# 1993

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This article is about the year 1993.     For other uses, see [1993 (disambiguation)](/source/1993_(disambiguation)).

**1993**
- [January](/source/January_1993)

- [February](/source/February_1993)

- [March](/source/March_1993)

- [April](/source/April_1993)

- [May](/source/May_1993)

- [June](/source/June_1993)

- [July](/source/July_1993)

- [August](/source/August_1993)

- [September](/source/September_1993)

- [October](/source/October_1993)

- [November](/source/November_1993)

- [December](/source/December_1993)

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From left to right, top to bottom:

- [Michael Jackson](/source/Michael_Jackson)'s alleged [sexual abuse](/source/1993_Michael_Jackson_sexual_abuse_allegations) in his residence;

- one of the Black Hawks shot down in the [Battle of Mogadishu](/source/Battle_of_Mogadishu_(1993));

- the [great flood of 1993](/source/Great_flood_of_1993) took 50 lives;

- The [Burundian Civil War](/source/Burundian_Civil_War), an ethnic conflict between the Hutu majority and the Tutsi minority that began in 1993 after the assassination of president, [Melchior Ndadaye](/source/Melchior_Ndadaye);

- [Pablo Escobar](/source/Pablo_Escobar), dubbed the King of Cocaine, is [shot](/source/Death_of_Pablo_Escobar) by the [Search Bloc](/source/Search_Bloc); the team celebrates killing him;

- [a van bomb](/source/1993_World_Trade_Center_bombing) on the [World Trade Center](/source/World_Trade_Center_(1973-2001)) kills 6 and injures more than a thousand;

- [A big nor'easter](/source/1993_Storm_of_the_Century), affected the [East Coast](/source/East_Coast_of_the_United_States). A total of 318 people were killed;

- the [Waco siege](/source/Waco_siege), a 51-day standoff between the [Branch Davidians](/source/Branch_Davidians) religious sect, led by [David Koresh](/source/David_Koresh), and U.S. federal authorities; 86 are dead;

- images of the [Big Bayou Canot rail accident](/source/Big_Bayou_Canot_rail_accident); an Amtrak passenger train derailed on a bridge that had been struck and partially dislodged by a barge eight minutes earlier. 47 people died and more than 100 were injured.

Calendar year

Years Millennium 2nd millennium Centuries 19th century 20th century 21st century Decades 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s Years 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 v t e

1993 by topic Subject Animation Archaeology Architecture Art Aviation Awards Comics Film Literature Poetry Meteorology Music Country Heavy metal Hip hop Jazz Latin Rail transport Radio Science Spaceflight Sports Football Television American Australian Belgian Brazilian British Scottish Canadian Danish Irish Italian Video games By country Afghanistan Argentina Australia Bangladesh Belgium Brazil Bulgaria Canada China Colombia Denmark Finland France Germany Hungary India Ireland Iran Israel Italy Japan Kuwait Luxembourg Malaysia Mexico Netherlands New Zealand Norway Pakistan Philippines Portugal Russia Singapore South Africa South Korea Sweden Switzerland Thailand Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom United States Zimbabwe Lists of leaders Sovereign states Sovereign state leaders Territorial governors Religious leaders Law Birth and death categories Births Deaths Establishments and disestablishments categories Establishments Disestablishments Works category Works Introductions v t e

1993 in various calendars Gregorian calendar 1993 MCMXCIII Ab urbe condita 2746 Armenian calendar 1442 ԹՎ ՌՆԽԲ Assyrian calendar 6743 Baháʼí calendar 149–150 Balinese saka calendar 1914–1915 Bengali calendar 1399–1400 Berber calendar 2943 British Regnal year 41 Eliz. 2 – 42 Eliz. 2 Buddhist calendar 2537 Burmese calendar 1355 Byzantine calendar 7501–7502 Chinese calendar 壬申年 (Water Monkey) 4690 or 4483 — to — 癸酉年 (Water Rooster) 4691 or 4484 Coptic calendar 1709–1710 Discordian calendar 3159 Ethiopian calendar 1985–1986 Hebrew calendar 5753–5754 Hindu calendars - Vikram Samvat 2049–2050 - Shaka Samvat 1914–1915 - Kali Yuga 5093–5094 Holocene calendar 11993 Igbo calendar 993–994 Iranian calendar 1371–1372 Islamic calendar 1413–1414 Japanese calendar Heisei 5 (平成５年) Javanese calendar 1925–1926 Juche calendar 82 Julian calendar Gregorian minus 13 days Korean calendar 4326 Minguo calendar ROC 82 民國82年 Nanakshahi calendar 525 Thai solar calendar 2536 Tibetan calendar ཆུ་ཕོ་སྤྲེ་ལོ་ (male Water-Monkey) 2119 or 1738 or 966 — to — ཆུ་མོ་བྱ་ལོ་ (female Water-Bird) 2120 or 1739 or 967 Unix time 725846400 – 757382399

Wikimedia Commons has media related to [1993](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:1993).

**1993** ([MCMXCIII](/source/Roman_numerals)) was a [common year starting on Friday](/source/Common_year_starting_on_Friday) of the [Gregorian calendar](/source/Gregorian_calendar), the 1993rd year of the [Common Era](/source/Common_Era) (CE) and *[Anno Domini](/source/Anno_Domini)* (AD) designations, the 993rd year of the [2nd millennium](/source/2nd_millennium), the 93rd year of the [20th century](/source/20th_century), and the 4th year of the [1990s](/source/1990s) decade.

Calendar year

The [General Assembly of the United Nations](/source/United_Nations_General_Assembly) designated 1993 as:

- International Year for the World's Indigenous People[1]

The year 1993 in the [Kwajalein Atoll](/source/Kwajalein_Atoll) in the [Marshall Islands](/source/Marshall_Islands) had only 364 days, since its calendar advanced 24 hours to the [Eastern Hemisphere](/source/Eastern_Hemisphere) side of the [International Date Line](/source/International_Date_Line), skipping [August 21](/source/August_21), 1993.[2]

## Events

### January

- [January 1](/source/January_1) - [Czechoslovakia](/source/Czechoslovakia) ceases to exist, as the [Czech Republic](/source/Czech_Republic) and [Slovakia](/source/Slovakia) separate in the [Dissolution of Czechoslovakia](/source/Dissolution_of_Czechoslovakia). - The [European Economic Community](/source/European_Economic_Community) eliminates trade barriers and creates a European [single market](/source/Single_market).

- [January 3](/source/January_3) – In Moscow, Presidents [George H. W. Bush](/source/George_H._W._Bush) (United States) and [Boris Yeltsin](/source/Boris_Yeltsin) (Russia) sign the [second Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty](/source/START_II).

- [January 5](/source/January_5) - US$7.4 million is stolen from the [Brink's](/source/Brink's) Armored Car Depot in [Rochester, New York](/source/Rochester%2C_New_York), in the fifth largest robbery in U.S. history. - [MV *Braer*](/source/MV_Braer), a [Liberian](/source/Liberia)-registered [oil tanker](/source/Oil_tanker), runs aground off the Scottish island of [Mainland, Shetland](/source/Mainland%2C_Shetland), causing a massive oil spill.

- [January 6](/source/January_6) - [Douglas Hurd](/source/Douglas_Hurd) is the first high-ranking British official to visit [Argentina](/source/Argentina) since the [Falklands War](/source/Falklands_War). - [January 6](/source/January_6)–[20](/source/January_20) – The [Bombay riots](/source/Bombay_riots) take place in [Mumbai](/source/Mumbai).

- [January 7](/source/January_7) – The [Fourth Republic of Ghana](/source/Fourth_Republic_of_Ghana) is inaugurated, with [Jerry Rawlings](/source/Jerry_Rawlings) as president.

- [January 8](/source/January_8)–[17](/source/January_17) – The [Braer Storm of January 1993](/source/Braer_Storm_of_January_1993), the most intense [extratropical cyclone](/source/Extratropical_cyclone) on record for the northern Atlantic Ocean, occurs.

- [January 13](/source/January_13) - The [Chemical Weapons Convention](/source/Chemical_Weapons_Convention) (CWC) is signed by President George H. W. Bush.[3] - [Iraq disarmament crisis](/source/Iraq_disarmament_crisis): [US, British and French aircraft attack Iraqi Surface to Air Missile sites in Southern Iraq](/source/January_1993_airstrikes_on_Iraq).

