# 1999 Seattle WTO protests

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Series of anti-globalization demonstrations

"Battle of Seattle" redirects here. For other uses, see [Battle of Seattle (disambiguation)](/source/Battle_of_Seattle_(disambiguation)).

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1999 Seattle WTO protests A police officer sprays pepper spray at the crowd Date November 30 – December 3, 1999 Result Resignation of Seattle police chief Norm Stamper; Increased exposure of the WTO in US media; 157 individuals arrested but released for lack of probable cause or hard evidence; $250,000 paid to the arrested by the city of Seattle; Creation of the Independent Media Center Parties Anti-globalization movement Anarchist movement Direct Action Network NGOs Labor unions Student and religious groups State of Washington Washington State Patrol City of Seattle Seattle Police Department King County, Washington King County Sheriff's Office Washington Army National Guard 81st Brigade

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The **1999 Seattle WTO protests**, sometimes referred to as the **Battle of Seattle**,[1] were a series of [anti-globalization](/source/Anti-globalization_movement) protests surrounding the [WTO Ministerial Conference of 1999](/source/World_Trade_Organization_Ministerial_Conference_of_1999), where members of the [World Trade Organization](/source/World_Trade_Organization) (WTO) convened at the [Washington State Convention and Trade Center](/source/Washington_State_Convention_and_Trade_Center) in [Seattle](/source/Seattle), [Washington](/source/Washington_(state)) on November 30, 1999. The Conference was to be the launch of a new millennial round of trade negotiations.

The negotiations were quickly overshadowed by massive street protests outside the hotels and the Washington State Convention and Trade Center. The protests were nicknamed "**N30**", akin to [J18](/source/Carnival_Against_Capital) and similar mobilizations. The large scale of the demonstrations, estimated at no fewer than 40,000 protesters, dwarfed any previous demonstration in the United States against a world meeting of any of the organizations generally associated with [economic globalization](/source/Economic_globalization), such as the WTO, the [International Monetary Fund](/source/International_Monetary_Fund), and the [World Bank](/source/World_Bank).[2]

The protests marked the reappearance of [anarchism](/source/Anarchism) as a significant force within the Western [far left](/source/Far-left_politics), influenced subsequent social movements by spreading the [black bloc strategy](/source/Black_bloc) and drew widespread international attention to the [anti-globalization movement](/source/Anti-globalization_movement). Locally, they led to the resignation of [Norm Stamper](/source/Norm_Stamper), Seattle's police chief.

## History

### Background: Fall of the USSR, rebirth of anarchism, birth of anti-globalization

From the 1970s onward, and even more so following the [fall of the USSR](/source/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union) and the 1990s, the [anarchist movement](/source/Anarchism) underwent a rebirth in the West.[3][4] Several factors drove this resurgence, including the evolution of [capitalism](/source/Capitalism) at the end of the 20th century ([offshoring](/source/Offshoring), etc.), the end of [state-communist](/source/Communist_state) support for [Marxist–Leninist](/source/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism) parties, and the fact that state-socialist and communist movements were increasingly discredited within the far left.[3][4]

The [anti-globalization](/source/Anti-globalization_movement) movement formed during the same period and was influenced by the anarchists who joined it from the very beginning.[3][4][5][6] Although not all anti-globalists were anarchists, the two movements largely converged; this resulted in the anti-globalization movement adopting anarchist political procedures and practices.[3][4][5][6]

Previous mass demonstrations had taken place in Australia in December 1997, in which newly formed grass-roots organizations blockaded Melbourne, [Perth](/source/Perth), Sydney, and [Darwin](/source/Darwin%2C_Northern_Territory) city centers.[7]

### Premises

#### Planning

Planning for the actions began months in advance and included local, national, and international organizations. Among the most notable participants were national and international [nongovernmental organizations](/source/Nongovernmental_organization) (NGOs) such as [Global Exchange](/source/Global_Exchange)[8] (especially those concerned with labor issues, the environment, and consumer protection), labor unions (including the [AFL–CIO](/source/AFL%E2%80%93CIO)), student groups, religion-based groups ([Jubilee 2000](/source/Jubilee_2000)), and [anarchists](/source/Anarchism) (some of whom formed a [black bloc](/source/Black_bloc)).[9] The protests also drew support from some political conservatives, such as American presidential candidate and commentator [Pat Buchanan](/source/Pat_Buchanan).[10]

The coalition was loose, with some opponent groups focused on opposition to WTO policies (especially those related to [free trade](/source/Free_trade)), with others motivated by prolabor, [anticapitalist](/source/Anticapitalist), or environmental agendas. Many of the NGOs represented at the protests came with credentials to participate in the official meetings, while also planning various educational and press events. The AFL–CIO, with cooperation from its member unions, organized a large permitted rally and march from [Seattle Center](/source/Seattle_Center) to [downtown](/source/Downtown%2C_Seattle%2C_Washington).[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*]

The "turtles": environmentalist protestors in sea turtle costumes

WTO protest sign depicting the organization trampling on three environmental laws

However, others were more interested in taking [direct action](/source/Direct_action), including both [civil disobedience](/source/Civil_disobedience) and acts of vandalism and property destruction to disrupt the meeting. Several groups were loosely organized together under the [Direct Action Network](/source/Direct_Action_Network) (DAN), with a plan to disrupt the meetings by blocking streets and intersections downtown to prevent delegates from reaching the convention center, where the meeting was to be held. The black bloc was not affiliated with DAN, but was responding to the original call for autonomous resistance actions on November 30 issued by [People's Global Action](/source/Peoples_Global_Action).[11]

Of the different coalitions that aligned in protest were the "teamsters and turtles" – a blue–green alliance consisting of the [teamsters](/source/Teamsters) (trade unions) and environmentalists.[12]

#### Corporations targeted

Certain activists, including locals and an additional group of anarchists from [Eugene, Oregon](/source/Eugene%2C_Oregon)[13] (where they had gathered that summer for a music festival),[14] advocated more confrontational tactics, and conducted [vandalism](/source/Vandalism) of corporate [properties](/source/Property) in downtown Seattle. In a subsequent communique, they listed the particular corporations targeted, which they considered to have committed corporate crime.[15]

### Lead-up months

On July 12, the *[Financial Times](/source/Financial_Times)* reported that the latest United Nations Human Development report advocated "principles of performance for multinationals on labour standards, fair trade and environmental protection ... needed to counter the negative effects of globalisation on the poorest nations". The report itself argued, "An essential aspect of global governance is responsibility to people—to equity, to justice, to enlarging the choices of all".[16]

