1n)[21]) a [Viking](/source/Vikings) leader who rules [Dublin](/source/Kingdom_of_Dublin), is proclaimed king of [York](/source/Scandinavian_York) (south of [Northumbria](/source/Kingdom_of_Northumbria)).

#### Asia

- [Taira no Masakado](/source/Taira_no_Masakado), a Japanese [nobleman](/source/Nobility), leads one of the largest insurgent forces in the [Heian period](/source/Heian_period) against the imperial court at [Kyoto](/source/Kyoto).[22] Masakado has acquired enough power to govern the [Kantō region](/source/Kant%C5%8D_region) (northwest of [Edo](/source/Edo_(Tokyo))) and calls himself the 'new emperor' (*shinnō*).

- [Ngô Quyền](/source/Ng%C3%B4_Quy%E1%BB%81n), who the previous year defeated the Chinese at the [Battle of Bạch Đằng (938)](/source/Battle_of_B%E1%BA%A1ch_%C4%90%E1%BA%B1ng_(938)) thereby regaining Vietnamese independence after 1000 years, becomes king of [Vietnam](/source/Vietnam).[23]

#### By topic

#### Religion

- [July 13](/source/July_13) – [Pope Leo VII](/source/Pope_Leo_VII) dies at [Rome](/source/Rome) after a 3½-year reign. He is succeeded by [Stephen VIII](/source/Pope_Stephen_VIII) as the 127th [pope](/source/Pope) of the [Catholic Church](/source/Catholic_Church).

- The [Major Occultation](/source/Major_Occultation) (or *Al-Ghaybah al-Kubra*) of [Muhammad al-Mahdi](/source/Muhammad_al-Mahdi) occurs (approximate date).

## Significant people

- [Al-Muqtadir](/source/Al-Muqtadir)

- [Constantine VII](/source/Constantine_VII)

- [Pope John XI](/source/Pope_John_XI)

- [Pope Leo VII](/source/Pope_Leo_VII)

- [Al-Qahir](/source/Al-Qahir)

- [Al-Radi](/source/Al-Radi)

- [Al-Ash'ari](/source/Al-Ash'ari)

## Births

Transcluding articles: [930](/source/930), [931](/source/931), [932](/source/932), [933](/source/933), [934](/source/934), [935](/source/935), [936](/source/936), [937](/source/937), [938](/source/938), and [939](/source/939)

**930**

- [Alferius](/source/Alferius), Italian [abbot](/source/Abbot) and saint (d. [1050](/source/1050))

- [Boleslaus II](/source/Boleslaus_II%2C_Duke_of_Bohemia), duke of [Bohemia](/source/Duchy_of_Bohemia) (d. [999](/source/AD_999))

- [Gisulf I](/source/Gisulf_I_of_Salerno), prince of [Salerno](/source/Principality_of_Salerno) (d. [977](/source/977))

- [Herbert of Wetterau](/source/Herbert_of_Wetterau), German [nobleman](/source/Nobility) (d. [992](/source/992))

- [Lambert of Chalon](/source/Lambert_of_Chalon), Frankish nobleman (d. [978](/source/978))

- [Liudolf](/source/Liudolf%2C_Duke_of_Swabia), [Swabia](/source/Duchy_of_Swabia) (approximate date) (d. [957](/source/957))

- [Mieszko I](/source/Mieszko_I_of_Poland), prince of [Poland](/source/Greater_Poland) (approximate date) (d. [992](/source/992))

- [Nikon the Metanoeite](/source/Nikon_the_Metanoeite), Byzantine [monk](/source/Monk) (d. [998](/source/998))

- [Odo I](/source/Odo_I%2C_Margrave_of_the_Saxon_Ostmark), German nobleman (approximate date) (d. [993](/source/993))

- [Ya'qub ibn Killis](/source/Ya'qub_ibn_Killis), Fatimid [vizier](/source/Vizier) (d. [991](/source/991))

- [Zhang Mi](/source/Zhang_Mi), Chinese *[Ci](/source/Ci_(poetry))* lyric [poet](/source/Chinese_poetry) (d. unknown)

**931**

- [March 28](/source/March_28) – [Liu Chengyou](/source/Liu_Chengyou), emperor of [Later Han](/source/Later_Han_(Five_Dynasties)) (d. [951](/source/951))

- [September 19](/source/September_19) – [Mu Zong](/source/Emperor_Muzong_of_Liao), emperor of the [Liao dynasty](/source/Liao_dynasty) (d. [969](/source/969))

- [Adelaide](/source/Adelaide_of_Italy), empress regent of the [Holy Roman Empire](/source/Holy_Roman_Empire) (d. [999](/source/AD_999))

- [Boris II](/source/Boris_II_of_Bulgaria), ruler (*[tsar](/source/Tsar)*) of the [Bulgarian Empire](/source/First_Bulgarian_Empire) (d. [977](/source/977))

- [Cao Bin](/source/Cao_Bin), general of the [Song dynasty](/source/Song_dynasty) (d. [999](/source/AD_999))