- [January 14](/source/January_14) – The Polish ferry [MS *Jan Heweliusz*](/source/MS_Jan_Heweliusz) [sinks](/source/Sinking_of_the_MS_Jan_Heweliusz) off the coast of [Rügen](/source/R%C3%BCgen) in the [Baltic Sea](/source/Baltic_Sea), killing 54 people.[4]

- [January 19](/source/January_19) – Iraq disarmament crisis: [Iraq](/source/Iraq) refuses to allow UNSCOM inspectors to use its own aircraft to fly into Iraq and begins military operations in the demilitarized zone between Iraq and [Kuwait](/source/Kuwait), and the northern [Iraqi no-fly zones](/source/Iraqi_no-fly_zones). U.S. forces fire approximately 40 Tomahawk cruise missiles at [Baghdad](/source/Baghdad) factories linked to Iraq's illegal nuclear weapons program (→ [January 1993 airstrikes on Iraq](/source/January_1993_airstrikes_on_Iraq)). Iraq then informs UNSCOM that it will be able to resume its flights.

- [January 20](/source/January_20) – [Bill Clinton](/source/Bill_Clinton) and [Al Gore](/source/Al_Gore) are [inaugurated](/source/First_inauguration_of_Bill_Clinton) as [US President](/source/US_President) and [Vice President](/source/US_Vice_President).[5]

- [January 24](/source/January_24) – In [Turkey](/source/Turkey), thousands protest against the murder of journalist [Uğur Mumcu](/source/U%C4%9Fur_Mumcu).

- [January 25](/source/January_25) – [Social Democrat](/source/Social_Democrats_(Denmark)) [Poul Nyrup Rasmussen](/source/Poul_Nyrup_Rasmussen) succeeds [Conservative](/source/Conservative_People's_Party_(Denmark)) [Poul Schlüter](/source/Poul_Schl%C3%BCter) as [Prime Minister of Denmark](/source/Prime_Minister_of_Denmark).

- [January 26](/source/January_26) – [Václav Havel](/source/V%C3%A1clav_Havel) is elected President of the Czech Republic.

- [January 30](/source/January_30) – The [Red Line](/source/B_Line_(Los_Angeles_Metro)) (later known as the B Line) officially begins service in [Los Angeles](/source/Los_Angeles), becoming the first underground [rapid transit](/source/Rapid_transit) line to open in almost 70 years.

### February

The aftermath of the [World Trade Center bombing](/source/World_Trade_Center_bombing).

- [February 4](/source/February_4) – Members of the right-wing Austrian [Freedom Party of Austria](/source/Freedom_Party_of_Austria) split to form the [Liberal Forum](/source/Liberal_Forum) in protest against the increasing nationalistic bent of the party.

- [February 10](/source/February_10) - [Lien Chan](/source/Lien_Chan) is named by [Lee Teng-hui](/source/Lee_Teng-hui) to succeed [Hau Pei-tsun](/source/Hau_Pei-tsun) as [Premier of the Republic of China](/source/Premier_of_the_Republic_of_China). - *[Mani pulite](/source/Mani_pulite)* scandal: Italian legislator [Claudio Martelli](/source/Claudio_Martelli) resigns, followed by various politicians over the next two weeks.

- [February 12](/source/February_12) – [Murder of James Bulger](/source/Murder_of_James_Bulger): Two-year-old James Bulger is abducted from [New Strand Shopping Centre](/source/New_Strand_Shopping_Centre) by two ten-year-old boys Robert Thompson and Jon Venables, who later torture and murder him.

- [February 14](/source/February_14) - [Glafcos Clerides](/source/Glafcos_Clerides) defeats incumbent [George Vasiliou](/source/George_Vasiliou) in the Cypriot presidential election. - [Albert Zafy](/source/Albert_Zafy) defeats [Didier Ratsiraka](/source/Didier_Ratsiraka) in the Madagascar presidential election.

- [February 22](/source/February_22) – [United Nations Security Council Resolution 808](/source/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_808) is voted on, deciding that "an international tribunal shall be established" to prosecute violations of international law in [Yugoslavia](/source/Yugoslavia). The tribunal is established on [May 25](/source/May_25) by [Resolution 827](/source/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_827).

- [February 26](/source/February_26) – [World Trade Center bombing](/source/World_Trade_Center_bombing): In New York City, a van bomb parked below the North Tower of the [World Trade Center](/source/World_Trade_Center_(1973-2001)) explodes, killing six people and injuring over one thousand.

### March

- [March 5](/source/March_5) – [Macedonian](/source/Republic_of_Macedonia) [Palair](/source/Palair) [Flight 301](/source/Palair_Macedonian_Airlines_Flight_301), an [F-100](/source/Fokker_100) on a flight to [Zürich](/source/Z%C3%BCrich), crashes shortly after take-off from [Skopje](/source/Skopje), killing 83 of the 97 on board.

- [March 8](/source/March_8) – The Moon moves into its nearest point to Earth, called perigee, at the same time as its fullest phase of the Lunar Cycle. The Moon appears to be 14% bigger and 30% brighter than the year's other full moons. The next time these two events coincided was in 2008.[6]

- [March 11](/source/March_11) – [Janet Reno](/source/Janet_Reno) is confirmed by the [United States Senate](/source/United_States_Senate) and sworn in the next day, becoming the first female Attorney General of the United States.[7]

- [March 12](/source/March_12) - [1993 Bombay bombings](/source/1993_Bombay_bombings): Several bombs explode in [Bombay](/source/Mumbai), India, killing 257 and injuring hundreds more. - [North Korea nuclear weapons program](/source/North_Korea_nuclear_weapons_program): [North Korea](/source/North_Korea) announces that it plans to withdraw from the [Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty](/source/Nuclear_Nonproliferation_Treaty) and refuses to allow inspectors access to nuclear sites, beginning the [1993–94 North Korean Nuclear Crisis](/source/1994_North_Korean_nuclear_crisis).

- [March 13](/source/March_13)–[15](/source/March_15) – The [1993 Storm of the Century](/source/1993_Storm_of_the_Century) strikes the eastern U.S., bringing record snowfall and other severe weather all the way from [Cuba](/source/Cuba) to [Quebec](/source/Quebec); it reportedly kills 184 people.[8]

- [March 13](/source/March_13) – [1993 Australian federal election](/source/1993_Australian_federal_election): [Paul Keating](/source/Paul_Keating)'s [Labor](/source/Australian_Labor_Party) [government](/source/Keating_government) is re-elected with an increased majority, defeating the [Liberal](/source/Liberal_Party_of_Australia)/[National](/source/National_Party_of_Australia) [Coalition](/source/Coalition_(Australia)) led by [John Hewson](/source/John_Hewson).[9]

- [March 17](/source/March_17) – The [Kurdistan Workers' Party](/source/Kurdistan_Workers'_Party) announces a unilateral [ceasefire](/source/Ceasefire) in [Iraq](/source/Iraq).

- [March 24](/source/March_24) - The Israeli [Knesset](/source/Knesset) elects [Ezer Weizman](/source/Ezer_Weizman) as [President of Israel](/source/President_of_Israel). - South Africa officially abandons its [nuclear weapons programme](/source/South_Africa_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction). President de Klerk announces that the country's six warheads had already been dismantled in [1989](/source/1989).

- [March 27](/source/March_27) - [Jiang Zemin](/source/Jiang_Zemin) becomes [President of China](/source/President_of_China). - Following a rash of [integrist](/source/Integrism) murders (including those of foreigners), [Algeria](/source/Algeria) breaks [diplomatic relations with Iran](/source/Algeria%E2%80%93Iran_relations), accusing the country of interfering in its interior affairs. - [Mahamane Ousmane](/source/Mahamane_Ousmane) is elected president of [Niger](/source/Niger).

- [March 28](/source/March_28) – [1993 French legislative election](/source/1993_French_legislative_election): [Rally for the Republic](/source/Rally_for_the_Republic) (Gaullist party) wins a majority and [Édouard Balladur](/source/%C3%89douard_Balladur) becomes [Prime Minister](/source/Prime_Minister_of_France).

- [March 29](/source/March_29) – The [65th Academy Awards](/source/65th_Academy_Awards), hosted by [Billy Crystal](/source/Billy_Crystal), are held at the [Dorothy Chandler Pavilion](/source/Dorothy_Chandler_Pavilion) in [Los Angeles](/source/Los_Angeles), with *[Unforgiven](/source/Unforgiven)* winning [Best Picture](/source/Academy_Award_for_Best_Picture).