On July 16, Helene Cooper of *[The Wall Street Journal](/source/The_Wall_Street_Journal)* warned of an impending "massive mobilization against globalization" being planned for the end-of-year Seattle WTO conference.[17] Next day, the London *[Independent](/source/The_Independent)* newspaper savaged the WTO and appeared to side with the organizers of the rapidly developing storm of protest:

The way it has used [its] powers is leading to a growing suspicion that its initials should really stand for World Take Over. In a series of rulings it has struck down measures to help the world's poor, protect the environment, and safeguard health in the interests of private—usually American—companies. "The WTO seems to be on a crusade to increase private profit at the expense of all other considerations, including the well-being and quality of life of the mass of the world's people," says Ronnie Hall, trade campaigner at Friends of the Earth International. "It seems to have a relentless drive to extend its power."[18]

On November 16, two weeks before the conference, President [Bill Clinton](/source/Bill_Clinton) issued Executive Order 13141—Environmental Review of Trade Agreements,[19] which committed the United States to a policy of "assessment and consideration of the environmental impacts of trade agreements" and stated, "Trade agreements should contribute to the broader goal of sustainable development."

[Black bloc](/source/Black_bloc) organizing during WTO protests

Activists staged a spoof of Seattle daily newspaper the *[Post-Intelligencer](/source/Seattle_Post-Intelligencer)* on Wednesday November 24, inserting thousands of hoax editions of a four-page front-page wrap-around into piles of newspapers awaiting distribution to hundreds of street boxes and retail outlets. The spoof front-page stories were "Boeing to move overseas" (to Indonesia) and "Clinton pledges help for poorest nations".[20] The byline on the Boeing story attributed it to [Joe Hill](/source/Joe_Hill_(activist)) (a union organizer who had been executed by firing squad in Utah in 1915). On the same day, the International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development reported:

developing countries have remained steadfast in their demand that developed countries honour Uruguay Round commitments before moving forward full force with new trade negotiations. Specifically, developing countries are concerned over developed countries' compliance with agreements on market access for textiles, their use of antidumping measures against developing countries' exports, and over-implementation of the WTO Agreement on Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPs).[21]

### N30 or the 'Battle'

Protesters march against the World Trade Organization, Seattle, November 29, 1999.

On the morning of Tuesday, November 30, 1999, the DAN's plan was put into effect. Several hundred activists arrived in the deserted streets near the convention center and began to take control of key intersections. Over the next few hours, a number of marchers began to converge on the area from different directions. These included a student march from the north, a march of citizens of the developing world who marched in from the south and, beginning around 9:00, militant anarchists (in a formation known as a [black bloc](/source/Black_bloc)) marching down Pike Street from 6th Avenue, blockading the streets with newspaper boxes and smashing windows.[22] Some demonstrators held rallies, others held teach-ins and at least one group staged an early-morning street party. Meanwhile, a number of protesters still controlled the intersections using lockdown formations.[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*] An [AFL-CIO](/source/AFL-CIO) rally began at 10:00.[23]

Seattle police on Union Street, during the protests

That morning, the [King County Sheriff's Office](/source/King_County_Sheriff's_Office) and [Seattle Police Department](/source/Seattle_Police_Department) fired [pepper spray](/source/Pepper_spray), [tear gas](/source/Tear_gas) canisters, and [stun grenades](/source/Stun_grenade)[24] at protesters at several intersections in an attempt to reopen the blocked streets and allow as many WTO delegates as possible through the blockade.[25] At 6th Avenue and Union Street, the crowd threw objects back at the police.[26]

By late morning, the black bloc had swelled to 200 people and smashed dozens of shops and police cars. This seems to have set off a chain reaction of sorts, with previously nonviolent protesters throwing bottles at police and joining in the vandalism shortly before noon.[22]

The police were eventually overwhelmed by the mass of protesters downtown, including many who had chained themselves together and were blocking intersections. Meanwhile, the late-morning labor-organized rally and march drew tens of thousands; though the intended march route had them turning back before they reached the convention center, some ignored the marshals and joined what had become a chaotic scene downtown.[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*]

At noon, the opening ceremony at the convention center was officially canceled.[22] It took police much of the afternoon and evening to clear the streets. Seattle mayor [Paul Schell](/source/Paul_Schell) declared a state of emergency, imposed a [curfew](/source/Curfew), and a 50-block "no-protest zone."[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*]

#### December 1

Overnight, the [governor](/source/Governor) of [Washington](/source/Washington_(state)), [Gary Locke](/source/Gary_Locke), called in two [battalions](/source/Battalion) of [Army National Guardsmen](/source/Washington_Army_National_Guard), other law enforcement agencies sent support, and before daylight on Wednesday, troops and officers lined the perimeter of the no-protest zone. Police surrounded and arrested several groups of would-be protesters (and more than one bystander). Beginning at 21:00, a major clash took place on Broadway in the vicinity of Denny Way, involving rocks, bottles, and police concussion grenades. It did not involve a black bloc, but appears to have included local residents, although it is known that many local residents were treated as protesters, even being teargassed, despite having no part in the protests. Police called in from other cities mistook the typically crowded streets of Capitol Hill as groups of protesters.[27][28] More than 500 people were jailed on Wednesday. Throughout the day, police used tear gas to disperse crowds downtown, although a permitted demonstration organized by the Steelworkers Union was held along the waterfront.[29]

Army National Guardsmen marching to their next assignment

#### December 2–3

Protests continued the following days. Thousands demonstrated outside the Seattle Police Department protesting their tactics and arrests of peaceful protestors. President Clinton arrived and attended the conference. On December 3 the conference ended as delegations were unable to reach agreements, partly in response to the protests.[30][31] Confrontations with the police continued, albeit at a lower intensity. The primary goal of disrupting the trade talks achieved, some sought the horizons of possibility; it was determined quickly that the necessary ambition to achieve the broader goals of various anarchist factions was not sufficient.[32]

### Media response

*[The New York Times](/source/The_New_York_Times)* published false reports that protesters threw [Molotov cocktails](/source/Molotov_cocktail) at police.[33] Two days later, the *Times* printed a correction saying that the protest was mostly peaceful and no protesters were accused of throwing objects at delegates or the police, but the original error persisted in later accounts in the mainstream media.[34]

The [Seattle City Council](/source/Seattle_City_Council) dispelled the reports with its own investigation findings:

The level of panic among police is evident from radio communication and from their inflated crowd estimates, which exceed the numbers shown on news videotapes. ARC investigators found the rumors of "Molotov cocktails" and sale of flammables from a supermarket had no basis in fact. But, rumors were important in contributing to the police sense of being besieged and in considerable danger.[35]

An article in the magazine *[The Nation](/source/The_Nation)* disputed that Molotov cocktails have ever been thrown at an antiglobalization protest within the United States.[36]

Media coverage of the protests condemned the violence of some of the protesters, particularly anarchists, who carried out "symbolic" acts of property damage.[37] Though many denounced the violent tactics used by protesters, this violence resulted in increased media coverage of the event. The WTO meeting had an increase in evening news airtime from 10 minutes and 40 seconds on the first day of the meeting to 17 minutes on the first day of violence. In addition, WTO coverage was the lead or second story on [CNN](/source/CNN), [ABC](/source/ABC_News_(United_States)), [CBS](/source/CBS_News), and [NBC](/source/NBC_News) after violence was reported. Two days after the start of violence, the meeting remained the top story on three of the four networks.[38]

In contrast, the media coverage of subsequent World Bank/International Monetary Fund (WB/[IMF](/source/IMF)) meetings in the spring, which did not involve violence by protests, showed a "pattern that was almost the reverse of that in Seattle"; according to scholars Kevin Michael DeLuca and Jennifer Peeples, this "suggests the crucial role of violence in garnering time on the public screen." The 2001 WTO meeting in [Doha, Qatar](/source/Doha), also included no reports of violence. As a result, "there was absolutely no TV evening news coverage by the four major networks."[38]

This coverage did not center exclusively on the violence. Instead, details of the protesters' message and antiglobalization campaign were included along with the discussions of symbolic violence taking place. DeLuca and Peeples reported that the violence served as a "dense surface" that opened viewers' and readers' minds to a whole new way of thinking about globalization and corporations' operations.[39]

## Legacy

### A landmark for the rebirth of anarchism in the United States

To many in North American anarchist and radical circles, the Seattle WTO riots, protests, and demonstrations were viewed as a success.[40] Prior to the "Battle of Seattle", almost no mention was made of "antiglobalization" in the US media, while the protests were seen as having forced the media to report on 'why' anybody would oppose the WTO.[41]

While anarchism was already reconstituting and growing in the United States in the years leading up to the Seattle protests, this event thrusted the political movement back onto the national and international political and media stage.[6][4][5][42] According to historian Spencer Beswick, the media at the time focused on the role played by [black blocs](/source/Black_bloc) without realizing the underlying and central work anarchists performed to organize the protests and mobilize the population.[42]

### Exportation of the black bloc strategy

The black bloc strategy, which predated the Seattle protests, gained new significance following the event.[4][5][43] It was subsequently adopted and exported, a similar protest occurred in [Prague](/source/Anti-globalization_protests_in_Prague) in September 2000.[44][43] Around 12,000 activists gathered to protest during the [International Monetary Fund](/source/International_Monetary_Fund) and [World Bank](/source/World_Bank) summit on September 27, 2000.[45] The black bloc strategy was notably replicated later during the [2001 G8 riots in Genoa](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2001_G8_riots_in_Genoa&action=edit&redlink=1).[43] Reflecting on the influence, at least symbolic, of these riots, Francis Dupuis-Déri writes:[43]

For many, the 'Battle of Seattle' marks the simultaneous birth of both the 'anti-globalization' movement and 'black blocs'.

### Local politics

Controversy over the city's response to the protests resulted in the resignation of the police chief of Seattle, [Norm Stamper](/source/Norm_Stamper),[46] and arguably played a role in Schell's loss to [Greg Nickels](/source/Greg_Nickels) in the 2001 mayoral primary election.[47][48] The massive size of the protest added $3 million to the city's estimated meeting budget of $6 million, partly due to city cleanup and police overtime bills. In addition, the damage to commercial businesses from [vandalism](/source/Vandalism) and lost sales has been estimated at $20 million.[49]

On January 16, 2004, the city of Seattle settled with 157 individuals arrested outside of the no-protest zone during the WTO events, agreeing to pay them a total of $250,000.[50] On January 30, 2007, a federal jury found that the city had violated protesters' [Fourth Amendment](/source/Fourth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution) [constitutional rights](/source/Constitutional_rights) by arresting them without [probable cause](/source/Probable_cause) or evidence.[51][52]

An [Ipsos](/source/Ipsos) poll taken in the aftermath of the protests indicated that they had little impact on public perception of the WTO within the United States. 19% of respondents said that the protests made them more opposed to the WTO, 11% said the protests made them support the WTO more, and 67% said the protests had no effect on their opinion.[53]

## See also

- [1988 IMF/World Bank protests](/source/1988_IMF%2FWorld_Bank_protests), anti-globalization precursor protest a decade earlier in West Berlin

- [27th G8 summit](/source/27th_G8_summit), a 2001 summit that resulted in anti-globalization protests and similar controversies about police and government response

- *[Battle in Seattle](/source/Battle_in_Seattle)*, a 2007 film loosely based on the protests.

- [Electrohippies](/source/Electrohippies), an international group of internet activists involved in action against the WTO

- [List of incidents of civil unrest in the United States](/source/List_of_incidents_of_civil_unrest_in_the_United_States)

- [Multilateral Agreement on Investment](/source/Multilateral_Agreement_on_Investment), a draft agreement that failed in 1998

- *[Showdown in Seattle](/source/Showdown_in_Seattle)*, a 1999 documentary film about the protests

- *[30 Frames a Second: The WTO in Seattle 2000](/source/30_Frames_a_Second%3A_The_WTO_in_Seattle_2000)*, a 2000 documentary shot during the protests

- [Via Campesina](/source/Via_Campesina), an international movement of peasants' organizations

- [Anti-globalization protests in Prague](/source/Anti-globalization_protests_in_Prague), anti-capitalist protest in Prague (2000)

- [Occupy Wall Street](/source/Occupy_Wall_Street)

- *[WTO/99](/source/WTO%2F99)*, a 2025 archival documentary film about the protests

## References

### Footnotes

1. **[^](#cite_ref-1)** ["WTO riots in Seattle: 15 years ago"](http://www.seattlepi.com/local/article/WTO-riots-in-Seattle-15-years-ago-5915088.php). November 29, 2014. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20150505021023/http://www.seattlepi.com/local/article/WTO-riots-in-Seattle-15-years-ago-5915088.php) from the original on May 5, 2015. Retrieved May 4, 2015.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-2)** Seattle Police Department: *The Seattle Police Department After Action Report: World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference Seattle, Washington November 29 – December 3, 1999*. p. 41. "Police estimated the size of this march [the labor march] in excess of 40,000."