- [Fu](/source/Empress_Fu_the_Elder) (**the Elder**), empress consort of [Later Zhou](/source/Later_Zhou) (d. [956](/source/956))

- [Li Congyi](/source/Li_Congyi) (**Prince of Xu**), prince of [Later Tang](/source/Later_Tang) (d. [947](/source/947))

- [Liutgard of Saxony](/source/Liutgard_of_Saxony_(died_953)), duchess consort of [Lorraine](/source/Lorraine) (d. [953](/source/953))

- [Taksony](/source/Taksony_of_Hungary), [Grand Prince](/source/Grand_Prince_of_the_Hungarians) of [Hungary](/source/Principality_of_Hungary) (approximate date)

- [Yang Guangmei](/source/Yang_Guangmei), Chinese general (approximate date)

**932**

- [August 28](/source/August_28) – [Richard I](/source/Richard_I_of_Normandy), duke of [Normandy](/source/Duchy_of_Normandy) (d. [996](/source/996))

- [September 26](/source/September_26) – [Al-Mu'izz](/source/Al-Mu'izz_li-Din_Allah), Fatimid [caliph](/source/Caliph) (d. [975](/source/975))

- [Abu Firas al-Hamdani](/source/Abu_Firas_al-Hamdani), Arab prince and poet (or [933](/source/933))

- [Miskawayh](/source/Miskawayh), Persian [philosopher](/source/Islamic_philosophy) and historian (d. [1030](/source/1030))

- [Sancho I](/source/Sancho_I_of_Le%C3%B3n) (**the Fat**), king of [León](/source/Kingdom_of_Le%C3%B3n) (approximate date)

**933**

- [Al-Hakim Nishapuri](/source/Al-Hakim_Nishapuri), Persian [Sunni](/source/Sunni_Islam) scholar (d. [1014](/source/1014))

**934**

- [Dong Yuan](/source/Dong_Yuan), Chinese [painter](/source/Painting) (approximate date)

- [Wolfgang](/source/Wolfgang_of_Regensburg), bishop of [Regensburg](/source/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Regensburg) (approximate date)

**935**

- [Al-Qadi Abd al-Jabbar](/source/Al-Qadi_Abd_al-Jabbar), Mu'tazilite theologian (d. [1025](/source/1025))

- [Eochaid ua Flannacáin](/source/Eochaid_ua_Flannac%C3%A1in), Irish cleric and [poet](/source/Irish_poetry) (d. [1004](/source/1004))

- [Elvira Ramírez](/source/Elvira_Ram%C3%ADrez), princess and [regent](/source/Regent) of [León](/source/Kingdom_of_Le%C3%B3n) (approximate date)

- [Folcuin](/source/Folcuin), Frankish [abbot](/source/Abbot) of [Saint Bertin](/source/Abbey_of_Saint_Bertin) (approximate date)

- [Gao Qiong](/source/Gao_Qiong), Chinese general and governor (*[jiedushi](/source/Jiedushi)*) (d. [1006](/source/1006))

- [Gerard of Toul](/source/Gerard_of_Toul), German priest and [bishop](/source/Bishop) (d. [994](/source/994))

- [Hrosvitha](/source/Hrosvitha), German [canoness](/source/Canoness) and poet (approximate date)

- [Michitsuna no Haha](/source/Michitsuna_no_Haha), Japanese female poet (d. [995](/source/995))

- [Ukhtanes of Sebastia](/source/Ukhtanes_of_Sebastia), Armenian historian (d. [1000](/source/AD_1000))

- [Wulfrun](/source/Wulfrun), English [noblewoman](/source/Nobility) (approximate date)

**936**

- [September 24](/source/September_24) – ['Adud al-Dawla](/source/'Adud_al-Dawla), ruler of the [Buyid Dynasty](/source/Buyid_dynasty) (d. [983](/source/983))

- [Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi](/source/Al-Zahrawi), Muslim physician and [surgeon](/source/Surgeon) (d. [1013](/source/1013))

- [Gunnor](/source/Gunnor), duchess consort of [Normandy](/source/Duchy_of_Normandy) (approximate date)

- [Zhou](/source/Queen_Zhou_the_Elder) ("the Elder"), queen consort of [Southern Tang](/source/Southern_Tang) (approximate date)

**937**

- [Attilanus](/source/Attilanus), bishop of [Zamora](/source/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Zamora_in_Spain) (d. [1007](/source/1007))

- [Bagrat II](/source/Bagrat_II_of_Iberia), king of [Iberia](/source/Principality_of_Iberia) and [Kartli](/source/Kartli) (d. [994](/source/994))

- [Gu Hongzhong](/source/Gu_Hongzhong), Chinese painter (d. [975](/source/975))

- [Haakon Sigurdsson](/source/Haakon_Sigurdsson), Viking ruler (d. [995](/source/995))

- [Khalaf ibn Ahmad](/source/Khalaf_ibn_Ahmad), Saffarid [emir](/source/Emir) (d. [1009](/source/1009))