### April

- April–May – [1993 Four Corners hantavirus outbreak](/source/1993_Four_Corners_hantavirus_outbreak): Thirteen people are killed by [Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome](/source/Hantavirus_pulmonary_syndrome), mainly in the [Southwestern United States](/source/Southwestern_United_States).

- April–October – [Great Flood of 1993](/source/Great_Flood_of_1993): The [Mississippi](/source/Mississippi_River) and [Missouri Rivers](/source/Missouri_River) flood large portions of the American Midwest.

- [April 8](/source/April_8) – The [Republic of Macedonia](/source/Republic_of_Macedonia) is admitted to the [United Nations](/source/United_Nations) under a provisional reference "the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia".

- [April 11](/source/April_11) – Four hundred fifty prisoners [rioted](/source/Riot) at the [Southern Ohio Correctional Facility](/source/Southern_Ohio_Correctional_Facility) in [Lucasville, Ohio](/source/Lucasville%2C_Ohio), and continued to do so for ten days, citing grievances related to prison conditions, as well as the forced vaccination of [Nation of Islam](/source/Nation_of_Islam) prisoners (for [tuberculosis](/source/Tuberculosis)) against their religious beliefs.

- [April 16](/source/April_16) – [Bosnian War](/source/Bosnian_War): the enclave of [Srebrenica](/source/Srebrenica) is declared a UN-protected "safe area". Also members of the Jokeri unit of the [HVO](/source/Croatian_Defence_Council) entered the village of [Ahmići](/source/Ahmi%C4%87i_massacre) and killed 120 Muslim residents.

- [April 19](/source/April_19) – [Waco siege](/source/Waco_siege): A 51-day stand-off at the Branch Davidian compound near [Waco, Texas](/source/Waco%2C_Texas), ends with a fire that kills 76 people, including [David Koresh](/source/David_Koresh).

- [April 20](/source/April_20) – The [Council for National Academic Awards](/source/Council_for_National_Academic_Awards), the national degree-awarding authority in the United Kingdom, is officially dissolved. - [Backstreet Boys](/source/Backstreet_Boys) were formed in [Orlando](/source/Orlando%2C_Florida), [Florida](/source/Florida).

- [April 21](/source/April_21) – The Supreme Court in [La Paz](/source/La_Paz), [Bolivia](/source/Bolivia), sentences former dictator [Luis Garcia Meza](/source/Luis_Garcia_Meza) to 30 years in jail without parole for murder, theft, fraud and violating the constitution.

- [April 23](/source/April_23) - The [World Health Organization](/source/World_Health_Organization) declares [tuberculosis](/source/Tuberculosis) a global emergency.[10] - [Eritreans](/source/Eritrea) vote overwhelmingly for independence from [Ethiopia](/source/Ethiopia) in a [United Nations](/source/United_Nations)-monitored referendum, the [1993 Eritrean independence referendum](/source/1993_Eritrean_independence_referendum).

- [April 25](/source/April_25) – In the [1993 Russian government referendum](/source/1993_Russian_government_referendum) during the power struggle between President and Parliament a majority expresses confidence in President Yeltsin and his reform politics while rejecting early elections.

- [April 26](/source/April_26) – [Oscar Luigi Scalfaro](/source/Oscar_Luigi_Scalfaro) appoints [Carlo Azeglio Ciampi](/source/Carlo_Azeglio_Ciampi) [Prime Minister of Italy](/source/Prime_Minister_of_Italy).

- [April 27](/source/April_27) - [Eritrea](/source/Eritrea): Eritrean independence is declared verified by the [United Nations](/source/United_Nations). - [1993 Yemeni parliamentary election](/source/1993_Yemeni_parliamentary_election): The [General People's Congress of Yemen](/source/General_People's_Congress_(Yemen)) wins a [plurality](/source/Plurality_(voting)) of 121 seats. - [1993 Zambia national football team plane crash](/source/1993_Zambia_national_football_team_plane_crash): All members of the [Zambia national football team](/source/Zambia_national_football_team) die in a [plane crash](/source/Plane_crash) off Libreville, Gabon en route to [Dakar](/source/Dakar), [Senegal](/source/Senegal).

- [April 30](/source/April_30) – Tennis player [Monica Seles](/source/Monica_Seles) – at this time the top-ranked player in women's tennis – is stabbed during a match at the [1993 Citizen Cup](/source/1993_Citizen_Cup) in [Hamburg](/source/Hamburg), [Germany](/source/Germany).

### May

- [May 1](/source/May_1) – [Assassination of Ranasinghe Premadasa](/source/Assassination_of_Ranasinghe_Premadasa): During a [May Day](/source/International_Workers'_Day) rally, [President of Sri Lanka](/source/President_of_Sri_Lanka) [Ranasinghe Premadasa](/source/Ranasinghe_Premadasa) is assassinated by a [Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam](/source/Liberation_Tigers_of_Tamil_Eelam) [suicide bomber](/source/Suicide_Bomber). [Prime Minister](/source/Prime_Minister_of_Sri_Lanka) [Dingiri Banda Wijetunga](/source/Dingiri_Banda_Wijetunga) succeeds Premadasa as the 3rd executive president of [Sri Lanka](/source/Sri_Lanka).

- [May 4](/source/May_4) – [UNOSOM II](/source/UNOSOM_II) assumes the [Somalian](/source/Somalia) duties of the dissolved [UNITAF](/source/UNITAF).

- [May 9](/source/May_9) – [Juan Carlos Wasmosy](/source/Juan_Carlos_Wasmosy) becomes the first democratically elected [President of Paraguay](/source/President_of_Paraguay) in nearly 40 years, after defeating [Domingo Laíno](/source/Domingo_La%C3%ADno) in the [1993 Paraguayan general election](/source/1993_Paraguayan_general_election).

- [May 15](/source/May_15) – [Niamh Kavanagh](/source/Niamh_Kavanagh) wins the [Eurovision Song Contest](/source/Eurovision_Song_Contest_1993) for Ireland with *[In Your Eyes](/source/In_Your_Eyes_(Niamh_Kavanagh_song))*.

- [May 16](/source/May_16) – The [Grand National Assembly of Turkey](/source/Grand_National_Assembly_of_Turkey) elects Prime Minister [Süleyman Demirel](/source/S%C3%BCleyman_Demirel) as [President of Turkey](/source/President_of_Turkey). After Demirel becomes president, the acting [Prime Minister of Turkey](/source/Prime_Minister_of_Turkey) is [Erdal İnönü](/source/Erdal_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC) of [Social Democratic Populist Party](/source/Social_Democratic_Populist_Party_(Turkey)) for 40 days.

- [May 19](/source/May_19) – [SAM Colombia Flight 501](/source/SAM_Colombia_Flight_501), a [Boeing 727-46](/source/Boeing_727-46), [crashed](/source/Aviation_accidents_and_incidents) during its approach to [José María Córdova International Airport](/source/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_C%C3%B3rdova_International_Airport), Colombia, killing all 132 occupants on board.[11][12]

- [May 24](/source/May_24) – [Eritrea](/source/Eritrea) gains independence from [Ethiopia](/source/Ethiopia).

- [May 25](/source/May_25) – The [International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia](/source/International_Criminal_Tribunal_for_the_former_Yugoslavia) is created in [The Hague](/source/The_Hague).

- [May 28](/source/May_28) – Eritrea and [Monaco](/source/Monaco) gain entry to the United Nations.

### June

- [June 1](/source/June_1) - Large protests erupt against [Slobodan Milošević](/source/Slobodan_Milo%C5%A1evi%C4%87)'s regime in [Belgrade](/source/Belgrade); opposition leader [Vuk Drašković](/source/Vuk_Dra%C5%A1kovi%C4%87) and his wife Danica are arrested. - [President of Guatemala](/source/President_of_Guatemala) [Jorge Serrano Elías](/source/Jorge_Serrano_El%C3%ADas) is forced to flee the country after an attempted [self-coup](/source/Self-coup). - [1993 Burundian presidential election](/source/1993_Burundian_presidential_election): The first multiparty elections in Burundi since the country's independence lead to the election of [Melchior Ndadaye](/source/Melchior_Ndadaye), leader of the [Front for Democracy in Burundi](/source/Front_for_Democracy_in_Burundi). The next day's [legislative election](/source/1993_Burundian_legislative_election) sees his party win with an overwhelming majority.

