# 2020 Summer Olympics

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Multi-sport event in Tokyo, Japan

"Tokyo 2020", "Tokyo 2021", "2020 Olympics", and "2021 Olympics" redirect here. For other uses, see [2020 Summer Paralympics](/source/2020_Summer_Paralympics) and [2020 Winter Youth Olympics](/source/2020_Winter_Youth_Olympics).

Games of the XXXII Olympiad Emblem of the 2020 Summer Olympics[a] Location Tokyo, Japan Motto United by Emotion[b] Nations 206 (including EOR and ROC teams) Athletes 11,319 (5,910 men, 5,409 women)[2] Events 339 in 33 sports (51 disciplines) Opening 23 July 2021 Closing 8 August 2021 Opened by Emperor Naruhito Closed by IOC president Thomas Bach Cauldron Naomi Osaka Stadium Japan National Stadium[c] Summer ← Rio 2016 Paris 2024 → Winter ← Pyeongchang 2018 Beijing 2022 → 2020 Summer Paralympics

Part of a series on 2020 Summer Olympics Bid process (bid details) Development (venues, torch relay) Marketing (mascots, pictograms) Broadcasters Opening ceremony (flag bearers) Event calendar Chronological summary Medal table (medalists) Controversies (Russian doping scandal, withdrawals, COVID-19 cases, Belarus scandal) World and Olympic records Closing ceremony (flag bearers) Paralympics (medal table) IOC JOC TOCOG v t e

The **2020 Summer Olympics**,[d] officially the **Games of the XXXII Olympiad**[e] and officially branded as **Tokyo 2020**,[f] were an international [multi-sport event](/source/Multi-sport_event) held from July 23 to August 8, 2021, in [Tokyo](/source/Tokyo), Japan, with some of the preliminary sporting events beginning on July 21, 2021. Tokyo was selected as the [host city](/source/List_of_Olympic_Games_host_cities) during the [125th IOC Session](/source/125th_IOC_Session) in [Buenos Aires](/source/Buenos_Aires), Argentina, on September 7, 2013.[3]

Originally scheduled to take place from July 24 to August 9, 2020, the Tokyo Games were postponed until 2021 on March 24, 2020 as a result of the global [COVID-19 pandemic](/source/COVID-19_pandemic), the first such postponement in the history of the [Olympic Games](/source/Olympic_Games) (some previous editions had been cancelled but not rescheduled).[4][5] However, the **Tokyo 2020** branding was retained for marketing purposes.[6] The events were largely held [behind closed doors](/source/Behind_closed_doors_(sport)) with no public spectators permitted due to the declaration of a state of emergency in the [Greater Tokyo Area](/source/Greater_Tokyo_Area) in response to the pandemic, the only Olympic Games to be held without official spectators.[g] As a consequence of the postponement and the additional challenges caused by the pandemic, the 2020 Games were the most costly ever, with a total expenditure of over $20 billion.[8]

The 2020 Games were the fourth Olympics to be held in Japan, following the [1964 Summer Olympics](/source/1964_Summer_Olympics) (Tokyo), the [1972 Winter Olympics](/source/1972_Winter_Olympics) ([Sapporo](/source/Sapporo)), and the [1998 Winter Olympics](/source/1998_Winter_Olympics) ([Nagano](/source/Nagano_(city))). Tokyo became the first city in [Asia](/source/Asia) to hold the [Summer Olympic Games](/source/Summer_Olympic_Games) twice.[h] The 2020 Games were the second of three consecutive Olympics to be held in [East Asia](/source/East_Asia), following the [2018 Winter Olympics](/source/2018_Winter_Olympics) in [Pyeongchang](/source/Pyeongchang_County), South Korea, and preceding the [2022 Winter Olympics](/source/2022_Winter_Olympics) in [Beijing](/source/Beijing), China. Because of the one-year postponement, Tokyo 2020 is the only Olympic Games to have taken place in an odd-numbered year.[10]

New events were introduced in existing sports, including [3x3 basketball](/source/3x3_basketball), [freestyle BMX](/source/Freestyle_BMX), and mixed-gender team events in a number of existing sports, as well as the return of [madison cycling](/source/Madison_(cycling)) for men and an introduction of the same event for women. New [IOC](/source/IOC) policies allowed the host city's organizing committee to add new sports to the [Olympic program](/source/Olympic_sports) for just one Games. The disciplines added by the [Japanese Olympic Committee](/source/Japanese_Olympic_Committee) were [baseball](/source/Baseball_at_the_2020_Summer_Olympics) and [softball](/source/Softball_at_the_2020_Summer_Olympics), [karate](/source/Karate_at_the_2020_Summer_Olympics), [sport climbing](/source/Sport_climbing_at_the_2020_Summer_Olympics), [surfing](/source/Surfing_at_the_2020_Summer_Olympics), and [skateboarding](/source/Skateboarding_at_the_2020_Summer_Olympics); the last four of these were making their Olympic debuts, and the last three have remained on the Olympic program.[11]

The [United States](/source/United_States_at_the_2020_Summer_Olympics) topped the [medal table](/source/2020_Summer_Olympics_medal_table) both by gold (39) and total medals (113), with [China](/source/China_at_the_2020_Summer_Olympics) finishing second (38 and 89, respectively). Host nation [Japan](/source/Japan_at_the_2020_Summer_Olympics) finished third, setting a record for the most gold and overall medals won by their delegation at an Olympic Games with 27 and 58, respectively. [Great Britain](/source/Great_Britain_at_the_2020_Summer_Olympics) finished fourth, with 22 gold and 64 total medals. The [Russian delegation](/source/Russian_Olympic_Committee_athletes_at_the_2020_Summer_Olympics), competing as the [ROC](/source/Russian_Olympic_Committee), finished fifth with 20 gold medals and third in the overall medal count, with 71 medals. [Bermuda](/source/Bermuda_at_the_2020_Summer_Olympics), the [Philippines](/source/Philippines_at_the_2020_Summer_Olympics), and [Qatar](/source/Qatar_at_the_2020_Summer_Olympics) won their first-ever Olympic gold medals.[12][13][14] [Burkina Faso](/source/Burkina_Faso_at_the_2020_Summer_Olympics), [San Marino](/source/San_Marino_at_the_2020_Summer_Olympics), and [Turkmenistan](/source/Turkmenistan_at_the_2020_Summer_Olympics) also won their first-ever Olympic medals.[15][16][17]

## Bidding process

Main article: [Bids for the 2020 Summer Olympics](/source/Bids_for_the_2020_Summer_Olympics)

The three candidate cities were [Tokyo](/source/Tokyo_bid_for_the_2020_Summer_Olympics), [Istanbul](/source/Istanbul_bid_for_the_2020_Summer_Olympics), and [Madrid](/source/Madrid_bid_for_the_2020_Summer_Olympics). The applicant cities of [Baku](/source/Baku_bid_for_the_2020_Summer_Olympics) and [Doha](/source/Doha_bid_for_the_2020_Summer_Olympics) were not promoted to candidate status. A [bid from Rome](/source/Rome_bid_for_the_2020_Summer_Olympics) was withdrawn.[18]

### Host city selection

The [International Olympic Committee](/source/International_Olympic_Committee) (IOC) voted to select the host city of the 2020 Summer Olympics on September 7, 2013, at the [125th IOC Session](/source/125th_IOC_Session) in [Buenos Aires](/source/Buenos_Aires), Argentina, using an [exhaustive ballot](/source/Exhaustive_ballot) system.[18] None of the candidate cities won more than 50% of the votes in the first round; Madrid and Istanbul were tied for second place, so a runoff vote was held to determine which of the two cities would be eliminated. The final vote was a head-to-head contest between Tokyo and Istanbul. Tokyo was selected by 60 votes to 36, gaining at least the 49 votes required for a majority.[18]

2020 Summer Olympics host city election[19] City Team Round 1 Runoff Round 2 Tokyo Japan 42 — 60 Istanbul Turkey 26 49 36 Madrid Spain 26 45 —

## Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic

Main articles: [COVID-19 cases at the 2020 Summer Olympics and 2020 Summer Paralympics](/source/COVID-19_cases_at_the_2020_Summer_Olympics_and_2020_Summer_Paralympics) and [List of athletes not attending the 2020 Summer Olympics due to COVID-19 concerns](/source/List_of_athletes_not_attending_the_2020_Summer_Olympics_due_to_COVID-19_concerns)

See also: [COVID-19 pandemic in Japan](/source/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Japan) and [Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on sports](/source/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_sports)

Few pedestrians on the [Shibuya Crossing](/source/Shibuya_Crossing) during the state of emergency in the middle of Japan's [first wave](/source/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Japan) of the COVID-19 pandemic, early 2020

In January 2020, concerns were raised about the potential impact of the [COVID-19 pandemic](/source/COVID-19_pandemic) on athletes and visitors to the Summer Olympic Games.[20] Tokyo organizers and the International Olympic Committee insisted they were monitoring the spread of the disease to minimize its effects on preparations for the Olympics.[21] The IOC stated that in 2020, their Japanese partners and Prime Minister [Shinzo Abe](/source/Shinzo_Abe) "made it very clear that Japan could not manage a postponement beyond next summer [2021] at the latest".[22] Unlike the [case for Zika virus](/source/Concerns_and_controversies_at_the_2016_Summer_Olympics#Zika_virus) during the [2016 Summer Olympics](/source/2016_Summer_Olympics) in Rio de Janeiro, [SARS-CoV-2](/source/Severe_acute_respiratory_syndrome_coronavirus_2) can be transmitted directly between humans, posing tougher challenges for the organizers to counteract the infectious disease and host a safe and secure event.[20] Also unlike the [case for H1N1 "swine flu"](/source/Concerns_and_controversies_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics#H1N1_pandemic) during the [2010 Winter Olympics](/source/2010_Winter_Olympics) in Vancouver, COVID-19 has a higher fatality rate, and there was no [effective vaccine](/source/COVID-19_vaccine) until December 2020.[23] In a February 2020 interview, [Conservative](/source/Conservative_Party_(UK)) [London mayoral candidate](/source/2020_London_mayoral_election) [Shaun Bailey](/source/Shaun_Bailey_(London_politician)) argued that London would be able to host the Olympic Games at the former [2012 Olympic venues](/source/Venues_of_the_2012_Summer_Olympics_and_Paralympics) should the Games need to be moved because of the COVID-19 pandemic.[24] [Tokyo Governor](/source/Governor_of_Tokyo) [Yuriko Koike](/source/Yuriko_Koike) criticized Bailey's comment as inappropriate.[25] In early 2021, officials in the US state of [Florida](/source/Florida) offered to host the delayed Games in their state, while [John Coates](/source/John_Coates_(sports_administrator)), the IOC vice president in charge of the Tokyo Olympics, said the Games would open even if the city and other parts of Japan were under a state of emergency because of COVID-19.[26][27]

Estimates by the [National Institute of Infectious Diseases](/source/National_Institute_of_Infectious_Diseases_(Japan)) and [Kyoto University](/source/Kyoto_University) predicted that states of emergency might be required during the Games.[28] The reports published at the Ministry of Health experts' panel also showed new patients increasing to 10,000 if the Games were to allow spectators.[29]

### Qualifying event cancellation and postponement

Concerns about the pandemic began to affect qualifying events in early 2020. Some that were due to take place in February were moved to alternative locations to address concerns about traveling to the affected areas, particularly China. For example, the [women's basketball qualification](/source/2020_FIBA_Women's_Olympic_Qualifying_Tournaments_%E2%80%93_Belgrade_2) was played in [Belgrade](/source/Belgrade), Serbia, instead of [Foshan](/source/Foshan), China.[30] The [Asia & Oceania boxing qualification tournament](/source/2020_Asia_%26_Oceania_Boxing_Olympic_Qualification_Tournament), which was originally planned to be held from February 3–14 in [Wuhan](/source/Wuhan), China (the location of the original outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic), instead took place in [Amman](/source/Amman), Jordan, at the beginning of March.[31] The third round of the [women's football qualification tournament](/source/2020_AFC_Women's_Olympic_Qualifying_Tournament) was also affected, as the group matches formerly scheduled to be held in China were moved to Australia.[32] The [European boxing qualification](/source/2020_European_Boxing_Olympic_Qualification_Tournament) began on March 14, 2020 in [London](/source/London), United Kingdom, but was suspended after two days of competition before being rescheduled for April 2021.[33][34] It eventually resumed in June 2021 but was moved to [Paris](/source/Paris), France,[35] because of renewed concerns over [travel to the UK](/source/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Kingdom). Other qualifying events that were due to take place in March to June 2020 began to be postponed until later in the year and mid-2021 as part of a wider suspension of international sporting competitions in response to the pandemic. A multitude of Olympic sports were affected, including archery, baseball, cycling, handball, judo, rowing, sailing, volleyball, and water polo.[36]