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeswick202238-40_3-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeswick202238-40_3-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeswick202238-40_3-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeswick202238-40_3-3) [Beswick 2022](#CITEREFBeswick2022), p. 38-40.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJourdain202381-82_4-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJourdain202381-82_4-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJourdain202381-82_4-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJourdain202381-82_4-3) [***e***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJourdain202381-82_4-4) [***f***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJourdain202381-82_4-5) [Jourdain 2023](#CITEREFJourdain2023), p. 81-82.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDupuis-Déri201910-14_5-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDupuis-Déri201910-14_5-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDupuis-Déri201910-14_5-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDupuis-Déri201910-14_5-3) [Dupuis-Déri 2019](#CITEREFDupuis-Déri2019), p. 10-14.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-:0_6-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-:0_6-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-:0_6-2) Juris, Jeffrey (January 1, 2009). ["Jeffrey S. Juris, Anarchism, or the Cultural Logic of Networking"](https://www.academia.edu/7958678/Jeffrey_S_Juris_Anarchism_or_the_Cultural_Logic_of_Networking). *Contemporary Anarchist Studies*: 213–215.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-7)** *Seattle Explosion: 2 Years Too Late*, Rhoderick Gates, *Our Time*, November 30, 1999.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Bogardus_8-0)** Bogardus, Keven (September 22, 2004). [Venezuela Head Polishes Image With Oil Dollars: President Hugo Chavez takes his case to America's streets.](https://projects.publicintegrity.org/oil/report.aspx?aid=383) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20111004222044/http://projects.publicintegrity.org/oil//report.aspx?aid=383) October 4, 2011, at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine) [Center for Public Integrity](/source/Center_for_Public_Integrity). Retrieved February 22, 2010.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-9)** [Anarchism: Two Kinds](https://mises.org/story/348) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20100130031658/http://mises.org/story/348) January 30, 2010, at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine), [Wendy McElroy](/source/Wendy_McElroy). About market, violence, and anarchist reject to WTO.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-10)** Koppel, Naomi (December 1, 1999). ["Buchanan Praises WTO Protesters"](https://apnews.com/article/65c38548b2c76a6d8c773ffe75e4015f). *[Associated Press](/source/Associated_Press)*. AP. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20201116221933/https://apnews.com/article/65c38548b2c76a6d8c773ffe75e4015f) from the original on November 16, 2020. Retrieved November 11, 2021.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-11)** ["People's Global Action "November 30th, 1999-A Global Day of Action, Resistance, and Carnival Against the Capitalist System""](http://www.nadir.org/nadir/initiativ/agp/free/seattle/n30/n30callen.htm). *www.nadir.org*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20130509232249/http://www.nadir.org/nadir/initiativ/agp/free/seattle/n30/n30callen.htm) from the original on May 9, 2013. Retrieved November 19, 2013.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-12)** Berg, John C. 2003, *Teamsters and Turtles?: U.S. Progressive Political Movements in the 21st Century*, Rowman & Littlefield

1. **[^](#cite_ref-time_13-0)** Roosevelt, Margot (July 23, 2001). ["In Oregon, Anarchists Act Locally"](https://web.archive.org/web/20071019060126/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1000411-1,00.html). *TIME*. Archived from [the original](http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1000411-1,00.html) on October 19, 2007. Retrieved February 28, 2008.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-eugeneriot_14-0)** ["Local unrest followed cycle of social movements"](https://web.archive.org/web/20180906124548/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-166506496.html). The Register-Guard. July 1, 2007. Archived from [the original](https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-166506496.html) on September 6, 2018. Retrieved June 13, 2024.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-15)** ["Who were those masked anarchists in Seattle?"](https://www.salon.com/1999/12/10/anarchists/). *Salon*. December 10, 1999. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20181017163131/https://www.salon.com/1999/12/10/anarchists/) from the original on October 17, 2018. Retrieved October 17, 2018.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-16)** [*Globalization with a Human Face*](http://hdr.undp.org/en/reports/global/hdr1999/) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20080703061954/http://hdr.undp.org/en/reports/global/hdr1999/) July 3, 2008, at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine) UNHDR, 1999

1. **[^](#cite_ref-17)** ["Globalization Foes Plan to Protest WTO's Seattle Round Trade Talks"](https://web.archive.org/web/20090804174410/http://www.globalexchange.org/campaigns/wto/wsj071699.html). Globalexchange.org. Archived from [the original](http://www.globalexchange.org/campaigns/wto/wsj071699.html) on August 4, 2009. Retrieved July 17, 2009.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-18)** ["Focus: Trade Wars - The hidden tentacles of the world's most secret body"](https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/focus-trade-wars-the-hidden-tentacles-of-the-worlds-most-secret-body-1107215.html). Sunday Independent. July 18, 1999. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220708042606/https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/focus-trade-wars-the-hidden-tentacles-of-the-worlds-most-secret-body-1107215.html) from the original on July 8, 2022. Retrieved April 27, 2026.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-19)** ["Presidential Executive Order 13141"](http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=56947). Presidency.ucsb.edu. November 16, 1999. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20090804164915/http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=56947) from the original on August 4, 2009. Retrieved July 17, 2009.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-20)** Parvaz D "[P-I executives not amused by protesters' parody](http://www.seattlepi.com/local/pi25.shtml)" *[Seattle Post-Intelligencer](/source/Seattle_Post-Intelligencer)*, November 25, 1999

1. **[^](#cite_ref-21)** *[No New Issues Without Redress Of Uruguay Round Imbalances](http://ictsd.net/i/news/bridgesweekly/19192/) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220221185029/https://greendot208.org/) February 21, 2022, at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine)*ICTSD *Bridges Weekly* Seattle 99, Vol 3 No 46, November 24, 1999

