# 2004 > Mediated Wiki article. Canonical URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/2004 > Markdown URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/2004.md > Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004 > Source revision: 1355513034 > License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/) **2004** - [January](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Current_events/January_2004) - [February](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Current_events/February_2004) - [March](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Current_events/March_2004) - [April](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Current_events/April_2004) - [May](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Current_events/May_2004) - [June](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Current_events/June_2004) - [July](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Current_events/July_2004) - [August](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Current_events/August_2004) - [September](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Current_events/September_2004) - [October](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Current_events/October_2004) - [November](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Current_events/November_2004) - [December](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Current_events/December_2004) From left to right, top to bottom: - [A tsunami](/source/2004_Indian_Ocean_earthquake_and_tsunami), caused by a massive 9.1-9.3 earthquake off the coast of [Sumatra](/source/Sumatra), kills over 227,000 people, making it one of the [worst natural disasters](/source/List_of_natural_disasters_by_death_toll) in recorded history. - [Facebook](/source/Facebook), originally called *TheFacebook*, is launched by [Mark Zuckerberg](/source/Mark_Zuckerberg). - [NASA](/source/NASA) lands the [*Opportunity*](/source/Opportunity_(rover)) and [*Spirit*](/source/Spirit_(rover)) [rovers](/source/Mars_Exploration_Rover) on [Mars](/source/Mars). - The [2004 Summer Olympics](/source/2004_Summer_Olympics) are held in [Athens](/source/Athens). - Multiple trains were [bombed](/source/2004_Madrid_train_bombings) by [Al-Qaeda](/source/Al-Qaeda) in [Madrid](/source/Madrid), killing 193 people. - The [European Union](/source/European_Union) [adds](/source/2004_enlargement_of_the_European_Union) 10 new member-states. - The [Nintendo DS](/source/Nintendo_DS), the second best-selling handheld game console, is released. - 334 people are killed in the [Beslan school siege](/source/Beslan_school_siege), carried out by [Chechen](/source/Chechnya) terrorists. - The [2004 transit of Venus](/source/2004_transit_of_Venus), the first such occurrence since [1882](/source/1882). Calendar year Years Millennium 3rd millennium Centuries 20th century 21st century 22nd century Decades 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s 2020s Years 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 v t e 2004 in various calendars Gregorian calendar 2004 MMIV Ab urbe condita 2757 Armenian calendar 1453 ԹՎ ՌՆԾԳ Assyrian calendar 6754 Baháʼí calendar 160–161 Balinese saka calendar 1925–1926 Bengali calendar 1410–1411 Berber calendar 2954 British Regnal year 52 Eliz. 2 – 53 Eliz. 2 Buddhist calendar 2548 Burmese calendar 1366 Byzantine calendar 7512–7513 Chinese calendar 癸未年 (Water Goat) 4701 or 4494 — to — 甲申年 (Wood Monkey) 4702 or 4495 Coptic calendar 1720–1721 Discordian calendar 3170 Ethiopian calendar 1996–1997 Hebrew calendar 5764–5765 Hindu calendars - Vikram Samvat 2060–2061 - Shaka Samvat 1925–1926 - Kali Yuga 5104–5105 Holocene calendar 12004 Igbo calendar 1004–1005 Iranian calendar 1382–1383 Islamic calendar 1424–1425 Japanese calendar Heisei 16 (平成１６年) Javanese calendar 1936–1937 Juche calendar 93 Julian calendar Gregorian minus 13 days Korean calendar 4337 Minguo calendar ROC 93 民國93年 Nanakshahi calendar 536 Thai solar calendar 2547 Tibetan calendar ཆུ་མོ་ལུག་ལོ་ (female Water-Sheep) 2130 or 1749 or 977 — to — ཤིང་ཕོ་སྤྲེ་ལོ་ (male Wood-Monkey) 2131 or 1750 or 978 Unix time 1072915200 – 1104537599 2004 by topic Arts Animation Anime Architecture Comics Film Horror Literature Poetry Radio Science fiction Television Video games esports Music Albums By genre Classical Country Hip hop Jazz Latin Metal Rock By place Africa Asia China Japan Korea Philippines Australia Brazil Canada Europe Ireland Scandinavia Norway Sweden United Kingdom United States Politics and government Elections International leaders Organized crime Religion Religious leaders Sovereign states Sovereign state leaders Territorial governors Science and technology Archaeology Biotechnology Computing (AI) Palaeontology Quantum computing and communication Senescence research Sustainable energy research Environment Birding and ornithology Climate change Weather Tornadoes Tropical cyclones Transportation Aviation Rail transport Spaceflight Transportation technology Sports American football Association football Athletics (sport) Badminton Baseball Basketball Chess Combat sports Cricket Cycling Golf Ice hockey Pro wrestling Rugby union Swimming Tennis Volleyball By sovereign state Afghanistan Albania Algeria Andorra Angola Antarctica Antigua and Barbuda Argentina Armenia Australia Austria Azerbaijan The Bahamas Bahrain Bangladesh Barbados Belarus Belgium Belize Benin Bhutan Bolivia Bosnia and Herzegovina Botswana Brazil Brunei Bulgaria Burkina Faso Burundi Cambodia Cameroon Canada Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Chile China Colombia Costa Rica Comoros Congo D.R. Congo Croatia Cuba Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Djibouti Dominica Dominican Republic Ecuador Egypt El Salvador Eritrea Estonia Ethiopia Eswatini Equatorial Guinea Fiji Finland France Gabon The Gambia Georgia Germany Ghana Greece Grenada Guatemala Guinea Guinea-Bissau Guyana Haiti Honduras Hong Kong Hungary Iceland India Indonesia Iran Iraq Ireland Israel Italy Ivory Coast Jamaica Japan Jordan Kazakhstan Kenya Kiribati Kosovo Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Latvia Lebanon Lesotho Liberia Liechtenstein Libya Lithuania Luxembourg Macau Madagascar Marshall Islands Malawi Malaysia Maldives Mali Malta Mauritania Mauritius Mexico Micronesia Moldova Monaco Mongolia Montenegro Morocco Mozambique Myanmar Nauru Namibia Nepal Netherlands New Zealand Nicaragua Niger Nigeria North Korea North Macedonia Norway Oman Pakistan Palau Palestine Panama Papua New Guinea Paraguay Peru Philippines Poland Portugal Qatar Romania Russia Rwanda Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Samoa San Marino São Tomé and Príncipe Saudi Arabia Senegal Serbia Seychelles Sierra Leone Singapore Slovakia Slovenia Somalia Somaliland South Africa Solomon Islands South Korea South Sudan Spain Sri Lanka Sudan Suriname Sweden Switzerland Syria Taiwan Tajikistan Tanzania Thailand Timor-Leste Togo Tonga Trinidad and Tobago Tunisia Turkey Turkmenistan Tuvalu Uganda Ukraine United Arab Emirates United Kingdom United States Uruguay Uzbekistan Vanuatu Vatican City Venezuela Vietnam Yemen Zambia Zimbabwe By international organization European Union United Nations Categories Births Deaths Establishments Disestablishments Works Introductions Works entering the public domain v t e **2004** ([MMIV](/source/Roman_numerals)) was a [leap year starting on Thursday](/source/Leap_year_starting_on_Thursday) of the [Gregorian calendar](/source/Gregorian_calendar), the 2004th year of the [Common Era](/source/Common_Era) (CE) and *[Anno Domini](/source/Anno_Domini)* (AD) designations, the 4th year of the [3rd millennium](/source/3rd_millennium) and the [21st century](/source/21st_century), and the 5th year of the [2000s](/source/2000s) decade. Calendar year Global politics was focused on the [American occupation of Iraq](/source/Occupation_of_Iraq_(2003%E2%80%932011)) and the [Iraqi insurgency](/source/Iraqi_insurgency_(2003%E2%80%932011)). The United States transferred control to the [Iraqi Interim Government](/source/Iraqi_Interim_Government), and former ruler [Saddam Hussein](/source/Saddam_Hussein) was put on trial for crimes against humanity. American involvement became more controversial as it was revealed that American soldiers were [committing acts of torture](/source/Abu_Ghraib_torture_and_prisoner_abuse) against Iraqi prisoners and doubts grew about whether American claims of an Iraqi weapons of mass destruction program were accurate. Afghanistan held [its first presidential election](/source/2004_Afghan_presidential_election), which was won by [Hamid Karzai](/source/Hamid_Karzai). President [Jean-Bertrand Aristide](/source/Jean-Bertrand_Aristide) of Haiti was overthrown in [a coup](/source/2004_Haitian_coup_d'%C3%A9tat), and President [Yasser Arafat](/source/Yasser_Arafat) of Palestine died in office. The [International Criminal Court](/source/International_Criminal_Court) commenced operations and opened its first two investigations. [NATO](/source/NATO) grew by seven members in 2004 and the [European Union](/source/European_Union) grew by ten. The economy grew steadily in 2004, especially in the developing world, and the developed world tightened [monetary policy](/source/Monetary_policy) and raised [interest rates](/source/Interest_rate). The [United States dollar](/source/United_States_dollar) depreciated throughout the year. The nuclear weapons programs of Iran and North Korea saw renewed attention, especially after [a suspected weapons test](/source/Ryanggang_explosion) in North Korea. [Gay rights](/source/Gay_rights) remained a major issue among [Protestant](/source/Protestant) denominations, while [Islam](/source/Islam) wrestled with the violence of [Islamism](/source/Islamism). [The spread](/source/Global_spread_of_H5N1_in_2004) of [H5N1 avian influenza](/source/Influenza_A_virus_subtype_H5N1) led to fears of a pandemic, but the total number of cases remained small. Russia's *[Soyuz](/source/Soyuz_(spacecraft))* program was the only crewed space program in 2004, but NASA's *[Spirit](/source/Spirit_(rover))* and *[Opportunity](/source/Opportunity_(rover))* rovers landed on Mars in January. [The debate](/source/Stem_cell_controversy) over [stem cell](/source/Stem_cell) usage remained a major controversy in science. A new prehistoric human species, *[homo floresiensis](/source/Homo_floresiensis)*, was discovered in 2004. The year's most destructive tropical storms included [Hurricane Jeanne](/source/Hurricane_Jeanne), [Typhoon Rananim](/source/Typhoon_Rananim), [Typhoon Muifa](/source/Typhoon_Muifa_(2004)) and [Typhoon Nanmadol](/source/Typhoon_Nanmadol_(2004)). The final days of 2004 were defined by [a magnitude 9.1 earthquake](/source/2004_Indian_Ocean_earthquake_and_tsunami) that struck Indonesia and affected countries across the Indian Ocean, killing approximately 230,000 people. The [2004 Summer Olympics](/source/2004_Summer_Olympics) were held in their birthplace of [Athens](/source/Athens), Greece, where the United States won the most gold medals. *[Shrek 2](/source/Shrek_2)* was the highest grossing film of the year and *[Confessions](/source/Confessions_(Usher_album))* by [Usher](/source/Usher_(musician)) was the best-selling album. Tech releases in 2004 included the [Nintendo DS](/source/Nintendo_DS) handheld game console by [Nintendo](/source/Nintendo) and the [Firefox](/source/Firefox) browser by [Mozilla](/source/Mozilla). ## Population The [world population](/source/World_population) on January 1, 2004, was estimated to be 6.462 billion people and increased to 6.545 billion people by January 1, 2005.[1] An estimated 136.6 million births and 53.2 million deaths took place in 2004.[1] The average global [life expectancy](/source/Life_expectancy) was 67.7 years, an increase of 0.3 years from 2003.[1] The estimated number of global refugees decreased from 9.59 million to 9.24 million by the end of the year.[2] Afghanistan was the largest source of refugees, with approximately 2.1 million people.[3] ## Conflicts Main category: [Conflicts in 2004](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Conflicts_in_2004) The US Army and the Iraqi National Guard There were 32 armed conflicts in 2004 that resulted in at least 25 fatalities, all of which involved [violent non-state actors](/source/Violent_non-state_actor).[4][5] Seven of these resulted in at least 1,000 fatalities: the [Colombian conflict](/source/Colombian_conflict), the [Iraqi insurgency](/source/Iraqi_insurgency_(2003%E2%80%932011)), the [Kashmir insurgency](/source/Kashmir_insurgency), the [Nepalese Civil War](/source/Nepalese_Civil_War), the [Second Chechen War](/source/Second_Chechen_War) in Russia, the [Second Sudanese Civil War](/source/Second_Sudanese_Civil_War), the Sudanese [War in Darfur](/source/War_in_Darfur), and the [Lord's Resistance Army insurgency](/source/Lord's_Resistance_Army_insurgency_(2002%E2%80%932005)) in Uganda.[6] The Iraqi insurgency emerged in Iraq in 2004 and carried out attacks against [the US-backed caretaker government](/source/Iraqi_Interim_Government).[7] It was initially confined to the [Sunni Triangle](/source/Sunni_Triangle) but expanded to other areas throughout the year with [two suicide bombings](/source/2004_Erbil_bombings) in [Iraqi Kurdistan](/source/Iraqi_Kurdistan) on February 1 and [a conflict](/source/2004_Iraq_spring_fighting) with the Shia [Mahdi Army](/source/Mahdi_Army) in April.[8] [More intense fighting](/source/Second_Battle_of_Fallujah) took place in the city of [Fallujah](/source/Fallujah) toward the end of the year,[9] resulting in the deaths of 51 Americans and about 1,200 insurgents.[10] Several countries withdrew from Iraq as the war became increasingly unpopular.[10] Conflicts with [al-Qaeda](/source/Al-Qaeda) continued in 2004, primarily [in Pakistan](/source/Insurgency_in_Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa) along the [Afghanistan–Pakistan border](/source/Afghanistan%E2%80%93Pakistan_border).[11] A group affiliated with al-Qaeda carried out [a series of train bombings](/source/2004_Madrid_train_bombings) in Madrid, killing approximately 200 people in March.[9] The Second Chechen War continued in 2004 with [a bombing](/source/2004_Grozny_stadium_bombing) that killed Russian-backed Chechen president [Akhmad Kadyrov](/source/Akhmad_Kadyrov),[12] [two airliner bombings](/source/2004_Russian_aircraft_bombings) that killed 89,[13] and [the capture of a school](/source/Beslan_school_siege) in [Beslan](/source/Beslan), Russia, by Chechen militants that resulted in over 300 fatalities in September.[9][14] The frozen conflict between Georgia and the breakaway state of South Ossetia [escalated in July and August](/source/2004_South_Ossetia_clashes) until a ceasefire was signed on August 18.