### Effect on doping tests

Mandatory doping tests were significantly restricted by the COVID-19 pandemic in early 2020. European anti-doping organizations raised concerns that blood and urine tests could not be performed and that mobilizing the necessary staff before the pandemic's end would pose health risks. Despite the need for extensive testing ahead of the Games, the [World Anti-Doping Agency](/source/World_Anti-Doping_Agency) (WADA) stated that public health and safety remained its top priority.[37] The [China Anti-Doping Agency](/source/China_Anti-Doping_Agency) (CHINADA) temporarily suspended testing on February 3, 2020, with plans to resume phased testing later that month.[38] By the end of March, anti-doping organizations in the US, France, Great Britain, and Germany had also reduced their testing activities.[37]

It was subsequently revealed that 23 Chinese swimmers had tested positive for the drug [trimetazidine](/source/Trimetazidine), but were permitted to compete, after CHINADA claimed they had ingested tiny amounts unawares from a kitchen. Some, including [Zhang Yufei](/source/Zhang_Yufei_(swimmer)), [Wang Shun](/source/Wang_Shun), and [Qin Haiyang](/source/Qin_Haiyang), went on to win medals. The affair resulted in deep upset amongst the international athletic community.[39]

### Postponement to 2021

The [Tokyo Organizing Committee of the Olympic and Paralympic Games](/source/Tokyo_Organizing_Committee_of_the_Olympic_and_Paralympic_Games) (TOCOG) released a statement on March 2, 2020, confirming that preparations for the upcoming Tokyo Olympics were "continuing as planned".[40] On March 23, both Canada and Australia indicated that they would withdraw from the Games if they were not postponed by a year.[41] On the same day, Japanese prime minister Shinzo Abe stated he would support a proposed postponement, citing that ensuring athlete safety was "paramount", and veteran IOC member and former vice president [Dick Pound](/source/Dick_Pound) said he expected the Games to be postponed.[42][43]

On March 24, 2020, 122 days to go for the planned start, the IOC, TOCOG, and prime minister Abe released a joint statement announcing that the 2020 Summer Olympics and [Paralympics](/source/2020_Summer_Paralympics) would be rescheduled to a date "beyond 2020 but not later than summer 2021". They stated that the Games could "stand as a beacon of hope to the world during these troubled times", and that the [Olympic flame](/source/Olympic_flame) could become "the light at the end of the tunnel in which the world finds itself at present".[44] Prime Minister Abe stated that IOC president [Thomas Bach](/source/Thomas_Bach) responded "with 100% agreement" to his proposal to delay the Games. For continuity and marketing purposes, it was agreed that the Games would still be branded as Tokyo 2020 despite the change in schedule.[6]

On March 30, 2020, the IOC and TOCOG announced that they had reached an agreement on the new dates for the 2020 Summer Olympics, which would begin with the opening ceremony on July 23, 2021 and end with the closing ceremony on August 8, 2021, still to be held in Tokyo.[45][46] The subsequent [Winter Olympics in Beijing](/source/2022_Winter_Olympics) were scheduled to begin on February 4, 2022, less than six months later. Shortly before the postponement was confirmed, the IOC and Tokyo 2020 organizers formed a task force named "Here We Go" with the remit to address any issues arising from postponing the Games, such as sponsorship and accommodation. The organizers confirmed that all athletes who had already qualified for Tokyo 2020 prior to March 24, 2020 would keep their qualification slots.[47]

### Calls for cancellation

Health experts expressed concern in April 2020 that the Games might have to be cancelled if the pandemic should persist.[48] In an interview, the then president of TOCOG and former Japanese prime minister, [Yoshirō Mori](/source/Yoshir%C5%8D_Mori), asserted that the Games would be "scrapped" if they could not go ahead in 2021.[49] On April 29, 2020, Prime Minister Abe stated that the Games "must be held in a way that shows the world has won its battle against the coronavirus pandemic".[50] Thomas Bach acknowledged in an interview on May 20, 2020, that the job of reorganizing the Tokyo Games was "a mammoth task" and also admitted that the event would have to be cancelled altogether if it could not take place in the summer of 2021.[51] However, both Mori and Bach expressed optimism about the Games going ahead.[49][51]

A member of the Japanese COVID-19 Advisory Committee on the basic action policy co-authored a *[British Medical Journal](/source/The_BMJ)* editorial, which stated, "holding Tokyo 2020 for domestic political and economic purposes—ignoring scientific and moral imperatives—is contradictory to Japan's commitment to global health and human security".[52]

On January 21, 2021, multiple sources reported that the Japanese government had "privately concluded" that the Games would have to be cancelled.[53] The government dismissed the claims, stating the reports were "categorically untrue".[54] The new Japanese prime minister [Yoshihide Suga](/source/Yoshihide_Suga) confirmed on February 19 that the [G7](/source/Group_of_Seven) had given unanimous support for the postponed Games to go ahead as scheduled.[55] It was reported in April 2021, just three months before the start of the Games, that there was still the option to cancel the Tokyo Olympics with the country having vaccinated less than 1% of its population, with tens of thousands of volunteers expected to take part and athletes not being required to quarantine after arriving in Japan.[56][57]

Public support for the Games in Japan decreased significantly amid a 2021 surge in [COVID-19 cases in the country](/source/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Japan).[58] Multiple organizations of medical professionals voiced oppositions to the Games,[52][59][60] while an opinion poll in April 2021 saw 40% of participants support the cancellation of the Games and 33% support a second postponement.[61] In May 2021, 83% of those polled supported the cancellation or postponement of the Games.[62] The Tokyo Medical Practitioners Association called for cancellation, stating that hospitals in Tokyo "have their hands full and have almost no spare capacity" in an open letter to the prime minister.[63] At least nine out of 47 elected governors supported cancellation of the Games.[64] Nearly 37% of Japanese companies surveyed supported cancellation of the Games, and 32% supported postponement.[65]

[Kenji Utsunomiya](/source/Kenji_Utsunomiya), who had previously run for Governor of Tokyo, collected more than 351,000 signatures on a petition calling for the organizers to "prioritize life" over the Olympics.[66] Japanese writers [Jiro Akagawa](/source/Jir%C5%8D_Akagawa)[67][68] and [Fuminori Nakamura](/source/Fuminori_Nakamura) also called for the Games to be postponed or cancelled.[69]

On May 26, 2021, the *[Asahi Shimbun](/source/The_Asahi_Shimbun)* newspaper, which was a local sponsor of the Games, published an editorial calling for Prime Minister Suga to "calmly and objectively assess the situation and decide on the cancellation of the event this summer."[70] On June 4, it was reported that Japanese sponsors proposed to the organizers for "the Games to be postponed for several months," citing a comment by a corporate sponsor senior executive: "It just makes much, much more sense from our perspective to hold the Games when there are more vaccinated people, the weather is cooler and maybe public opposition is lower."[71]

In July 2021, it was announced that all events in Tokyo were to be held [behind closed doors](/source/Behind_closed_doors_(sport)) with no spectators due to a new state of emergency. A poll by the *Asahi Shimbun* found that 55% of those surveyed supported cancellation of the Olympics, and 68% felt that organizers would not be able to suitably control COVID-19 at the Games.[72] The decision was also detrimental to local sponsors, which had planned in-person presences to promote their products during the Games; an executive of official sponsor [Toyota](/source/Toyota) stated that the company had pulled a television advertising campaign it had planned for the Games in Japan, citing that the Olympics were "becoming an event that has not gained the public's understanding."[72][73]

Had the Games been cancelled, it would have been the first time since [World War II](/source/World_War_II) that an Olympic event had been called off and the first Games to be scrapped due to circumstances unrelated to war.[i] A complete cancellation would have also cost Japan ¥4.52 trillion (US$41.5 billion), based on operating expenses and [loss of tourism](/source/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_tourism) activity to Japan, which had closed its international borders to foreign travelers since March 2020, did not reopen until October 2022, and was initially scheduled to end preventive border measures in May 2023 but had moved early at the end of April of that year, less than two years after the Games ended.[74][75]

### Costs and insurance

According to an estimate conducted by professor emeritus Katsuhiro Miyamoto of [Kansai University](/source/Kansai_University) and reported by the [NHK](/source/NHK) in March 2020, the cost of delaying the 2020 Olympics by one year would be 640.8 billion yen ([US$](/source/United_States_dollar)5.8 billion), taking maintenance expenditures for the unused facilities into account.[74]

The [Nomura Research Institute](/source/Nomura_Research_Institute) estimated that cancelling the Tokyo Olympics and Paralympics in 2021 would cost around 1.81 trillion yen ($17 billion), less than the economic damages projected if another state of emergency is declared, noting that a decision to hold the Games "should be made based on the impact on infection risks, not from the standpoint of economic loss".[76]

The Tokyo Games were protected through the commercial insurance marketplace [Lloyd's of London](/source/Lloyd's_of_London), by global reinsurers [Munich Re](/source/Munich_Re) and [Swiss Re](/source/Swiss_Re). The IOC takes out around $800 million of insurance for each Summer Olympics, with the total amount of loss insured for the 2020 Games likely to be more than $2 billion.[*[needs update](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items)*] The disruption caused by postponing the Games was covered by the insurance policy, with those likely to make claims for their financial losses including local organizers, sponsors, hospitality firms, and travel providers.[77][78][*[needs update](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items)*]

Holders of tickets purchased from overseas prior to postponement were entitled to refunds for both Olympic and Paralympic ticket purchases, except for the costs of cancelled hotel bookings. Although about 600,000 Olympic tickets and 300,000 Paralympic tickets were eligible to be refunded, organizers said they would not release the total costs of the refunds.[79] Reuters quoted industry sources who estimated that the Tokyo Olympics Committee had taken out US$500–$800 million in insurance, and that after accounting for costs such as rebooking sporting venues and the Olympic Village, little of that payout would be available to recoup the proceeds of lost and refunded ticket sales.[80] The local organizers are responsible for ticket sales and use them to defray the costs of holding the Games; ticket sales were expected to bring in approximately US$800 million, but actual sales were close to zero.[81]

In June 2022, the Tokyo Organizing Committee revealed in the final budget report for the Tokyo Olympics and Paralympics that the cost for the Olympic Games was 640.4 billion yen (US$5.8 billion[j]), which was higher than the cost for the [Rio 2016](/source/2016_Summer_Olympics#Cost).[83][2] The total, final cost of the delayed Games was 1.4 trillion yen (US$13 billion).[84]

### Public opinion and COVID-19 effect during and after the Games

Prior to the Tokyo Olympics being held, many Japanese people were negative about hosting the event, but their attitudes had become more positive toward the end of the Games. According to a public opinion poll conducted jointly by the [Nippon News Network](/source/Nippon_News_Network) and the *[Yomiuri Shimbun](/source/Yomiuri_Shimbun)* newspaper, which targeted Japanese citizens at the end of the Olympics, 38% of respondents said it was possible to hold the Olympics in a safe manner against COVID-19, while 55% said it was not possible. However, 64% answered it was good that the Tokyo Games had gone ahead, while 28% answered that they wished the event had not been held. Of the respondents, 61% were glad the event had been held without spectators, and only 12% said that spectators should have been allowed.[85]

On July 29, less than a week into the Games, journalist Masaki Kubota reported his analysis of the Japanese people's perspective on the Olympics, which he believed was greatly influenced by the change in the way the Japanese news media reported on the Games. He pointed out that many Japanese news media had insisted on canceling the Olympics, citing fears that COVID-19 would spread, but once Japanese athletes started winning medals, the media changed their reporting policy and began livening up the Olympics, which had the effect of altering public opinion in Japan.[86]

Once the Tokyo Olympics were underway, followed by the [Tokyo Paralympics](/source/2020_Summer_Paralympics), there was a sharp increase in COVID-19 cases in Japan, especially those caused by the [Delta variant](/source/SARS-CoV-2_Delta_variant). On July 26, there were 60,157 cases detected in Japan, breaking the record of 44,961 cases recorded on May 10. On August 9, one day after the Olympics had ended, daily cases in Japan reached 100,000 for the first time, and new cases continued to increase until the peak on August 23, when 156,931 cases were recorded.[87]