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-depts.washington.edu_22-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-depts.washington.edu_22-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-depts.washington.edu_22-2) ["Day 2: November 30, 1999"](http://depts.washington.edu/wtohist/day2.htm). *depts.washington.edu*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20130924070731/http://depts.washington.edu/wtohist/day2.htm) from the original on September 24, 2013. Retrieved November 19, 2013.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-23)** Press, Alex N. (February 22, 2026). ["When Protesters Shut Down the World Trade Organization"](https://jacobin.com/2026/02/documentary-wto-seattle-protest-policing). *Jacobin*. Retrieved April 21, 2026.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-BBC12299_24-0)** Reynolds, Paul (December 2, 1999). ["Eyewitness: The Battle of Seattle"](https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/547581.stm). *BBC News*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20170404131844/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/547581.stm) from the original on April 4, 2017. Retrieved April 4, 2017.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-25)** Seattle Police Department, After-Action Report, pp. 39–40 Draft King Country Sheriff's Office Final Report, II.H.2. WTO Accountability Review Committee, *Combined Timeline of Events During the WTO Ministerial, 1999*, Tuesday, Nov. 30: 9:09 am & 10 am. A recording of the Seattle Police Department radio channel command-5 is also available, but has a gap from 0836 to 0840. Highleyman, Liz, *Scenes from the Battle of Seattle*. St. Clair, Jeffrey, *Seattle Diary*. Gillham, Patrick F., and Marx, Gary T., *Complexity and Irony in Policing: The World Trade Organization in Seattle*. de Armond, Paul, *Netwar in the Emerald City: WTO Protest Strategy and Tactics*, pp. 216–217.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-HL2142_26-0)** Oldham, Kit; Wilma, David (October 20, 2009). ["Essay 2142"](http://www.historylink.org/File/2142). *HistoryLink.org*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20170404131150/http://www.historylink.org/File/2142) from the original on April 4, 2017. Retrieved April 4, 2017.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-27)** [Alex Tizon, "Monday, Nov. 29 – Saturday, Dec. 4: WTO Week" *Seattle Times*, December 5, 1999](https://archive.seattletimes.com/archive/19991205/2999667/monday-nov-29);

1. **[^](#cite_ref-28)** ["Day 3: December 1, 1999"](http://depts.washington.edu/wtohist/day3.htm). *depts.washington.edu*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20130509051722/http://depts.washington.edu/wtohist/day3.htm) from the original on May 9, 2013. Retrieved November 22, 2013.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-29)** ["WTO Meeting and Protests in Seattle (1999) -- Part 2 - HistoryLink.org"](http://www.historylink.org/index.cfm?DisplayPage=output.cfm&file_id=9213). *www.historylink.org*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20121026065745/http://historylink.org/index.cfm?DisplayPage=output.cfm&file_id=9213) from the original on October 26, 2012. Retrieved November 10, 2012.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-30)** [*Four Days in Seattle The 1999 WTO Riots plus news stories one week later*](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pFamvR9CpYw), KIRO7, May 2, 2013, [archived](https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211118/pFamvR9CpYw) from the original on November 18, 2021, retrieved December 7, 2019

1. **[^](#cite_ref-31)** ["BBC News | BATTLE FOR FREE TRADE | Seattle trade talks timeline"](https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/special_report/1999/11/99/battle_for_free_trade/544769.stm). *news.bbc.co.uk*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20191207050333/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/special_report/1999/11/99/battle_for_free_trade/544769.stm) from the original on December 7, 2019. Retrieved December 7, 2019.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-32)** [*Breaking the Spell*](https://crimethinc.com/videos/breaking-the-spell), [archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220111045653/https://crimethinc.com/videos/breaking-the-spell) from the original on January 11, 2022, retrieved January 10, 2022

1. **[^](#cite_ref-33)** Christian, Nichole M. (June 4, 2000). ["Police Brace For Protests In Windsor And Detroit"](https://www.nytimes.com/2000/06/04/us/police-brace-for-protests-in-windsor-and-detroit.html?emc=rss&partner=rssnyt). *The New York Times*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20180727115331/https://www.nytimes.com/2000/06/04/us/police-brace-for-protests-in-windsor-and-detroit.html?emc=rss&partner=rssnyt) from the original on July 27, 2018. Retrieved July 17, 2009.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-34)** ["Origins of the Molotov Myth"](https://web.archive.org/web/20090804145722/http://www.de-fact-o.com/fact_read.php?id=12). De-Fact-o.com. Archived from [the original](http://www.de-fact-o.com/fact_read.php?id=12) on August 4, 2009. Retrieved July 17, 2009.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-35)** ["Seattle City Council findings"](https://web.archive.org/web/20060107103808/http://www.cityofseattle.net/wtocommittee/arcfinal.pdf) (PDF). Archived from the original on January 7, 2006. Retrieved July 17, 2009.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-36)** [*The Myth of Protest Violence*](http://portland.indymedia.org/en/2004/08/295733.shtml) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20090409102657/http://portland.indymedia.org/en/2004/08/295733.shtml) April 9, 2009, at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine), [David Graeber](/source/David_Graeber). The Nation.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeLucaPeeples2002138_37-0)** [DeLuca & Peeples 2002](#CITEREFDeLucaPeeples2002), p. 138.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeLucaPeeples2002140_38-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeLucaPeeples2002140_38-1) [DeLuca & Peeples 2002](#CITEREFDeLucaPeeples2002), p. 140.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeLucaPeeples2002143–145_39-0)** [DeLuca & Peeples 2002](#CITEREFDeLucaPeeples2002), pp. 143–145.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-40)** [*Seattle WTO Shutdown ’99 to Occupy: Organizing to Win 12 Years Later*](http://www.indypendent.org/2011/12/05/seattle-wto-shutdown-99-to-occupy/) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20120810073644/http://www.indypendent.org/2011/12/05/seattle-wto-shutdown-99-to-occupy/) August 10, 2012, at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine), DAVID SOLNIT, *The Indypendant*, Jul 26 – September 4, 2012.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-41)** Owens, Lynn, and Palmer, L. Kendall: *Making the News: Anarchist Counter Public Relations on the World Wide Web*, p. 9. They state that "[t]he protests in Seattle brought attention not only to the WTO and its policies, but also to the widespread organized opposition to those policies."