[15] Two major rebel groups acted for the first time in 2004: the [National Revolutionary Front for the Liberation and Reconstruction of Haiti](/source/National_Revolutionary_Front_for_the_Liberation_and_Reconstruction_of_Haiti) successfully brought about [the resignation](/source/2004_Haitian_coup_d'%C3%A9tat) of President [Jean-Bertrand Aristide](/source/Jean-Bertrand_Aristide), while the [Islamic Jihad Union](/source/Islamic_Jihad_Union) was defeated in its attempt to overthrow the government of Uzbekistan.[7] The Haitian conflict led to the [MINUSTAH](/source/MINUSTAH) UN peacekeeping mission.[16] Other major conflicts in 2004 included [ethnic conflict in Kosovo](/source/2004_unrest_in_Kosovo) that led to 19 fatalities,[16] [an ongoing Indonesian offensive](/source/2003%E2%80%932004_Indonesian_offensive_in_Aceh) against rebels in Aceh,[16] [an Islamist insurgency](/source/Southern_Thailand_insurgency) in Thailand that led to martial law in the southern region,[16] an Islamic militant uprising in northern Nigeria.[7] The [Burundian Civil War](/source/Burundian_Civil_War) was complicated as factionalism divided the [CNDD-FDD](/source/CNDD-FDD) and tentative peace agreements with the government were opposed by the [National Forces of Liberation](/source/National_Forces_of_Liberation).[17] The Nepalese Civil War escalated as the [Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist)](/source/Communist_Party_of_Nepal_(Maoist_Centre)) abducted over one thousand people to train as fighters and the Nepalese government established civilian militias.[18] Conflict between Israel and Palestine [remained heightened](/source/Second_Intifada) in 2004, including the targeted killings of Hamas leaders [Ahmed Yassin](/source/Ahmed_Yassin) and [Abdel Aziz al-Rantisi](/source/Abdel_Aziz_al-Rantisi) by Israel, [the bombing](/source/2004_Sinai_bombings) of Israeli tourists by Palestinian militants in October,[19] and [Israeli attacks](/source/2004_Israeli_operation_in_the_northern_Gaza_Strip) on Gaza.[16] The [European Union](/source/European_Union) launched [EUFOR](/source/EUFOR), its largest peacekeeping mission, in Bosnia and Herzegovina.[16] The War in Darfur escalated significantly in Sudan with debate over whether [its mass killings](/source/Darfur_genocide_(2003%E2%80%932005)) constituted a genocide.[20][21][22] Two major peace agreements were made in 2004: one between Senegal and the [Movement of Democratic Forces of Casamance](/source/Movement_of_Democratic_Forces_of_Casamance), and one between Sudan and the [Sudan People's Liberation Movement](/source/Sudan_People's_Liberation_Movement).[23] A ceasefire was established with the [Lord's Resistance Army](/source/Lord's_Resistance_Army) in Uganda,[24] while a ceasefire in the [First Ivorian Civil War](/source/First_Ivorian_Civil_War) broke down and attacks were launched against French peacekeeping forces.[25] A 2003 ceasefire held in the [Kashmir conflict](/source/Kashmir_conflict), bringing about the conflict's first full year without military action in roughly a decade, although an insurgency continued in the region.[15] Although the [Second Congo War](/source/Second_Congo_War) had ended, insurgencies continued within the Democratic Republic of the Congo [in Ituri](/source/Ituri_conflict) and [in Kivu](/source/Kivu_conflict).[26] Disarmament of the [United Self-Defense Forces of Colombia](/source/United_Self-Defense_Forces_of_Colombia) began in November during the Colombian conflict, but fighting with the [Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia](/source/Revolutionary_Armed_Forces_of_Colombia) continued and the Colombian government launched its [Plan Patriota](/source/Plan_Patriota) mobilization program.[27] ## Culture ### Architecture Main article: [2004 in architecture](/source/2004_in_architecture) The [Seattle Central Library](/source/Seattle_Central_Library) opened in 2004. The world's largest architectural design competition was held to design the [National September 11 Memorial & Museum](/source/National_September_11_Memorial_%26_Museum) with over 5,000 entries.[28] The German [Duchess Anna Amalia Library](/source/Duchess_Anna_Amalia_Library) was destroyed in a fire that consumed approximately 30,000 books.[29] Reconstruction finished on the exterior of the [Frauenkirche](/source/Frauenkirche%2C_Dresden) church in Dresden, which had been destroyed in World War II.[30] After three years at a temporary location, the [Museum of Modern Art](/source/Museum_of_Modern_Art) relocated to a new building designed by [Yoshio Taniguchi](/source/Yoshio_Taniguchi).[31] The [Pritzker Architecture Prize](/source/Pritzker_Architecture_Prize) was won by a woman, [Zaha Hadid](/source/Zaha_Hadid), for the first time.[32] Buildings that finished construction or opened in 2004 included [the Gherkin](/source/The_Gherkin) and the [Scottish Parliament Building](/source/Scottish_Parliament_Building) in the United Kingdom, the [Sanctuary of Saint Pio of Pietrelcina](/source/Sanctuary_of_Saint_Pio_of_Pietrelcina) in Italy, the [Sharp Centre for Design](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sharp_Centre_for_Design&action=edit&redlink=1) [[fr](https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharp_Centre_for_Design)] in Canada, the [Forum Building](/source/Forum_Building) in Spain,[33] and the [Seattle Central Library](/source/Seattle_Central_Library) in the United States.[34] The [Guangzhou Baiyun International Airport](/source/Guangzhou_Baiyun_International_Airport) opened in China along with terminals in the [Toronto Pearson International Airport](/source/Toronto_Pearson_International_Airport) in Canada and [Ben Gurion Airport](/source/Ben_Gurion_Airport) in Israel. The [Rio–Antirrio Bridge](/source/Rio%E2%80%93Antirrio_Bridge) was completed in Greece, as was the [Millau Viaduct](/source/Millau_Viaduct) in France. Among new rail stations were the [Blue Line](/source/Blue_Line_(Bangkok)) in Thailand, the [Hiawatha Light Rail](/source/Hiawatha_Light_Rail) and the [Las Vegas Monorail](/source/Las_Vegas_Monorail) in the United States, the [Yellow Line](/source/Yellow_Line_(Delhi_Metro)) in India, and the [Shenzhen Metro](/source/Shenzhen_Metro) in China. The [Södra länken](/source/S%C3%B6dra_l%C3%A4nken) motorway in Sweden and the final stage of the [Trans-Siberian Railway](/source/Trans-Siberian_Railway) in Russia were also completed.[35] ### Art Main article: [2004 in art](/source/2004_in_art) One of [Edvard Munch](/source/Edvard_Munch)'s *[The Scream](/source/The_Scream)* paintings was stolen in 2004. Major art trends in 2004 included [minimalism](/source/Minimalism_(visual_arts)),[36] [Gothic art](/source/Gothic_art) and [grotesque art](/source/Grotesque), the latter two making up what art critic [Jerry Saltz](/source/Jerry_Saltz) called the "Modern Gothic".[31] Paper [drawings](/source/Drawing) also saw popularity.[37] In photography, there was nostalgia for works from the 1970s.[38] Art [speculation](/source/Speculation) resurged in 2004 as the economy recovered from [a recession](/source/Early_2000s_recession). Major sales included *[Garçon à la pipe](/source/Gar%C3%A7on_%C3%A0_la_pipe)* (1905) by [Pablo Picasso](/source/Pablo_Picasso) for approximately $100 million, the [Maurizio Cattelan](/source/Maurizio_Cattelan) sculptures *[La Nona Ora](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=La_Nona_Ora&action=edit&redlink=1)* (1999) and *[The Ballad of Trotsky](/source/The_Ballad_of_Trotsky)* (1996) for $3 million and $2 million,[39] and [Richard Prince](/source/Richard_Prince)'s photo *[Spiritual America](/source/Spiritual_America)* for $1 million.[40] Western fashion trends shifted from luxury designs to practical ones in 2004, and American-made [jeans](/source/Jeans) grew in popularity.[41] The biggest art exhibitions of 2004 were *Treasures of a Sacred Mountain* at the [Tokyo National Museum](/source/Tokyo_National_Museum) and *El Greco* at the [Metropolitan Museum of Art](/source/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art).[39] Elsewhere, the [Friedrich Christian Flick Collection](/source/Friedrich_Christian_Flick_Collection) was put on display in Berlin,[30] the [Smithsonian Institution](/source/Smithsonian_Institution) opened its [National Museum of the American Indian](/source/National_Museum_of_the_American_Indian) on the [National Mall](/source/National_Mall) in [Washington, D.C.](/source/Washington%2C_D.C.), and Prince [Hans-Adam II](/source/Hans-Adam_II%2C_Prince_of_Liechtenstein) of Liechtenstein opened a museum in Vienna to display the royal family's art collection.[42] *[The Scream](/source/The_Scream)* and *[Madonna](/source/Madonna_(Munch))* were stolen from the [Munch Museum](/source/Munch_Museum) in Oslo in 2004, while efforts continued throughout the year to recover and preserve works from the [Iraq Museum](/source/Iraq_Museum) in response to [the looting](/source/Archaeological_looting_in_Iraq) that took place amid the invasion of Iraq.[29] About 300 artworks with a total value of $106 million were destroyed by a fire at a [Momart](/source/Momart) warehouse in London, about one third of which were from the collection of [Charles Saatchi](/source/Charles_Saatchi), including the sculptures *[Everyone I Have Ever Slept With 1963–1995](/source/Everyone_I_Have_Ever_Slept_With_1963%E2%80%931995)* by [Tracey Emin](/source/Tracey_Emin) and *Hell* by [Jake and Dinos Chapman](/source/Jake_and_Dinos_Chapman).[36] Photographs of subjects related to the [Iraq War](/source/Iraq_War), including [act of torture](/source/Abu_Ghraib_torture_and_prisoner_abuse) by the American military and coffins of American soldiers being stored in a [cargo plane](/source/Cargo_plane), caused public outrage. Art critic [Susan Sontag](/source/Susan_Sontag) cited this as evidence that photography had moved from an art of preservation to one of disseminating ideas and shaping public opinion.[43] ### Media Main articles: [2004 in film](/source/2004_in_film), [2004 in music](/source/2004_in_music), and [2004 in video games](/source/2004_in_video_games) The [Nintendo DS](/source/Nintendo_DS) was released in 2004. The highest-grossing film globally in 2004 was *[Shrek 2](/source/Shrek_2)*, followed by *[Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban](/source/Harry_Potter_and_the_Prisoner_of_Azkaban_(film))* and *[Spider-Man 2](/source/Spider-Man_2)*. The highest-grossing non-English film was *[The Passion of the Christ](/source/The_Passion_of_the_Christ)*, the fifth highest-grossing film of the year.[44] Critically acclaimed films from 2004 include *[Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind](/source/Eternal_Sunshine_of_the_Spotless_Mind)*,[45][46][47][48] *[Kill Bill: Volume 2](/source/Kill_Bill%3A_Volume_2)*,[46][47][48][49] and *[Million Dollar Baby](/source/Million_Dollar_Baby)*[45][46][47][49] Documentaries had a successful year in 2004 with releases like *[Fahrenheit 9/11](/source/Fahrenheit_9%2F11)* by [Michael Moore](/source/Michael_Moore) and *[Super Size Me](/source/Super_Size_Me)* by [Morgan Spurlock](/source/Morgan_Spurlock).[50][51] Music sales in 2004 amounted to about 2.75 billion physical units, stalling the decline of units in previous years. [CD](/source/Compact_disc) albums made up 86% of sales, but [DVD](/source/DVD) and digital music continued an upward trajectory.[52] The best-selling album globally in 2004 was *[Confessions](/source/Confessions_(Usher_album))* by [Usher](/source/Usher_(musician)), followed by *[Feels like Home](/source/Feels_like_Home_(Norah_Jones_album))* by [Norah Jones](/source/Norah_Jones) and *[Encore](/source/Encore_(Eminem_album))* by [Eminem](/source/Eminem). The best-selling non-English album was the Japanese album *[Utada Hikaru Single Collection Vol. 1](/source/Utada_Hikaru_Single_Collection_Vol._1)* by [Hikaru Utada](/source/Hikaru_Utada), the 19th best-selling of the year.[53] Several pieces of classical music were performed for the first time in decades or centuries after rediscovery, including the medieval song "[Fortuna desperata](/source/Fortuna_desperata)", the 1940 organ performance *[Voluntary on Tallis's Lamentations](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Voluntary_on_Tallis%27s_Lamentations&action=edit&redlink=1)*, the 1910s opera *[Marie Victoire](/source/Marie_Victoire)*, and the 1823 opera *[The Uncle From Boston](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Uncle_From_Boston&action=edit&redlink=1)*.[54] Courts in Canada and the United States issued rulings that affirmed the legality of [peer-to-peer file sharing](/source/Peer-to-peer_file_sharing) despite its frequent use for [copyright infringement](/source/Copyright_infringement).[55] Apple with its [iPod](/source/IPod) and [iTunes](/source/ITunes) service was the predominant source of legally downloaded music.[56] *[The Da Vinci Code](/source/The_Da_Vinci_Code)* (2003) by [Dan Brown](/source/Dan_Brown) was the best selling fiction book of 2004.[57] Several libraries lost preserved texts following attacks, including the [Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute](/source/Bhandarkar_Oriental_Research_Institute) in India and the [Islamia Higher Secondary School](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Islamia_Higher_Secondary_School&action=edit&redlink=1) in Pakistan.[34] The American soap opera *[Desperate Housewives](/source/Desperate_Housewives)* was a surprise hit and renewed interest in scripted television.[58] Plays that premiered in 2004 included *[Stuff Happens](/source/Stuff_Happens)* by [David Hare](/source/David_Hare_(playwright)) and *[The History Boys](/source/The_History_Boys)* by [Alan Bennett](/source/Alan_Bennett).[59] The global magazine industry strengthened in 2004 after three years of middling growth,[60] though the *[World Press Review](/source/World_Press_Review)* ended its print publication after a thirty-year run.[61] The March edition of the Russian-language *[Cosmopolitan](/source/Cosmopolitan_(magazine))* reached over 600,000 sales in Europe, making it the continent's most widely circulated magazine.[61] [Nintendo](/source/Nintendo) released the [Nintendo DS](/source/Nintendo_DS) in 2004, a successor to its [handheld game console](/source/Handheld_game_console), the [Game Boy](/source/Game_Boy).[62] Critically acclaimed video games from 2004 include *[Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas](/source/Grand_Theft_Auto%3A_San_Andreas)*, *[Half-Life 2](/source/Half-Life_2)*, and *[Halo 2](/source/Halo_2)*.[63] *[Doom 3](/source/Doom_3)* was among the most anticipated games of the year but proved critically unsuccessful.[62] ### Sports Main article: [2004 in sports](/source/2004_in_sports) The [2004 Summer Olympics](/source/2004_Summer_Olympics) were held in [Athens](/source/Athens), Greece. The [2004 Summer Olympics](/source/2004_Summer_Olympics) were held in their birthplace of [Athens](/source/Athens).[64] The United States had the most gold medals with 35, followed by China's 32 and Russia's 27. [Irina Korzhanenko](/source/Irina_Korzhanenko) of Russia had her gold medal revoked after failing a drug test.