## Development and preparations

See also: [Tokyo Organising Committee of the Olympic and Paralympic Games](/source/Tokyo_Organising_Committee_of_the_Olympic_and_Paralympic_Games)

The [Olympic rings](/source/Olympic_rings) on display at [Tokyo Bay](/source/Tokyo_Bay) to promote the Games

The [Tokyo Organizing Committee](/source/Tokyo_Organising_Committee_of_the_Olympic_and_Paralympic_Games) was originally headed by former Japanese prime minister Yoshirō Mori,[88] but he resigned in February 2021 due to backlash from sexist comments about women in meetings.[89][90][91] [Seiko Hashimoto](/source/Seiko_Hashimoto) was chosen to succeed him. [Tamayo Marukawa](/source/Tamayo_Marukawa), Minister for the Tokyo Olympic and Paralympic Games, was responsible for overseeing the preparations on behalf of the Japanese government.[91]

The [Tokyo Metropolitan Government](/source/Tokyo_Metropolitan_Government) set aside a fund of ¥400 billion (more than US$3.67 billion) to cover the cost of hosting the Games. The [Japanese government](/source/Government_of_Japan) was considering easing airspace restrictions to allow an increased [slot](/source/Landing_slot) capacity at both [Haneda](/source/Haneda_Airport) and [Narita](/source/Narita_International_Airport) airports. A new railway line was planned to link both airports through an expansion of [Tokyo Station](/source/Tokyo_Station), cutting travel time from Tokyo Station to Haneda from 30 to 18 minutes, and from Tokyo Station to Narita from 55 to 36 minutes; funded primarily by private investors, the line would cost ¥400 billion. The [East Japan Railway Company](/source/East_Japan_Railway_Company) (JR East) was also planning a new route near [Tamachi](/source/Tamachi) to Haneda Airport.[92]

There were plans to fund the accelerated completion of the [Central Circular Route](/source/Central_Circular_Route_(Shuto_Expressway)), [Tokyo Gaikan Expressway](/source/Tokyo_Gaikan_Expressway), and [Ken-Ō Expressway](/source/Ken-%C5%8C_Expressway), and the refurbishment of other major expressways in the area.[93] The [Yurikamome](/source/Yurikamome) automated transit line was also to be extended from its existing terminal at [Toyosu Station](/source/Toyosu_Station) to a new terminal at [Kachidoki Station](/source/Kachidoki_Station), passing the site of the Olympic Village, although the line was not expected to have adequate capacity to serve major events in the [Odaiba](/source/Odaiba) area on its own.[94]

In April 2018, the Tokyo Organizing Committee signed a partnership with the [International Labour Organization](/source/International_Labour_Organization) to ensure [decent work](/source/Decent_work) in the preparation of and during the 2020 Olympic Games.[95]

In June 2020, the chief executive of the Organizing Committee, [Toshirō Mutō](/source/Toshir%C5%8D_Mut%C5%8D), stated that the committee was exploring options for streamlining the Games to achieve cost savings.[96] On September 25, the IOC and Tokyo Organizing Committee agreed to a suite of measures to simplify the Games' logistics, including a cut to non-athlete staff, use of online meetings, and streamlined transport, among others. The committee also outlined areas it would be exploring to maintain the health and safety of all participants.[97]

### Venues and infrastructure

The newly built [Japan National Stadium](/source/Japan_National_Stadium) in Tokyo was the venue for the ceremonies and the athletics events.

Main article: [Venues of the 2020 Summer Olympics and Paralympics](/source/Venues_of_the_2020_Summer_Olympics_and_Paralympics)

In February 2012, it was announced that Tokyo's former [National Stadium](/source/National_Stadium_(Tokyo%2C_1958)), the central venue for the [1964 Summer Olympics](/source/1964_Summer_Olympics), would undergo a ¥100 billion renovation for the [2019 Rugby World Cup](/source/2019_Rugby_World_Cup) and the 2020 Summer Olympics.[98] In November 2012, the Japan Sport Council announced it was taking bids for proposed stadium designs. Of the 46 finalists, [Zaha Hadid Architects](/source/Zaha_Hadid_Architects) was awarded the project, which would replace the old stadium with [a new 80,000-seat stadium](/source/Japan_National_Stadium). There was criticism of Hadid's design—which was compared to a [bicycle helmet](/source/Bicycle_helmet) and regarded as clashing with the surrounding [Meiji Shrine](/source/Meiji_Shrine)—and widespread disapproval of the costs, even with attempts to revise and "optimize" the design.[99]

In June 2015, the government announced plans to reduce the new stadium's permanent capacity to 65,000 in its athletics configuration (although with the option to add up to 15,000 temporary seats for football) as a further cost-saving measure.[100][101] The original plan to build a retractable roof was also abandoned.[102] At the end of 2015, in response to public opposition to the increasing costs of the new stadium (which had reached ¥252 billion), the government chose to reject Hadid's design entirely and selected a new design by Japanese architect [Kengo Kuma](/source/Kengo_Kuma). Inspired by traditional temples and with a lower profile, Kuma's design had a budget of ¥149 billion. The changes meant the new stadium could not be completed in time for the [2019 Rugby World Cup](/source/2019_Rugby_World_Cup) as originally intended.[103] The National Stadium, which was inaugurated on December 21, 2019, was named the Olympic Stadium for the duration of the Tokyo Games.[104]

In October 2018, the [Board of Audit](/source/Board_of_Audit_(Japan)) issued a report stating that the total cost of the Olympic venues could exceed US$25 billion.[105]

Of the 33 competition venues in Tokyo, 28 were within 8 kilometers (5 miles) of the Olympic Village, with eleven new venues to be constructed.[106] On October 16, 2019, the IOC announced plans to re-locate the marathon and racewalking events to [Sapporo](/source/Sapporo) for heat concerns.[107] The plans were made official on November 1, 2019, after Tokyo Governor Yuriko Koike accepted the IOC's decision, despite her belief that the events should have remained in Tokyo.[108]

In general, as urban studies scholar Faure notes, "The Tokyo 2020–2021 Games had a relatively moderate impact on the city, compared to previous cases such as Rio and Sochi, or cases in which a major Olympic park was built in Barcelona in 1992, and in Beijing in 2008. The transport infrastructure has been marginally improved by facilitating access for people with mobility constraints and improving signage in other languages. Haneda Airport has been expanded, and a hydrogen-powered bus rapid transit system has been introduced. Several sports and event facilities were built, including the new Olympic Stadium. Finally, the Olympic Village has been built on the Harumi landfill."[109]

### Security

Police patrolling and watching from a rooftop near the tennis venue

In December 2018, the Japanese government chose to ban drones from flying over venues being used for the Olympic and Paralympic Games. A similar ban was also imposed for the 2019 Rugby World Cup, which Japan also hosted.[110] In January 2020, counterterrorism drills began in different parts where the Games would take place, after intelligence data showed that terrorist groups could have carried out an attack to seek worldwide attention.[111] In July 2021, prior to the start of the Games, the [Japan Coast Guard](/source/Japan_Coast_Guard) conducted [counterterrorism](/source/Counterterrorism) drills in the [Tokyo Bay](/source/Tokyo_Bay). The drill consisted of two [inflatable boats](/source/Inflatable_boat) trying to stop a suspicious ship from getting to shore.[112]

### Volunteers

Applications for volunteering at the 2020 Olympic and Paralympic Games were accepted beginning on September 26, 2018. By January 18, 2019, a total of 204,680 applications had been received by the Tokyo Organizing Committee.[113] Interviews to select the requisite number of volunteers began in February 2019, with training scheduled to take place in October 2019.[114] Volunteers at the venues were to be known as "Field Cast", and volunteers in the city were to be known as "City Cast". These names were chosen from a [shortlist](/source/Short_list) of four from an original 150 pairs of names; the other three shortlisted names were "Shining Blue" and "Shining Blue Tokyo", "Games Anchor" and "City Anchor", and "Games Force" and "City Force". The names were chosen by people who had applied to be volunteers at the Games.[115]

As of early June 2021, approximately 10,000 out of the 80,000 registered volunteers resigned from the Games. Media attributed the rise in pandemic cases as the reason for massive quitting.[116] More volunteer assignments were expected to be cancelled due to the spectator ban.[117]

### Medals

Further information: [Olympic medal](/source/Olympic_medal)

Due to COVID-19 protocols, the medals were presented to the athletes on a tray and each athlete was asked to put on their own medal, rather than have it placed around their neck by a dignitary.[118]

In February 2017, the Tokyo Organizing Committee announced an [electronics recycling](/source/Electronics_recycling) program in partnership with Japan Environmental Sanitation Center and [NTT Docomo](/source/NTT_Docomo), soliciting donations of electronics, such as mobile phones, to be reclaimed as materials for the medals. Aiming to collect eight tonnes of metals to produce the medals for the Olympic and Paralympic Games, collection boxes were deployed at public locations and NTT Docomo retail shops in April 2017.[119][120] A design competition for the medals was launched in December of that year.[121]

In May 2018, the organizing committee reported that they had obtained half the required 2,700 kilograms of bronze but were struggling to obtain the required amount of silver; although bronze and silver medals purely utilize their respective materials, IOC requirements mandate that gold medals utilize silver as a base.[122] The collection of bronze was completed in November 2018, with the remainder estimated to have been completed by March 2019.[123]

On July 24, 2019 (one year ahead of the originally scheduled opening ceremony), the designs of the medals were unveiled.[124][125] The medals for the Olympic and Paralympic Games were designed by Junichi Kawanishi following a nationwide competition.[126] A new feature shared with the [Paralympic medals](/source/2020_Summer_Paralympics#Medals) is that the ribbons contain one, two, or three [silicone convex lines](/source/Tactile_graphic) to distinguish gold, silver, and bronze medals, respectively.[125]

**Medals used in the Games**

Bronze medal Silver medal Gold medal

### Podium

2020 Summer Olympics Swimming Women's marathon 10 kilometre podium

The 2020 Summer Olympics podiums were made from plastic waste donated by the Japanese population. Artist Asao Tokolo was tasked with their design, which was produced using [3D printing technology](/source/3D_printing_processes) with 400,000 laundry detergent bottles (24.5 tons) collected from stores and schools across the country for over nine months.[127][128]

Each podium was constructed from a series of small, 3D-printed cube-shaped modules that were connected to form the three traditional pedestals. For the Paralympic Games, they could be transformed into a flat, accessible platform.[127][128]

The modules were rendered in the same shade of blue as the Tokyo 2020’s logo, and the [Olympic rings](/source/Olympic_rings) in front of the podiums were made from [recycled aluminum](/source/Recycled_aluminum), originally used to form temporary housing for those impacted by the major [earthquake in eastern Japan in 2011](/source/Earthquake_Japan_2011).[127][128]

Men's middleweight boxing event podium at the Tokyo 2020 Summer Olympics

### Torch relay

Main article: [2020 Summer Olympics torch relay](/source/2020_Summer_Olympics_torch_relay)

The slogan of the 2020 Summer Olympics torch relay was "Hope Lights Our Way".[129][130]

As determined by a 2009 IOC ruling that banned international torch relays for any future Olympic Games,[131] the 2020 Summer Olympics torch was scheduled to only visit two countries: Greece and host nation Japan. The first phase of the relay began on March 12, 2020, with the traditional flame lighting ceremony at the [Temple of Hera](/source/Temple_of_Hera%2C_Olympia) in [Olympia, Greece](/source/Olympia%2C_Greece). The torch then travelled to [Athens](/source/Athens), where the Greek leg of the relay culminated in a handover ceremony at the [Panathenaic Stadium](/source/Panathenaic_Stadium) on March 19, during which the torch was transferred to the Japanese contingent.[129] The flame was placed inside a special lantern and transported from [Athens International Airport](/source/Athens_International_Airport) on a chartered flight to [Higashimatsushima](/source/Higashimatsushima) in Japan. The torch was then expected to begin the second phase of its journey on March 20, as it traveled for one week around the three most affected areas of the [2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami](/source/2011_T%C5%8Dhoku_earthquake_and_tsunami)—[Miyagi](/source/Miyagi_Prefecture), [Iwate](/source/Iwate_Prefecture) and [Fukushima](/source/Fukushima_Prefecture)—where it would go on display under the heading "Flame of Recovery". After leaving [Naraha](/source/Naraha%2C_Fukushima) on March 26, the torch would commence its main relay around Japan, incorporating all 47 [prefectural](/source/Prefectures_of_Japan) capitals.[130]