- [June 5](/source/June_5) - The [National Assembly of Venezuela](/source/National_Assembly_of_Venezuela) designates [Ramón José Velásquez](/source/Ram%C3%B3n_Jos%C3%A9_Vel%C3%A1squez) as successor of suspended [President](/source/President_of_Venezuela) [Carlos Andrés Pérez](/source/Carlos_Andr%C3%A9s_P%C3%A9rez). - [Attack on Pakistani military in Somalia](/source/June_1993_attack_on_Pakistani_military_in_Somalia): twenty-four [Pakistani](/source/Pakistan) troops in the [United Nations forces](/source/United_Nations_Operation_in_Somalia_II) are killed in [Mogadishu](/source/Mogadishu), [Somalia](/source/Somalia).

- [June 6](/source/June_6) - Following the [Revolutionary Nationalist Movement](/source/Revolutionary_Nationalist_Movement)'s [victory](/source/1993_Bolivian_general_election), [Gonzalo Sánchez de Lozada](/source/Gonzalo_S%C3%A1nchez_de_Lozada) becomes President of Bolivia. - [Mongolia](/source/Mongolia) holds its first direct [presidential elections](/source/1993_Mongolian_presidential_election), [Punsalmaagiin Ochirbat](/source/Punsalmaagiin_Ochirbat) remains president.

- [June 8](/source/June_8) – [Kurdish–Turkish conflict](/source/Kurdish%E2%80%93Turkish_conflict_(1978%E2%80%93present)): the [PKK](/source/Kurdistan_Workers'_Party)-declared [ceasefire](/source/1993_Kurdistan_Workers'_Party_ceasefire) ends in [Iraq](/source/Iraq).

- [June 11](/source/June_11) – *[Jurassic Park](/source/Jurassic_Park_(film))* releases in cinemas in the United States.

- [June 14](/source/June_14) – Multipartyists win [a referendum](/source/1993_Malawian_democracy_referendum) on the future of the one-party system in [Malawi](/source/Malawi).

- [June 18](/source/June_18) - [Iraq disarmament crisis](/source/Iraq_disarmament_crisis): Iraq refuses to allow [UNSCOM](/source/United_Nations_Special_Commission) weapons inspectors to install remote-controlled monitoring cameras at two missile engine test stands. - [KTTV](/source/KTTV) launched [Good Day L.A.](/source/Good_Day_L.A.)

- [June 22](/source/June_22) – Japan's [New Party Sakigake](/source/New_Party_Sakigake) breaks away from the [Liberal Democratic Party](/source/Liberal_Democratic_Party_(Japan)).

- [June 24](/source/June_24) – UK mathematician [Andrew Wiles](/source/Andrew_Wiles) wins worldwide fame after presenting his proof of [Fermat's Last Theorem](/source/Fermat's_Last_Theorem), a problem that had been unsolved for more than three centuries.

- [June 25](/source/June_25) - [Kim Campbell](/source/Kim_Campbell) becomes the 19th, and first female, [Prime Minister of Canada](/source/Prime_Minister_of_Canada). - [Tansu Çiller](/source/Tansu_%C3%87iller) of [True Path Party](/source/True_Path_Party_(Turkey)) forms the new government of [Turkey](/source/Turkey). - [Zoran Lilić](/source/Zoran_Lili%C4%87) succeeds [Dobrica Ćosić](/source/Dobrica_%C4%86osi%C4%87) as [President of Yugoslavia](/source/President_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro). - The [litas](/source/Lithuanian_litas) is introduced as the new currency of [Lithuania](/source/Lithuania). - [Jacques Attali](/source/Jacques_Attali) resigns as President of the [European Bank for Reconstruction and Development](/source/European_Bank_for_Reconstruction_and_Development).

- [June 26](/source/June_26)–[28](/source/June_28) – [Typhoon Koryn](/source/Typhoon_Koryn_(1993)) causes massive damage to the [Philippines](/source/Philippines), China and [Macau](/source/Macau).

- [June 27](/source/June_27) – U.S. President [Bill Clinton](/source/Bill_Clinton) orders a [cruise missile attack on Iraqi intelligence headquarters](/source/Cruise_missile_strikes_on_Iraq_(June_1993)) in the [Al-Mansur](/source/Al-Mansur) District of [Baghdad](/source/Baghdad), in response to an Iraqi plot to assassinate former U.S. President [George H. W. Bush](/source/George_H._W._Bush) during his visit to Kuwait in mid-April.

- [June 29](/source/June_29) – The first [mobile](/source/Mobile_phone) [phone call](/source/Telephone_call) was made in [Greece](/source/Greece), marking the launch of [mobile telephony](/source/Mobile_telephony) services in the country by [Telestet (now NOVA)](/source/Nova_(Greece)).[13]

### July

- [July 5](/source/July_5) - [Iraq disarmament crisis](/source/Iraq_disarmament_crisis): UN inspection teams leave Iraq. Iraq then agrees to [UNSCOM](/source/UNSCOM) demands and the inspection teams return. - Electrochemist [Faiza Al-Kharafi](/source/Faiza_Al-Kharafi) is appointed rector (president) of [Kuwait University](/source/Kuwait_University), the first woman to head a major university in the Middle East.

- [July 7](/source/July_7)–[9](/source/July_9) – The [19th G7 summit](/source/19th_G7_summit) is held in Tokyo, Japan.

- [July 7](/source/July_7) – [Hurricane Calvin](/source/Hurricane_Calvin_(1993)) lands in Mexico. It is the second Pacific hurricane on record to land in Mexico in July and kills 34.

- [July 8](/source/July_8) – [Monsoonal floods in South Asia](/source/1993_India_floods) begin, going on to kill more than three thousand people over the next month.[14][15][16]

- [July 12](/source/July_12) – The 7.7 Mw [Hokkaidō earthquake](/source/1993_Okushiri_earthquake) affects northern Japan with a maximum Mercalli intensity of VIII (*Severe*) and triggers a devastating [tsunami](/source/Tsunami) that kills 230 on the small island of [Okushiri, Hokkaido](/source/Okushiri%2C_Hokkaido).

- [July 18](/source/July_18) – [1993 Japanese general election](/source/1993_Japanese_general_election): The loss of majority of the Liberal Democratic Party results in a coalition taking power.

- [July 25](/source/July_25) – In a [terrorist attack](/source/Terrorist_attack) members of the [Azanian People's Liberation Army](/source/Azanian_People's_Liberation_Army) open fire on a congregation inside [St James Church](/source/Saint_James'_Church_Massacre) in [Kenilworth, Cape Town](/source/Kenilworth%2C_Cape_Town), killing eleven and injuring fifty.[17][18]

- [July 26](/source/July_26) - [Miguel Indurain](/source/Miguel_Indurain) wins the [1993 Tour de France](/source/1993_Tour_de_France). - [Asiana Airlines Flight 733](/source/Asiana_Airlines_Flight_733) crashes into Mt. Ungeo in [Haenam](/source/Haenam), South Korea; 68 are killed.

- [July 29](/source/July_29) – The [Israeli Supreme Court](/source/Israeli_Supreme_Court) acquits accused [Nazi](/source/Nazi) death camp guard [John Demjanjuk](/source/John_Demjanjuk) of all charges and he is set free.

- [July 30](/source/July_30) - [A wildfire](/source/1993_Ikaria_forest_fire) on the [Greek](/source/Greece) island of [Ikaria](/source/Ikaria) kills 13.

### August

- August – The [European Exchange Rate Mechanism](/source/European_Exchange_Rate_Mechanism) margin was expanded to 15% to accommodate [speculation](/source/Speculation) against the [French franc](/source/French_franc) and other currencies.[19]

- [August 5](/source/August_5) – The discovery of the [Tel Dan Stele](/source/Tel_Dan_Stele), the first archaeological confirmation of the existence of the [Davidic line](/source/Davidic_line), announced.

- [August 9](/source/August_9) – King [Albert II of Belgium](/source/Albert_II_of_Belgium) is sworn into office nine days after the death of his brother, King [Baudouin I](/source/Baudouin_of_Belgium).

- [August 13](/source/August_13) – More than 130 die in the [collapse of Royal Plaza Hotel](/source/Collapse_of_the_Royal_Plaza_Hotel) at [Nakhon Ratchasima](/source/Nakhon_Ratchasima) in [Thailand](/source/Thailand)'s worst hotel disaster.