[65] [Vitali Klitschko](/source/Vitali_Klitschko) became the boxing world heavyweight champion in 2004 following the retirement of [Lennox Lewis](/source/Lennox_Lewis).[66] [Maria Sharapova](/source/Maria_Sharapova) defeated champion player [Serena Williams](/source/Serena_Williams) in the [Women's Wimbledon Championships](/source/2004_Wimbledon_Championships_%E2%80%93_Women's_singles), becoming the first Russian to win a Wimbledon tournament.[67] [Roger Federer](/source/Roger_Federer) won three of the four major tennis tournaments in men's tennis.[68] Fijian golfer [Vijay Singh](/source/Vijay_Singh) became the world's highest-earning golfer, winning $10 million in 2004,[69] and he unseated [Tiger Woods](/source/Tiger_Woods) as the top [PGA Tour](/source/PGA_Tour) player in September after winning nine tournaments throughout the year.[70] [Michael Schumacher](/source/Michael_Schumacher) won his seventh victory with the [2004 Formula One World Championship](/source/2004_Formula_One_World_Championship),[71] and [Ronnie O'Sullivan](/source/Ronnie_O'Sullivan) won his second with the [2004 World Snooker Championship](/source/2004_World_Snooker_Championship) in what was his second victory.[72] [Best Mate](/source/Best_Mate) became the fourth horse to win three [Cheltenham Gold Cups](/source/Cheltenham_Gold_Cup).[69] In [Major League Baseball](/source/Major_League_Baseball), the [Boston Red Sox](/source/Boston_Red_Sox) ended its 86-year losing streak by defeating the [St. Louis Cardinals](/source/St._Louis_Cardinals) in the [2004 World Series](/source/2004_World_Series).[73][72] Japanese player [Ichiro Suzuki](/source/Ichiro_Suzuki) of the [Seattle Mariners](/source/Seattle_Mariners) broke the 84-year record of 257 hits in one season set by [George Sisler](/source/George_Sisler).[74] In [association football](/source/Association_football), Greece won an upset victory over Portugal in the [UEFA Euro 2004](/source/UEFA_Euro_2004), while [FC Porto](/source/FC_Porto) defeated [AS Monaco FC](/source/AS_Monaco_FC) in the [2004 UEFA Champions League final](/source/2004_UEFA_Champions_League_final).[75] The [Tampa Bay Lightning](/source/Tampa_Bay_Lightning) won the [2004 Stanley Cup Final](/source/2004_Stanley_Cup_Final) in the [National Hockey League](/source/National_Hockey_League),[72] and the [2004–05 NHL season](/source/2004%E2%80%9305_NHL_season) was canceled following [an industry lockout](/source/2004%E2%80%9305_NHL_lockout).[67] [Steve Fossett](/source/Steve_Fossett) and his crew beat the record for fastest [circumnavigation](/source/Circumnavigation) by sailing, making the trip in 58 days, while [Francis Joyon](/source/Francis_Joyon) broke the solo record with 73 days.[72] [Pete Cabrinha](/source/Pete_Cabrinha) surfed on a 70 ft (21 m) wave in January, breaking the record for the tallest wave ever surfed.[67] [Scandal occurred](/source/Super_Bowl_XXXVIII_halftime_show_controversy) following [the half-time show](/source/Super_Bowl_XXXVIII_halftime_show) of [Super Bowl XXXVIII](/source/Super_Bowl_XXXVIII) where singer [Janet Jackson](/source/Janet_Jackson) had most of her breast exposed, and the rest of the year was marked by strict regulatory scrutiny of potential indecency on American television.[76] The [BALCO scandal](/source/BALCO_scandal) occurred in the United States after an investigation determined that the [Bay Area Laboratory Co-operative](/source/Bay_Area_Laboratory_Co-operative) was distributing [performance-enhancing substances](/source/Performance-enhancing_substance) to athletes.[66] Online [fantasy sports](/source/Fantasy_sport) became more widely available when [AOL](/source/AOL) launched a free fantasy sports service.[77] ## Economy Main category: [2004 in economic history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:2004_in_economic_history) [Google](/source/Google) was the dominant [search engine](/source/Search_engine) in 2004 and made an [initial public offering](/source/Initial_public_offering) of $1.7 billion. The economy in 2004 grew steadily without significant interruptions.[78] The [gross world product](/source/Gross_world_product) grew by 4% in 2004, an increase from the 2.8% growth in 2003. The highest growth came from the developing world.[79] International trade increased by over 10%.[80] Governments in the developed world tightened [monetary policy](/source/Monetary_policy) and [central banks](/source/Central_bank) raised their [interest rates](/source/Interest_rate),[81] in contrast with expectations set at the beginning of the year.[82] The [United States dollar](/source/United_States_dollar) depreciated as the American trade deficit increased, while surpluses in Japan and the European Union led to appreciation for the [Japanese yen](/source/Japanese_yen) and the [euro](/source/Euro).[83][84] The valuation of the Chinese [renminbi](/source/Renminbi) was a subject of international debate as it was tied to the US dollar.[82] The global economy had recovered from the [early 2000s recession](/source/Early_2000s_recession) by 2004.[81] The greatest recovery took place in Japan and the United States.[84] Stock markets performed well globally in early months as economic recovery appeared strong, but downturns occurred later in the year.[85] China became the largest recipient of [foreign direct investment](/source/Foreign_direct_investment), exceeding that received by the United States.[84] [Doha Development Round](/source/Doha_Development_Round) negotiations resumed in August after their failure in 2003, and a framework was agreed upon for developed countries to limit agricultural subsidies and reduce tariffs.[86] The United States signed [a free trade agreement](/source/Dominican_Republic%E2%80%93Central_America_Free_Trade_Agreement) with several Central American countries, and [another agreement](/source/Australia%E2%80%93United_States_Free_Trade_Agreement) with Australia.[87] Growing demand for oil led [oil prices](/source/Oil_price) to increase by over 50%, which was followed by a smaller decrease in price, but the global economy accommodated the price increase without significant inflation or [price shock](/source/Price_shock);[88] [speculation](/source/Speculation) on oil further increased its price.[89] [Coffee](/source/Coffee) prices rose in 2004 after a years-long decline that had reduced its supply.[89] Most metals, including gold, steel and aluminum, also rose in price significantly.[90] Transportation industries like airlines and car manufacturers fared poorly throughout the year, though [Toyota](/source/Toyota) grew to become the second largest car manufacturing company after [General Motors](/source/General_Motors).[91] The [World Trade Organization](/source/World_Trade_Organization) objected to agricultural subsidies for sugar in the European Union and cotton in the United States due to fears that they would negatively affect global prices.[92] [Initial public offerings](/source/Initial_public_offering) (IPO) from technology companies amounted to $10.7 billion in 2004, including the $1.7 billion IPO of Google, significantly exceeding the $3.3 billion of technology company IPOs in 2003.[93] [Google](/source/Google) emerged as the dominant [search engine](/source/Search_engine) by 2004 and made its initial public offering in August by public auction.[94] Internet advertising in 2004 exceeded the rates that it had achieved prior to a downturn caused by the [dot-com bubble burst](/source/Dot-com_bubble_burst) in 2000, totaling $2.37 billion.[77] The largest Russian oil company, [Yukos](/source/Yukos), was partially dismantled by the government after finding it owed back taxes.[95] The retail company [Kmart](/source/Kmart) announced its intention in November to acquire its competitor [Sears](/source/Sears) and create [Sears Holdings](/source/Sears_Holdings).[96] [Oracle Corporation](/source/Oracle_Corporation) succeeded in its [hostile takeover](/source/Hostile_takeover) of [PeopleSoft](/source/PeopleSoft) in December for $10.3 billion.[94] [SCO Group](/source/SCO_Group) was unable to advance [its dispute](/source/SCO%E2%80%93Linux_disputes) against [IBM](/source/IBM) regarding ownership of [Unix](/source/Unix) and [Linux](/source/Linux).[97] [Cunard Line](/source/Cunard_Line) launched the [RMS *Queen Mary 2*](/source/Queen_Mary_2) in January.[98] ## Environment and weather Main article: [2004 in the environment](/source/2004_in_the_environment) See also: [List of earthquakes in 2004](/source/List_of_earthquakes_in_2004) and [Tropical cyclones in 2004](/source/Tropical_cyclones_in_2004) [A magnitude 9.1 earthquake](/source/2004_Indian_Ocean_earthquake_and_tsunami) caused damage across the [Indian Ocean](/source/Indian_Ocean) in December. The year 2004 was the fourth hottest year on record, and it was the first in four years to have above-average precipitation.[99] Major heat waves occurred in Australia, Japan, and Spain, while deadly cold waves occurred in Peru and southern Asia. Heavy winter storms occurred in the Middle East and around the Mediterranean.[99] Ongoing droughts continued in the [Horn of Africa](/source/Horn_of_Africa) and the [western United States](/source/Western_United_States), while deadly floods occurred in Brazil and on the [Mexico–United States border](/source/Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_border).[99] [A magnitude 9.1 earthquake](/source/2004_Indian_Ocean_earthquake_and_tsunami) struck Indonesia on December 26.[100] This was the largest earthquake anywhere since [a magnitude 9.2 earthquake](/source/1964_Alaska_earthquake) struck Alaska in 1964.[101] The 2004 earthquake and the resulting tsunami killed approximately 230,000 people across the region,[100] and the tsunami affected countries across the Indian Ocean in both Asia and Africa.[101] This included the destruction of the Indonesian city [Banda Aceh](/source/Banda_Aceh).[102] As the year closed, the earthquake was recognized as a defining event of 2004.[103] There were 15 [named storms](/source/Tropical_cyclone_naming) in the [2004 Atlantic hurricane season](/source/2004_Atlantic_hurricane_season), nine of which were hurricanes. The most intense storms were [Hurricane Ivan](/source/Hurricane_Ivan), [Hurricane Charley](/source/Hurricane_Charley), [Hurricane Frances](/source/Hurricane_Frances), and [Hurricane Karl](/source/Hurricane_Karl_(2004)).[104] It was the second deadliest hurricane season of the previous 30 years, as [Hurricane Jeanne](/source/Hurricane_Jeanne) killed over 3,000 people in Haiti as well as leaving hundreds of thousands of people homeless.[105] There were 31 tropical storms in the [2004 Pacific typhoon season](/source/2004_Pacific_typhoon_season), 21 of which were typhoons.[106] The most intense typhoons were [Typhoon Dianmu](/source/Typhoon_Dianmu_(2004)), [Typhoon Chaba](/source/Typhoon_Chaba_(2004)), and [Typhoon Nida](/source/Typhoon_Nida_(2004)), and [Typhoon Ma-on](/source/Typhoon_Ma-on_(2004)).[107] Seven tropical storms made landfall in Japan, and it suffered the most typhoon strikes since 1982 with four typhoons. [Typhoon Rananim](/source/Typhoon_Rananim), the strongest typhoon to strike eastern China in five decades, destroyed 42,400 homes.[106] [Typhoon Muifa](/source/Typhoon_Muifa_(2004)) and [Typhoon Nanmadol](/source/Typhoon_Nanmadol_(2004)) killed a combined total of 1,375 people in Philippines.[107] While the existence of man-made [climate change](/source/Climate_change) had been confirmed by 2004, efforts continued to produce models that could accurately measure and predict its severity as [greenhouse gas emissions](/source/Greenhouse_gas_emissions) increased globally.[108] Special attention was paid to the relationship between climate change and [air pollution](/source/Air_pollution), as well as potential effects of [abrupt climate change](/source/Abrupt_climate_change) like the shut down of [thermohaline circulation](/source/Thermohaline_circulation) and the destruction of the [Greenland ice sheet](/source/Greenland_ice_sheet).[109] A four-year study of Arctic conditions resulted in the [Arctic Climate Impact Assessment](/source/Arctic_Climate_Impact_Assessment).[110] Several studies throughout the year demonstrated significant potential for [human-caused extinction](/source/Holocene_extinction) of biodiversity from climate change, deforestation, and other causes.[111] Poland banned the use of [chlorofluorocarbons](/source/Chlorofluorocarbon) on April 14, with most restrictions effective immediately. This was followed by a conference in June where [Coca-Cola](/source/Coca-Cola), [McDonald's](/source/McDonald's), and [Unilever](/source/Unilever) agreed to phase out chlorofluorocarbons.[112] After expressing reservations, Russia ratified the [Kyoto Protocol](/source/Kyoto_Protocol) on November 5.[113] This allowed it to take effect in 2005 without the involvement of the United States.[114] Several other ratifiers, including Italy, Finland, and Spain, protested the requirements it imposed.[113] The [Rotterdam Convention](/source/Rotterdam_Convention) entered into force in February, requiring informed consent to export certain harmful chemicals.[115] The [Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants](/source/Stockholm_Convention_on_Persistent_Organic_Pollutants), an international treaty regulating [persistent organic pollutants](/source/Persistent_organic_pollutant), came into force on May 17.[116] The [International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture](/source/International_Treaty_on_Plant_Genetic_Resources_for_Food_and_Agriculture) came into effect on June 29.[117] The [2004 United Nations Climate Change Conference](/source/2004_United_Nations_Climate_Change_Conference) took place in [Buenos Aires](/source/Buenos_Aires), Argentina, in December.[114] ## Health Main category: [2004 in health](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:2004_in_health) The [H5N1](/source/Influenza_A_virus_subtype_H5N1) virus [spurred fears](/source/Global_spread_of_H5N1_in_2004) of a possible pandemic. The primary health concern of 2004 was the potential of an [avian influenza](/source/Avian_influenza) pandemic during [the spread](/source/Global_spread_of_H5N1_in_2004) of [H5N1](/source/Influenza_A_virus_subtype_H5N1) in eastern and southeastern Asia.[118] [87] Only 44 human cases were documented between January and October, but 32 of them resulted in death. The high mortality rate expedited production of [H5N1 vaccines](/source/H5N1_vaccine).[119] This was accompanied by [research into](/source/Spanish_flu_research) the [Spanish flu](/source/Spanish_flu) that involved reconstructions of the virus's genes and infected tissue.[120] American exportation of beef was halted throughout 2004 following the detection of [bovine spongiform encephalopathy](/source/Bovine_spongiform_encephalopathy).