- [Li Yu](/source/Li_Yu_(Southern_Tang)), ruler of [Southern Tang](/source/Southern_Tang) (approximate date)

- [Meng Xuanzhe](/source/Meng_Xuanzhe), prince of [Later Shu](/source/Later_Shu) (d. [991](/source/991))

- [William IV](/source/William_IV_of_Aquitaine), duke of [Aquitaine](/source/Aquitaine) (d. 994)

**938**

- [September 14](/source/September_14) – [Sahib ibn Abbad](/source/Sahib_ibn_Abbad), Buyid [grand vizier](/source/Grand_vizier) (d. [995](/source/995))

- [Almanzor](/source/Almanzor), Umayyad [vizier](/source/Vizier) and *[de facto](/source/De_facto)* ruler (approximate date)

- [Beatrice of France](/source/Beatrice_of_France), duchess [regent](/source/Regent) of Upper [Lorraine](/source/Lorraine) (approximate date)

- [García Fernández](/source/Garc%C3%ADa_Fern%C3%A1ndez_of_Castile), count of [Castile](/source/Kingdom_of_Castile) and [Álava](/source/%C3%81lava) (approximate date)

- [Olaf the Peacock](/source/Olaf_the_Peacock), Icelandic [merchant](/source/Merchant) and chieftain (approximate date)

- [Romanos II](/source/Romanos_II), Byzantine emperor (d. [963](/source/963))

- [Sancho II](/source/Sancho_II_of_Pamplona), king of [Navarre](/source/Kingdom_of_Navarre) (approximate date)

**939**

- [November 20](/source/November_20) – [Tai Zong](/source/Emperor_Taizong_of_Song), emperor of the [Song dynasty](/source/Song_dynasty) (d. [997](/source/997))

- [Fujiwara no Takamitsu](/source/Fujiwara_no_Takamitsu), Japanese *[waka](/source/Waka_(poetry))* poet (approximate date)

- [Hai Gaon](/source/Hai_Gaon), Jewish theologian and [rabbi](/source/Rabbi) (d. [1038](/source/1038))

## Deaths

Transcluding articles: [930](/source/930), [931](/source/931), [932](/source/932), [933](/source/933), [934](/source/934), [935](/source/935), [936](/source/936), [937](/source/937), [938](/source/938), and [939](/source/939)

**930**

- [May 31](/source/May_31) – [Liu Hua](/source/Liu_Hua_(Wang_Yanjun's_wife)), princess of [Southern Han](/source/Southern_Han) (b. [896](/source/896))

- [June 19](/source/June_19) – [Xiao Qing](/source/Xiao_Qing), chancellor of [Later Liang](/source/Later_Liang_(Five_Dynasties)) (b. [862](/source/862))

- [June 20](/source/June_20) – [Hucbald](/source/Hucbald), Frankish monk and [music theorist](/source/Music_theory)

- [October 26](/source/October_26) – [Li Qi](/source/Li_Qi_(Five_Dynasties)), chancellor of Later Liang (b. [871](/source/871))

- [November 19](/source/November_19) – [Yan Keqiu](/source/Yan_Keqiu), Chinese chief strategist

- [December 2](/source/December_2) – [Ma Yin](/source/Ma_Yin), Chinese [warlord](/source/Warlord) and king (b. [853](/source/853))

- [Amoghavarsha II](/source/Amoghavarsha_II), ruler of [Rashtrakuta](/source/Rashtrakuta_dynasty) ([India](/source/India))

- [García II Sánchez](/source/Garc%C3%ADa_II_S%C3%A1nchez_of_Gascony), duke of [Gascony](/source/Duchy_of_Gascony) (approximate date)

- [Sharwin II](/source/Sharwin_II), ruler of the [Bavand Dynasty](/source/Bavand_dynasty) ([Iran](/source/Iran))

- [Xia Luqi](/source/Xia_Luqi), general of [Later Tang](/source/Later_Tang) (b. [882](/source/882))

- [Abū Kāmil Shujāʿ ibn Aslam](/source/Ab%C5%AB_K%C4%81mil_Shuj%C4%81%CA%BF_ibn_Aslam), Egyptian mathematician (b. c. 850)

- [Óengus mac Óengusa](/source/%C3%93engus_mac_%C3%93engusa), Irish poet and [Chief Ollam of Ireland](/source/Ollamh_%C3%89renn)

**931**

- [January 27](/source/January_27) – [Ruotger](/source/Ruotger_of_Trier), archbishop of [Trier](/source/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Trier)

- [April 4](/source/April_4) – [Kong Xun](/source/Kong_Xun), Chinese governor (b. [884](/source/884))

- [May 29](/source/May_29) – [Jimeno Garcés](/source/Jimeno_Garc%C3%A9s_of_Pamplona), king of [Pamplona](/source/Kingdom_of_Navarra)

- [June 25](/source/June_25) – [An Chonghui](/source/An_Chonghui), general of Later Tang