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeswick202231-33_42-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeswick202231-33_42-1) [Beswick 2022](#CITEREFBeswick2022), p. 31-33.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDupuis-Déri201666-67_43-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDupuis-Déri201666-67_43-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDupuis-Déri201666-67_43-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDupuis-Déri201666-67_43-3) [Dupuis-Déri 2016](#CITEREFDupuis-Déri2016), p. 66-67.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-44)** ["BBC News | EUROPE | Prague IMF summit ends early"](https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/944341.stm). *news.bbc.co.uk*. Retrieved September 18, 2023.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-45)** ČTK (December 10, 2000). ["Anarchisté demonstrovali proti zásahu policie při MMF"](https://www.idnes.cz/zpravy/domaci/anarchiste-demonstrovali-proti-zasahu-policie-pri-mmf.A001210_155947_praha_lin). *iDNES.cz* (in Czech). Retrieved September 18, 2023.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-46)** Kimberly A.C. Wilson, [Embattled police chief resigns](http://www.seattlepi.com/local/cops071.shtml) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20081120085930/http://www.seattlepi.com/local/cops071.shtml) November 20, 2008, at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine), *Seattle Post-Intelligencer*, December 7, 1999. Accessed online May 19, 2008.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-47)** [Dan Savage](/source/Dan_Savage), [Paul is Dead: Norm's Resignation Ain't Gonna Save Schell's Butt](http://www.thestranger.com/seattle/Content?oid=2736) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20090814002608/http://www.thestranger.com/seattle/Content?oid=2736) August 14, 2009, at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine), *The Stranger*, issue of December 9–15, 1999. Accessed online May 19, 2008.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-48)** Rick Anderson, [Whatever Happened to 'Hippie Bitch' Forman?](http://www.seattleweekly.com/2004-11-24/news/whatever-happened-to-hippie-bitch-forman.php) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20090804155821/http://www.seattleweekly.com/2004-11-24/news/whatever-happened-to-hippie-bitch-forman.php) August 4, 2009, at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine), *Seattle Weekly*, November 24, 2004. Accessed online May 19, 2008.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-49)** [WTO protests hit Seattle in the pocketbook](https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/wto-protests-hit-seattle-in-the-pocketbook-1.245428) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20191214070914/https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/wto-protests-hit-seattle-in-the-pocketbook-1.245428) December 14, 2019, at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine), [CBC News](/source/Canadian_Broadcasting_Corporation), January 6, 2000

1. **[^](#cite_ref-50)** [*City to pay protesters $250,000 to settle WTO suit*](https://archive.seattletimes.com/archive/20040117/wto17m/city-to-pay-protesters-250000-to-settle-wto-suit) Seattle Times, January 17, 2004

1. **[^](#cite_ref-51)** ["MyWay"](http://apnews.myway.com//article/20070130/D8MVTIIG0.html). *apnews.myway.com*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20070224044322/http://apnews.myway.com/article/20070130/D8MVTIIG0.html) from the original on February 24, 2007. Retrieved January 31, 2007.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-52)** Colin McDonald (January 30, 2007). ["Jury says Seattle violated WTO protesters' rights"](http://www.seattlepi.com/local/301732_wto30ww.html). Seattle Post Intelligencer. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220221185013/https://www.seattlepi.com/local/article/Jury-says-Seattle-violated-WTO-protesters-rights-1226824.php) from the original on February 21, 2022. Retrieved December 27, 2007.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-53)** [Reid, Angus](/source/Angus_Reid_(entrepreneur)) (April 19, 2000). ["Seattle Protests Against Globalization Changed Few Minds, But Opposition To World Trade Organization May Be Hardening"](https://www.ipsos.com/en-us/seattle-protests-against-globalization-changed-few-minds-opposition-world-trade-organization-may-be). *[Ipsos](/source/Ipsos)*. Retrieved February 28, 2026.

### Bibliography

- Beswick, Spencer (2022), ["From the Ashes of the Old: Anarchism Reborn in a Counterrevolutionary Age (1970s-1990s)"](https://journals.lwbooks.co.uk/anarchiststudies/vol-30-issue-2/abstract-9598/), *Anarchist Studies*, vol. 30, no. 2, Anarchist Studies, pp. 31‑54

- Dupuis-Déri, Francis (2019), *Les nouveaux anarchistes: De l'altermondialisme au zadisme* [*The new anarchists: from alter-globalization to zadism*] (in French), Paris: Textuel, [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-2845977501](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2845977501)

- Dupuis-Déri, Francis (2016), [*Communiqués de black blocs*](https://web.archive.org/web/20200715073902/https://www.luxediteur.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/Communiques-de-black-blocks.pdf) [*Manifestos of Black Blocs*] (PDF) (in French), Paris: Lux

- DeLuca, Kevin Michael; Peeples, Jennifer (June 2002). "From Public Sphere to Public Screen: Democracy, Activism, and the 'Violence' of Seattle". *Critical Studies in Media Communication*. **19** (2): 125–151. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1080/07393180216559](https://doi.org/10.1080%2F07393180216559). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [1529-5036](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1529-5036). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [19438793](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:19438793).

- Jourdain, Édouard (2023). *Géopolitique de l'anarchisme: Vers un nouveau moment libertaire*. Paris: Cavalier Bleu. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [979-1031805856](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/979-1031805856).

## Further reading

- Adler, Paul (2021). *No Globalization Without Representation: U.S. Activists and World Inequality*. University of Pennsylvania Press. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-8122-5317-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-5317-7).

- Cockburn, Alexander; St. Clair, Jeffrey; Sekula, Allan (2000). *Five Days That Shook the World: Seattle and Beyond*. London; New York: Verso. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-85984-779-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85984-779-4).

- De Armond, Paul (2001). ["Netwar in the Emerald City: WTO Protest Strategy and Tactics"](https://books.google.com/books?id=cL_3CsUvxMMC&pg=PA201). In Arquilla, John; Ronfeldt, David (eds.). *Networks and Netwars: The Future of Terror, Crime, and Militancy*. Santa Monica: Rand. pp. 201–235. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-8330-3030-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8330-3030-6). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20200321152602/https://books.google.com/books?id=cL_3CsUvxMMC&pg=PA201) from the original on March 21, 2020. Retrieved September 5, 2017.

- Gibson, D. W. (2024). *One Week to Change the World: An Oral History of the 1999 WTO Protests*. Simon & Schuster. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1797177311](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1797177311).

- Goodman, Amy; Gonzalez, Juan (November 30, 2009). ["The Battle of Seattle 10 Years Later: Organizers Reflect on 1999 Shutdown of WTO Talks and the Birth of a Movement"](http://www.democracynow.org/2009/11/30/the_battle_of_seattle_10_years). *[Democracy Now!](/source/Democracy_Now!)*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20091204130756/http://www.democracynow.org/2009/11/30/the_battle_of_seattle_10_years) from the original on December 4, 2009. Retrieved September 5, 2017.

- Khagram, Sanjeev; Riker, James V.; Sikkink, Kathryn, eds. (2002). "From Santiago to Seattle: Transnational Advocacy Groups Restructuring World Politics". *Restructuring World Politics: Transnational Social Movements, Networks, and Norms*. Social Movements, Protest, and Contention 14. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. pp. 3–23. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-8166-3906-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8166-3906-9).