[87] [A locust outbreak](/source/2003%E2%80%932005_African_locust_outbreak) spread across western Africa in July and August, causing food shortages throughout the region, while the War in Darfur led to a severe food crisis in Sudan.[92] The [HIV/AIDS pandemic](/source/HIV%2FAIDS_pandemic) remained a predominant public health concern,[118] and the *[2004 Report on the Global AIDS Epidemic](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2004_Report_on_the_Global_AIDS_Epidemic&action=edit&redlink=1)* was released prior to the year's [International AIDS Conference](/source/International_AIDS_Conference), warning that [HIV/AIDS](/source/HIV%2FAIDS) cases were rising at a high rate.[121] [Tuberculosis](/source/Tuberculosis) deaths increased in 2004 for the first time in over 40 years as a result of [drug resistant strains](/source/Drug_resistant_tuberculosis) and [comorbidity with HIV](/source/Tuberculosis_in_relation_to_HIV).[122] The global [global SARS epidemic](/source/2002%E2%80%932004_SARS_outbreak) and the [West Nile virus](/source/West_Nile_virus) outbreak [in the United States](/source/West_Nile_virus_in_the_United_States) both receded in 2004 with significant drops in documented cases relative to 2003.[122] Trials for new drugs included [cotrimoxazole](/source/Cotrimoxazole) for HIV/AIDS,[120] [OZ 277](/source/OZ_277) and the [Mosquirix](/source/Mosquirix) vaccine for [malaria](/source/Malaria),[123] and [statins](/source/Statin) to lower cholesterol.[122] [Merck & Co.](/source/Merck_%26_Co.) pulled the arthritis drug [rofecoxib](/source/Rofecoxib) in September because it increased the risk of heart attack and stroke, leading to renewed scrutiny of pharmaceuticals and calls for reform in the United States.[124] ## Politics and law Main article: [2004 in politics](/source/2004_in_politics) Clockwise from upper left: [George W. Bush](/source/George_W._Bush) (United States), [Vladimir Putin](/source/Vladimir_Putin) (Russia), [Viktor Yushchenko](/source/Viktor_Yushchenko) (Ukraine), and [Hamid Karzai](/source/Hamid_Karzai) (Afghanistan) Seven Eastern European nations were incorporated into [NATO](/source/NATO), bringing the defense alliance to 26 members.[25] Ten countries joined the [European Union](/source/European_Union) in May, and the organization signed [an agreement](/source/Treaty_establishing_a_Constitution_for_Europe) toward the creation of a constitution.[125] Bulgaria, Romania, and Turkey were refused entry.[126] Disagreements remained over whether the European Union should be officially Christian.[127] [George W. Bush](/source/George_W._Bush) was [reelected](/source/2004_United_States_presidential_election) to a second term as president of the United States.[9] [Vladimir Putin](/source/Vladimir_Putin) was [re-elected as president](/source/2004_Russian_presidential_election) of Russia.[102] [Manmohan Singh](/source/Manmohan_Singh) became the first Sikh prime minister of India following the victory of his [Indian National Congress](/source/Indian_National_Congress) party [in May](/source/2004_Indian_general_election);[128] he was selected after [Sonia Gandhi](/source/Sonia_Gandhi) was met with opposition from [Hindu nationalists](/source/Hindu_nationalists).[102] [Hamid Karzai](/source/Hamid_Karzai) won [Afghanistan's first presidential election](/source/2004_Afghan_presidential_election),[9] but his government did not control significant territory outside of the capital, [Kabul](/source/Kabul), as the rest of the country was occupied by [warlords](/source/Warlord).[129] The [Ukrainian presidential election](/source/2004_Ukrainian_presidential_election) was disputed due to election fraud, voiding the victory of [Viktor Yanukovych](/source/Viktor_Yanukovych); [Viktor Yushchenko](/source/Viktor_Yushchenko) won in the re-run election, and the [Constitution of Ukraine](/source/Constitution_of_Ukraine) was amended in response to the affair.[9] President [Jean-Bertrand Aristide](/source/Jean-Bertrand_Aristide) of Haiti fled the country after [a coup](/source/2004_Haitian_coup_d'%C3%A9tat) on February 29 under pressure from the United States.[130] [Yasser Arafat](/source/Yasser_Arafat), the leader of Palestine and main figure in the [Palestinian nationalism](/source/Palestinian_nationalism) movement, died in November and was succeeded by [Mahmoud Abbas](/source/Mahmoud_Abbas) until an election [could take place](/source/2005_Palestinian_presidential_election) the following year;[19] Arafat's death prompted questions about the movement's direction.[131] [Iranian](/source/Iran_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction) and [North Korean](/source/North_Korea_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction) nuclear programs were brought under scrutiny in 2004, and [an explosion in North Korea](/source/Ryanggang_explosion) on September 9 raised fears of possible [nuclear weapons testing](/source/Nuclear_weapons_testing).[132] [Abdul Qadeer Khan](/source/Abdul_Qadeer_Khan), a leading figure in the development of [Pakistan's nuclear weapons](/source/Pakistan_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction), was discovered to have been trading nuclear secrets to Iran, Iraq, Libya, and North Korea. South Korea was also found to be developing [a nuclear weapons program](/source/South_Korea_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction) despite being involved in anti-proliferation efforts.[133] Other political developments in 2004 included protests against high crime rates in several Latin American countries,[134] the removal of the death penalty in the majority of countries following its abolition in Bhutan and Samoa,[134] and the indictment of Macedonian interior minister [Ljube Boškoski](/source/Ljube_Bo%C5%A1koski) for involvement in the 2002 [Raštanski Lozja killings](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ra%C5%A1tanski_Lozja_killings&action=edit&redlink=1).[134] Elsewhere, [Augusto Pinochet](/source/Augusto_Pinochet) in Chile, [Luis Echeverría](/source/Luis_Echeverr%C3%ADa) in Mexico, and [Slobodan Milošević](/source/Slobodan_Milo%C5%A1evi%C4%87) in Serbia faced allegations of crimes against humanity.[135] For her work in environmentalism, [Wangarĩ Maathai](/source/Wangar%C4%A9_Maathai) from Kenya became the first African woman to win the [Nobel Peace Prize](/source/Nobel_Peace_Prize).[136] ### War on terror [Saddam Hussein](/source/Saddam_Hussein) on trial [A provisional government](/source/Iraqi_Interim_Government) was created in Iraq under Prime Minister [Ayad Allawi](/source/Ayad_Allawi) in June, succeeding the American-run [Coalition Provisional Authority](/source/Coalition_Provisional_Authority).[103][9] The United States retained control of institutions such as national defense and the prison system,[137] causing legal ambiguity over whether the nation should still be considered under occupation.[21] Western involvement in Iraq grew unpopular as human rights abuses were uncovered, violence led to civilian casualties, and the [rationale for the Iraq War](/source/Rationale_for_the_Iraq_War) was found to be misleading. The [Iraq Survey Group](/source/Iraq_Survey_Group) was unable to find evidence of the [weapons of mass destruction in Iraq](/source/Iraq_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction) that had been used to justify the invasion.[138] It was revealed in May that American soldiers were [committing acts of torture](/source/Abu_Ghraib_torture_and_prisoner_abuse) against people held in the [Abu Ghraib prison](/source/Abu_Ghraib_prison) in Iraq,[9] leading to the conviction of several American soldiers in military courts.[137] This accompanied the controversial use of the [Guantanamo Bay detention camp](/source/Guantanamo_Bay_detention_camp) to hold suspected terrorists without due process.[138] The United States worked to rebuild relations with its allies that had opposed the invasion toward a mutual goal of [Iraqi reconstruction](/source/Investment_in_post-invasion_Iraq).[139] Deposed Iraqi president [Saddam Hussein](/source/Saddam_Hussein) appeared in court in July on charges of committing genocide during his rule.[9] His trial was held under the [Supreme Iraqi Criminal Tribunal](/source/Supreme_Iraqi_Criminal_Tribunal), which was created by the United States and operated under Iraqi law. Hussein contested the tribunal's legitimacy and there were calls to hold an international tribunal.[137] The United Kingdom and the United States passed [anti-terrorism legislation](/source/Anti-terrorism_legislation) and initiated [surveillance programs](/source/Mass_surveillance) as part of the [war on terror](/source/War_on_terror), prompting concerns about infringement of civil rights.[139] [Osama bin Laden](/source/Osama_bin_Laden) released [a video](/source/2004_Osama_bin_Laden_video) on October 29 where he claimed responsibility for the [September 11 attacks](/source/September_11_attacks).[140] ### International law The [International Court of Justice](/source/International_Court_of_Justice) made two rulings in 2004: it ruled in the [*Avena* case](/source/Avena_case) that the United States had violated its obligations to the [Vienna Convention on Consular Relations](/source/Vienna_Convention_on_Consular_Relations) when prosecuting Mexican nationals, and it ruled that it had no jurisdiction in the *[Legality of Use of Force](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Legality_of_Use_of_Force&action=edit&redlink=1)* case brought by [Serbia and Montenegro](/source/Serbia_and_Montenegro) against NATO nations.[21] It also issued [an advisory opinion](/source/Legal_Consequences_of_the_Construction_of_a_Wall_in_the_Occupied_Palestinian_Territory) arguing that the construction of the [West Bank barrier](/source/West_Bank_barrier) violated the Palestinian people's right to [self-determination](/source/Self-determination).[141] Two border disputes, *[Romania v. Ukraine](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Romania_v._Ukraine&action=edit&redlink=1)* and *[Benin v. Niger](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Benin_v._Niger&action=edit&redlink=1)*, were brought before the court in 2004.[137] The [International Criminal Court](/source/International_Criminal_Court) (ICC) opened its first two investigations: one [in Uganda](/source/International_Criminal_Court_investigation_in_Uganda) and one [in the Democratic Republic of the Congo](/source/International_Criminal_Court_investigation_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo).[142] The United States did not receive an extension on American immunity from the ICC, so it instead negotiated bilateral treaties with other nations to prevent them from turning Americans over to the court.[137] The [International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda](/source/International_Criminal_Tribunal_for_Rwanda) convicted [Emmanuel Ndindabahizi](/source/Emmanuel_Ndindabahizi), [Jean de Dieu Kamuhanda](/source/Jean_de_Dieu_Kamuhanda), and [Samuel Imanishimwe](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Samuel_Imanishimwe&action=edit&redlink=1) of genocide.[143] The trial of [Slobodan Milošević](/source/Slobodan_Milo%C5%A1evi%C4%87) began under the [International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia](/source/International_Criminal_Tribunal_for_the_former_Yugoslavia),[142] while appeals by [Radislav Krstić](/source/Radislav_Krsti%C4%87) and [Tihomir Blaškić](/source/Tihomir_Bla%C5%A1ki%C4%87) resulted in lesser charges and reductions in their sentences.[22] ## Religion Main category: [2004 in religion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:2004_in_religion) [Bartholomew I of Constantinople](/source/Bartholomew_I_of_Constantinople) was the first Orthodox patriarch to visit Latin America. The [sexual abuse scandals](/source/Catholic_Church_sexual_abuse_cases) of the [Catholic Church](/source/Catholic_Church) further developed in 2004 with resignations and legal proceedings.[144] The Catholic Church returned the relics of [John Chrysostom](/source/John_Chrysostom) and [Gregory of Nazianzus](/source/Gregory_of_Nazianzus) to Istanbul.[145] Within [Eastern Orthodoxy](/source/Eastern_Orthodoxy), [Bartholomew I of Constantinople](/source/Bartholomew_I_of_Constantinople) suspended relations with [Christodoulos of Athens](/source/Christodoulos_of_Athens). Bartholomew accepted an apology from the Roman Catholic Church for the 1204 [sack of Constantinople](/source/Sack_of_Constantinople).[146] The [St Nicholas of Myra Cathedral of Havana](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=St_Nicholas_of_Myra_Cathedral_of_Havana&action=edit&redlink=1) [[pl](https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerkiew_%C5%9Bw._Miko%C5%82aja_w_Hawanie)], the first religious building to be constructed in Cuba since the [Cuban Revolution](/source/Cuban_Revolution), was consecrated by Bartholomew in January; this was the first time an Orthodox patriarch visited Latin America.[147] [Eastern Orthodox Church](/source/Eastern_Orthodox_Church) leader [Patriarch Peter VII of Alexandria](/source/Patriarch_Peter_VII_of_Alexandria) died in a helicopter crash in 2004.[145] The issue of gay rights remained incredibly divisive among different [Anglican](/source/Anglicanism) groups and caused schisms, especially in the United States where the [Episcopal Church](/source/Episcopal_Church_(United_States)) was more accepting of same-sex partnerships.[148] The [Anglican Communion](/source/Anglican_Communion) released the [Windsor Report](/source/Windsor_Report) that condemned the selection of [Gene Robinson](/source/Gene_Robinson), a gay man, as a bishop in the United States.[149] The [United Methodist Church](/source/United_Methodist_Church) responded by announcing its opposition to the ordination of gay bishops.[146] Also in the United States, the [Southern Baptist Convention](/source/Southern_Baptist_Convention) ended its connection with the [Baptist World Alliance](/source/Baptist_World_Alliance) for being too liberal.[146] Several Christian groups, including the [Presbyterian Church](/source/Presbyterian_Church_(USA)), [World Council of Churches](/source/World_Council_of_Churches), and the [Lutheran World Federation](/source/Lutheran_World_Federation), had relations sour with Jewish groups after criticizing [Israeli actions against Palestine](/source/Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict).[146] Disagreement emerged among Jews in Israel when Chief Rabbi [Avraham Shapira](/source/Avraham_Shapira) declared that [Orthodox Jews](/source/Orthodox_Jews) should disregard orders to [dismantle Israeli settlements in Gaza](/source/Israeli_disengagement_from_the_Gaza_Strip).[150] Religious violence remained a major issue within the [Islamic world](/source/Islamic_world) as religious leaders condemned attacks led by [Islamist](/source/Islamist) groups,[149][19] and Islamic organizations held several summits in favor of religious tolerance and opposition to Islamism.