After the decision to postpone the Games, the torch was placed again in a special lantern on display in the city of Fukushima for a month. Then, the lantern was transferred to the Tokyo prefecture, where it was kept safe until the restart of the relay in 2021.[132] On July 23, 2020 (one year ahead of the rescheduled opening ceremony), a promotional video was released featuring Japanese swimmer [Rikako Ikee](/source/Rikako_Ikee) carrying the lantern inside Japan National Stadium, drawing comparisons between emergence from the pandemic and her own return to sport after being diagnosed with [leukemia](/source/Leukemia).[133] On August 20, 2020, it was announced that the torch relay would begin again in Naraha, Fukushima on March 25, 2021, nearly a year later than originally planned.[134][135]

The final course of the relay was altered due to concerns regarding public health concerns about gatherings along the route (e.g., the Miyakojima leg was canceled), and the relay was held without spectators due to states of emergency in some regions (e.g., Matsuyama, Hiroshima, Hyōgo, and Okayama).[136] The relay ended at Tokyo's [National Stadium (Olympic Stadium)](/source/Japan_National_Stadium) on July 23, with tennis player [Naomi Osaka](/source/Naomi_Osaka) lighting the Olympic cauldron at the finale of the [opening ceremony](/source/2020_Summer_Olympics_opening_ceremony).[137] The cauldron lit in the Olympic Stadium was only used during the opening and closing ceremonies: a separate cauldron was lit on the Tokyo waterfront for public view at the [Yume No Ohashi Bridge](/source/Dream_Bridge) in [Odaiba](/source/Odaiba), making it only the second time in Olympic history where the cauldron was not displayed in the athletics stadium, the other time being in 2016.[138]

### Biosecurity protocols

Temperature check and COVID-19 countermeasures at the tennis venue

In February 2021, the IOC began releasing "playbooks" containing details on planned COVID-19 [biosecurity](/source/Biosecurity) protocols for athletes, officials, the press, and other staff, including standard protocols such as practicing [social distancing](/source/Social_distancing), hygiene, wearing face masks (outside of training and competition for athletes), and being restricted from visiting bars, restaurants, shops, and other tourist areas around [Greater Tokyo Area](/source/Greater_Tokyo_Area), or using public transport unless otherwise permitted. Participants would be asked to use Japan's COCOA [Exposure Notification](/source/Exposure_Notification) app and would be tested at least every four days. Athletes who tested positive would be unable to compete and could be quarantined at a government facility (although leeway would be given in the event of false positives). Close contacts would also need to test negative to be cleared for competition. Athletes would be discouraged from "excessive" celebrations because the actions could spread infected droplets.[139][140][141] The playbooks were criticized in a paper published by *[The New England Journal of Medicine](/source/The_New_England_Journal_of_Medicine)* in May 2021, for lacking "scientifically rigorous risk assessment" and failing to "distinguish the various levels of risk faced by athletes". The playbook stated that athletes were required to arrive up to five days prior to the start of the competition and to leave within 48 hours of being eliminated from their sport or the conclusion of the competitions.[142][143]

The IOC recommended the [vaccination](/source/Vaccination) of athletes against COVID-19 if [vaccines](/source/COVID-19_vaccine) were available to them, but this was not a prerequisite for participation and the IOC advised against athletes "jumping the queue" to obtain priority over essential populations.[144] On March 12, 2021, Thomas Bach announced that in nations where they were approved for use, the [Chinese Olympic Committee](/source/Chinese_Olympic_Committee) had offered to cover the costs of the Chinese [CoronaVac](/source/CoronaVac) and the [Sinopharm BIBP vaccine](/source/Sinopharm_BIBP_COVID-19_vaccine) for athletes competing in the 2020 Summer Olympics and [2022 Winter Olympics](/source/2022_Winter_Olympics), and would purchase two doses for their nation's general public for each vaccinated athlete.[145] On May 6, 2021, [Pfizer](/source/Pfizer) announced it would donate doses of [its vaccine](/source/Pfizer%E2%80%93BioNTech_COVID-19_vaccine) to NOCs competing in Tokyo.[146]

Approximately 93,000 athletes and officials were exempt from the quarantine rules upon arriving in Japan, provided they remained in areas separated from the local population. With around 300,000 local staff and volunteers entering and exiting these bubbles, and 20,000 vaccine doses allocated for this group, this led to concerns of COVID-19 spreading both during the Games and when teams returned to their countries.[147][148]

Due to international travel restrictions, the organizing committee announced in March 2021 that no international guests (including spectators, and friends and family members of the athletes) would be allowed to attend the Games. As per existing guidance for spectator sports in Japan, spectators would be asked to refrain from cheering or shouting.[141] On June 19, 2021, Governor Koike announced that plans for public viewing events for the Games had been scrapped, in order to use the planned venues (such as [Yoyogi Park](/source/Yoyogi_Park)) as mass vaccination sites instead.[149] On June 21, it was announced that all venues would be capped at a maximum of 10,000 ticketed spectators or 50% capacity, whichever was lower.[150]

On July 2, 2021, the new TOCOG president Seiko Hashimoto warned that there was still a possibility of the Games being held [behind closed doors](/source/Behind_closed_doors_(sport)) because of rising COVID-19 cases in the country.[151][152] Japan's slow vaccination rate was of particular concern.[153][154] A simulation run by the [University of Tokyo](/source/University_of_Tokyo) in May 2021 projected that a new wave of infections could peak in mid-October if the Games went on after the existing state of emergency in Tokyo had expired.[155][156]

On July 8, 2021, after Tokyo had recorded 920 new COVID-19 cases (its highest increase since May), Prime Minister Suga declared a new state of emergency in the Tokyo area from July 12 through August 22 (ending only two days before the Paralympics' opening ceremony), and announced that all events at venues in the area would therefore be held behind closed doors with no spectators permitted. Hashimoto stated that "it is extremely regrettable that the Games will be staged in a very limited manner in the face of the spread of novel coronavirus infections." IOC President Thomas Bach stated that "we will support any measure which is necessary to have a safe and secure Olympic and Paralympic Games for the Japanese people and all the participants."[153][154][157]

The announcement stated that spectators would still be allowed at events being held outside of Tokyo, subject to the approval by local health authorities and the aforementioned 50%/10,000-spectator limit. The [prefectures](/source/Prefectures_of_Japan) of [Fukushima](/source/Fukushima_Prefecture), [Hokkaido](/source/Hokkaido), and [Ibaraki](/source/Ibaraki_Prefecture) announced they would prohibit spectators at events held in the areas.[158] The opening ceremony was expected to be limited to fewer than 1,000 VIP guests, including IOC representatives and dignitaries,[159] while some events did allow members of other competing delegations to occupy spectator seats as well.[160] School students were invited to watch football matches in Ibaraki.[161][162]

On July 16, it was reported that Bach had asked Prime Minister Suga about the possibility of restrictions on spectators being eased later on if COVID-19 conditions were to improve in Tokyo.[159] However, on August 2, Suga announced that all existing state of emergency declarations would be extended through August 31, and be extended to Chiba, Kanagawa, Saitama, and parts of Osaka.[163]

### Ticketing

The opening ceremony tickets were expected to range from ¥12,000 to ¥300,000, with a maximum price of ¥130,000 for the finals of the athletics [track and field](/source/Track_and_field) events.[164] The average ticket price was ¥7,700, with half the tickets being sold for up to ¥8,000. A symbolic ticket price of ¥2,020 was expected for families, groups resident in Japan, and in conjunction with a school program.[164] Tickets would be sold through 40,000 shops in Japan and by mail order to Japanese addresses through the internet.[165] International guests, had they been allowed, would have needed to visit Japan during the sales period, or arrange to buy tickets through a third party such as a [travel agent](/source/Travel_agent).[166]

Tickets went on general sale in Japan in the autumn of 2019 and were expected to be sold globally from June 2020; however, this plan was suspended when the Games were postponed on March 24, 2020. The Tokyo Organizing Committee confirmed that tickets already purchased would remain valid for the same sessions according to the new schedule and that refunds were also being offered.[167]

On March 20, 2021, it was announced that due to COVID-19-related concerns, no international guests would be allowed to attend the 2020 Olympics or Paralympics. This included spectators, as well as the friends and family of athletes. All overseas ticketholders would be refunded.[141] Hashimoto cited uncertainties surrounding international [travel restrictions](/source/Travel_restrictions_related_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic), and goals to preserve the safety of all participants and spectators, and not place a burden on the [health care system](/source/Health_care_system_in_Japan).[141] It was ultimately announced in July that all local spectators were not allowed to attend any events held in Tokyo, Fukushima, and Hokkaido.[153][154][157]

### Cultural festival

A cultural program known as Nippon Festival was scheduled to coincide with the Olympics and Paralympics, running from April to September 2021 as a series of streaming events held by the Tokyo Organizing Committee and other partners. The events reflected the themes of "Participation and Interaction", "Towards the Realization of an Inclusive Society", and "Reconstruction of the Tohoku Region". The program was either downsized or reformatted to [virtual format](/source/Virtual_event) due to the COVID-19 pandemic and the postponement of the Games.[168] One of these events was a concert held on July 18, which featured J-rock band [Wanima](/source/Wanima), choreography by dancers Aio Yamada and Tuki Takamura, and the presentation of animated "creatures" based on illustrations "embodying the thoughts and emotions of people from across the world".[169]

The original plans for Nippon Festival included events such as *[Kabuki](/source/Kabuki) x [Opera](/source/Theatre_of_Japan)* (a concert that would have featured stage actor [Ichikawa Ebizō XI](/source/Ichikawa_Ebiz%C5%8D_XI), opera singers Anna Pirozzi and [Erwin Schrott](/source/Erwin_Schrott), and the [Tokyo Philharmonic Orchestra](/source/Tokyo_Philharmonic_Orchestra)), an arts and culture festival focusing on disabilities,[170][171][172][173] and a special two-day exhibition [sumo](/source/Sumo) tournament at the [Ryōgoku Kokugikan](/source/Ry%C5%8Dgoku_Kokugikan) shortly after the Olympics—which would have differed significantly from the traditional bi-monthly *[Honbasho](/source/Honbasho)* tournaments, and featured special commentary in English and Japanese to help explain to spectators the customs and traditions of professional sumo, which are deeply rooted in the [Shinto](/source/Shinto) religion.[174][175]

## The Games

### Opening ceremony

A scene from the Opening Ceremony at the Olympic Stadium, with [drones](/source/Unmanned_aerial_vehicle) flying around and creating the official logo of the Games

Main article: [2020 Summer Olympics opening ceremony](/source/2020_Summer_Olympics_opening_ceremony)

The opening ceremony was held on July 23, 2021, in the [Olympic Stadium](/source/Japan_National_Stadium) in Tokyo. It included the traditional [Parade of Nations](/source/2020_Summer_Olympics_Parade_of_Nations). Emperor [Naruhito](/source/Naruhito) formally opened the Games, and at the end of the [torch relay](/source/2020_Summer_Olympics_torch_relay), the Olympic cauldron was lit by Japanese tennis player [Naomi Osaka](/source/Naomi_Osaka).[176]

For the first time in the history of Olympic Games, it was decided that one male and one female from each country would take turns holding flags and serve as two of them.[177] This was done by embodying the "Agenda 2020" set during President Bach's term.[178][179]

A moment of silence was observed in the opening ceremony for the victims of [COVID-19 pandemic](/source/COVID-19_pandemic), the [2011 earthquake and tsunami](/source/2011_T%C5%8Dhoku_earthquake_and_tsunami), and the [Munich massacre](/source/Munich_massacre).[180]

### Sports

See also: [Olympic sports](/source/Olympic_sports)

[Nippon Budokan](/source/Nippon_Budokan)

[Ariake Arena](/source/Ariake_Arena)

[Ariake Gymnastics Centre](/source/Ariake_Gymnastics_Centre)

[Tokyo Aquatics Centre](/source/Tokyo_Aquatics_Centre)

[Yoyogi Gymnasium](/source/Yoyogi_National_Gymnasium)

[Saitama Super Arena](/source/Saitama_Super_Arena)

[Ryogoku Kokugikan](/source/Ryogoku_Kokugikan)

[Enoshima](/source/Enoshima) Yacht Harbor, Kanagawa

Tsurigasaki Beach, Chiba

The event program for the Games was approved by the IOC executive board on June 9, 2017. IOC president Thomas Bach stated that their goal was to give the Games "youthful" and "urban" appeal, and to increase the number of female participants.[181][182]