[Emperor Uda](/source/Emperor_Uda)

- [Abu'l-Fadl al-Isfahani](/source/Abu'l-Fadl_al-Isfahani), Persian religious leader

- [Asfar ibn Shiruya](/source/Asfar_ibn_Shiruya), Iranian military leader

- [Bard Boinne](/source/Bard_Boinne), Irish [poet](/source/Irish_poetry) and [Chief Ollam](/source/Ollamh_%C3%89renn)

- [Béatrice of Vermandois](/source/B%C3%A9atrice_of_Vermandois), Frankish queen

- [Gausbert](/source/Gausbert), count of [Empúries](/source/County_of_Emp%C3%BAries) and [Roussillon](/source/County_of_Roussillon)

- [Gu Quanwu](/source/Gu_Quanwu), general of the [Tang dynasty](/source/Tang_dynasty) (b. [864](/source/864))

- [Harald I](/source/Harald_Fairhair), king of [Norway](/source/Kingdom_of_Norway_(872%E2%80%931397)) (approximate date)

- [Hrotheweard](/source/Hrotheweard) (or **Lodeward**), archbishop of [York](/source/Diocese_of_York)

- [Ibn Masarra](/source/Ibn_Masarra), Muslim [ascetic](/source/Asceticism) and scholar (b. [883](/source/883))

- [Christopher Lekapenos](/source/Christopher_Lekapenos), Byzantine co-emperor

- [Robert II](/source/Robert_II_(bishop_of_Tours)), bishop of [Tours](/source/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Tours) (approximate date)

- [Rollo](/source/Rollo), Viking leader and count (approximate date)

- [Stephen VII](/source/Pope_Stephen_VII), pope of the [Catholic Church](/source/Catholic_Church)

- [Wang Yanbing](/source/Wang_Yanbing), prince of [Min](/source/Min_(Ten_Kingdoms)) ([Ten Kingdoms](/source/Ten_Kingdoms))

**932**

- [May 6](/source/May_6) – [Qian Liu](/source/Qian_Liu), Chinese [warlord](/source/Warlord) and king (b. [852](/source/852))

- [May 18](/source/May_18) – [Ma Shaohong](/source/Ma_Shaohong), general of [Later Tang](/source/Later_Tang)

- [June 1](/source/June_1) – [Thietmar](/source/Thietmar%2C_Count_of_Merseburg), duke of [Saxony](/source/Duchy_of_Saxony)

- [June 10](/source/June_10) – [Dong Zhang](/source/Dong_Zhang), Chinese general

- [August 15](/source/August_15) – [Ma Xisheng](/source/Ma_Xisheng), king of [Chu](/source/Chu_(Ten_Kingdoms)) (b. [899](/source/899))

- [October 31](/source/October_31) – [Al-Muqtadir](/source/Al-Muqtadir), Abbasid caliph (b. [895](/source/895))

Al-Muqtadir's silver [Dirham](/source/Dirham). ([Abbasid](/source/Abbasid_dynasty) [caliph](/source/Caliph) Al-Muqtadir was assassinated on 31 October 932)

- [Fujiwara no Sadakata](/source/Fujiwara_no_Sadakata), Japanese [poet](/source/Japanese_poetry) (b. [873](/source/873))

- [Isaac Judaeus](/source/Isaac_Israeli_ben_Solomon), Arab Jewish physician (approximate date)

- [Orso II Participazio](/source/Orso_II_Participazio), doge of [Venice](/source/Republic_of_Venice)

- [Reginar II](/source/Reginar_II%2C_Count_of_Hainaut), Frankish [nobleman](/source/Nobility) (b. [890](/source/890))

- [Rollo](/source/Rollo), duke of Normandy (approximate date)

**933**

- [March 10](/source/March_10) – [Li Renfu](/source/Li_Renfu), Chinese [warlord](/source/Warlord) and governor

- [March 16](/source/March_16) – [Takin al-Khazari](/source/Takin_al-Khazari), Abbasid governor of [Egypt](/source/Egypt_in_the_Middle_Ages)

- [November 21](/source/November_21) – [Al-Tahawi](/source/Al-Tahawi), Arab [imam](/source/Imam) and scholar (b. [853](/source/853))

- [December 9](/source/December_9) – [Li Congrong](/source/Li_Congrong), prince of [Later Tang](/source/Later_Tang)

- [December 15](/source/December_15) – [Li Siyuan](/source/Li_Siyuan), emperor of Later Tang (b. [867](/source/867))

- [December 18](/source/December_18) – [Yaonian Yanmujin](/source/Empress_Dowager_Yaonian_Yanmujin), Chinese [empress dowager](/source/Empress_dowager)

- [Acfred II](/source/Acfred_II_of_Carcassonne), count of [Carcassonne](/source/County_of_Carcassonne) and [Razès](/source/County_of_Raz%C3%A8s) ([France](/source/France))