- [August 21](/source/August_21) – [NASA](/source/NASA) loses radio contact with the [Mars Observer](/source/Mars_Observer) orbiter 3 days before the spacecraft is scheduled to enter orbit around [Mars](/source/Mars).

- [August 28](/source/August_28) - [Ong Teng Cheong](/source/Ong_Teng_Cheong) becomes the first [President of Singapore](/source/President_of_Singapore) elected by the population. - The first *[Power Rangers](/source/Power_Rangers)* series, *[Mighty Morphin Power Rangers](/source/Mighty_Morphin_Power_Rangers)* (an adaptation of *[Kyōryū Sentai Zyuranger](/source/Ky%C5%8Dry%C5%AB_Sentai_Zyuranger)*), [premieres](/source/Day_of_the_Dumpster) in the United States.

- [August 31](/source/August_31) – Russia completes removing its troops from [Lithuania](/source/Lithuania).

### September

- [September 13](/source/September_13) - [1993 Norwegian parliamentary election](/source/1993_Norwegian_parliamentary_election): The Labour Party wins a plurality of the seats and Prime Minister [Gro Harlem Brundtland](/source/Gro_Harlem_Brundtland) retains office. - [Oslo I Accord](/source/Oslo_I_Accord): Following initially secret talks from earlier in the year, [PLO](/source/PLO) leader [Yasser Arafat](/source/Yasser_Arafat) and [Israeli](/source/Israel) prime minister [Yitzhak Rabin](/source/Yitzhak_Rabin) shake hands in Washington, D.C. after signing a peace accord.

- [September 15](/source/September_15)–[21](/source/September_21) – [Hurricane Gert](/source/Hurricane_Gert_(1993)) crosses from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean through Central America and Mexico.

- [September 17](/source/September_17) – Russian troops withdraw from Poland.

- [September 19](/source/September_19) – [1993 Polish parliamentary election](/source/1993_Polish_parliamentary_election): A coalition of the [Democratic Left Alliance](/source/Democratic_Left_Alliance_(Poland)) and the [Polish People's Party](/source/Polish_People's_Party) led by [Waldemar Pawlak](/source/Waldemar_Pawlak) comes into power.

- [September 22](/source/September_22) – [Big Bayou Canot train disaster](/source/Big_Bayou_Canot_train_disaster): A bridge collapses while the Amtrak *[Sunset Limited](/source/Sunset_Limited)* is in the process of crossing it, killing 47 people.[20]

- [September 23](/source/September_23) – The [International Olympic Committee](/source/International_Olympic_Committee) selects [Sydney](/source/Sydney), Australia, to host the [2000 Summer Olympics](/source/2000_Summer_Olympics).[21]

- [September 24](/source/September_24) – The [Cambodian](/source/Cambodia) monarchy is restored, with [Norodom Sihanouk](/source/Norodom_Sihanouk) as king.

- [September 25](/source/September_25) – The [Nipah Dam incident](/source/Nipah_Dam_incident): Indonesian security forces shoot and kill four protesters opposing the construction of a dam.[22]

- [September 26](/source/September_26) - The first mission in [Biosphere 2](/source/Biosphere_2) ends after two years. - [PoSAT-1](/source/PoSAT-1) (the first Portuguese satellite) is launched on board French rocket [Ariane 4](/source/Ariane_4).

- [September 27](/source/September_27) – [War in Abkhazia](/source/War_in_Abkhazia_(1992%E2%80%9393)): [Fall of Sukhumi](/source/Sukhumi_massacre) – [Eduard Shevardnadze](/source/Eduard_Shevardnadze) accuses Russia of passive complicity.

- [September 30](/source/September_30) – [Latur earthquake](/source/1993_Latur_earthquake): A 6.2 Mw earthquake occurs in the vicinity of [Maharashtra](/source/Maharashtra), India having a maximum [Mercalli intensity](/source/Mercalli_intensity_scale) of VIII (*Severe*), killing 9,748 and injuring 30,000.

### October

- [October 3](/source/October_3)–[4](/source/October_4)– [Battle of Mogadishu](/source/Battle_of_Mogadishu_(1993)): The U.S. Army conducts [Operation Gothic Serpent](/source/Operation_Gothic_Serpent) in the city of [Mogadishu](/source/Mogadishu), Somalia, deploying Task Force Ranger. Two U.S. Army [UH-60 Blackhawks](/source/UH-60_Blackhawk) are shot down and the operation leaves over 1,000 Somalis dead and over 74 Americans wounded in action, 18 killed and 1 captured.

- [October 4](/source/October_4) – The [Russian constitutional crisis](/source/1993_Russian_constitutional_crisis) culminates with Russian military and security forces, using tanks and clearing the [White House of Russia](/source/White_House_of_Russia) Parliament building by force, quashing a mass uprising against President [Boris Yeltsin](/source/Boris_Yeltsin).

- [October 5](/source/October_5) – China performs a [nuclear test](/source/Nuclear_test), ending a worldwide *de facto* [moratorium](/source/Moratorium_(law)).

- [October 9](/source/October_9) – The South Korean ferry *[Seohae](/source/Sinking_of_the_MV_Seohae)* capsizes off [Pusan](/source/Pusan), South Korea; 292 are killed.

- [October 11](/source/October_11)–[28](/source/October_28) – The [UNMIH](/source/UNMIH) is prevented from entering [Haiti](/source/Haiti) by its military-led regime. On [October 18](/source/October_18), [United Nations](/source/United_Nations) economic sanctions (abolished in August) are reinstated. U.S. President Bill Clinton sends 6 American warships to enforce them.

- [October 13](/source/October_13) - [1993 Greek legislative election](/source/1993_Greek_legislative_election): [Andreas Papandreou](/source/Andreas_Papandreou) begins his second term as [Prime Minister of Greece](/source/Prime_Minister_of_Greece). - The fifth summit of the [Francophonie](/source/Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie) opens in [Mauritius](/source/Mauritius). - The [1993 Finisterre earthquakes](/source/1993_Finisterre_earthquakes) in Papua New Guinea kill at least 60 due to landslides.[23]

- [October 19](/source/October_19) – [Benazir Bhutto](/source/Benazir_Bhutto) becomes the Prime Minister of Pakistan for the second time.

- [October 21](/source/October_21) – A coup in [Burundi](/source/Burundi) results in the death of president [Melchior Ndadaye](/source/Melchior_Ndadaye) and sparks the [Burundi Civil War](/source/Burundi_Civil_War).

- [October 23](/source/October_23) – The [Toronto Blue Jays](/source/Toronto_Blue_Jays) repeat as [World Series](/source/World_Series) champions, becoming the first team to win back-to-back titles since the 1977–1978 [New York Yankees](/source/New_York_Yankees).

- [October 25](/source/October_25) – [1993 Canadian federal election](/source/1993_Canadian_federal_election): [Jean Chrétien](/source/Jean_Chr%C3%A9tien) and his [Liberal Party](/source/Liberal_Party_of_Canada) defeat the governing [Progressive Conservative Party](/source/Progressive_Conservative_Party_of_Canada), which falls to a historic low of two seats.

- [October 27](/source/October_27)–[31](/source/October_31) – The Southland Firestorm, formed of more than fourteen separate fires in Southern California burning simultaneously, burns more than 700 homes and 160,000 acres.[24] Two of these fire are the [Laguna Fire](/source/Laguna_Fire_(1993)) which burned more than 16,000 acres (6,500 hectares), destroyed hundreds of homes and caused $528 million in damage in [Orange County, California](/source/Orange_County%2C_California), and the [Kinneloa Fire](/source/Kinneloa_Fire) in [Los Angeles County, California](/source/Los_Angeles_County%2C_California) which caused a fatality.

### November

Main article: [November 1993](/source/November_1993)

- [November 1](/source/November_1) – The [Maastricht Treaty](/source/Maastricht_Treaty) takes effect, formally establishing the [European Union](/source/European_Union).[25]

- [November 4](/source/November_4) – [Jean Chrétien](/source/Jean_Chr%C3%A9tien) becomes the 20th [Prime Minister of Canada](/source/Prime_Minister_of_Canada).[26]

- [November 5](/source/November_5) – The [Parliament of the United Kingdom](/source/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom) passes the [Railways Act 1993](/source/Railways_Act_1993), setting out the procedures for [privatisation of British Rail](/source/Privatisation_of_British_Rail).[27]

- [November 9](/source/November_9) – [Bosnian Croat](/source/Croats_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina) forces destroy the *[Stari Most](/source/Stari_Most)*, or Old Bridge of [Mostar](/source/Mostar), [Bosnia and Herzegovina](/source/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina), by tank fire.[28][29]

- [November 12](/source/November_12) – [London Convention](/source/London_Convention_on_the_Prevention_of_Marine_Pollution_by_Dumping_of_Wastes_and_Other_Matter): Marine dumping of [radioactive waste](/source/Radioactive_waste) is outlawed.