The Games featured 339 medal events in 33 different sports, encompassing a total of 51 disciplines. [Karate](/source/Karate), [sport climbing](/source/Sport_climbing), [surfing](/source/Surfing), and [skateboarding](/source/Skateboarding) made their Olympic debut, while baseball and softball also made a one-off return to the Summer Olympics for the first time since 2008. 15 new events within existing sports were also added, including [3×3 basketball](/source/3x3_basketball), [freestyle BMX](/source/Freestyle_BMX), and the return of [madison cycling](/source/Madison_(cycling)), as well as nine new mixed events in several sports (table tennis, archery, judo, shooting (3), triathlon, 4 × 400 m relay running, and 4 × 100 m medley swimming).[183]

In the list below, the number of events in each discipline is noted in parentheses.[183]

2020 Summer Olympic Sports program Aquatics Artistic swimming (2) Diving (8) Marathon swimming (2) Swimming (35) Water polo (2) Archery (5) Athletics (48) Badminton (5) Baseball Baseball (1) Softball (1) Basketball Basketball (2) 3×3 basketball (2) Boxing (13) Canoeing Slalom (4) Sprint (12) Cycling BMX freestyle (2) BMX racing (2) Mountain biking (2) Road cycling (4) Track cycling (12) Equestrian Dressage (2) Eventing (2) Jumping (2) Fencing (12) Field hockey (2) Football (2) Golf (2) Gymnastics Artistic (14) Rhythmic (2) Trampoline (2) Handball (2) Judo (15) Karate Kata (2) Kumite (6) Modern pentathlon (2) Rowing (14) Rugby sevens (2) Sailing (10) Shooting (15) Skateboarding (4) Sport climbing (2) Surfing (2) Table tennis (5) Taekwondo (8) Tennis (5) Triathlon (3) Volleyball Volleyball (2) Beach volleyball (2) Weightlifting (14) Wrestling Freestyle (12) Greco-Roman (6)

#### New and Optional sports

On February 12, 2013, with a remit to control the cost of the Games and ensure they were "relevant to sports fans of all generations", the IOC Executive Board recommended the removal of one of the 26 sports contested at the [2012 Summer Olympics](/source/2012_Summer_Olympics), leaving a vacancy the IOC would seek to fill at the [125th IOC Session](/source/125th_IOC_Session). The new entrant would join golf and rugby sevens (which would both debut in [2016](/source/2016_Summer_Olympics)) as part of the program of 28 "core" sports. Five sports were shortlisted for removal, including canoe, field hockey, modern pentathlon, taekwondo, and wrestling. In the final round of voting by the executive board, eight members voted to remove wrestling from the Olympic program. Field hockey and taekwondo tied in second with three votes each.[184][185][186]

The 2013 decision to drop wrestling after Rio 2016 surprised many media outlets, given that the sport's role in the Olympics dates back to the [ancient Olympic Games](/source/Ancient_Olympic_Games), and was included in the original program for the modern Games. *[The New York Times](/source/The_New_York_Times)* felt that the decision was based on the shortage of well-known talent and the absence of women's events in the sport.[187][188][189] Out of the shortlist from the IOC vote, wrestling was duly added to the shortlist of applicants for inclusion in the 2020 Games, alongside the seven new sports put forward for consideration.[187]

On May 29, 2013, it was announced that three of the eight sports under consideration had made the final shortlist: [baseball](/source/Baseball)/[softball](/source/Softball), [squash](/source/Squash_(sport)), and wrestling.[190] The other five sports were rejected at this point: [karate](/source/Karate), [roller sports](/source/Roller_sport), [sport climbing](/source/Sport_climbing), [wakeboarding](/source/Wakeboarding), and [wushu](/source/Wushu_(sport)).[191] At the [125th IOC Session](/source/125th_IOC_Session) on September 8, 2013, wrestling was chosen to be included in the Olympic program for 2020 and [2024](/source/2024_Summer_Olympics). Wrestling secured 49 votes, while baseball/softball and squash received 24 votes and 22 votes, respectively.[192]

With the adoption of the *Olympic Agenda 2020* in December 2014, the IOC shifted from a "sport-based" approach to the Olympic program to an "event-based" program—establishing that organizing committees may propose discretionary events to be included in the program to improve local interest.[193][194] As a result of these changes, a shortlist of eight new proposed sports was unveiled on June 22, 2015, consisting of baseball/softball, [bowling](/source/Bowling), karate, roller sports, sport climbing, squash, [surfing](/source/Surfing), and wushu.[195] On September 28, 2015, the Tokyo Organizing Committee submitted their shortlist of five proposed sports to the IOC: baseball/softball, karate, sport climbing, surfing, and [skateboarding](/source/Skateboarding).[196] These five new sports were approved on August 3, 2016, by the IOC during the 129th IOC Session in [Rio de Janeiro](/source/Rio_de_Janeiro), Brazil, and were included in the sports program for 2020 only, bringing the total number of sports at the 2020 Olympics to 33.[197][198]

### Test events

A total of 56 test events were scheduled to take place in the run-up to the 2020 Olympics and Paralympics. Two of the events were held in late 2018, but the main test event schedule commenced in June 2019 and was originally due to be completed in May 2020 prior to the start of the Olympics. Several of the events were incorporated into pre-existing championships, but some had been newly created specifically to serve as Olympic test events for the 2020 Summer Games.[199][200]

In February 2019, it was announced that the test events would be branded under the banner "Ready, Steady, Tokyo". The Tokyo Organizing Committee was responsible for 22 of the test events, with the remaining events being arranged by national and international sports federations. The first test event was World Sailing's [World Cup Series](/source/Sailing_World_Cup), held at [Enoshima](/source/Enoshima) in September 2018. The last scheduled event was the Tokyo Challenge Track Meet, which was originally due to take place at the [Olympic Stadium](/source/Japan_National_Stadium) on May 6, 2020.[201]

All test events originally scheduled to take place from March 12, 2020 onwards were postponed due to COVID-19, with the test event calendar to be reviewed during the preparations for the rescheduled Games.[k][202]

## Participating National Olympic Committees

See also: [2020 Summer Olympics Parade of Nations](/source/2020_Summer_Olympics_Parade_of_Nations)

The Republic of Macedonia has competed under the provisional name "Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia" in every Summer and Winter Games since its debut in [1996](/source/1996_Summer_Olympics) because of the [disputed status of its official name](/source/Macedonia_naming_dispute). The naming disputes with Greece ended in 2018 with the signing of the [Prespa agreement](/source/Prespa_agreement), and the country was officially renamed [North Macedonia](/source/North_Macedonia) in February 2019. The new name was immediately recognized by the IOC, although the Olympic Committee of North Macedonia (NMOC) was not officially adopted until February 2020. The NMOC sent a delegation to the [2020 Winter Youth Olympics](/source/2020_Winter_Youth_Olympics) in January 2020, but the Tokyo Games were North Macedonia's first appearance at the Summer Olympics under its new name.[203]

Since competing as Swaziland ten times at the Summer and Winter Olympics, [Eswatini](/source/Eswatini) made its debut under that name after the renaming of the country by the [king](/source/Ngwenyama) in 2018.[204]

On December 9, 2019, the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) banned Russia from all international sport for a period of four years, after the Russian government was found to have tampered with laboratory data it had provided to WADA in January 2019 as a condition of the [Russian Anti-Doping Agency](/source/Russian_Anti-Doping_Agency) being reinstated. As a result of the ban, WADA planned to allow individually cleared [Russian athletes](/source/Russian_Olympic_Committee_athletes_at_the_2020_Summer_Olympics) to take part in the 2020 Summer Olympics under a neutral banner, as instigated at the 2018 Winter Olympics, but they would be excluded from team sports. The head of WADA's Compliance Review Committee, Jonathan Taylor, stated that the IOC would not be able to use the "Olympic Athletes from Russia" (OAR) designation [as it did in 2018](/source/Olympic_Athletes_from_Russia_at_the_2018_Winter_Olympics), emphasizing that neutral athletes could not be portrayed as representing a specific country.[205][206][207] Russia later filed an appeal to the [Court of Arbitration for Sport](/source/Court_of_Arbitration_for_Sport) (CAS) against WADA's decision.[208] After reviewing the case on appeal, CAS ruled on December 17, 2020 that the penalty placed on Russia be reduced. Instead of a total ban from all sporting events, the ruling allowed Russia to participate at the Olympics and other international events, but the team would not be permitted to use the Russian name, flag, or anthem for a period of two years and must present themselves as "Neutral Athlete" or "Neutral Team". The ruling does allow for "Russia" to be displayed on the team uniform—although it should be no more visible than the "Neutral Athlete/Team" designation—as well as the use of the Russian flag's colors within the uniform's design.[209]

On February 19, 2021, it was announced that Russia would compete under the acronym "ROC" after the name of the [Russian Olympic Committee](/source/Russian_Olympic_Committee), although the name of the committee itself in full could not be used to refer to the delegation. The ROC team would be represented by the flag of the Russian Olympic Committee.[210]

On April 6, 2021, [North Korea](/source/North_Korea) announced it would not participate in the 2020 Summer Olympics because of COVID-19 concerns.[211] This marked North Korea's first absence from the Summer Olympics since [1988](/source/1988_Summer_Olympics).[212] In September, a month after the games concluded, the [Olympic Committee of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea](/source/Olympic_Committee_of_the_Democratic_People's_Republic_of_Korea) was banned from participation in the 2022 Winter Olympics, after they failed to participate in the Tokyo Olympics. On July 21, 2021, [Guinea](/source/Guinea) announced it would not be sending a delegation to the Tokyo Olympics, allegedly due to COVID-19 concerns, though media outlets suggested financial considerations may have been the real motivating factor.[213] Guinea later reversed the decision and confirmed it would be participating.[214]

Participating nations

Country by team size

The following 206 teams qualified (including the 104 [universality places guaranteed in athletics](/source/Athletics_at_the_2020_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Qualification), under which all 206 NOCs may send competitors regardless of qualification).[215]

Participating National Olympic Committees Afghanistan (5) Albania (9) Algeria (38) American Samoa (6) Andorra (2) Angola (20) Antigua and Barbuda (6) Argentina (185) Armenia (17) Aruba (3) Australia (479) Austria (73) Azerbaijan (44) Bahamas (15) Bahrain (32) Bangladesh (6) Barbados (8) Belarus (103) Belgium (123) Belize (3) Benin (7) Bermuda (2) Bhutan (4) Bolivia (5) Bosnia and Herzegovina (7) Botswana (13) Brazil (310) British Virgin Islands (3) Brunei (2) Bulgaria (42) Burkina Faso (7) Burundi (6) Cambodia (3) Cameroon (12) Canada (378) Cape Verde (6) Cayman Islands (5) Central African Republic (2) Chad (3) Chile (51) China (410) Colombia (70) Comoros (3) Cook Islands (6) Costa Rica (13) Croatia (60) Cuba (70) Cyprus (15) Czech Republic (109) Democratic Republic of the Congo (6) Denmark (104) Djibouti (4) Dominica (2) Dominican Republic (65) Timor-Leste (3) Ecuador (46) Egypt (137) El Salvador (5) Equatorial Guinea (3) Eritrea (13) Estonia (33) Eswatini (4) Ethiopia (36) Federated States of Micronesia (3) Fiji (32) Finland (45) France (380) Gabon (5) The Gambia (4) Georgia (33) Germany (392) Ghana (12) Great Britain (375) Greece (83) Grenada (6) Guam (5) Guatemala (24) Guinea (4) Guinea-Bissau (4) Guyana (7) Haiti (6) Honduras (23) Hong Kong (43) Hungary (172) Iceland (4) India (120) Indonesia (28) Iran (65) Iraq (3) Ireland (120) Israel (89) Italy (384) Ivory Coast (26) Jamaica (54) Japan (556) (host) Jordan (14) Kazakhstan (97)[216] Kenya (85) Kiribati (3) Kosovo (11) Kuwait (10) Kyrgyzstan (16) Laos (4) Latvia (32) Lebanon (6) Lesotho (2) Liberia (3) Libya (4) Liechtenstein (5) Lithuania (42) Luxembourg (12) Madagascar (6) Malawi (5) Malaysia (30) Maldives (4) Mali (4) Malta (6) Marshall Islands (2) Mauritania (2) Mauritius (8) Mexico (160) Moldova (20) Monaco (6) Mongolia (43) Montenegro (34) Morocco (44) Mozambique (10) Myanmar (2) Namibia (11) Nauru (2) Nepal (5) Netherlands (267) New Zealand (215) Nicaragua (8) Niger (7) Nigeria (53) North Macedonia (8) Norway (93) Oman (5) Pakistan (10) Palau (3) Palestine (5) Panama (10) Papua New Guinea (8) Paraguay (8) Peru (35) Philippines (19) Poland (206) Portugal (92) Puerto Rico (37) Qatar (15) Refugee Olympic Team (29) Republic of the Congo (3) ROC (334)‍[l] Romania (102) Rwanda (5) Saint Kitts and Nevis (2) Saint Lucia (5) Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (3) Samoa (8) San Marino (5) São Tomé and Príncipe (3) Saudi Arabia (31) Senegal (9) Serbia (87) Seychelles (5) Sierra Leone (3) Singapore (23) Slovakia (41) Slovenia (53) Solomon Islands (3) Somalia (2) South Africa (177) South Korea (235) South Sudan (2) Spain (328) Sri Lanka (9) Sudan (4) Suriname (2) Sweden (133) Switzerland (113) Syria (6) Chinese Taipei (68) Tajikistan (10) Tanzania (3) Thailand (41) Togo (4) Tonga (6) Trinidad and Tobago (25) Tunisia (63) Turkey (105) Turkmenistan (9) Tuvalu (2) Uganda (25) Ukraine (149) United Arab Emirates (5) United States (615) Uruguay (11) Uzbekistan (67) Vanuatu (3) Venezuela (44) Vietnam (18) Virgin Islands (4) Yemen (5) Zambia (27) Zimbabwe (5)