- [Adelolf](/source/Adelolf%2C_Count_of_Boulogne), count of [Boulogne](/source/County_of_Boulogne) (approximate date)

- [Alfonso IV](/source/Alfonso_IV_of_Le%C3%B3n), king of [León](/source/Kingdom_of_Le%C3%B3n) and [Galicia](/source/Kingdom_of_Galicia) ([Spain](/source/Spain))

- [Du Guangting](/source/Du_Guangting), Chinese [Taoist priest](/source/Taoist_priest) and writer (b. [850](/source/850))

- [Ealdred I](/source/Ealdred_I_of_Bamburgh), ruler ('king') of [Bernicia](/source/Bernicia) (approximate date)

- [Edwin](/source/Edwin%2C_son_of_Edward_the_Elder), English prince and son of [Edward the Elder](/source/Edward_the_Elder)

- [Fujiwara no Kanesuke](/source/Fujiwara_no_Kanesuke), Japanese [nobleman](/source/Nobility) (b. [877](/source/877))

- [Harald Fairhair](/source/Harald_Fairhair), king of [Norway](/source/Kingdom_of_Norway_(872%E2%80%931397)) (approximate date)

- [Ibn Duraid](/source/Ibn_Duraid), Arab poet and [philologist](/source/Philology) (b. [837](/source/837))

- [Mu'nis al-Muzaffar](/source/Mu'nis_al-Muzaffar), Abbasid general

- [Shaghab](/source/Shaghab), mother and *[de facto](/source/De_facto)* co-ruler of [Al-Muqtadir](/source/Al-Muqtadir)

- [Tryphon](/source/Tryphon_of_Constantinople), patriarch of [Constantinople](/source/Constantinople)

**934**

- [March 4](/source/March_4) – [Abdullah al-Mahdi Billah](/source/Abdullah_al-Mahdi_Billah), Fatimid [caliph](/source/Caliph) (b. [873](/source/873))

- [May 9](/source/May_9) – [Wang Sitong](/source/Wang_Sitong), Chinese general and governor (b. [892](/source/892))

- [May 14](/source/May_14) - [Feng Yun](/source/Feng_Yun_(Later_Tang)), Chinese chancellor (approximate date) - [Zhu Hongzhao](/source/Zhu_Hongzhao), Chinese general and governor

- [May 16](/source/May_16) – [Meng Hanqiong](/source/Meng_Hanqiong), [eunuch](/source/Eunuch) official of [Later Tang](/source/Later_Tang)

- [September 7](/source/September_7) – [Meng Zhixiang](/source/Meng_Zhixiang), Chinese general (b. [874](/source/874))

- [November 1](/source/November_1) – [Beornstan](/source/Beornstan_of_Winchester), bishop of [Winchester](/source/Diocese_of_Winchester)

- [November 2](/source/November_2) – [Emma](/source/Emma_of_France), queen of the [West Frankish Kingdom](/source/West_Francia)

- [Abu Zayd al-Balkhi](/source/Abu_Zayd_al-Balkhi), Abbasid [mathematician](/source/Mathematics_in_medieval_Islam) and [physician](/source/Medicine_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world)

- [Gervadius](/source/Gervadius), Irish [hermit](/source/Hermit) and saint (approximate date)

- [Gofraid ua Ímair](/source/Gofraid_ua_%C3%8Dmair), Viking leader and king of [Dublin](/source/Kingdom_of_Dublin)

- [Li Conghou](/source/Li_Conghou), emperor of Later Tang (b. [914](/source/914))

- [Li Renhan](/source/Li_Renhan), Chinese general and governor

- [Melias](/source/Melias), Byzantine general (*[strategos](/source/Strategos#Byzantine_use)*)

- [Olaf Haraldsson](/source/Olaf_Haraldsson_Geirstadalf), son of [Harald Fairhair](/source/Harald_Fairhair)

- [Sale Ngahkwe](/source/Sale_Ngahkwe), king of [Pagan](/source/Pagan_kingdom) ([Burma](/source/Myanmar))

- [Uallach ingen Muinecháin](/source/Uallach_ingen_Muinech%C3%A1in), Irish [poet](/source/Irish_poetry)

- [Xu Zhixun](/source/Xu_Zhixun_(younger)), general of [Wu](/source/Wu_(Ten_Kingdoms)) ([Ten Kingdoms](/source/Ten_Kingdoms))

- [Xue Wenjie](/source/Xue_Wenjie), official of [Min](/source/Min_(Ten_Kingdoms)) (Ten Kingdoms)

**935**

- [January 22](/source/January_22) – [Ma](/source/Empress_Ma_(Southern_Han)), empress of [Southern Han](/source/Southern_Han)

- January – [Mardavij](/source/Mardavij), founder of the [Ziyarid dynasty](/source/Ziyarid_dynasty) ([Iran](/source/Iran)), assassinated

- [September 28](/source/September_28) – [Wenceslaus I](/source/Wenceslaus_I%2C_Duke_of_Bohemia), duke of [Bohemia](/source/Duchy_of_Bohemia) (b. c. [907](/source/907)), assassinated