[151] The overthrow of [Ba'athist Iraq](/source/Ba'athist_Iraq) in 2003 meant increased religious tension between [Sunni](/source/Sunni_Islam) and [Shia](/source/Shia_Islam) sects of Islam within the country.[152] The [Sankararaman murder case](/source/Sankararaman_murder_case) caused controversy following the death of temple manager Sankara Raman in the Hindu monastery [Kanchi Kamakoti Peetham](/source/Kanchi_Kamakoti_Peetham).[145] Several countries saw continued debates on [religion in education](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_education&action=edit&redlink=1),[153] and France issued [a highly contested ban](/source/French_law_on_secularity_and_conspicuous_religious_symbols_in_schools) on religious attire in public schools.[146] ## Science Main article: [2004 in science](/source/2004_in_science) The prehistoric human species *[homo floresiensis](/source/Homo_floresiensis)* was discovered in 2004. Study continued in the use of embryos to create [stem cells](/source/Stem_cell) for research purposes. [Debate around stem cell usage](/source/Stem_cell_controversy) occurred worldwide, and the United Nations was unable to agree on international law related to [human cloning](/source/Human_cloning) for the creation of stem cells.[123] Several studies of the relationship between humans and other hominids were completed in 2004, including a preliminary [genome sequence](/source/DNA_sequencing) for [chimpanzees](/source/Chimpanzee).[154] A newborn [western gorilla](/source/Western_gorilla) was observed for the first time in 50 years in the [Léfini Faunal Reserve](/source/L%C3%A9fini_Faunal_Reserve).[155] An early human species with small body proportions, *[homo floresiensis](/source/Homo_floresiensis)*, was announced with the discovery of the Flores man fossil.[156] The fossil was discovered in the [Liang Bua](/source/Liang_Bua) archaeological site on the Indonesian island of [Flores](/source/Flores). Announced on October 28, there had previously been no expectation of another human species in the area.[157] The [post-perovskite](/source/Post-perovskite) crystal structure was discovered when [perovskite](/source/Perovskite) was placed under extreme pressure and temperature.[158] Research continued on the development and application of [carbon nanotubes](/source/Carbon_nanotube) in the United Kingdom, prompting the [Royal Society](/source/Royal_Society) and the [Royal Academy of Engineering](/source/Royal_Academy_of_Engineering) to propose their classification as a new chemical.[159] Independent experiments in 2004 successfully produced [quantum teleportation](/source/Quantum_teleportation) in particles and ions.[160][161] [Magnetic resonance force microscopy](/source/Magnetic_resonance_force_microscopy) was used to observe a single electron for the first time.[162] [Global warming](/source/Global_warming) was a major focus of the scientific community as results came in on [sea level rise](/source/Sea_level_rise).[163] A map of Earth's gravitational field was released in 2004 based on the results of the 2002 [GRACE and GRACE-FO](/source/GRACE_and_GRACE-FO) study, with ten times the resolution of previous maps.[158] A study by American and Italian researchers demonstrated a more precise form of [interferometric synthetic-aperture radar](/source/Interferometric_synthetic-aperture_radar) to measure the deformation caused by tectonic activity.[164] Over 70 archaeological sites were established in the [Petén Basin](/source/Pet%C3%A9n_Basin) in Guatemala.[165] The [Pool of Siloam](/source/Pool_of_Siloam), a major reservoir from ancient Jerusalem, was discovered in the process of building a sewer pipe.[166] ### Astronomy and space exploration Main article: [2004 in spaceflight](/source/2004_in_spaceflight) The *[Soyuz](/source/Soyuz_(spacecraft))* program was the only crewed space program in 2004 ([Soyuz TMA-5](/source/Soyuz_TMA-5) pictured). [NASA](/source/NASA) paused its [Space Shuttle program](/source/Space_Shuttle_program) following [the previous year's explosion](/source/Space_Shuttle_Columbia_disaster) of the [Space Shuttle *Columbia*](/source/Space_Shuttle_Columbia), meaning the only crewed flights in 2004 were part of Russia's *[Soyuz](/source/Soyuz_(spacecraft))* program.[167] The [Mars Exploration Rover](/source/Mars_Exploration_Rover) program continued with the landing of the *[Spirit](/source/Spirit_(rover))* rover on January 4 and the *[Opportunity](/source/Opportunity_(rover))* rover on January 25. They provided evidence that Mars once had seas, prompting NASA to extend the rovers' mission to the end of the year.[168] NASA's *[Cassini–Huygens](/source/Cassini%E2%80%93Huygens)* achieved orbit around Saturn in July.[168] It took images of Saturn's features, including infrared imaging of [its rings](/source/Rings_of_Saturn),[169] and released the ESA's *[Huygens](/source/Huygens_(spacecraft))* lander in December to study the moon [Titan](/source/Titan_(moon)).[168] The ESA's [SMART-1](/source/SMART-1) satellite achieved orbit around the Moon in November, and NASA's *[Genesis](/source/Genesis_(spacecraft))* probe returned to Earth in September but was damaged in a failed landing.[170] Venus's path [led it between the Earth and the Sun](/source/2004_transit_of_Venus) for the first time [since 1882](/source/1882_transit_of_Venus).[171] The [Hubble Ultra-Deep Field](/source/Hubble_Ultra-Deep_Field) image was released in March.[172] Spacecraft launches in 2004 included the [European Space Agency](/source/European_Space_Agency) (ESA)'s *[Rosetta](/source/Rosetta_(spacecraft))* probe on March 2 to study the comet [67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko](/source/67P%2FChuryumov%E2%80%93Gerasimenko), NASA's *[MESSENGER](/source/MESSENGER)* probe toward Mercury in August,[168] [a private spaceflight](/source/SpaceShipOne_flight_15P) of the *[SpaceShipOne](/source/SpaceShipOne)* by [Burt Rutan](/source/Burt_Rutan) in October,[173] and NASA's [Neil Gehrels Swift Observatory](/source/Neil_Gehrels_Swift_Observatory) (then called the Swift Gamma-Ray Burst Explorer) launch into orbit in November to study [gamma-ray bursts](/source/Gamma-ray_burst).[170] The [Gravity Probe B](/source/Gravity_Probe_B), [Double Star](/source/Double_Star_(satellite)), and [Aura](/source/Aura_(satellite)) satellites were also launched in 2004.[174] ### Technology [Wireless](/source/Wireless) technology grew in popularity with the proliferation of devices like [Pocket PCs](/source/Pocket_PC) and [portable media players](/source/Portable_media_player),[175] while [high-definition television](/source/High-definition_television) and [digital video recorders](/source/Digital_video_recorder) became more widely available.[176] [Laptops](/source/Laptop) increased in popularity as they approached the computing power of [desktop computers](/source/Desktop_computer), and as [Wi-Fi](/source/Wi-Fi) became more accessible.[177] [Flash drives](/source/Flash_drive) grew more popular while [floppy disks](/source/Floppy_disk) and [personal digital assistants](/source/Personal_digital_assistant) saw continued decline.[177] [3G](/source/3G) technology was more widely adopted in Europe, while [NTT DoCoMo](/source/NTT_DoCoMo) began early trials for [4G](/source/4G) technology in Japan.[178] [Microsoft](/source/Microsoft) entered 2004 with a monopoly over [web browsers](/source/Web_browser) through [Internet Explorer](/source/Internet_Explorer), but its share of the market was reduced to about 90 percent following the introduction of [Firefox](/source/Firefox).[179] [Open-source software](/source/Open-source_software) was incentivized and in some cases legally mandated by South American countries throughout the year.[97] Google released the first version of [Gmail](/source/Gmail) in April.[94] Malware attacks rose in early 2004, primarily through the [Netsky](/source/Netsky_(computer_worm)) and [Sasser](/source/Sasser_(computer_worm)) worms created by [Sven Jaschan](/source/Sven_Jaschan). [Spam](/source/Spamming) and [phishing](/source/Phishing) emails were seen as a major problem and were met with arrests and lawsuits against perpetrators.[180] The term *[nanotechnology](/source/Nanotechnology)*, first coined in the 1970s, was popularized among the general public in 2004.[181] New automobiles entering production in 2004 included the [Chrysler 300](/source/Chrysler_300) and [Ford Five Hundred](/source/Ford_Five_Hundred).[182] ## Events ### January A photo of the Martian surface taken by NASA's *[Spirit](/source/Spirit_(rover))* rover - [January 4](/source/January_4) - NASA's *[Spirit](/source/Spirit_(rover))* rover lands on the surface of [Mars](/source/Mars).[183] - [An insurgency](/source/Southern_Thailand_insurgency) breaks out in southern Thailand.[184] - [January 8](/source/January_8) – The [RMS *Queen Mary 2*](/source/Queen_Mary_2), at the time the largest ocean liner ever built, is christened by its namesake's granddaughter, [Queen Elizabeth II](/source/Elizabeth_II).[185] - [January 21](/source/January_21) – [Bartholomew I of Constantinople](/source/Bartholomew_I_of_Constantinople) visits Cuba.[186] - [January 25](/source/January_25) – NASA's *[Opportunity](/source/Opportunity_(rover))* rover lands on the surface of Mars.[187] ### February - [February 1](/source/February_1) - [Two suicide bombings](/source/2004_Erbil_bombings) are carried out by [al-Qaeda](/source/Al-Qaeda) in [Erbil](/source/Erbil), the capital of [Iraqi Kurdistan](/source/Iraqi_Kurdistan).[188] - [Janet Jackson](/source/Janet_Jackson) suffers [a wardrobe malfunction](/source/Super_Bowl_XXXVIII_halftime_show_controversy) during [the halftime show](/source/Super_Bowl_XXXVIII_halftime_show) of [Super Bowl XXXVIII](/source/Super_Bowl_XXXVIII).[76] - [February 24](/source/February_24) – The [Rotterdam Convention](/source/Rotterdam_Convention) comes into force.[189] - [February 29](/source/February_29) – [Haitian](/source/Haiti) president [Jean-Bertrand Aristide](/source/Jean-Bertrand_Aristide) is [overthrown in a coup d'état](/source/2004_Haitian_coup_d'%C3%A9tat).[190] ### March - [March 2](/source/March_2) - [A series of bombings](/source/2004_Ashura_massacre) occur in [Karbala](/source/Karbala), Iraq, killing over 140 [Shia Muslims](/source/Shia_Islam) commemorating the [Day of Ashura](/source/Ashura).[191] - The European Space Agency launches the *[Rosetta](/source/Rosetta_(spacecraft))* space probe.[192] - [March 9](/source/March_9) – [NASA](/source/NASA) releases the [Hubble Ultra-Deep Field](/source/Hubble_Ultra-Deep_Field) image of early galaxies.[193] - [March 11](/source/March_11) – [Al-Qaeda](/source/Al-Qaeda) [bombings](/source/2004_Madrid_train_bombings) on [Cercanías](/source/Cercan%C3%ADas_Madrid) trains in [Madrid](/source/Madrid), Spain, kill at least 192 people.[194][195] - [March 14](/source/March_14) – [Vladimir Putin](/source/Vladimir_Putin) is [reelected](/source/2004_Russian_presidential_election) president of Russia with 71.2 percent of the vote.[196] - [March 17](/source/March_17) – [Ethnic violence breaks out](/source/2004_unrest_in_Kosovo) in Kosovo between Albanians and Serbs.[197] - [March 22](/source/March_22) – [Hamas](/source/Hamas) leader [Ahmed Yassin](/source/Ahmed_Yassin) is killed by Israeli missile strikes.[198] - [March 28](/source/March_28) – Bombings attributed to the [Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan](/source/Islamic_Movement_of_Uzbekistan) kill 15 in [Tashkent](/source/Tashkent), the capital of Uzbekistan. This is the first instance of suicide bombings in the country or the surrounding region of central Asia.[199] - [March 29](/source/March_29) – [Bulgaria](/source/Bulgaria), [Estonia](/source/Estonia), [Latvia](/source/Latvia), [Lithuania](/source/Lithuania), [Romania](/source/Romania), [Slovakia](/source/Slovakia) and [Slovenia](/source/Slovenia) are admitted to [NATO](/source/NATO), the largest expansion of the organization.[200] - [March 30](/source/March_30) – The [Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist)](/source/Communist_Party_of_Nepal_(Maoist)_(1994)) abducts over 1,000 people from the [Bajura District](/source/Bajura_District) to fight in the [Nepalese Civil War](/source/Nepalese_Civil_War).[18] - [March 31](/source/March_31) - Four American security contractors are killed in [Fallujah](/source/Fallujah), Iraq, leading to the [First Battle of Fallujah](/source/First_Battle_of_Fallujah).[201] - The [International Court of Justice](/source/International_Court_of_Justice) rules in the [*Avena* case](/source/Avena_case) that the United States had violated its obligations to the [Vienna Convention on Consular Relations](/source/Vienna_Convention_on_Consular_Relations) when prosecuting Mexican nationals.[202] ### April [Vitali Klitschko](/source/Vitali_Klitschko) became the [WBC](/source/World_Boxing_Council) world heavyweight champion on April 24. - [April 1](/source/April_1) – Google launches [Gmail](/source/Gmail).[203] - [April 4](/source/April_4) - The [Siege of Sadr City](/source/Siege_of_Sadr_City) begins when the [Mahdi Army](/source/Mahdi_Army) ambushes American soldiers in [Sadr City](/source/Sadr_City), Iraq.[204] - The [United Nations Operation in Côte d'Ivoire](/source/United_Nations_Operation_in_C%C3%B4te_d'Ivoire) begins to maintain a ceasefire in the [First Ivorian Civil War](/source/First_Ivorian_Civil_War).[205] - [April 8](/source/April_8) – The [Humanitarian Ceasefire Agreement](/source/Humanitarian_Ceasefire_Agreement) is signed by the [Sudanese](/source/Sudan) government and two rebel groups to create a ceasefire in the [War in Darfur](/source/War_in_Darfur).[206] - [April 13](/source/April_13) – A newborn [western gorilla](/source/Western_gorilla) is observed for the first time in 50 years in the [Léfini Faunal Reserve](/source/L%C3%A9fini_Faunal_Reserve).[207] - [April 14](/source/April_14) – Poland bans the use of [chlorofluorocarbons](/source/Chlorofluorocarbons).[112] - [April 17](/source/April_17) – Israeli helicopters fire missiles at a convoy of vehicles in the [Gaza Strip](/source/Gaza_Strip), killing [Hamas](/source/Hamas) leader [Abdel Aziz al-Rantisi](/source/Abdel_Aziz_al-Rantisi).[208] - [April 18](/source/April_18) – Newly elected [prime minister of Spain](/source/Prime_Minister_of_Spain), [José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero](/source/Jos%C3%A9_Luis_Rodr%C3%ADguez_Zapatero), announces the withdrawal of all 1,300 Spanish troops from [Iraq](/source/Multi-National_Force_%E2%80%93_Iraq).[209] - [April 19](/source/April_19) – Russia launches the [Soyuz TMA-4](/source/Soyuz_TMA-4) mission.[210] - [April 24](/source/April_24) – Ukrainian boxer [Vitali Klitschko](/source/Vitali_Klitschko) becomes the [WBC](/source/World_Boxing_Council) world heavyweight champion [after defeating](/source/Vitali_Klitschko_vs._Corrie_Sanders) his opponent [Corrie Sanders](/source/Corrie_Sanders).[211] - [April 28](/source/April_28) – [The Gherkin](/source/The_Gherkin) opens in [London](/source/London).