- Levi, Margaret; Murphy, Gillian H. (December 2006). "Coalitions of Contention: The Case of the WTO Protests in Seattle". *[Political Studies](/source/Political_Studies_(journal))*. **54** (4): 651–670. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1111/j.1467-9248.2006.00629.x](https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1467-9248.2006.00629.x). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [0032-3217](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0032-3217). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [143299140](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143299140).

- Noakes, John; Gillham, Patrick (December 2007). "Police and Protester Innovation Since Seattle". *Mobilization: An International Quarterly*. **12** (4): 335–340. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.17813/maiq.12.4.hk88jk1mw3036302](https://doi.org/10.17813%2Fmaiq.12.4.hk88jk1mw3036302). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [1086-671X](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1086-671X).

- Parrish, Geov (October 9, 2006). ["The New Anarchists"](https://web.archive.org/web/20170905094837/http://archive.seattleweekly.com/1999-09-01/news/the-new-anarchists/). *Seattle Weekly*. Archived from [the original](http://archive.seattleweekly.com/1999-09-01/news/the-new-anarchists/) on September 5, 2017. Retrieved September 5, 2017.

- Peck, John E. (January 2, 2020). "The Prefiguration of Seattle: A Battle Many Years in the Making". *Socialism and Democracy*. **34** (1): 66–85. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1080/08854300.2020.1763067](https://doi.org/10.1080%2F08854300.2020.1763067). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [0885-4300](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0885-4300). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [219504918](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:219504918).

- Sharp, Rob (September 3, 2006). ["Charlize now faces her own battle of Seattle"](https://www.theguardian.com/world/2006/sep/03/film.wto). *[The Observer](/source/The_Observer)*. [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [0029-7712](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0029-7712). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210119000008/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2006/sep/03/film.wto) from the original on January 19, 2021. Retrieved February 21, 2022.

- Smith, Jackie (2001). ["Globalizing Resistance: The Battle of Seattle and the Future of Social Movements"](http://d-scholarship.pitt.edu/20593/1/Battle_in_Seattle_Smith_Mobilization_2000.pdf) (PDF). *Mobilization: An International Quarterly*. **6** (1): 1–19. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.17813/maiq.6.1.y63133434t8vq608](https://doi.org/10.17813%2Fmaiq.6.1.y63133434t8vq608). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [1086-671X](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1086-671X).

- Solnit, David; Solnit, Rebecca (2009). *The Battle of the Story of the Battle of Seattle*. AK Press. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-904859-63-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-904859-63-5).

- Thomas, Janet (2000). *The Battle in Seattle: The Story Behind and Beyond the Wto Demonstrations*. Golden, Colo.: Fulcrum Pub. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-55591-108-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55591-108-9).

- Wood, Lesley (2007). "Breaking the Wave: Repression, Identity, and Seattle Tactics". *Mobilization: An International Quarterly*. **12** (4): 377–388. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.17813/maiq.12.4.a38x78203j3502q0](https://doi.org/10.17813%2Fmaiq.12.4.a38x78203j3502q0). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [1086-671X](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1086-671X).

- ——— (2012). *Direct Action, Deliberation, and Diffusion: Collective Action After the Wto Protests in Seattle*. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-107-02071-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-02071-9).

- [Sunil Yapa](/source/Sunil_Yapa)'s debut novel, '*Your Heart is a Muscle the Size of a Fist* (2016) is a fictional account of a young man who gets involved in Seattle WTO protests.

## External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to [Protests against the 1999 World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Protests_against_the_1999_World_Trade_Organization_Ministerial_Conference).

- [University of Washington WTO History Project](http://depts.washington.edu/wtohist/index.htm), interviews and documentation of the protest

- [Raw video footage](http://wtoprotests.littlelight.info/) of the protests, organized by day and street intersection

- [Storming Seattle](http://www.albionmonitor.com/seattlewto/index.html) by Paul De Armond, an account of the protest in multiple parts

- The [World Trade Organization 1999 Seattle Ministerial Conference Protest collection, 1993–2011](http://archiveswest.orbiscascade.org/ark:/80444/xv08728/op=fstyle.aspx?t=k&q=WAUWTO1999SeattleProtest5177.xml). 45.63 cubic feet. At the Labor Archives of Washington, University of Washington Libraries Special Collections. Also see [digital collections](http://content.lib.washington.edu/wtoweb/index.html).

- [N30 Black Bloc Communiqué](https://theanarchistlibrary.org/library/acme-collective-n30-black-bloc-communique) by ACME Collective on *[The Anarchist Library](/source/The_Anarchist_Library)*

v t e Anti-globalization movement Demonstrations 1980s Stop the City 1988 IMF/World Bank protests 1990s Vancouver 1997 Carnival Against Capital 1999 Seattle WTO protests 2000–2004 Washington A16, 2000 S11 2000 Prague anti-globalization protests 2001 Quebec protests Protests during the 2001 EU summit in Gothenburg Genoa G8 protests 2002 World Bank Oslo protests J26 G8 protests 2003 anti-WEF protests in Switzerland EU-Latin America summit of 2004 protest activity 2005–2010 Dissent! G8 Alternatives Global Call to Action Against Poverty October Rebellion 2009 G20 London summit protests 2010 G20 Toronto summit protests Related Alter-globalization Criticisms of globalization Left-wing antiglobalism Occupy movement