- [October 24](/source/October_24) – [Li Yu](/source/Li_Yu_(Later_Tang)), Chinese official and chancellor

- [November 17](/source/November_17) – assassination: - [Wang Yanjun](/source/Wang_Yanjun), emperor of Min ([Ten Kingdoms](/source/Ten_Kingdoms)) - [Chen Jinfeng](/source/Chen_Jinfeng), empress consort of Min (b. [893](/source/893))

- [Dai Siyuan](/source/Dai_Siyuan), general of [Later Liang](/source/Later_Liang_(Five_Dynasties)) ([Five Dynasties](/source/Five_Dynasties))

- [Govinda IV](/source/Govinda_IV), ruler of the [Rashtrakuta Dynasty](/source/Rashtrakuta_dynasty) ([India](/source/India))

- [Gruffydd ab Owain](/source/Gruffydd_ab_Owain), king of [Glywysing](/source/Glywysing) (approximate date)

- [John XI](/source/Pope_John_XI), pope of the [Catholic Church](/source/Catholic_Church) (approximate date)

- [Li Yichao](/source/Li_Yichao), Chinese [warlord](/source/Warlord) and governor (*jiedushi*)

- [Niftawayh](/source/Niftawayh), Abbasid scholar and grammarian (b. [858](/source/858))

- [Trpimir II](/source/Trpimir_II_of_Croatia), king of [Croatia](/source/Kingdom_of_Croatia_(925%E2%80%931102)) (approximate date)

- [Werner V](/source/Werner_V_(Salian)), Frankish nobleman (approximate date)

- [Yang Dongqian](/source/Yang_Dongqian), Chinese official and chancellor

- [Zhao Feng](/source/Zhao_Feng), Chinese official and chancellor

**936**

- [February 13](/source/February_13) – [Xiao Wen](/source/Empress_Xiao_Wen), empress of the [Liao Dynasty](/source/Liao_dynasty)

- [July 2](/source/July_2) – [Henry the Fowler](/source/Henry_the_Fowler), king of the [East Frankish Kingdom](/source/East_Francia)

- [July 5](/source/July_5) – [Xu Ji](/source/Xu_Ji), official and chancellor of [Former Shu](/source/Former_Shu)

- [September 17](/source/September_17) – [Unni](/source/Unni_(bishop)), archbishop of [Hamburg-Bremen](/source/Hamburg-Bremen)

- [September 27](/source/September_27) – [Kyŏn Hwŏn](/source/Ky%C5%8Fn_Hw%C5%8Fn), king of [Later Baekje](/source/Later_Baekje) (b. [867](/source/867))

- [December 25](/source/December_25) – [Zhang Jingda](/source/Zhang_Jingda), general of [Later Tang](/source/Later_Tang)

- [Abu Bakr ibn Mujāhid](/source/Abu_Bakr_Ibn_Muj%C4%81hid), Muslim [canonical](/source/Canonical_criticism) reader and scholar

- [Abu al-Hasan al-Ash'ari](/source/Abu_al-Hasan_al-Ash'ari), Muslim [Shafi'i](/source/Shafi'i) scholar (b. [874](/source/874))

- [Al-Muntakhab al-Hasan](/source/Al-Muntakhab_al-Hasan), ruler of the [Rassid Dynasty](/source/Rassids)

- [Andrew of Constantinople](/source/Andrew_of_Constantinople), Byzantine [saint](/source/Saint)

- [Gagik I of Vaspurakan](/source/Gagik_I_of_Vaspurakan), Armenian king (or [943](/source/943))

- [Ibn al-Mughallis](/source/Ibn_al-Mughallis), Muslim theologian and [jurist](/source/Jurist)

- [Murchadh mac Sochlachan](/source/Murchadh_mac_Sochlachan), king of [Uí Maine](/source/U%C3%AD_Maine) ([Ireland](/source/Ireland))

- [Rudolph I](/source/Rudolph_of_France), king of the [West Frankish Kingdom](/source/West_Francia)

- [Dandi Mahadevi](/source/Dandi_Mahadevi), Indian queen regnant

**937**

- [January 11](/source/January_11) - [Cao](/source/Empress_Cao_(Li_Siyuan's_wife)), empress of [Later Tang](/source/Later_Tang) - [Li Chongmei](/source/Li_Chongmei), prince of Later Tang - [Li Congke](/source/Li_Congke), emperor of Later Tang (b. [885](/source/885)) - [Liu](/source/Empress_Liu_(Li_Congke's_wife)), empress of Later Tang

- [January 14](/source/January_14) – [Zhang Yanlang](/source/Zhang_Yanlang), Chinese official

- [July 11](/source/July_11) – [Rudolph II](/source/Rudolph_II_of_Burgundy), king of [Burgundy](/source/Kingdom_of_Burgundy)