[212] - [April 30](/source/April_30) – Patriarch [Bartholomew I of Constantinople](/source/Bartholomew_I_of_Constantinople) breaks Eucharistic communion with Archbishop [Christodoulos of Athens](/source/Christodoulos_of_Athens).[213] ### May *[Garçon à la pipe](/source/Gar%C3%A7on_%C3%A0_la_pipe)* sold at auction for $104.2 million. - [May 1](/source/May_1) – The [European Union expands](/source/2004_enlargement_of_the_European_Union) by 10 new member states: Cyprus, the Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland, Slovakia, and Slovenia.[214] - [May 5](/source/May_5) – *[Garçon à la pipe](/source/Gar%C3%A7on_%C3%A0_la_pipe)*, painted by [Pablo Picasso](/source/Pablo_Picasso) in 1905, is sold for $104.2 million.[215] This was the highest price a work of art had ever been sold for at auction.[216] - [May 7](/source/May_7) - [Vladimir Putin](/source/Vladimir_Putin) is [sworn in](/source/Second_inauguration_of_Vladimir_Putin) for a second term as [Russia](/source/Russia)'s president.[217] - The discovery of the [post-perovskite](/source/Post-perovskite) form of [magnesium silicate](/source/Magnesium_silicate) is reported.[218] - [May 9](/source/May_9) – A [stadium bombing](/source/2004_Grozny_stadium_bombing) in [Grozny](/source/Grozny), [Chechnya](/source/Chechnya), Russia kills ten people, including regional governor [Akhmad Kadyrov](/source/Akhmad_Kadyrov).[219] - [May 13](/source/May_13) – The [Ralito II Agreement](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ralito_II_Agreement&action=edit&redlink=1) is signed between Colombia and the [United Self-Defense Forces of Colombia](/source/United_Self-Defense_Forces_of_Colombia). - [May 17](/source/May_17) – The [Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants](/source/Stockholm_Convention_on_Persistent_Organic_Pollutants) enters into force.[116] - [May 22](/source/May_22) – [Manmohan Singh](/source/Manmohan_Singh), a [Sikh](/source/Sikhs), is sworn in as [India](/source/India)'s first non-[Hindu](/source/Hindus) prime minister.[220] - [May 23](/source/May_23) – The [Seattle Central Library](/source/Seattle_Central_Library) opens in [Seattle](/source/Seattle), Washington.[221] - [May 24](/source/May_24) – A fire at a [Momart](/source/Momart) warehouse destroys numerous works of art.[222] ### June A [transit of Venus](/source/Transit_of_Venus) took place [on June 8, 2004](/source/2004_transit_of_Venus). - [June 1](/source/June_1) – The [United Nations Stabilisation Mission in Haiti](/source/United_Nations_Stabilisation_Mission_in_Haiti) (MINUSTAH) peacekeeping mission begins in Haiti.[223] - [June 8](/source/June_8) – [A transit of Venus](/source/2004_transit_of_Venus) occurs.[224] - [June 21](/source/June_21) – In [Mojave, California](/source/Mojave%2C_California), United States, [SpaceShipOne](/source/SpaceShipOne) becomes the first privately funded [spaceplane](/source/Spaceplane) to achieve [spaceflight](/source/Human_spaceflight).[225] - [June 23](/source/June_23) – The [International Criminal Court](/source/International_Criminal_Court) opens [an investigation](/source/International_Criminal_Court_investigation_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo) into crimes against humanity during the [Second Congo War](/source/Second_Congo_War).[226] - [June 28](/source/June_28) – The US-led coalition occupying Iraq, the [Coalition Provisional Authority](/source/Coalition_Provisional_Authority) (CPA), transfers sovereignty to the [Iraqi Interim Government](/source/Iraqi_Interim_Government).[227] - [June 29](/source/June_29) – The [International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture](/source/International_Treaty_on_Plant_Genetic_Resources_for_Food_and_Agriculture) enters into force.[117] ### July - [July 1](/source/July_1) - [Saddam Hussein](/source/Saddam_Hussein) appears in court for his charges to be read.[137] - The *[Cassini–Huygens](/source/Cassini%E2%80%93Huygens)* orbiter reaches the orbit of [Saturn](/source/Saturn).[228] - [July 4](/source/July_4) – The International Court of Justice issues [an advisory ruling](/source/Legal_Consequences_of_the_Construction_of_a_Wall_in_the_Occupied_Palestinian_Territory) that the construction of the [West Bank barrier](/source/West_Bank_barrier) violates the Palestinian people's right to [self-determination](/source/Self-determination).[229] - [July 15](/source/July_15) – The use of [magnetic resonance imaging](/source/Magnetic_resonance_imaging) to study the spin of a single electron is reported.[230] - [July 24](/source/July_24) – The Mexican government files charges against former President of Mexico [Luis Echeverría](/source/Luis_Echeverr%C3%ADa) for his role in the 1971 [Corpus Christi massacre](/source/El_Halconazo).[231] - [July 29](/source/July_29) – The International Criminal Court opens [an investigation](/source/International_Criminal_Court_investigation_in_Uganda) into the actions of the [Lord's Resistance Army](/source/Lord's_Resistance_Army) in Uganda.[232] - [July 30](/source/July_30) – The [Frauenkirche](/source/Frauenkirche%2C_Dresden) church finishes reconstruction after its destruction in 1945.[233] ### August [Guangzhou Baiyun International Airport](/source/Guangzhou_Baiyun_International_Airport) began operation in August 2004. - [August 3](/source/August_3) – [NASA](/source/NASA)'s *[MESSENGER](/source/MESSENGER)* space probe is launched, with its primary mission being the study of [Mercury](/source/Mercury_(planet)).[234] - [August 5](/source/August_5) - The [Battle of Najaf](/source/Battle_of_Najaf_(2004)) begins in [Najaf](/source/Najaf), Iraq.[235] - [Guangzhou Baiyun International Airport](/source/Guangzhou_Baiyun_International_Airport) begins operation in [Guangzhou](/source/Guangzhou), China.[236] - [August 7](/source/August_7)–[13](/source/August_13) – [Typhoon Rananim](/source/Typhoon_Rananim) causes widespread destruction as it strikes China.[237] - [August 11](/source/August_11) – Fighting breaks out in the [Georgian–Ossetian conflict](/source/Georgian%E2%80%93Ossetian_conflict).[238] - [August 12](/source/August_12) – The [Rio–Antirrio Bridge](/source/Rio%E2%80%93Antirrio_Bridge) opens in Greece.[239] - [August 13](/source/August_13)–[29](/source/August_29) – The [2004 Summer Olympics](/source/2004_Summer_Olympics) are held in [Athens](/source/Athens), Greece.[240] - [August 19](/source/August_19) – [Google](/source/Google) makes its [initial public offering](/source/Initial_public_offering).[241] - [August 22](/source/August_22) – Armed robbers steal [Edvard Munch](/source/Edvard_Munch)'s *[The Scream](/source/The_Scream)*, *[Madonna](/source/Madonna_(Munch))*, and other paintings from the [Munch Museum](/source/Munch_Museum) in [Oslo](/source/Oslo), Norway.[242] - [August 24](/source/August_24) – Two Russian passenger jets [are downed by suicide bombers](/source/2004_Russian_aircraft_bombings) during the [Second Chechen War](/source/Second_Chechen_War).[243] - [August 26](/source/August_26) – The immunity of former Chilean dictator [Augusto Pinochet](/source/Augusto_Pinochet) is revoked so he can be charged with crimes against humanity.[244] - [August 31](/source/August_31) – Former Yugoslavian president [Slobodan Milošević](/source/Slobodan_Milo%C5%A1evi%C4%87) stands trial for crimes against humanity.[142] ### September A school in [Beslan](/source/Beslan), Russia, [fell under siege](/source/Beslan_school_siege) during the [Second Chechen War](/source/Second_Chechen_War). - [September 1](/source/September_1) – [Chechen](/source/Chechens) rebels [take 1,128 hostages](/source/Beslan_school_siege), mostly children, at a school in [Beslan](/source/Beslan), Russia. Russian security forces eventually storm the building, resulting in more than 330 people being killed.[245] - [September 2](/source/September_2) – A fire breaks out at the [Duchess Anna Amalia Library](/source/Duchess_Anna_Amalia_Library).[246] - [September 6](/source/September_6) – Fijian golfer [Vijay Singh](/source/Vijay_Singh) unseats [Tiger Woods](/source/Tiger_Woods) as the top [PGA Tour](/source/PGA_Tour) player.[247] - [September 7](/source/September_7) – The [Scottish Parliament Building](/source/Scottish_Parliament_Building) opens.[248] - [September 8](/source/September_8) – The *[Genesis](/source/Genesis_(spacecraft))* space probe crash-lands in [Utah](/source/Utah) after a three-year study of the Sun.[249] - [September 9](/source/September_9) – [An explosion](/source/Ryanggang_explosion) in [Ryanggang Province](/source/Ryanggang_Province), North Korea, prompts speculation that North Korea [is testing nuclear weapons](/source/North_Korea_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction).[132] - [September 11](/source/September_11) – [Patriarch Peter VII of Alexandria](/source/Patriarch_Peter_VII_of_Alexandria) is killed in a helicopter crash.[250] - [September 16](/source/September_16) – [Hurricane Jeanne](/source/Hurricane_Jeanne) hits the island of [Hispaniola](/source/Hispaniola), killing thousands in the Dominican Republic and Haiti.[251] - [September 30](/source/September_30) - Israel [launches a military offensive](/source/2004_Israeli_operation_in_the_northern_Gaza_Strip) in the northern Gaza Strip.[252] - Painkiller [Vioxx](/source/Rofecoxib) is pulled from the market due to a potential doubling of [heart attack](/source/Myocardial_infarction) risk.[253] ### October - [October 8](/source/October_8) – Suicide bombers [detonate two bombs](/source/2004_Sinai_bombings) at the [Red Sea](/source/Red_Sea) resort of [Taba, Egypt](/source/Taba%2C_Egypt), killing 34 people and injuring 171, mostly Israeli tourists.[254][255] - [October 9](/source/October_9) – Afghanistan holds [its first presidential election](/source/2004_Afghan_presidential_election). [Hamid Karzai](/source/Hamid_Karzai) wins with 55.4 percent of the vote.[256] - [October 14](/source/October_14) – Russia launches the [Soyuz TMA-5](/source/Soyuz_TMA-5) mission.[257] - [October 28](/source/October_28) – The prehistoric human species *[Homo floresiensis](/source/Homo_floresiensis)* is described.[258] - [October 29](/source/October_29) - [Osama bin Laden](/source/Osama_bin_Laden) releases [a video](/source/2004_Osama_bin_Laden_video) taking credit for the [September 11 attacks](/source/September_11_attacks).[259] - European heads of state sign in Rome the Treaty and Final Act, establishing the first [European Constitution](/source/Treaty_establishing_a_Constitution_for_Europe).[260] ### November [Yasser Arafat](/source/Yasser_Arafat) died in 2004, raising questions about who would lead the [Palestinian nationalist](/source/Palestinian_nationalist) movement. - [November 2](/source/November_2) – [George W. Bush](/source/George_W._Bush) is [reelected](/source/2004_United_States_presidential_election) president of the United States, defeating his challenger [John Kerry](/source/John_Kerry).[261] - [November 4](/source/November_4) – Conflict resumes in the First Ivorian Civil War as [fighting breaks out](/source/2004_French%E2%80%93Ivorian_clashes) between rebels and French peacekeepers.[262] - [November 5](/source/November_5) – Russia ratifies the [Kyoto Protocol](/source/Kyoto_Protocol).[113] - [November 7](/source/November_7) – The [Second Battle of Fallujah](/source/Second_Battle_of_Fallujah) begins in Fallujah, Iraq.[263] - [November 9](/source/November_9) – [Mozilla](/source/Mozilla) releases the [Firefox](/source/Firefox) browser.[264] - [November 11](/source/November_11) – Palestinian president [Yasser Arafat](/source/Yasser_Arafat) dies. [Mahmoud Abbas](/source/Mahmoud_Abbas) is appointed as his successor.[265] - [November 13](/source/November_13) – The [European Space Agency](/source/European_Space_Agency) probe [SMART-1](/source/SMART-1) arrives at the [Moon](/source/Moon), becoming the first European satellite to fly to the Moon and orbit it.[266] - [November 14](/source/November_14)–[26](/source/November_26) – [Typhoon Muifa](/source/Typhoon_Muifa_(2004)) kills 600 people in the Philippines.[107] - [November 15](/source/November_15) - The [SMART-1](/source/SMART-1) satellite reaches the orbit of the Moon.[267] - A ceasefire is reached between Uganda and the [Lord's Resistance Army](/source/Lord's_Resistance_Army).[24] - [November 20](/source/November_20) - The [Museum of Modern Art](/source/Museum_of_Modern_Art) reopens in its new location.[268] - NASA launches the [Swift Gamma-Ray Burst Explorer](/source/Swift_Gamma-Ray_Burst_Explorer) telescope.[269] - [November 21](/source/November_21) – [Nintendo](/source/Nintendo) releases the [Nintendo DS](/source/Nintendo_DS) handheld game console in North America.[270] - [November 22](/source/November_22) – The [Orange Revolution](/source/Orange_Revolution) begins, following a [disputed presidential election](/source/2004_Ukrainian_presidential_election) in [Ukraine](/source/Ukraine) where [Viktor Yanukovych](/source/Viktor_Yanukovych) won against [Viktor Yushchenko](/source/Viktor_Yushchenko) amid accusations of electoral fraud. A revote results in Yushchenko being declared the winner.[271] - [November 29](/source/November_29)–[December 3](/source/December_3) – [Typhoon Nanmadol](/source/Typhoon_Nanmadol_(2004)) kills 775 people in the Philippines.[107] ### December - [December 2](/source/December_2) – [EUFOR](/source/EUFOR) takes over peacekeeping duties in [Bosnia and Herzegovina](/source/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina) from the [United Nations](/source/United_Nations_peacekeeping).[272] - [December 14](/source/December_14) – The world's tallest bridge, the [Millau Viaduct](/source/Millau_Viaduct) over the [Tarn](/source/Tarn_(river)) in the [Massif Central](/source/Massif_Central) mountains, France, is officially opened.[273] - [December 21](/source/December_21) – Iraqi insurgents [attack a U.S. military base](/source/2004_Forward_Operating_Base_Marez_bombing) in the city of [Mosul](/source/Mosul), killing 22 people.[274] - [December 26](/source/December_26) – The 9.1–9.3 Mw [Indian Ocean earthquake](/source/2004_Indian_Ocean_earthquake_and_tsunami) shakes northern [Sumatra](/source/Sumatra) with a maximum [Mercalli intensity](/source/Modified_Mercalli_intensity_scale) of IX (*Violent*). One of the largest observed [tsunamis](/source/Tsunami) follows, affecting coastal areas of [Thailand](/source/Thailand), [India](/source/India), [Sri Lanka](/source/Sri_Lanka), [Somalia](/source/Somalia), the [Maldives](/source/Maldives), [Malaysia](/source/Malaysia), [Myanmar](/source/Myanmar), [Bangladesh](/source/Bangladesh), and [Indonesia](/source/Indonesia), killing 227,000 people.[275] - [December 30](/source/December_30) – A peace agreement is reached between Senegal and the [Movement of Democratic Forces of Casamance](/source/Movement_of_Democratic_Forces_of_Casamance).