### Number of athletes by National Olympic Committee

There were 11,420 [athletes](/source/Athlete) from 206 [NOCs](/source/National_Olympic_Committee):[2][217]

Ranking NOC Athletes 1 United States 615 2 Japan (Host) 556 3 Australia 478 4 Germany 425 5 China 406 6 France 398 7 Italy 384 8 Canada 381 9 Great Britain 376 10 ROC 335 11 Spain 321 12 Brazil 302 13 Netherlands 278 14 South Korea 237 15 New Zealand 211 16 Poland 210 17 Argentina 189 18 South Africa 177 19 Hungary 166 20 Mexico 162 21 Ukraine 155 22 Sweden 134 23 Egypt 133 24 India 122 25 Belgium 121 26 Ireland 116 27 Czech Republic 115 28 Turkey 108 29 Switzerland 107 30 Denmark 107 31 Belarus 103 32 Romania 101 33 Kazakhstan 93 34 Portugal 92 35 Israel 90 36 Serbia 86 37 Kenya 85 38 Greece 83 39 Norway 75 40 Colombia 70 41 Cuba 70 42 Chinese Taipei 68 43 Iran 66 44 Uzbekistan 65 45 Dominican Republic 62 46 Tunisia 62 47 Austria 60 48 Nigeria 60 49 Croatia 59 50 Chile 58 51 Slovenia 53 52 Jamaica 50 53 Morocco 50 54 Ecuador 48 55 Hong Kong 46 56 Finland 45 57 Algeria 44 58 Venezuela 44 59 Azerbaijan 44 60 Mongolia 43 61 Thailand 42 62 Bulgaria 42 63 Lithuania 42 64 Slovakia 41 65 Ethiopia 38 66 Puerto Rico 37 67 Georgia 35 68 Peru 35 69 Montenegro 34 70 Latvia 33 71 Estonia 33 72 Bahrain 32 73 Fiji 30 74 Malaysia 30 75 Refugee Olympic Team 29 76 Saudi Arabia 29 77 Indonesia 28 78 Ivory Coast 28 79 Zambia 26 80 Uganda 25 81 Guatemala 24 82 Singapore 23 83 Honduras 22 84 Trinidad and Tobago 22 85 Angola 20 86 Moldova 20 87 Philippines 19 88 Vietnam 18 89 Armenia 17 90 Bahamas 16 91 Kyrgyzstan 16 92 Qatar 16 93 Cyprus 15 94 Costa Rica 14 95 Ghana 14 96 Jordan 14 97 Botswana 13 98 Eritrea 13 99 Cameroon 12 100 Luxembourg 12 101 Kosovo 11 102 Kuwait 11 103 Namibia 11 104 Tajikistan 11 105 Uruguay 11 106 Mozambique 10 107 Pakistan 10 108 Panama 10 109 Albania 9 110 Senegal 9 111 Sri Lanka 9 112 Turkmenistan 9 113 Barbados 8 114 Mauritius 8 115 Nicaragua 8 116 North Macedonia 8 117 Papua New Guinea 8 118 Paraguay 8 119 Samoa 8 120 Benin 7 121 Bosnia and Herzegovina 7 122 Burkina Faso 7 123 Democratic Republic of the Congo 7 124 Guyana 7 125 Niger 7 126 American Samoa 6 127 Antigua and Barbuda 6 128 Bangladesh 6 129 Burundi 6 130 Cape Verde 6 131 Cook Islands 6 132 Grenada 6 133 Haiti 6 134 Lebanon 6 135 Madagascar 6 136 Malta 6 137 Monaco 6 138 Rwanda 6 139 Syria 6 140 Tonga 6 141 Afghanistan 5 142 Bolivia 5 143 Cayman Islands 5 144 El Salvador 5 145 Gabon 5 146 Guam 5 147 Guinea 5 148 Liechtenstein 5 149 Malawi 5 150 Nepal 5 151 Oman 5 152 Palestine 5 153 Saint Lucia 5 154 San Marino 5 155 Seychelles 5 156 Sudan 5 157 United Arab Emirates 5 158 Yemen 5 159 Zimbabwe 5 160 Bhutan 4 161 Djibouti 4 162 Eswatini 4 163 The Gambia 4 164 Guinea-Bissau 4 165 Iceland 4 166 Iraq 4 167 Laos 4 168 Libya 4 169 Maldives 4 170 Mali 4 171 Sierra Leone 4 172 Togo 4 173 Virgin Islands 4 174 Aruba 3 175 Belize 3 176 British Virgin Islands 3 177 Cambodia 3 178 Chad 3 179 Comoros 3 180 Timor-Leste 3 181 Equatorial Guinea 3 182 Federated States of Micronesia 3 183 Kiribati 3 184 Liberia 3 185 Myanmar 3 186 Palau 3 187 Republic of the Congo 3 188 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 3 189 São Tomé and Príncipe 3 190 Solomon Islands 3 191 Suriname 3 192 Tanzania 3 193 Vanuatu 3 194 Andorra 2 195 Bermuda 2 196 Brunei 2 197 Central African Republic 2 198 Dominica 2 199 Lesotho 2 200 Marshall Islands 2 201 Mauritania 2 202 Nauru 2 203 Somalia 2 204 Saint Kitts and Nevis 2 205 South Sudan 2 206 Tuvalu 2 Total 11,483

## Calendar

See also: [Chronological summary of the 2020 Summer Olympics](/source/Chronological_summary_of_the_2020_Summer_Olympics)

The 2020 schedule by session was approved by the IOC Executive Board on 18 July 2018, with the exception of swimming, diving, and artistic swimming. A more detailed schedule by event was released on 16 April 2019, still omitting a detailed schedule for the boxing events.[218][219] A detailed boxing schedule was released in late 2019.[220]

The original schedule was from 22 July to 9 August 2020. To postpone the Olympics until 2021, all events were delayed by 364 days (one day less than a full year to preserve the same days of the week), giving a new schedule of 21 July to 8 August 2021.[221]

- *All times and dates use [Japan Standard Time](/source/Japan_Standard_Time) ([UTC+9](/source/UTC%2B9))*

OC Opening ceremony ● Event competitions 1 Gold medal events CC Closing ceremony

July/August 2021 July August Events 21st Wed 22nd Thu 23rd Fri 24th Sat 25th Sun 26th Mon 27th Tue 28th Wed 29th Thu 30th Fri 31st Sat 1st Sun 2nd Mon 3rd Tue 4th Wed 5th Thu 6th Fri 7th Sat 8th Sun Ceremonies OC CC —N/a Aquatics Artistic swimming ● ● 1 ● 1 49 Diving 1 1 1 1 ● ● 1 ● 1 ● 1 ● 1 Marathon swimming 1 1 Swimming ● 4 4 4 5 5 4 4 5 Water polo ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● 1 1 Archery ● 1 1 1 ● ● ● 1 1 5 Athletics 1 3 4 5 6 5 8 8 7 1 48 Badminton ● ● ● ● ● ● 1 1 1 2 5 Baseball/Softball Baseball ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● 1 1 Softball ● ● ● ● ● 1 1 Basketball Basketball ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● 1 1 4 3×3 Basketball ● ● ● ● 2 Boxing ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● 2 1 1 1 4 4 13 Canoeing Slalom ● 1 1 ● 1 1 16 Sprint ● 4 ● 4 ● 4 Cycling Road cycling 1 1 2 22 Track cycling 1 2 1 2 2 1 3 BMX ● 2 ● 2 Mountain biking 1 1 Equestrian ● ● 1 1 ● ● ● 2 ● 1 ● 1 6 Fencing 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 12 Field hockey ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● 1 1 2 Football ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● 1 1 2 Golf ● ● ● 1 ● ● ● 1 2 Gymnastics Artistic ● ● 1 1 1 1 4 3 3 18 Rhythmic ● 1 1 Trampolining 1 1 Handball ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● 1 1 2 Judo 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 15 Karate 3 3 2 8 Modern pentathlon ● 1 1 2 Rowing ● ● ● 6 4 4 14 Rugby sevens ● ● 1 ● ● 1 2 Sailing ● ● ● ● ● ● 2 2 4 2 10 Shooting 2 2 2 2 ● 2 1 2 ● 2 15 Skateboarding 1 1 1 1 4 Sport climbing ● ● 1 1 2 Surfing ● ● 2 2 Table tennis ● ● 1 ● ● 1 1 ● ● ● ● 1 1 5 Taekwondo 2 2 2 2 8 Tennis ● ● ● ● ● ● 1 1 3 5 Triathlon 1 1 1 3 Volleyball Beach volleyball ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● 1 1 4 Volleyball ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● 1 1 Weightlifting 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 1 14 Wrestling ● 3 3 3 3 3 3 18 Daily medal events 11 18 21 22 23 17 21 21 25 20 26 17 27 23 34 13 339 Cumulative total 11 29 50 72 95 112 133 154 179 199 225 242 269 292 326 339 July/August 2021 21st Wed 22nd Thu 23rd Fri 24th Sat 25th Sun 26th Mon 27th Tue 28th Wed 29th Thu 30th Fri 31st Sat 1st Sun 2nd Mon 3rd Tue 4th Wed 5th Thu 6th Fri 7th Sat 8th Sun Total events July August

## Medal table

See also: [2020 Summer Olympics medal table](/source/2020_Summer_Olympics_medal_table) and [List of 2020 Summer Olympics medal winners](/source/List_of_2020_Summer_Olympics_medal_winners)

* Host nation ([Japan](/source/Japan))

2020 Summer Olympics medal table[222] Rank NOC Gold Silver Bronze Total 1 United States 39 41 33 113 2 China 38 32 19 89 3 Japan* 27 14 17 58 4 Great Britain 22 20 22 64 5 ROC 20 28 23 71 6 Australia 17 7 22 46 7 Netherlands 10 12 14 36 8 France 10 12 11 33 9 Germany 10 11 16 37 10 Italy 10 10 20 40 11–93 Remaining NOCs 137 151 205 493 Totals (93 entries) 340 338 402 1,080

### Podium sweeps

There were two [podium sweeps](/source/Podium_sweep), as follows:

Date Sport Event Team Gold Silver Bronze Ref 27 July Cycling Women's cross-country mountain biking Switzerland Jolanda Neff Sina Frei Linda Indergand [223] 31 July Athletics Women's 100 metres Jamaica Elaine Thompson-Herah Shelly-Ann Fraser-Pryce Shericka Jackson [224]

### Medal ceremonies

[Naoki Satō](/source/Naoki_Sat%C5%8D) composed the music for the medal ceremonies. Satō chose not to employ any musical elements distinctive to Japan "because victory ceremonies are for athletes from around the world" and he wanted all medalists to "feel at ease" when taking their places on the podium, regardless of their nationality.[225]

The bouquets presented to the athletes came from regions affected by the [2011 earthquake and tsunami](/source/2011_earthquake_and_tsunami). The individual flowers were selected to represent the prefectures of Miyagi, Fukushima, Iwate, and Tokyo. The [sunflowers](/source/Sunflowers) were grown in Miyagi, planted by families whose children had died during the disaster; the white and purple [eustomas](/source/Eustoma) and [Solomon's seals](/source/Polygonatum) were provided by a non-profit initiative to boost the local economy in Fukushima; the small bright blue [gentians](/source/Gentian) were grown in Iwate; and [aspidistras](/source/Aspidistra), grown in Tokyo, were chosen to complete the bouquets.[226]