- [July 14](/source/July_14) – [Arnulf I](/source/Arnulf%2C_Duke_of_Bavaria), duke of [Bavaria](/source/Duchy_of_Bavaria)

- [October 10](/source/October_10) – [Wang Lingmou](/source/Wang_Lingmou), chancellor of [Wu](/source/Wu_(Ten_Kingdoms))

- [December 3](/source/December_3) – [Siegfried](/source/Siegfried%2C_Count_of_Merseburg), Frankish [nobleman](/source/Nobility)

- [Ælfwine](/source/%C3%86lfwine_of_Lichfield), bishop of [Lichfield](/source/Diocese_of_Lichfield) (approximate date)

- [Abbo](/source/Abbo_(bishop_of_Soissons)), adviser and bishop of [Soissons](/source/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Soissons)

- [Alphege](/source/Alphege_of_Wells), bishop of [Wells](/source/Diocese_of_Bath_and_Wells) (approximate date)

- [David II](/source/David_II_of_Iberia), king of Iberia/Kartli ([Georgia](/source/Georgia_(country)))

- [David ibn Merwan](/source/David_ibn_Merwan_al-Mukkamas), Jewish [philosopher](/source/Philosopher)

- [Dubacan of Angus](/source/Dubacan_of_Angus), Scottish nobleman

- [Ermengol](/source/Ermengol_of_Rouergue), Frankish nobleman (b. [870](/source/870))

- [Gebeachan](/source/Gebeachan), king of the [Isles](/source/Kingdom_of_the_Isles) ([Hebrides](/source/Hebrides))

- [Liu Yanhao](/source/Liu_Yanhao), general of Later Tang

- [Marozia](/source/Marozia), Roman noblewoman (b. [890](/source/890))

- [Tidhelm](/source/Tidhelm), bishop of [Hereford](/source/Diocese_of_Hereford) (approximate date)

- [Xu Jingqian](/source/Xu_Jingqian), official and [regent](/source/Regent) of Wu (b. [919](/source/919))

- [Yang Meng](/source/Yang_Meng), prince of Wu ([Ten Kingdoms](/source/Ten_Kingdoms))

- [Yelü Bei](/source/Yel%C3%BC_Bei), prince of the [Liao Dynasty](/source/Liao_dynasty) (b. [899](/source/899))

- [Zhao Dejun](/source/Zhao_Dejun), general of Later Tang

**938**

- [February 3](/source/February_3) – [Zhou Ben](/source/Zhou_Ben), general of [Wu](/source/Wu_(Ten_Kingdoms)) (b. [862](/source/862))

- [July 28](/source/July_28) – [Thankmar](/source/Thankmar), half-brother of [Otto I](/source/Otto_I%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperor) (during the Siege of [Eresburg](/source/Eresburg))

- [Lady Ise](/source/Lady_Ise), Japanese [noblewoman](/source/Nobility) and [poet](/source/Japanese_poetry) (b. [875](/source/875)) (approximate date)

- [Lady Peng](/source/Lady_Peng_(Ma_Xifan's_wife)), noblewoman of [Chu](/source/Chu_(Ten_Kingdoms)) ([Ten Kingdoms](/source/Ten_Kingdoms))

- [Muhammad ibn Ja'far al-Khara'iti](/source/Muhammad_ibn_Ja'far_al-Khara'iti), Abbasid theologian

- [Shen Song](/source/Shen_Song), chancellor of [Wuyue](/source/Wuyue) (b. [863](/source/863))

**939**

- [January 21](/source/January_21) – [Yang Pu](/source/Yang_Pu), emperor of [Wu](/source/Wu_(Ten_Kingdoms)) (b. [900](/source/900))

- [May 25](/source/May_25) – [Yao Yanzhang](/source/Yao_Yanzhang), general of [Chu](/source/Chu_(Ten_Kingdoms))

- [July 13](/source/July_13) – [Leo VII](/source/Pope_Leo_VII), pope of the [Catholic Church](/source/Catholic_Church)

- [August 29](/source/August_29) - [Li Chunyan](/source/Empress_Li_Chunyan), empress of [Min](/source/Min_(Ten_Kingdoms)) ([Ten Kingdoms](/source/Ten_Kingdoms)) - [Wang Jipeng](/source/Wang_Jipeng), emperor of Min

- [October 2](/source/October_2) - [Eberhard III](/source/Eberhard_of_Franconia), duke of [Franconia](/source/Duchy_of_Franconia) - [Gilbert](/source/Gilbert%2C_Duke_of_Lorraine), duke of [Lotharingia](/source/Lotharingia)

- [October 27](/source/October_27) – [Æthelstan](/source/%C3%86thelstan), king of [England](/source/Kingdom_of_England)[24]

- [November 28](/source/November_28) – [Lady Ma](/source/Lady_Ma_(Qian_Yuanguan's_wife)), Chinese [noblewoman](/source/Nobility) (b. [890](/source/890))

- [Ali ibn Babawayh Qummi](/source/Ali_ibn_Babawayh_Qummi), Twelver [Shi'a](/source/Shia_islam) scholar