[23] ## Births and deaths Main pages: [Category:2004 births](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:2004_births) and [Deaths in 2004](/source/Deaths_in_2004) ## Nobel Prizes - [Chemistry](/source/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry) – [Aaron Ciechanover](/source/Aaron_Ciechanover), [Avram Hershko](/source/Avram_Hershko), [Irwin Rose](/source/Irwin_Rose) - [Economics](/source/Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences) – [Finn E. Kydland](/source/Finn_E._Kydland), [Edward C. Prescott](/source/Edward_C._Prescott) - [Literature](/source/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature) – [Elfriede Jelinek](/source/Elfriede_Jelinek) - [Peace](/source/Nobel_Peace_Prize) – [Wangarĩ Maathai](/source/Wangar%C4%A9_Maathai) - [Physics](/source/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics) – [David J. Gross](/source/David_Gross), [Hugh David Politzer](/source/Hugh_David_Politzer), [Frank Wilczek](/source/Frank_Wilczek) - [Physiology or Medicine](/source/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine) – [Linda B. Buck](/source/Linda_B._Buck), [Richard Axel](/source/Richard_Axel) ## References 1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUN_Department_of_Economic_and_Social_Affairs2024_1-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUN_Department_of_Economic_and_Social_Affairs2024_1-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUN_Department_of_Economic_and_Social_Affairs2024_1-2) [UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs 2024](#CITEREFUN_Department_of_Economic_and_Social_Affairs2024). 1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUN_High_Commissioner_for_Refugees20052_2-0)** [UN High Commissioner for Refugees 2005](#CITEREFUN_High_Commissioner_for_Refugees2005), p. 2. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUN_High_Commissioner_for_Refugees20053_3-0)** [UN High Commissioner for Refugees 2005](#CITEREFUN_High_Commissioner_for_Refugees2005), p. 3. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarbomWallensteen2005623_4-0)** [Harbom & Wallensteen 2005](#CITEREFHarbomWallensteen2005), p. 623. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-5)** Harbom, Lotta; Högbladh, Stina; Wallensteen, Peter (2006). ["Armed Conflict and Peace Agreements"](https://www.jstor.org/stable/27640387). *[Journal of Peace Research](/source/Journal_of_Peace_Research)*. **43** (5): 617–631. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1177/0022343306067613](https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0022343306067613). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [0022-3433](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0022-3433). [JSTOR](/source/JSTOR_(identifier)) [27640387](https://www.jstor.org/stable/27640387). 1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarbomWallensteen2005631–634_6-0)** [Harbom & Wallensteen 2005](#CITEREFHarbomWallensteen2005), pp. 631–634. 1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarbomWallensteen2005625_7-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarbomWallensteen2005625_7-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarbomWallensteen2005625_7-2) [Harbom & Wallensteen 2005](#CITEREFHarbomWallensteen2005), p. 625. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDwanHolmqvist2005112–113_8-0)** [Dwan & Holmqvist 2005](#CITEREFDwanHolmqvist2005), pp. 112–113. 1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVOA2004_9-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVOA2004_9-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVOA2004_9-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVOA2004_9-3) [***e***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVOA2004_9-4) [***f***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVOA2004_9-5) [***g***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVOA2004_9-6) [***h***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVOA2004_9-7) [***i***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVOA2004_9-8) [VOA 2004](#CITEREFVOA2004). 1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESparks2005248_10-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESparks2005248_10-1) [Sparks 2005](#CITEREFSparks2005), p. 248. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarbomWallensteen2005625–626_11-0)** [Harbom & Wallensteen 2005](#CITEREFHarbomWallensteen2005), pp. 625–626. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDwanHolmqvist2005107_12-0)** [Dwan & Holmqvist 2005](#CITEREFDwanHolmqvist2005), p. 107. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESparks2005209_13-0)** [Sparks 2005](#CITEREFSparks2005), p. 209. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETime200572–73_14-0)** [Time 2005](#CITEREFTime2005), pp. 72–73. 1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarbomWallensteen2005626_15-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarbomWallensteen2005626_15-1) [Harbom & Wallensteen 2005](#CITEREFHarbomWallensteen2005), p. 626. 1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESparks2005249_16-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESparks2005249_16-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESparks2005249_16-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESparks2005249_16-3) [***e***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESparks2005249_16-4) [***f***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESparks2005249_16-5) [Sparks 2005](#CITEREFSparks2005), p. 249. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDwanHolmqvist200591_17-0)** [Dwan & Holmqvist 2005](#CITEREFDwanHolmqvist2005), p. 91. 1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDwanHolmqvist200599_18-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDwanHolmqvist200599_18-1) [Dwan & Holmqvist 2005](#CITEREFDwanHolmqvist2005), p. 99. 1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnnual_Register20053_19-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnnual_Register20053_19-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnnual_Register20053_19-2) [Annual Register 2005](#CITEREFAnnual_Register2005), p. 3. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDwanHolmqvist200593_20-0)** [Dwan & Holmqvist 2005](#CITEREFDwanHolmqvist2005), p. 93. 1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnnual_Register2005442_21-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnnual_Register2005442_21-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnnual_Register2005442_21-2) [Annual Register 2005](#CITEREFAnnual_Register2005), p. 442. 1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESparks2005208_22-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESparks2005208_22-1) [Sparks 2005](#CITEREFSparks2005), p. 208. 1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarbomWallensteen2005627_23-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarbomWallensteen2005627_23-1) [Harbom & Wallensteen 2005](#CITEREFHarbomWallensteen2005), p. 627. 1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDwanHolmqvist2005101_24-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDwanHolmqvist2005101_24-1) [Dwan & Holmqvist 2005](#CITEREFDwanHolmqvist2005), p. 101. 1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESparks2005252_25-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESparks2005252_25-1) [Sparks 2005](#CITEREFSparks2005), p. 252. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDwanHolmqvist2005105_26-0)** [Dwan & Holmqvist 2005](#CITEREFDwanHolmqvist2005), p. 105. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDwanHolmqvist200592–93_27-0)** [Dwan & Holmqvist 2005](#CITEREFDwanHolmqvist2005), pp. 92–93. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESparks2005154_28-0)** [Sparks 2005](#CITEREFSparks2005), p. 154. 1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnnual_Register2005479_29-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnnual_Register2005479_29-1) [Annual Register 2005](#CITEREFAnnual_Register2005), p. 479. 1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnnual_Register2005480_30-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnnual_Register2005480_30-1) [Annual Register 2005](#CITEREFAnnual_Register2005), p. 480. 1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESparks2005156_31-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESparks2005156_31-1) [Sparks 2005](#CITEREFSparks2005), p. 156. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESparks2005152_32-0)** [Sparks 2005](#CITEREFSparks2005), p. 152. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESparks2005152–153_33-0)** [Sparks 2005](#CITEREFSparks2005), pp. 152–153. 1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESparks2005212_34-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESparks2005212_34-1) [Sparks 2005](#CITEREFSparks2005), p. 212. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESparks2005155_35-0)** [Sparks 2005](#CITEREFSparks2005), p. 155. 1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESparks2005157_36-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESparks2005157_36-1) [Sparks 2005](#CITEREFSparks2005), p. 157. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESparks2005156,_159_37-0)** [Sparks 2005](#CITEREFSparks2005), pp. 156, 159. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESparks2005160_38-0)** [Sparks 2005](#CITEREFSparks2005), p. 160. 1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnnual_Register2005481_39-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnnual_Register2005481_39-1) [Annual Register 2005](#CITEREFAnnual_Register2005), p. 481. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESparks2005156–157_40-0)** [Sparks 2005](#CITEREFSparks2005), pp. 156–157. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESparks2005197_41-0)** [Sparks 2005](#CITEREFSparks2005), p. 197. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETime200594_42-0)** [Time 2005](#CITEREFTime2005), p. 94. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESparks2005159_43-0)** [Sparks 2005](#CITEREFSparks2005), p. 159. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-44)** ["2004 Worldwide Box Office"](https://www.boxofficemojo.com/year/world/2004/). *Box Office Mojo*. 1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Scott_2004_45-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Scott_2004_45-1) Scott, A. O. (December 26, 2004). ["The Fight Picture Fights Back"](https://web.archive.org/web/20150907172310/https://www.nytimes.com/2004/12/26/movies/the-fight-picture-fights-back.html). *The New York Times*. Archived from [the original](https://www.nytimes.com/2004/12/26/movies/the-fight-picture-fights-back.html) on September 7, 2015. 1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-AV_Club_2024_46-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-AV_Club_2024_46-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-AV_Club_2024_46-2) ["The best movies of 2004"](https://www.avclub.com/the-best-movies-of-2004). *AV Club*. 1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Collider_2023_47-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Collider_2023_47-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-Collider_2023_47-2) Weinert, Ty (May 29, 2023). ["10 Best Movies of 2004, Ranked"](https://collider.com/best-movies-2004-ranked/). *Collider*. 1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Playlist_2015_48-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Playlist_2015_48-1) ["The 10 Best Films Of 2004"](https://theplaylist.net/the-10-best-films-of-2004-20150123/). *The Playlist*. January 23, 2015. 1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Ebert_2012_49-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Ebert_2012_49-1) Ebert, Robert (December 19, 2012). ["The Best Films of 2004"](https://www.rogerebert.com/roger-ebert/the-best-films-of-2004). *RogerEbert.com*. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnnual_Register2005472–473_50-0)** [Annual Register 2005](#CITEREFAnnual_Register2005), pp. 472–473. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESparks2005264_51-0)** [Sparks 2005](#CITEREFSparks2005), p. 264. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-52)** ["IFPI: 2004 Global Music Biz Flat"](https://www.billboard.com/music/music-news/ifpi-2004-global-music-biz-flat-1415020/). *Billboard*. March 9, 2005. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-ifpi_53-0)** ["2000-2005 Top 50 Albums \[XLS\]"](https://web.archive.org/web/20120323114337/http://www.ifpi.org/content/library/top-5-albums-2000-2005.xls). *[IFPI](/source/IFPI)*. 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**[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETime2005116_70-0)** [Time 2005](#CITEREFTime2005), p. 116. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnnual_Register2005495_71-0)** [Annual Register 2005](#CITEREFAnnual_Register2005), p. 495. 1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnnual_Register2005497_72-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnnual_Register2005497_72-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnnual_Register2005497_72-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnnual_Register2005497_72-3) [Annual Register 2005](#CITEREFAnnual_Register2005), p. 497. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETime2005115_73-0)** [Time 2005](#CITEREFTime2005), p. 115. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETime2005120_74-0)** [Time 2005](#CITEREFTime2005), p. 120. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnnual_Register2005490_75-0)** [Annual Register 2005](#CITEREFAnnual_Register2005), p. 490. 1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESparks2005240_76-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESparks2005240_76-1) [Sparks 2005](#CITEREFSparks2005), p. 240. 1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESparks2005162_77-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESparks2005162_77-1) [Sparks 2005](#CITEREFSparks2005), p. 162. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUN_Department_of_Economic_and_Social_Affairs20051_78-0)** [UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs 2005](#CITEREFUN_Department_of_Economic_and_Social_Affairs2005), p. 1. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUN_Department_of_Economic_and_Social_Affairs2005iii_79-0)** [UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs 2005](#CITEREFUN_Department_of_Economic_and_Social_Affairs2005), p. iii. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUN_Department_of_Economic_and_Social_Affairs20053_80-0)** [UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs 2005](#CITEREFUN_Department_of_Economic_and_Social_Affairs2005), p. 3. 1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUN_Department_of_Economic_and_Social_Affairs20055_81-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUN_Department_of_Economic_and_Social_Affairs20055_81-1) [UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs 2005](#CITEREFUN_Department_of_Economic_and_Social_Affairs2005), p. 5. 