### Event scheduling

Per the historical precedent of [swimming at the 2008 Summer Olympics](/source/Swimming_at_the_2008_Summer_Olympics) in Beijing and [figure skating at the 2018 Winter Olympics](/source/Figure_skating_at_the_2018_Winter_Olympics) in Pyeongchang, swimming finals were held in the morning to allow live [primetime](/source/Primetime) broadcasts in the Americas. [NBC](/source/NBC) paid substantial fees for rights to the Olympics, so the IOC has allowed NBC to influence event scheduling to maximize US television ratings when possible. On May 7, 2014, NBC agreed to a US$7.75 billion contract extension to air the Olympics through the 2032 Games,[227] with the company being one of the IOC's major sources of revenue.[228] Japanese broadcasters were said to have criticized the decision, as swimming is one of the most popular Olympic events in the country.[229][230]

## Marketing

Main article: [2020 Summer Olympics marketing](/source/2020_Summer_Olympics_marketing)

[Miraitowa](/source/Miraitowa_and_Someity) (left), the official mascot of the 2020 Summer Olympics, and [Someity](/source/Miraitowa_and_Someity) (right), the official mascot of the [2020 Summer Paralympics](/source/2020_Summer_Paralympics)

The official emblems for the 2020 Olympics and Paralympics were unveiled on April 25, 2016; designed by Asao Tokolo, who won a nationwide design contest, it takes the form of a ring in an indigo-colored checkerboard pattern. The design was meant to "express a refined elegance and sophistication that exemplifies Japan".[231] The checkered design resembles a pattern called *ichimatsu moyo* that was popular during the [Edo period](/source/Edo_period) in Japan from 1603 to 1867.[232] The designs replaced a previous emblem that had been scrapped after allegations it [plagiarized the logo](/source/Concerns_and_controversies_at_the_2020_Summer_Olympics#Logo_plagiarism) of the [Théâtre de Liège](/source/Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_de_Li%C3%A8ge) in Belgium. The Games' bid slogan was *Discover Tomorrow* ([Japanese](/source/Japanese_language): 未来（あした）をつかもう, [romanized](/source/Romanization_of_Japanese): *Ashita o tsukamō*). While *ashita* literally means "tomorrow", it is [intentionally spelled](/source/Furigana#Other_effects) as *mirai*, "future".[233] The official slogan *United by Emotion* was unveiled on February 17, 2020. The slogan was used solely in English.[234]

The official mascot of the 2020 Summer Olympics was [Miraitowa](/source/Miraitowa_and_Someity), a figure with blue-checkered *ichimatsu moyo* patterns inspired by the Games' official emblem. Its fictional characteristics include the ability to [teleport](/source/Teleportation).[235] Created by Japanese artist Ryo Taniguchi, the mascots were selected from a competition process which took place in late 2017 and early 2018. A total of 2,042 candidate designs were submitted to the Tokyo Organizing Committee, which selected three pairs of unnamed mascot designs to present to Japanese elementary school students for the final decision.[236][237] The results of the selection were announced on February 28, 2018, and the mascots were named on July 22, 2018. Miraitowa is named after the Japanese words for "future" and "eternity".[235] The mascots were expected to help finance the Tokyo Games through merchandizing and licensing deals.[238]

Alongside the main *Emblem blue*, five other colors were used in the branding of the 2020 Games: *[Kurenai](/source/Crimson) red*, *Ai blue*, *[Sakura](/source/Sakura) pink*, *[Fuji](/source/Japanese_wisteria) purple*, and *Matsuba green*. These five [traditional colors of Japan](/source/Traditional_colors_of_Japan) were used as sub-colors to create points of difference in the color variations.[239]

## Concerns and controversies

Main article: [Concerns and controversies at the 2020 Summer Olympics](/source/Concerns_and_controversies_at_the_2020_Summer_Olympics)

See also: [Belarus 2020 Summer Olympics scandal](/source/Belarus_2020_Summer_Olympics_scandal)

Several controversial issues occurred during preparations for the Tokyo Games. There were allegations of bribery in the Japanese Olympic Committee's (JOC) bid and of plagiarism in the initial design for the Games' logo. On December 10, 2018, the French financial crimes office began an investigation of [Tsunekazu Takeda](/source/Tsunekazu_Takeda), the president of the [Japanese Olympic Committee](/source/Japanese_Olympic_Committee), concerning a 2013 scheme to obtain votes from African IOC members in support of Tokyo as host for the 2020 Olympics over Istanbul or Madrid.[240][241] In March 2020, a Japanese businessman admitted to giving gifts, including cameras and watches, to IOC officials to lobby for their support of Tokyo's bid to host the Olympic Games.[242] The official emblems of the Tokyo Olympics and Paralympics, designed by [Kenjirō Sano](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kenjir%C5%8D_Sano&action=edit&redlink=1) [[ja](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BD%90%E9%87%8E%E7%A0%94%E4%BA%8C%E9%83%8E)], were unveiled in July 2015 but were withdrawn and replaced following plagiarism accusations.[243][244] The lawsuit by Olivier Debie, who claimed his logo design was copied, was later dropped, with the designer citing escalating legal costs.[245]

Mass logging for construction of the Olympic venues received international criticism. Petitions, containing more than 140,000 signatures in total, were delivered to the Japanese embassies in Switzerland and Germany, expressing concerns over claims of using tropical wood sourced from [Shin Yang](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shin_Yang&action=edit&redlink=1), a Malaysian company with a record of human rights abuses, illegal logging, and rainforest destruction.[246][247] In February 2018, the Olympics Organizing Committee admitted that 87% of [plywood](/source/Plywood) panels used to build the new national stadium was sourced from endangered rainforests.[248]

Portions of the Games were scheduled for locations impacted by the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami, and the subsequent [Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster](/source/Fukushima_Daiichi_nuclear_disaster). The hosting of events in these locations was promoted as a means of furthering recovery in the regions, with the Games sometimes being promoted as the "Recovery Olympics".[249][250]

However, the organization of events in these regions faced criticism; Fukushima is considered safe by the [World Health Organization](/source/World_Health_Organization) and the [United Nations](/source/United_Nations), although scientific studies on the safety of the area are still disputed.[251] Some Tōhoku residents questioned the decision to use the region as a host site, arguing that preparations for the Games slowed down recovery efforts, and that the region lost workers to projects associated with the Games.[252]

It was widely reported by international media that [South Korea](/source/South_Korea) had asked the IOC to ban the Japanese [Rising Sun Flag](/source/Rising_Sun_Flag) from the 2020 Summer Olympics,[253] claiming it to be a symbol of [Japan's imperialist past](/source/Empire_of_Japan), recalling "historic scars and pain" for people of Korea just as the [swastika](/source/Swastika) "reminds Europeans of the nightmare of World War II".[254][255] Use of the flag in international sporting events such as the Olympic Games is controversial because it was used for waging [aggressive war](/source/War_of_aggression) against many countries in Pacific regions, including the [attack on Pearl Harbor](/source/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor).[256] According to the [Associated Press](/source/Associated_Press), the IOC issued a statement in response to South Korea's request, saying, "sports stadiums should be free of any political demonstration. When concerns arise at Games time we look at them on a case-by-case basis."[257] Russian and South Korean officials took issue with a map of the torch relay on the Games' official website, which depicted the disputed [Liancourt Rocks](/source/Liancourt_Rocks) (governed by South Korea) and [Kuril Islands](/source/Kuril_Islands) (governed by Russia since 1945) as part of Japan.[258]

In February 2021, the TOCOG president Yoshirō Mori resigned, after facing both domestic and international criticisms over his [sexist](/source/Sexist) remarks.[259][260] The previous conduct of the new president, Seiko Hashimoto, had also drawn criticisms,[261] leading her to comment "I regret it and think I should be careful" on one of the accusations.[262] The head creative director for the opening and closing ceremonies, [Hiroshi Sasaki](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hiroshi_Sasaki&action=edit&redlink=1) [[ja](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BD%90%E3%80%85%E6%9C%A8%E5%AE%8F_(%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A8%E3%82%A4%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3%E3%83%96%E3%83%87%E3%82%A3%E3%83%AC%E3%82%AF%E3%82%BF%E3%83%BC))], resigned in March 2021, after making demeaning comments about [Naomi Watanabe](/source/Naomi_Watanabe).[263][264] Sasaki's replacement, [Kentarō Kobayashi](/source/Kentar%C5%8D_Kobayashi), was dismissed by the Organizing Committee the day before the opening ceremony,[265][266] after it was reported by Japanese media that he had made a joke about [the Holocaust](/source/The_Holocaust) in a script for his comedy in 1998, saying "Let's play Holocaust."[267] On the eve of the opening ceremony, Yoshihide Suga, the [Prime Minister of Japan](/source/Prime_Minister_of_Japan) and the Supreme Advisor of the Organizing Committee,[268] described Kobayashi's jokes as "outrageous and unacceptable", but also said that the opening ceremony, which was directed by Kobayashi, should proceed as planned.[269]

The composer for the opening ceremony, [Keigo Oyamada](/source/Cornelius_(musician)), resigned days before the ceremony after growing criticism of his past bullying of people with apparent [disabilities](/source/Disability), such as [Down syndrome](/source/Down_syndrome).[270][271] On July 16, a week before the opening ceremony, TOCOG announced their support of Oyamada as a composer and vowed not to change his selection for the ceremonies,[272][273] but growing criticism forced him to announce his resignation on July 19.[274][275] The opening ceremony music included arrangements of video game soundtracks originating in Japan; however, this included music from the *[Dragon Quest](/source/Dragon_Quest)* series, composed by [Koichi Sugiyama](/source/Koichi_Sugiyama) whom *[The Daily Beast](/source/The_Daily_Beast)* described as "notoriously homophobic and ultranationalist", leading to further criticism of the Organizing Committee.[276]

Officials reported that by early June 2021, about 10,000 of the 80,000 registered volunteers had quit.[277] "There's no doubt that one of the reasons is concern over coronavirus infections," the chief executive of the Organizing Committee said,[278] also stating he did not believe this would impact the operation of the Games.[277] On July 23, hundreds of anti-Olympic protestors gathered outside the Japan National Stadium before the opening ceremony. Security guards blocked reporters from leaving the stadium to interview protestors.[279] In total, more than 60,000 police were mobilized for security during the Games, and police were regularly deployed to break up public displays of protest, including tackling protestors on their way to join the anti-Olympic protest in Sendagaya during the closing ceremony on September 5, 2021. This overwhelming police presence, including plainclothes police officers who encircled the protest area, "served as an effective tool to criminalize a peaceful rally and to maintain a frightening image of open protest."[280]

Writing for *[The Conversation](/source/The_Conversation_(website))*, Olympic scholar [MacIntosh Ross](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MacIntosh_Ross&action=edit&redlink=1) raised concerns about the relationship between the [IOC](/source/IOC) and [WHO](/source/WHO), suggesting the organizations showed a lack of concern for the health of Japanese citizens and Olympians. As Ross explained, "when the IOC and WHO support a global mega-event held during a pandemic, it's difficult to believe that the well-being of the host nation remains a priority."[281] Similarly, Japan scholars O'Shea and Maslow remarked, "International media coverage and commentary runs the gamut from sometimes scathing critique for attempting to pull off a 'pandemic Games', to praise and plaudits for successfully pulling off a 'pandemic Games'. Still, the story that Japan—or at least the LDP—wanted to tell, of a newly reborn and 'normal' Japan (re-)entering the world stage remained untold. Instead, the story of the 2020/2021 Tokyo Olympics was more mundane, that of a state doing a decent job of managing Covid and hosting a mega-event against the wishes of many of its inhabitants."[282]

A number of controversies arose during the Games, most notably the attempted repatriation on August 1 of Belarusian sprinter [Krystsina Tsimanouskaya](/source/Krystsina_Tsimanouskaya), allegedly for her criticism of the national sports authorities and team management.[283] Refusing to return to [Belarus](/source/Belarus), over fears for her safety,[284] Tsimanouskaya sought assistance from the IOC and traveled to [Warsaw](/source/Warsaw), Poland, on August 4 after being granted a [humanitarian visa](/source/Humanitarian_visa) by [Tokyo's Polish Embassy](/source/Embassy_of_Poland%2C_Tokyo).[285]