v t e Anarchism Concepts Anarchy Anarchist Black Cross Anarchist criminology Anarchist Internationalism Anationalism Anti-authoritarianism Anti-capitalism Anti-imperialism Anti-militarism Affinity group Autonomous social center Black bloc Classless society Class struggle Community organizing Consensus decision-making Conscientious objector Critique of work Decentralization Deep ecology Direct action Free association Free love Freethought Galleanism Horizontalidad Individualism Intentional community Mutual aid Permanent autonomous zone Popular education Prefigurative politics Propaganda of the deed Refusal of work Revolution Rewilding Sabotage Security culture Self-ownership Social ecology Sociocracy Somatherapy Spontaneous order Squatting Temporary autonomous zone Union of egoists Voluntary association Workerism Workers' council Issues Animal rights Arts Capitalism Education Law Love and sex Nationalism Religion Violence Schools of thought Classical Individualist Egoist Illegalist Naturist Philosophical Mutualist Social Collectivist Communist Magonist Post-classical Feminist Green Primitivist Social ecology Independence Insurrectionary Pacifist Religious Christian Buddhist Jewish Without adjectives Contemporary Black Free-market Postcolonial Post-anarchist Post-left Queer Types of federation Affinity group Anarcho-syndicalism Platformism Anarchist synthesis Union of egoists Economics Communization Cooperative Cost the limit of price Decentralized planned economy Free association General strike Gift economy Give-away shop Labor voucher Local exchange trading system Market socialism Mutual bank Mutual credit Social ownership Wage slavery Workers' self-management Culture A las Barricadas Anarchist bookfair Anarcho-punk Anarchy in the U.K. Architecture Circle-A DIY ethic Escuela Moderna Films Freeganism Infoshop Independent Media Center The Internationale May Day Popular education Radical cheerleading Radical environmentalism Self-managed social center Symbolism History French Revolution Revolutions of 1848 Spanish Regional Federation of the IWA Paris Commune Hague Congress Cantonal rebellion Haymarket affair Trial of the Thirty International Conference of Rome Ferrer movement Strandzha Commune Congress of Amsterdam Tragic Week High Treason Incident Manifesto of the Sixteen German Revolution of 1918–1919 Bavarian Soviet Republic 1919 United States bombings Biennio Rosso Kronstadt rebellion Makhnovshchina Amakasu Incident Alt Llobregat insurrection Anarchist insurrection of January 1933 Anarchist insurrection of December 1933 Spanish Revolution of 1936 Barcelona May Days Contemporary anarchism Red inverted triangle Labadie Collection Provo May 1968 Kate Sharpley Library Carnival Against Capital 1999 Seattle WTO protests Really Really Free Market Occupy movement People Alston Armand Ba Bakunin Berkman Bonanno Bookchin Bourdin Chomsky Cleyre Day Déjacque Durruti Ellul Ervin Fanelli Faure Ferrer Feyerabend Giovanni Godwin Goldman González Prada Graeber Guillaume He-Yin Kanno Kōtoku Kropotkin Landauer Liu Magón Makhno Maksimov Malatesta Mett Michel Most Parsons Pi i Margall Pouget Proudhon Raichō Reclus Rocker Santillán Schürmann Spooner Stirner Thoreau Tolstoy Tucker Volin Ward Warren Yarchuk Zerzan Lists Anarcho-punk bands Books Fictional characters Films Jewish anarchists Musicians Periodicals By region Africa Algeria Egypt Morocco Nigeria South Africa Tunisia Asia Armenia Azerbaijan Bangladesh China Hong Kong Egypt Georgia India Indonesia Iran Israel Japan Korea Malaysia Mongolia Philippines Russia Singapore Soviet Union Syria Taiwan Timor-Leste Turkey Vietnam Europe Albania Andorra Austria Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Latvia Monaco Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia Serbia Spain Soviet Union Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom North America Canada Costa Rica Cuba Dominican Republic El Salvador Guatemala Mexico Nicaragua Panama United States Individualist anarchism Puerto Rico Oceania Australia New Zealand South America Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador French Guiana Paraguay Peru Uruguay Venezuela Related topics Anarcho-capitalism Anti-corporatism Anti-consumerism Anti-fascism Anti-globalization Anti-statism Anti-war movement Autarchism Autonomist marxism Communism Council communism IWA Labour movement Left communism Left-libertarianism Libertarian socialism Marxism National-anarchism Relationship between Friedrich Nietzsche and Max Stirner Situationist International Socialism Spontaneous order Anarchism portal Category Outline

v t e Anarchism in the United States History Cincinnati Time Store Most–Grottkau debate Haymarket affair Homestead strike Assassination of William McKinley Immigration Act of 1903 Ferrer Center and Colony Immigration Act of 1918 First Red Scare 1919 bombings Palmer Raids Sacco and Vanzetti Libertarian Book Club and League Counterculture of the 1960s Protests of 1968 Battle of Seattle Occupy Wall Street Qilombo Capitol Hill Occupied Protest People Abbott Alston Andrews Appleton Austin Balagoon Bari Berkman Best Biehl Bookchin Bushnell Carson Chomsky Cleyre Cornell Czologsz Day Dixon Dolgoff Duffy Turner Emerson Ervin Fielden Fischer Goldman Goodman Graeber Greene Hahnel Haldeman-Julius Hammond Heywood (Angela) Heywood (Ezra) Hill Hoffman Holmes Ingalls Kaczynski Labadie Lingg Lloyd Lum Magón Milstein Most Newman Parsons Perlman Sale Schwab (Justus) Schwab (Michael) Solanas Spies Spooner Thoreau Tucker Waisbrooker Walker Warren Wilson Winn Wolff Zerzan Zinn Organizations Active ABC No Rio Anarcho-Syndicalist Review Anti-Racist Action Beehive Design Collective Catholic Worker Movement Common Ground Collective CrimethInc. Curious George Brigade Earth Liberation Front Industrial Workers of the World Institute for Anarchist Studies Institute for Social Ecology Kate Sharpley Library Labadie Collection Metropolitan Anarchist Coordinating Council MOVE Portland Anarchist Road Care Profane Existence Red Emma's Ruckus Society Defunct Cincinnati Time Store Don't Just Vote, Get Active Ferrer Center and Colony George Jackson Brigade Institute for Applied Autonomy International Working People's Association Libertarian Book Club and League New England Non-Resistance Society New York Social Revolutionary Club Qilombo Spanish Camp Tenacious Unicorn Ranch Union of Russian Workers Up Against the Wall Motherfucker Vanguard Group Why? Group Youth International Party Media Publications AK Press Autonomedia The Blast Catholic Worker Cronaca Sovversiva Fifth Estate Free Society Freiheit Golos Truda Liberty Loompanics Mother Earth PM Press Regeneración Vanguard The Word Works "Resistance to Civil Government" (1849) No Treason (1867-1870) "To the Workingmen of America" (1883) Anarchism and Other Essays (1910) Now and After (1929) In Defense of Anarchism (1970) Post-Scarcity Anarchism (1971) "The Abolition of Work" (1986) From Bakunin to Lacan (2001) Understanding Power (2002) Fragments of an Anarchist Anthropology (2004) Direct Action: An Ethnography (2009) See also American Left Anarchism History in Puerto Rico Anarchist economics Anarcho-capitalism Anarcho-pacifism Autarchism Chicago idea Galleanisti Green anarchism Individualist anarchism in the United States Labor history of the United States Libertarianism in the U.S. Minarchism Outline of anarchism Philosophical anarchism Politics of the United States Socialism in the U.S. Anarchism portal

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [1999 Seattle WTO protests](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999_Seattle_WTO_protests) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999_Seattle_WTO_protests?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.