- [November 14](/source/November_14) – In [a status referendum](/source/1993_Puerto_Rican_status_referendum), residents of [Puerto Rico](/source/Puerto_Rico) vote by a slim margin to maintain [Commonwealth](/source/Commonwealth_(U.S._insular_area)) status.[30]

- [November 17](/source/November_17)–[22](/source/November_22) – The [North American Free Trade Agreement](/source/North_American_Free_Trade_Agreement) (NAFTA) passes the legislative houses in the United States, Canada and Mexico.

- November 17 - In Nigeria, General [Sani Abacha](/source/Sani_Abacha) ousts the government of [Ernest Shonekan](/source/Ernest_Shonekan) in a military coup.[31] - The first meeting of the [Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation](/source/Asia-Pacific_Economic_Cooperation) summit opens in [Seattle](/source/Seattle).[32]

- [November 20](/source/November_20) – An Avioimpex [Yakovlev Yak-42D](/source/Yakovlev_Yak-42D) crashes into Mount Trojani near [Ohrid](/source/Ohrid), [North Macedonia](/source/North_Macedonia). All 8 crew members and 115 of the 116 passengers are killed.[33]

- [November 28](/source/November_28) – *[The Observer](/source/The_Observer)* reveals that a channel of communications has existed between the [Provisional Irish Republican Army](/source/Provisional_Irish_Republican_Army) and the British government, despite the government's persistent denials.[34]

- [November 30](/source/November_30) - An agreement establishing the Permanent Tripartite Commission for East African Co-operation is signed.[35] - U.S. President [Bill Clinton](/source/Bill_Clinton) signs the [Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act](/source/Brady_Handgun_Violence_Prevention_Act).[36]

### December

Main article: [December 1993](/source/December_1993)

- [December 2](/source/December_2) - *[STS-61](/source/STS-61)*: [NASA](/source/NASA) launches the Space Shuttle *[Endeavour](/source/Space_Shuttle_Endeavour)* on a mission to repair an optical flaw in the [Hubble Space Telescope](/source/Hubble_Space_Telescope).[37] - [Colombian](/source/Colombia) drug lord [Pablo Escobar](/source/Pablo_Escobar) is gunned down by police.[38]

- [December 5](/source/December_5) - [Omar Bongo](/source/Omar_Bongo) is re-elected as [President of Gabon](/source/President_of_Gabon) in the country's first multiparty elections.[39] - [Rafael Caldera Rodríguez](/source/Rafael_Caldera_Rodr%C3%ADguez) is elected President of Venezuela for the second time, succeeding interim president [Ramón José Velásquez](/source/Ram%C3%B3n_Jos%C3%A9_Vel%C3%A1squez).[40]

- [December 7](/source/December_7) - In [Garden City, New York](/source/Garden_City%2C_New_York), six people are murdered and 19 injured in the [Long Island Rail Road massacre](/source/Long_Island_Rail_Road_massacre), a racially motivated mass shooting perpetrated by Colin Ferguson, a black Jamaican immigrant.[41] - The 32-member Transitional Executive Committee holds its first meeting[42] in [Cape Town](/source/Cape_Town), marking the first meeting of an official government body in South Africa with Black members. - [President of Ivory Coast](/source/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Ivory_Coast) [Félix Houphouët-Boigny](/source/F%C3%A9lix_Houphou%C3%ABt-Boigny) dies at 88, the oldest African head of state.[43] He is succeeded four days later by [Henri Konan Bédié](/source/Henri_Konan_B%C3%A9di%C3%A9).[44]

- [December 8](/source/December_8) – U.S. President [Bill Clinton](/source/Bill_Clinton) signs into law the [North American Free Trade Agreement](/source/North_American_Free_Trade_Agreement).[45]

- [December 10](/source/December_10) – [id Software](/source/Id_Software) releases the first-person shooter game *[Doom](/source/Doom_(1993_video_game))*.

- [December 11](/source/December_11) - One of the three blocks of the Highland Towers near [Kuala Lumpur](/source/Kuala_Lumpur), [Malaysia](/source/Malaysia) [collapses](/source/Highland_Towers_collapse), killing 48.[46] - [1993 Chilean presidential election](/source/1993_Chilean_presidential_election): [Eduardo Frei Ruiz-Tagle](/source/Eduardo_Frei_Ruiz-Tagle) is elected with 58% of the vote.[47]

- [December 13](/source/December_13) - Former [Prime Minister of Canada](/source/Prime_Minister_of_Canada) [Kim Campbell](/source/Kim_Campbell) resigns as leader of the [Progressive Conservative Party](/source/Progressive_Conservative_Party_of_Canada) and is succeeded as leader by [Jean Charest](/source/Jean_Charest).[48][49] - The [Majilis](/source/Majilis) of [Kazakhstan](/source/Kazakhstan) approves the nuclear [Non-Proliferation Treaty](/source/Non-Proliferation_Treaty) and agrees to dismantle the more than 100 missiles left on its territory by the fall of the USSR.[50]

- [December 15](/source/December_15) – The [Uruguay Round](/source/Uruguay_Round) of [General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade](/source/General_Agreement_on_Tariffs_and_Trade) (GATT) talks reach a successful conclusion after seven years.[51]

- [December 17](/source/December_17) – [Brazil](/source/Brazil)'s [Supreme Court](/source/Supreme_Federal_Court) rules that former President [Fernando Collor de Mello](/source/Fernando_Collor_de_Mello) may not hold elected office again until 2000 due to [political corruption](/source/Political_corruption).[52]

- [December 20](/source/December_20) - The [United Nations General Assembly](/source/United_Nations_General_Assembly) votes to appoint a [U.N. High Commissioner for Human Rights](/source/U.N._High_Commissioner_for_Human_Rights).[53] - The first corrected images from the [Hubble Space Telescope](/source/Hubble_Space_Telescope) are taken.

- [December 21](/source/December_21) - The [Hungarian Parliament](/source/Hungarian_Parliament) elects [Péter Boross](/source/P%C3%A9ter_Boross) [Prime Minister of Hungary](/source/Prime_Minister_of_Hungary) following the death of [József Antall](/source/J%C3%B3zsef_Antall) on December 12.[54] - Phil Vischer and Mike Nawrocki's [VeggieTales](/source/VeggieTales) is first released.

- [December 30](/source/December_30) - The [Congress Party](/source/Indian_National_Congress) gains a parliamentary majority in India after the defection of 10 [Janata Dal](/source/Janata_Dal) party lawmakers. - Representatives of [Israel](/source/Israel) and the [Holy See](/source/Holy_See) sign the [Fundamental Agreement Between the Holy See and the State of Israel](/source/Fundamental_Agreement_Between_the_Holy_See_and_the_State_of_Israel), preparing for the establishment of [diplomatic relations](/source/Holy_See%E2%80%93Israel_relations).[55] - [Argentina](/source/Argentina) passes a measure allowing President [Carlos Menem](/source/Carlos_Menem) and all future presidents to run for a second consecutive term. It also shortens presidential terms to four years and removes the requirement for the president to be [Roman Catholic](/source/Roman_Catholic).[56]

## Births and deaths

Main pages: [Category:1993 births](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:1993_births) and [Deaths in 1993](/source/Deaths_in_1993)

## Nobel Prizes

- [Chemistry](/source/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry) – [Kary Mullis](/source/Kary_Mullis), [Michael Smith](/source/Michael_Smith_(chemist))

- [Economics](/source/Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences) – [Robert W. Fogel](/source/Robert_W._Fogel), [Douglass North](/source/Douglass_North)

- [Literature](/source/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature) – [Toni Morrison](/source/Toni_Morrison)

- [Peace](/source/Nobel_Peace_Prize) – [Nelson Mandela](/source/Nelson_Mandela) and [F. W. de Klerk](/source/F._W._de_Klerk)

- [Physics](/source/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics) – [Russell Alan Hulse](/source/Russell_Alan_Hulse), [Joseph Hooton Taylor, Jr.](/source/Joseph_Hooton_Taylor%2C_Jr.)