Near the end of the Olympics, it was reported that Australian athletes had damaged the village rooms before departure, leaving a pool of vomit on the floor, damaged beds, and a hole in the wall. Australian rugby Olympians also reportedly became drunk on the flight to Sydney, leaving vomit in the plane bathroom and receiving complaints from other passengers. Team Australia chief Ian Chesterman played down the incidents, and said the Olympians would not be punished.[286]

Algerian judoka [Fethi Nourine](/source/Fethi_Nourine) and his coach [Amar Benikhlef](/source/Amar_Benikhlef) were suspended for 10 years by the [International Judo Federation](/source/International_Judo_Federation) after Nourine refused to fight an Israeli athlete at the Olympics.[287] Nourine said his political support for the Palestinians in the [Israeli–Palestinian conflict](/source/Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict) made it impossible for him to compete against Israeli athletes.[288] Sudan's [Mohamed Abdalarasool](/source/Mohamed_Abdalarasool) also withdrew from the competition to avoid the Israeli athlete.[289]

After the Olympics concluded, New Zealand diving judge Lisa Wright revealed that during the diving events, [Zhou Jihong](/source/Zhou_Jihong), Vice President of [FINA](/source/World_Aquatics) from China, allegedly launched a verbal tirade at Wright at the conclusion of the men's 10 m platform final. Wright alleged that Zhou verbally abused her for underscoring Chinese divers.[290] Diving New Zealand subsequently complained about the incident to FINA's Ethics Panel. As a result, Zhou was ordered by a FINA Ethics Panel decision[291] to write a letter of apology to Wright. A recommendation was also made by the Ethics Panel to disestablish Zhou's position as Diving Bureau Liaison for FINA. The FINA Ethics Panel stated that the incident during the men's platform final was "unfortunate" and led to a "misunderstanding mixed with misjudgement" between Wright and Zhou.[291] In May 2022, former international diver, Olympic judge, and previous member of FINA's Technical Diving Committee from New Zealand [Simon Latimer](/source/Simon_Latimer) revealed he had sent a whistleblower complaint[292] to FINA's Executive Director Brent Nowicki in December 2021 detailing Zhou's alleged "unethical behavior" which also contained allegations that Zhou coached Chinese divers during major events during the 2020 Summer Olympics and she had manipulated judging panels to benefit Chinese athletes. Latimer claimed that Zhou's behavior was tarnishing the reputation of international diving and that she was acting in the interests of China rather than international diving as a whole. Subsequent to Latimer's complaint, video evidence emerged online showing Zhou coaching Chinese divers during competition sessions at the Olympics,[293] a behavior considered unethical given her supposedly neutral role as a FINA Vice President and Diving Bureau Liaison.

## Broadcasting

Main article: [List of 2020 Summer Olympics broadcasters](/source/List_of_2020_Summer_Olympics_broadcasters)

The Olympic Games Tokyo 2020 reached a global broadcast audience of 3.05 billion people, according to independent research conducted on behalf of the International Olympic Committee (IOC). Official coverage on Olympic broadcast partners' digital platforms alone generated 28 billion video views in total – representing a 139% increase compared with the Olympic Games Rio 2016 and underlining the changing media landscape and Tokyo 2020's designation as the first streaming Games and the most watched Olympic Games ever on digital platforms.[294]

[Sony](/source/Sony_Corporation) and [Panasonic](/source/Panasonic) partnered with [NHK](/source/NHK) to develop broadcasting standards for [8K resolution](/source/8K_resolution) television, with a goal to release 8K television sets in time for the 2020 Summer Olympics.[295][296] In early 2019, Italian broadcaster [RAI](/source/RAI) announced its intention to deploy 8K broadcasting for the Games.[297] NHK broadcast the opening and closing ceremonies, and coverage of selected events in 8K.[298][299] Telecom company [NTT Docomo](/source/NTT_Docomo) signed a deal with Finland's [Nokia](/source/Nokia) to provide [5G](/source/5G)-ready baseband networks in Japan in time for the Games.[300][301] Japanese audio manufacture [Audio-Technica](/source/Audio-Technica) was selected by NBC Olympics, a division of the [NBC Sports Group](/source/NBC_Sports_Group), to provide microphone and headphone equipment for production of the Games.[302]

## See also

- [Olympic Games portal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Olympic_Games)

- [2020 Summer Paralympics](/source/2020_Summer_Paralympics)

- Olympic Games held in Japan - [1964 Summer Olympics](/source/1964_Summer_Olympics) – Tokyo - [1972 Winter Olympics](/source/1972_Winter_Olympics) – Sapporo - [1998 Winter Olympics](/source/1998_Winter_Olympics) – Nagano - 2020 Summer Olympics – Tokyo

- [List of IOC country codes](/source/List_of_IOC_country_codes)

- [1940 Summer Olympics](/source/1940_Summer_Olympics) – planned in Tokyo

## Notes

1. **[^](#cite_ref-1)** The new emblem, created by Asao Tokolo, was introduced at the closing ceremony of the 2016 Summer Olympics in [Rio de Janeiro](/source/Rio_de_Janeiro), Brazil. Made by checkboards, it expresses a refined elegance and sophistication that exemplifies Japan. Previously, the original emblem, made by Kenjirō Sano, was scrapped after his design was found to have plagiarized the logo of [Théâtre de Liège](/source/Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_de_Li%C3%A8ge), a Belgian theatre company.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-3)** Only an English motto was used during the Games. There was no Japanese equivalent of the motto adopted.[1]

1. **[^](#cite_ref-5)** Named "Olympic Stadium" during the games.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-6)** [Japanese](/source/Japanese_language): 2020年夏季オリンピック, [Hepburn](/source/Hepburn_romanization): *Nisen Nijū-nen Kaki Orinpikku*

1. **[^](#cite_ref-7)** 第三十二回オリンピック競技大会, *Dai Sanjūni-kai Orinpikku Kyōgi Taikai*

1. **[^](#cite_ref-8)** 東京2020, *Tōkyō Nii Zero Nii Zero*

1. **[^](#cite_ref-14)** Overseas spectators were first banned in March 2021, followed by residents of Japan in July of that year to avoid any risk of a [superspreading event](/source/Superspreading_event).[7]

1. **[^](#cite_ref-17)** Tokyo was set to host the [1940 Summer Olympics](/source/1940_Summer_Olympics) but pulled out in 1938 due to the [Second Sino-Japanese War](/source/Second_Sino-Japanese_War).[9]

1. **[^](#cite_ref-82)** The [1916 Summer Olympics](/source/1916_Summer_Olympics) was called off due to [World War I](/source/World_War_I), while the [1940](/source/1940_Summer_Olympics) and [1944 Summer Olympics](/source/1944_Summer_Olympics) were also called off due to [World War II](/source/World_War_II).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-92)** based on the average USD/JPY 2021 exchange rate.[82]

1. **[^](#cite_ref-212)** The remainder of the Olympic test events resumed on 11 March 2021 and the last event took place on 5 May 2021.[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*]

1. **[^](#cite_ref-228)** Neutral athletes from Russia competed under the flag of the [Russian Olympic Committee](/source/Russian_Olympic_Committee).

## References

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## External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to [2020 Summer Olympics](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:2020_Summer_Olympics).

Wikivoyage has a travel guide for ***[Tokyo Olympic and Paralympic Games 2020](https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Tokyo_Olympic_and_Paralympic_Games_2020#Q181278)***.

- ["Tokyo 2020"](https://olympics.com/en/olympic-games/tokyo-2020). *Olympics.com*. International Olympic Committee.

- [Japanese Olympic Committee](https://www.joc.or.jp/english/)

Summer Olympics Preceded by Rio de Janeiro XXXII Olympiad Tokyo 2021 Succeeded by Paris

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v t e Bids for the 2020 Summer Olympics 125th Session of the International Olympic Committee (Buenos Aires, Argentina) Elected city Tokyo Candidate cities Istanbul Madrid Applicant cities Baku Doha Cancelled bids Rome

v t e Qualification for the 2020 Summer Olympics Archery Artistic swimming Athletics Badminton Baseball Basketball men women men's 3x3 women's 3x3 Boxing Canoeing Cycling Diving Equestrian Fencing Field hockey men women Football men women Golf Gymnastics Handball men women Judo Karate Modern pentathlon Rowing Rugby sevens men women Sailing Shooting Skateboarding Softball Sport climbing Surfing Swimming Table tennis Taekwondo Tennis Triathlon Volleyball indoor men indoor women beach men beach women Water polo men women Weightlifting Wrestling

v t e National Olympic Committees at the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo, Japan Africa Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Comoros Congo Democratic Republic of the Congo Djibouti Egypt Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Eswatini Ethiopia Gabon The Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea-Bissau Ivory Coast Kenya Lesotho Liberia Libya Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Morocco Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda São Tomé and Príncipe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa South Sudan Sudan Tanzania Togo Tunisia Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe Americas Antigua and Barbuda Argentina Aruba Bahamas Barbados Belize Bermuda Bolivia Brazil British Virgin Islands Canada Cayman Islands Chile Colombia Costa Rica Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic Ecuador El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Guyana Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama Paraguay Peru Puerto Rico Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Suriname Trinidad and Tobago United States Uruguay Venezuela Virgin Islands Asia Afghanistan Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Cambodia China Hong Kong India Indonesia Iran Iraq Japan Jordan Kazakhstan Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Oman Pakistan Palestine Philippines Qatar Saudi Arabia Singapore South Korea Sri Lanka Syria Chinese Taipei Tajikistan Thailand Timor-Leste Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen Europe Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Great Britain Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Israel Italy Kosovo Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Moldova Monaco Montenegro Netherlands North Macedonia Norway Poland Portugal Romania San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine Oceania American Samoa Australia Cook Islands Fiji Guam Kiribati Marshall Islands Federated States of Micronesia Nauru New Zealand Palau Papua New Guinea Samoa Solomon Islands Tonga Tuvalu Vanuatu Others Refugee Team ROC athletes Withdrawn North Korea

v t e Events at the 2020 Summer Olympics (Tokyo, Japan) Archery Artistic swimming Athletics Badminton Baseball Basketball Boxing Canoeing Cycling Diving Equestrian Fencing Field hockey Football Golf Gymnastics Handball Judo Karate Modern pentathlon Rowing Rugby sevens Sailing Shooting Skateboarding Softball Sport climbing Surfing Swimming Table tennis Taekwondo Tennis Triathlon Volleyball Water polo Weightlifting Wrestling Chronological summary Medal table List of medalists

v t e Venues of the 2020 Summer Olympics (Tokyo) Heritage Zone Japan National Stadium (Olympic Stadium) Yoyogi National Stadium Tokyo Metropolitan Gymnasium Musashino Forest Sport Plaza Nippon Budokan Tokyo International Forum Tokyo Stadium Kokugikan Arena Equestrian Park Tokyo Bay Zone Kasai Canoe Slalom Centre Oi Seaside Park Tokyo Aquatics Centre Dream Island Archery Field Ariake Arena Ariake Gymnastics Centre Ariake Urban Sports Park Ariake Tennis Park Ariake Coliseum Makuhari Messe Odaiba Marine Park Oi Hockey Stadium Shiokaze Park Tatsumi International Swimming Center Tokyo Big Sight Central Breakwater Sea Forest Waterway Aomi Urban Sports Park Sites outside Tokyo Asaka Shooting Range Kasumigaseki Country Club Saitama Super Arena Yokohama Stadium Enoshima Izu Velodrome Tsurigasaki Surfing Beach Japan Cycle Sports Center Fuji Speedway Fukushima Azuma Baseball Stadium Odori Park Football stadia Tokyo Stadium International Stadium Yokohama Saitama Stadium Kashima Soccer Stadium Sapporo Dome Miyagi Stadium

v t e COVID-19 pandemic in Japan Statistics Timeline Locations Diamond Princess Tokyo 2020 Summer Olympics and 2020 Summer Paralympics Responses Government response Criticism Novel Coronavirus Expert Meeting Restrictions on entry Medical response Vaccination Socio-economic impact 2020 Summer Olympics Athletes not attending 2020 Summer Paralympics Athletes not attending Amabie Date face mask Saisaki-mode Tokyo Alert

[Portals](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals):
- [Olympics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Olympics)
- [Japan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Japan)
- [Tokyo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Tokyo)
- [COVID-19](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:COVID-19)
- [Sports](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Sports)
- [2020s](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:2020s)

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [2020 Summer Olympics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Summer_Olympics) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Summer_Olympics?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.