1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESparks2005176_82-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESparks2005176_82-1) [Sparks 2005](#CITEREFSparks2005), p. 176. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUN_Department_of_Economic_and_Social_Affairs2005v,_1_83-0)** [UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs 2005](#CITEREFUN_Department_of_Economic_and_Social_Affairs2005), pp. v, 1. 1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESparks2005172_84-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESparks2005172_84-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESparks2005172_84-2) [Sparks 2005](#CITEREFSparks2005), p. 172. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESparks2005176–177_85-0)** [Sparks 2005](#CITEREFSparks2005), pp. 176–177. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESparks2005144–145_86-0)** [Sparks 2005](#CITEREFSparks2005), pp. 144–145. 1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESparks2005145_87-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESparks2005145_87-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESparks2005145_87-2) [Sparks 2005](#CITEREFSparks2005), p. 145. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUN_Department_of_Economic_and_Social_Affairs2005iv_88-0)** [UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs 2005](#CITEREFUN_Department_of_Economic_and_Social_Affairs2005), p. iv. 1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESparks2005183_89-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESparks2005183_89-1) [Sparks 2005](#CITEREFSparks2005), p. 183. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESparks2005186_90-0)** [Sparks 2005](#CITEREFSparks2005), p. 186. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESparks2005184–185_91-0)** [Sparks 2005](#CITEREFSparks2005), pp. 184–185. 1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESparks2005144_92-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESparks2005144_92-1) [Sparks 2005](#CITEREFSparks2005), p. 144. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnnual_Register2005432_93-0)** [Annual Register 2005](#CITEREFAnnual_Register2005), p. 432. 1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESparks2005163_94-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESparks2005163_94-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESparks2005163_94-2) [Sparks 2005](#CITEREFSparks2005), p. 163. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESparks2005184_95-0)** [Sparks 2005](#CITEREFSparks2005), p. 184. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETime200590_96-0)** [Time 2005](#CITEREFTime2005), p. 90. 1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnnual_Register2005435_97-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnnual_Register2005435_97-1) [Annual Register 2005](#CITEREFAnnual_Register2005), p. 435. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETime2005100–101_98-0)** [Time 2005](#CITEREFTime2005), pp. 100–101. 1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENOAA2005_99-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENOAA2005_99-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENOAA2005_99-2) [NOAA 2005](#CITEREFNOAA2005). 1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-earthquake_100-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-earthquake_100-1) ["Timeline: World's deadliest earthquakes since 2000"](https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/2/6/the-worlds-deadliest-earthquakes-since-2000). *Al Jazeera*. 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[Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210125022402/https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn6837-2004-the-year-in-biology-and-medicine/) from the original on January 25, 2021. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESparks2005201_119-0)** [Sparks 2005](#CITEREFSparks2005), p. 201. 1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnnual_Register2005431_120-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnnual_Register2005431_120-1) [Annual Register 2005](#CITEREFAnnual_Register2005), p. 431. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESparks2005200_121-0)** [Sparks 2005](#CITEREFSparks2005), p. 200. 1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESparks2005202_122-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESparks2005202_122-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESparks2005202_122-2) [Sparks 2005](#CITEREFSparks2005), p. 202. 1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnnual_Register2005430_123-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnnual_Register2005430_123-1) [Annual Register 2005](#CITEREFAnnual_Register2005), p. 430. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESparks2005203–204_124-0)** [Sparks 2005](#CITEREFSparks2005), pp. 203–204. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnnual_Register20055_125-0)** [Annual Register 2005](#CITEREFAnnual_Register2005), p. 5. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnnual_Register2005447_126-0)** [Annual Register 2005](#CITEREFAnnual_Register2005), p. 447. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnnual_Register20056_127-0)** [Annual Register 2005](#CITEREFAnnual_Register2005), p. 6. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETime200581_128-0)** [Time 2005](#CITEREFTime2005), p. 81. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnnual_Register20054_129-0)** [Annual Register 2005](#CITEREFAnnual_Register2005), p. 4. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETime200580_130-0)** [Time 2005](#CITEREFTime2005), p. 80. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETime200570_131-0)** [Time 2005](#CITEREFTime2005), p. 70. 1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETime200577_132-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETime200577_132-1) [Time 2005](#CITEREFTime2005), p. 77. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETime200576_133-0)** [Time 2005](#CITEREFTime2005), p. 76. 1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESparks2005211_134-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESparks2005211_134-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESparks2005211_134-2) [Sparks 2005](#CITEREFSparks2005), p. 211. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESparks2005287_135-0)** [Sparks 2005](#CITEREFSparks2005), p. 287. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETime2005100_136-0)** [Time 2005](#CITEREFTime2005), p. 100. 1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESparks2005205_137-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESparks2005205_137-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESparks2005205_137-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESparks2005205_137-3) [***e***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESparks2005205_137-4) [***f***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESparks2005205_137-5) [Sparks 2005](#CITEREFSparks2005), p. 205. 1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnnual_Register20052_138-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnnual_Register20052_138-1) [Annual Register 2005](#CITEREFAnnual_Register2005), p. 2. 1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnnual_Register20054–5_139-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnnual_Register20054–5_139-1) [Annual Register 2005](#CITEREFAnnual_Register2005), pp. 4–5. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETime200574_140-0)** [Time 2005](#CITEREFTime2005), p. 74. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnnual_Register2005443–444_141-0)** [Annual Register 2005](#CITEREFAnnual_Register2005), pp. 443–444. 1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnnual_Register2005445_142-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnnual_Register2005445_142-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnnual_Register2005445_142-2) [Annual Register 2005](#CITEREFAnnual_Register2005), p. 445. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnnual_Register2005444_143-0)** [Annual Register 2005](#CITEREFAnnual_Register2005), p. 444. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESparks2005280–281_144-0)** [Sparks 2005](#CITEREFSparks2005), pp. 280–281. 1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnnual_Register2005456_145-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnnual_Register2005456_145-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnnual_Register2005456_145-2) [Annual Register 2005](#CITEREFAnnual_Register2005), p. 456. 1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESparks2005279_146-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESparks2005279_146-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESparks2005279_146-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESparks2005279_146-3) [***e***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESparks2005279_146-4) [Sparks 2005](#CITEREFSparks2005), p. 279. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESparks2005281_147-0)** [Sparks 2005](#CITEREFSparks2005), p. 281. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnnual_Register2005455_148-0)** [Annual Register 2005](#CITEREFAnnual_Register2005), p. 455. 1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESparks2005278_149-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESparks2005278_149-1) [Sparks 2005](#CITEREFSparks2005), p. 278. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnnual_Register2005458_150-0)** [Annual Register 2005](#CITEREFAnnual_Register2005), p. 458. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnnual_Register2005457_151-0)** [Annual Register 2005](#CITEREFAnnual_Register2005), p. 457. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnnual_Register20051–2_152-0)** [Annual Register 2005](#CITEREFAnnual_Register2005), pp. 1–2. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESparks2005189_153-0)** [Sparks 2005](#CITEREFSparks2005), p. 189. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESparks2005147_154-0)** [Sparks 2005](#CITEREFSparks2005), p. 147. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESparks2005196_155-0)** [Sparks 2005](#CITEREFSparks2005), p. 196. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETime2005138_156-0)** [Time 2005](#CITEREFTime2005), p. 138. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESparks2005148_157-0)** [Sparks 2005](#CITEREFSparks2005), p. 148. 1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESparks2005170_158-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESparks2005170_158-1) [Sparks 2005](#CITEREFSparks2005), p. 170. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnnual_Register2005429_159-0)** [Annual Register 2005](#CITEREFAnnual_Register2005), p. 429. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnnual_Register2005428–429_160-0)** [Annual Register 2005](#CITEREFAnnual_Register2005), pp. 428–429. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESparks2005271_161-0)** [Sparks 2005](#CITEREFSparks2005), 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[Stockholm International Peace Research Institute](/source/Stockholm_International_Peace_Research_Institute). pp. 83–120. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-19-928401-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-928401-6). - Franklin, James L.; Pasch, Richard J.; Avila, Lixion A.; Beven, John L.; Lawrence, Miles B.; Stewart, Stacy R.; Blake, Eric S. (2005). ["Atlantic Hurricane Season of 2004"](http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/10.1175/MWR3096.1). *Monthly Weather Review*. **134** (3): 981–1025. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1175/MWR3096.1](https://doi.org/10.1175%2FMWR3096.1). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [1520-0493](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1520-0493). - Harbom, Lotta; Wallensteen, Peter (2005). ["Armed Conflict and Its International Dimensions, 1946-2004"](https://www.jstor.org/stable/30042372). *[Journal of Peace Research](/source/Journal_of_Peace_Research)*. **42** (5): 623–635. 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[Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20250614235327/https://www.tropicalstormrisk.com/docs/TSRNWP2004Verification.pdf) (PDF) from the original on June 14, 2025. - Sparks, Karen, ed. (2005). [*Britannica Book of the Year 2005*](https://archive.org/details/britannicabookof0000unse_h4a1/). [Encyclopædia Britannica](/source/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [1-59339-246-X](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-59339-246-X). - [*Time Annual 2005*](https://archive.org/details/timeannual200500edit/). [Time](/source/Time_(magazine)). 2005. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [9781932273533](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781932273533). - [World Population Prospects 2024](https://population.un.org/wpp/downloads?folder=Standard%20Projections&group=Most%20used) (Report). United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs. 2024. - [2004 Global Refugee Trends](https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/3966489?ln=en&v=pdf) (Report). United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. 2005. - [World Economic Situation and Prospects 2005](https://policy.desa.un.org/sites/default/files/inline-images/eapd2023/PDFs/WESP/2005wesp.pdf) (PDF) (Report). United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs. August 1, 2005. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-92-1-109146-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-1-109146-5). - ["Biggest News Stories of 2004"](https://www.voanews.com/a/a-13-2004-12-28-voa44-66338297/544867.html). *[Voice of America](/source/Voice_of_America)*. December 28, 2004. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20250420143039/https://www.voanews.com/a/a-13-2004-12-28-voa44-66338297/544867.html) from the original on April 20, 2025. v t e Events by month 2008 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 2007 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 2006 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 2005 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 2004 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 2003 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 2002 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 2001 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 2000 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 1999 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Authority control databases: National United States Israel --- Adapted from the Wikipedia article [2004](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.