- [Ashot the Swift](/source/Ashot_the_Swift), prince of [Tao-Klarjeti](/source/Principality_of_Tao-Klarjeti) ([Georgia](/source/Georgia_(country)))

- [Pietro II Candiano](/source/Pietro_II_Candiano), doge of [Venice](/source/Republic_of_Venice)

## References

1. **[^](#cite_ref-1)** [Halm, Heinz](/source/Heinz_Halm) (1991). *Das Reich des Mahdi: Der Aufstieg der Fatimiden* [*The Empire of the Mahdi: The Rise of the Fatimids*] (in German). Munich: C. H. Beck. pp. 229–230. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-3-406-35497-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-406-35497-7).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-2)** [\[1\]](http://lombardleagues.proboards.com/thread/68/italian-history). Italian History - Timeline Lombard Leagues Board, p. 11.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-3)** Collins, Roger (1983). *Early Medieval Spain*. New York: St. Martin's Press. p. 241. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-312-22464-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-22464-8).

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1. **[^](#cite_ref-5)** [\[3\]](http://lombardleagues.proboards.com/thread/68/italian-history). Italian History - Timeline Lombard Leagues Board, p. 11.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-6)** Timothy Reuter (1999). *The New Cambridge Medieval History, Volume III*, p. 543. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-521-36447-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-36447-8).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-7)** Pierre Riché, *The Carolingians: A Family who Forged Europe*, trans. Michael Idomir Allen (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1993), pp. 252–253.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-8)** Gilbert Meynier (2010) *L'Algérie cœur du Maghreb classique. De l'ouverture islamo-arabe au repli (658-1518)*. Paris: La Découverte; p. 41.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-9)** Timothy Reuter (1999). *The New Cambridge Medieval History, Volume III*, p. 543. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-521-36447-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-36447-8).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-10)** Steven A. Epstein, *Genoa and the Genoese, 958–1528*. (The University of North Carolina Press, 1996), p.14.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-11)** ["Geography at about.com"](https://web.archive.org/web/20160818124242/http://geography.about.com/library/weekly/aa011201a.htm). Archived from [the original](http://geography.about.com/library/weekly/aa011201a.htm) on August 18, 2016. Retrieved March 1, 2006.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-12)** Gilbert Meynier (2010). *L'Algérie cœur du Maghreb classique. De l'ouverture islamo-arabe au repli (658–1518)*. Paris: La Découverte, p. 43.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-13)** Timothy Reuter (1999). *The New Cambridge Medieval History, Volume III*, p. 244. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-521-36447-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-36447-8).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-14)** ["Cornwall timeline 936"](https://web.archive.org/web/20080930154026/http://www.cornwall.gov.uk/index.cfm?articleid=5042). [Cornwall Council](/source/Cornwall_Council). Archived from [the original](http://www.cornwall.gov.uk/index.cfm?articleid=5042) on September 30, 2008.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-15)** Timothy Reuter (1999). *The New Cambridge Medieval History, Volume III*, pp. 341–342. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-521-36447-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-36447-8).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-16)** Ernest F. Henderson (1894). *History of Germany in the Middle Ages*, G. Bell & Sons, London, p. 125.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-17)** Timothy Reuter (1999). *The New Cambridge Medieval History, Volume III*, p. 245. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-521-36447-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-36447-8).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-:02_18-0)** [Ngô Sĩ Liên](/source/Ng%C3%B4_S%C4%A9_Li%C3%AAn) (1993), [Đại Việt sử ký toàn thư](/source/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Vi%E1%BB%87t_s%E1%BB%AD_k%C3%BD_to%C3%A0n_th%C6%B0), page 53, Peripheral Records vol. 5, "Kỷ Nam Bắc Phân Tranh"

1. **[^](#cite_ref-19)** *The Annals of Flodoard of Reims; 919-966*, Ed, & Trans. Steven Fanning & Bernard S. Bachrach (University of Toronto Press, 2011), p. 32.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-20)** "Abd-al-Rahman III". *Encyclopædia Britannica*. I: A-Ak - Bayes (15th edit.). Chicago, IL: Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 2010. pp. 17–18. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-59339-837-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59339-837-8).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-21)** Kevin Halloran, "Anlaf Guthfrithson at York", pp. 180–185.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-22)** Nussbaum, Louis Frédéric *et al.* (2005). "Taira no Masakado" in [Japan Encyclopedia*, p. 926.*](https://books.google.com/books?id=p2QnPijAEmEC&pg=PA926), p. 926, at [Google Books](/source/Google_Books).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-23)** Vo, Nghia. *[Legends of Vietnam: An Analysis and Retelling of 88 Tales](https://books.google.com/books?id=BeIAXRNSwOgC&pg=PA52)*, p. 52 (McFarland, 2012).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-24)** ["Athelstan | king of England | Britannica"](https://www.britannica.com/biography/Athelstan). *www.britannica.com*. Retrieved 20 February 2022.

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