- [Physiology or Medicine](/source/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine) – [Richard J. Roberts](/source/Richard_J._Roberts), [Phillip Allen Sharp](/source/Phillip_Allen_Sharp)

## References

1. **[^](#cite_ref-1)** ["International Year for the World's Indigenous People, 1993 : resolution / adopted by the General Assembly"](https://www.refworld.org/legal/resolution/unga/1992/en/29286). *UNHCR*. Retrieved May 27, 2025.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-2)** [Associated Press](/source/Associated_Press) (22 August 1993). ["In Marshall Islands, Friday Is Followed by Sunday"](https://www.nytimes.com/1993/08/22/world/in-marshall-islands-friday-is-followed-by-sunday.html). *[New York Times](/source/New_York_Times)*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20171011093207/http://www.nytimes.com/1993/08/22/world/in-marshall-islands-friday-is-followed-by-sunday.html) from the original on 11 October 2017. Retrieved 8 May 2022.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-3)** ["U.S. Ratification Timeline | Chemical Weapons Convention Archive"](https://cwc.fas.org/us-ratification/us-ratification-timeline). Retrieved September 14, 2025.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-4)** ["54 Die as Polish Ferry Capsizes in Baltic Sea"](https://www.nytimes.com/1993/01/15/world/54-die-as-polish-ferry-capsizes-in-baltic-sea.html). *The New York Times*. January 15, 1993. [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [0362-4331](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331). Retrieved February 20, 2025.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-5)** ["Inaugural Address | The American Presidency Project"](https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/inaugural-address-51). *www.presidency.ucsb.edu*. Retrieved September 11, 2025.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-6)** ["Closest Full Moon since March 8, 1993"](https://web.archive.org/web/20081215031654/http://www.idialstars.com/clfumo.htm). Archived from [the original](http://www.idialstars.com/clfumo.htm) on December 15, 2008.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-7)** Ifill, Gwen (March 12, 1993). ["Reno is confirmed in top justice job"](https://www.nytimes.com/1993/03/12/us/reno-is-confirmed-in-top-justice-job.html). *The New York Times*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20180624010549/https://www.nytimes.com/1993/03/12/us/reno-is-confirmed-in-top-justice-job.html) from the original on June 24, 2018. Retrieved August 27, 2018.

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1. **[^](#cite_ref-10)** ["Rise in TB declared a global emergency"](https://web.archive.org/web/20221129084150/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/rise-in-tb-declared-a-global-emergency-1456999.html). *The Independent*. Archived from [the original](https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/rise-in-tb-declared-a-global-emergency-1456999.html) on November 29, 2022. Retrieved February 20, 2025.

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1. **[^](#cite_ref-20)** Tolchin, Martin (December 14, 1993). ["3 Heroes Recall Amtrak Disaster on a Bayou"](https://www.nytimes.com/1993/12/14/us/3-heroes-recall-amtrak-disaster-on-a-bayou.html). *The New York Times*. [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [0362-4331](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331). Retrieved February 20, 2025.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-21)** North, Sam (September 24, 2003). ["Sydney wins"](http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2003/09/24/1064083046670.html). *Sydney Morning Herald*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20170918210136/http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2003/09/24/1064083046670.html) from the original on September 18, 2017. Retrieved September 18, 2017.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-22)** ["Government sanctions local official for dam incident"](https://www.upi.com/Archives/1993/10/11/Government-sanctions-local-official-for-dam-incident/1937750312000/). *[United Press International](/source/United_Press_International)*. October 11, 1993. Retrieved July 11, 2025.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-USGS_23-0)** ["M 6.9 - 47 km NNE of Kainantu, Papua New Guinea"](https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/usp00061w1/executive). *earthquake.usgs.gov*. [U.S. Geological Survey](/source/U.S._Geological_Survey). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20221008080304/https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/usp00061w1/executive) from the original on October 8, 2022. Retrieved October 11, 2021.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-24)** ["THE SOUTHLAND FIRESTORM / DAY FIVE: The Southland Fires"](https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1993-10-31-mn-51791-story.html). *[LA Times](/source/LA_Times)*. October 31, 1993. Retrieved January 2, 2024.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-25)** ["Founding agreements"](https://european-union.europa.eu/principles-countries-history/principles-and-values/founding-agreements_en). Principles and values. *[European Union](/source/European_Union)*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220409215631/https://european-union.europa.eu/principles-countries-history/principles-and-values/founding-agreements_en) from the original on April 9, 2022. Retrieved April 10, 2022.

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1. **[^](#cite_ref-27)** ["Railways Act 1993"](https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1993/43/introduction/enacted). *[legislation.gov.uk](/source/Legislation.gov.uk)*. [Crown and database right](/source/Crown_copyright#United_Kingdom). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220410161515/https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1993/43/introduction/enacted) from the original on April 10, 2022. Retrieved April 10, 2022 – via [The National Archives](/source/The_National_Archives_(United_Kingdom)).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-28)** Buric, Nada (November 11, 1993). ["Croats blamed for destroying bridge"](https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1876&dat=19931111&id=-zcfAAAAIBAJ&pg=6713,3676022). *Spartanburg Herald-Journal*. [Associated Press](/source/Associated_Press). p. A9. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220501035103/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1876&dat=19931111&id=-zcfAAAAIBAJ&pg=6713,3676022) from the original on May 1, 2022. Retrieved May 1, 2022 – via Google News.

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1. **[^](#cite_ref-30)** Díaz, José O. (1995). ["Puerto Rico, the United States, and the 1993 Referendum on Political Status"](https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0023879100017258). *[Latin American Research Review](/source/Latin_American_Research_Review)*. **30** (1): 203–11. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1017/S0023879100017258](https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0023879100017258). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [0023-8791](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0023-8791). [JSTOR](/source/JSTOR_(identifier)) [2504095](https://www.jstor.org/stable/2504095).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-31)** ["Nigerian Military Leader Ousts Interim President"](https://www.nytimes.com/1993/11/18/world/nigerian-military-leader-ousts-interim-president.html). *The New York Times*. [The Associated Press](/source/The_Associated_Press). November 18, 2022. p. A15. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20200724005126/https://www.nytimes.com/1993/11/18/world/nigerian-military-leader-ousts-interim-president.html) from the original on July 24, 2020. Retrieved April 29, 2022.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-32)** ["1993 APEC Ministerial Meeting"](https://www.apec.org/meeting-papers/annual-ministerial-meetings/1993/1993_amm). [APEC](/source/APEC) Secretariat. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220614225211/https://www.apec.org/meeting-papers/annual-ministerial-meetings/1993/1993_amm) from the original on June 14, 2022. Retrieved May 12, 2022.

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1. **[^](#cite_ref-34)** [Darnton, John](/source/John_Darnton) (November 29, 1993). ["BRITAIN CONCEDES IT SECRETLY MADE CONTACT WITH I.R.A."](https://www.nytimes.com/1993/11/29/world/britain-concedes-it-secretly-made-contact-with-ira.html) *The New York Times*. p. A1. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220515075930/https://www.nytimes.com/1993/11/29/world/britain-concedes-it-secretly-made-contact-with-ira.html) from the original on May 15, 2022. Retrieved May 15, 2022.

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1. **[^](#cite_ref-36)** ["Sarah Brady"](https://web.archive.org/web/20121219041842/http://bradycampaign.org/about/bio/sarah). Biographies. [Brady Campaign to Prevent Gun Violence](/source/Brady_Campaign_to_Prevent_Gun_Violence). Archived from [the original](http://bradycampaign.org/about/bio/sarah) on December 19, 2012. Retrieved April 10, 2022.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-37)** Dumoulin, Jim (June 29, 2001). ["STS-61"](https://web.archive.org/web/20211027182700/https://science.ksc.nasa.gov/shuttle/missions/sts-61/mission-sts-61.html). [NASA](/source/NASA). Archived from [the original](https://science.ksc.nasa.gov/shuttle/missions/sts-61/mission-sts-61.html) on October 27, 2021. Retrieved October 15, 2021.

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1. **[^](#cite_ref-40)** Ortiz de Zárate, Roberto, ed. (January 24, 2019). ["Rafael Caldera Rodríguez"](https://www.cidob.org/biografias_lideres_politicos/america_del_sur/venezuela/rafael_caldera_rodriguez). Venezuela (in Spanish). [Fundación CIDOB](/source/Fundaci%C3%B3n_CIDOB). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20211028170530/https://www.cidob.org/biografias_lideres_politicos/america_del_sur/venezuela/rafael_caldera_rodriguez) from the original on October 28, 2021. Retrieved October 15, 2021.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-41)** [Gladwell, Malcolm](/source/Malcolm_Gladwell); Stassen-Berger, Rachel E. (December 9, 1993). ["N.Y. Train Killings Suspect Was 'Motivated By Bias'"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1993/12/09/ny-train-killings-suspect-was-motivated-by-bias/37c1df9a-fb70-48d9-b176-81d3352e2fb7/?noredirect=on). *[The Washington Post](/source/The_Washington_Post)*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20181226084417/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1993/12/09/ny-train-killings-suspect-was-motivated-by-bias/37c1df9a-fb70-48d9-b176-81d3352e2fb7/?noredirect=on) from the original on December 26, 2018. Retrieved October 15, 2021.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-42)** Padaychee, Vishnu; [Fine, Ben](/source/Ben_Fine) (July 2, 2018). ["The role and influence of the IMF on economic policy in South Africa's transition to democracy: the 1993 CCFF revisited"](https://eprints.soas.ac.uk/25451/). *Review of African Political Economy*. **46** (159): 157–167. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1080/03056244.2018.1484352](https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03056244.2018.1484352). [hdl](/source/Hdl_(identifier)):[10.1080/03056244.2018.1484352](https://hdl.handle.net/10.1080%2F03056244.2018.1484352). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [158444181](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:158444181). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20211026204610/https://eprints.soas.ac.uk/25451/) from the original on October 26, 2021. Retrieved October 15, 2021 – via SOAS Research Online.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-43)** Noble, Kenneth B. (December 8, 1993). ["Felix Houphouet-Boigny, Ivory Coast's Leader Since Freedom in 1960, Is Dead"](https://www.nytimes.com/1993/12/08/obituaries/felix-houphouet-boigny-ivory-coast-s-leader-since-freedom-in-1960-is-dead.html). *[The New York Times](/source/The_New_York_Times)*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20211029180545/https://www.nytimes.com/1993/12/08/obituaries/felix-houphouet-boigny-ivory-coast-s-leader-since-freedom-in-1960-is-dead.html) from the original on October 29, 2021. Retrieved October 15, 2021.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-44)** ["New Ivory Coast President Is Named by Supreme Court"](https://www.nytimes.com/1993/12/11/world/new-ivory-coast-president-is-named-by-supreme-court.html). *The New York Times*. [The Associated Press](/source/The_Associated_Press). December 11, 1993. p. 7. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20211016073636/https://www.nytimes.com/1993/12/11/world/new-ivory-coast-president-is-named-by-supreme-court.html) from the original on October 16, 2021. Retrieved October 16, 2021.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-45)** ["Clinton Signs NAFTA -- December 8, 1993"](https://web.archive.org/web/20101010231531/http://millercenter.org/academic/americanpresident/events/12_08). *American President: An Online Reference Resource*. [Rector and Visitors of the University of Virginia](/source/University_of_Virginia). Archived from [the original](http://millercenter.org/academic/americanpresident/events/12_08) on October 10, 2010. Retrieved October 15, 2021.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-46)** ["History Asia - The Highland Towers Disaster"](https://web.archive.org/web/20110711171851/http://www.historyasia.com/synopsis.aspx?libId=1401&sId=826&sTime=1320). [A&E Television Networks](/source/A%26E_Television_Networks). 2008. Archived from [the original](http://www.historyasia.com/synopsis.aspx?libId=1401&sId=826&sTime=1320) on July 11, 2011. Retrieved October 15, 2021.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-47)** [United States Central Intelligence Agency](/source/United_States_Central_Intelligence_Agency) (March 1, 1999). [*The 1997 CIA World Factbook*](https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/1662). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20231022001929/https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/1662) from the original on October 22, 2023. Retrieved September 19, 2023.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-48)** Farnsworth, Clyde H. (December 14, 1993). ["Campbell Resigns as Tory Leader in Canada"](https://www.nytimes.com/1993/12/14/world/campbell-resigns-as-tory-leader-in-canada.html). *The New York Times*. p. A9. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20211029174949/https://www.nytimes.com/1993/12/14/world/campbell-resigns-as-tory-leader-in-canada.html) from the original on October 29, 2021. Retrieved October 15, 2021.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-49)** Boyko, John (August 11, 2011). ["Kim Campbell"](https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/kim-campbell). *[The Canadian Encyclopedia](/source/The_Canadian_Encyclopedia)*. [Historica Canada](/source/Historica_Canada). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20211016131926/https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/kim-campbell) from the original on October 16, 2021. Retrieved October 15, 2021.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-50)** Laumulin, Murat (Winter 1994). ["Viewpoint: Nuclear Politics and the Future Security of Kazakhstan"](https://www.nonproliferation.org/wp-content/uploads/npr/laumul12.pdf) (PDF). *[The Nonproliferation Review](/source/The_Nonproliferation_Review)*. **1** (2). Translated by Boyle, Catherine: 61–65. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1080/10736709408436540](https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10736709408436540). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220324031034/https://www.nonproliferation.org/wp-content/uploads/npr/laumul12.pdf) (PDF) from the original on March 24, 2022. Retrieved October 16, 2021.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-51)** ["The Uruguay Round"](https://web.archive.org/web/20060822200650/http://www.wto.org/trade_resources/history/wto/urug_round.htm). Trade Resources. [World Trade Organization](/source/World_Trade_Organization). Archived from [the original](http://www.wto.org/trade_resources/history/wto/urug_round.htm) on August 22, 2006. Retrieved October 15, 2021.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-52)** [Brooke, James](/source/James_Brooke_(journalist)) (December 17, 1993). ["Brazilian Court Reaffirms Ban on the Ex-President"](https://www.nytimes.com/1993/12/17/world/brazilian-court-reaffirms-ban-on-the-ex-president.html). *The New York Times*. p. A9. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20211016134330/https://www.nytimes.com/1993/12/17/world/brazilian-court-reaffirms-ban-on-the-ex-president.html) from the original on October 16, 2021. Retrieved October 16, 2021.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-53)** ["Brief history"](https://www.ohchr.org/EN/ABOUTUS/Pages/BriefHistory.aspx). [OHCHR](/source/OHCHR). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220308025355/https://www.ohchr.org/EN/AboutUs/Pages/BriefHistory.aspx) from the original on March 8, 2022. Retrieved October 15, 2021.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-54)** ["Dr. Boross Péter"](https://web.archive.org/web/20060603172445/http://part.mdf.hu/index.php?akt_menu=881&amn=ftag&ft=boross&PHPSESSID=3bfd40ca307dbaa414ea0c442e58de0f). *Magyar Demokrata Fórum 2006* (in Hungarian). Archived from [the original](http://part.mdf.hu/index.php?akt_menu=881&amn=ftag&ft=boross&PHPSESSID=3bfd40ca307dbaa414ea0c442e58de0f) on June 3, 2006. Retrieved October 15, 2021.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-55)** ["Fundamental Agreement between the Holy See and the State of Israel"](https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/secretariat_state/archivio/documents/rc_seg-st_19931230_santa-sede-israele_en.html). *[vatican.va](/source/Vatican.va)*. December 30, 1993. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20211125171740/https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/secretariat_state/archivio/documents/rc_seg-st_19931230_santa-sede-israele_en.html) from the original on November 25, 2021. Retrieved October 16, 2021.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-56)** [Nash, Nathaniel C.](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nathaniel_C._Nash&action=edit&redlink=1) (December 30, 1993). ["Argentine Senate Backs Menem on Second Term"](https://www.nytimes.com/1993/12/30/world/argentine-senate-backs-menem-on-second-term.html). *The New York Times*. p. A5. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20211016141330/https://www.nytimes.com/1993/12/30/world/argentine-senate-backs-menem-on-second-term.html) from the original on October 16, 2021. Retrieved October 16, 2021.

Wikimedia Commons has media related to [1993](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:1993).

## Sources

- Trumbull, Charles P., ed. (1994). [*1994 Book of the year*](https://archive.org/details/britannicabookof00daph). Encyclopædia Britannica. Chicago. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-85229-600-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85229-600-2).{{[cite book](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book)}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ([link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher))

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[Portal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals):
- [1990s](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:1990s)

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [1993](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1993) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1993?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.