# 1548

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Calendar year

Years Millennium 2nd millennium Centuries 15th century 16th century 17th century Decades 1520s 1530s 1540s 1550s 1560s Years 1545 1546 1547 1548 1549 1550 1551 v t e

[December](/source/December): The [Burmese–Siamese War of 1548](/source/Burmese%E2%80%93Siamese_War_(1548%E2%80%9349)) starts.

Year **1548** (**[MDXLVIII](/source/Roman_numerals)**) was a [leap year starting on Sunday](/source/Leap_year_starting_on_Sunday) of the [Julian calendar](/source/Julian_calendar).

## Events

### January–March

- [January 5](/source/January_5) – [Abu al-Abbas Ahmad III](/source/Abu_al-Abbas_Ahmad_III), ruler of the [Hafsid Sultanate](/source/Hafsid_dynasty) in what is now [Tunisia](/source/Tunisia) in northern Africa, renews the 1547 treaty of friendship with [Spain](/source/Spain) that had been signed by representatives of his father.[1]

- [January 19](/source/January_19) – Three ships from the Portuguese Navy arrive at the port of [Aden](/source/Aden) to assist Mohammed bin Ali al-Tawlaki, who has been defending the city against an attack by the Ottoman Navy. The Portuguese ships are forced to retreat to [Zeila](/source/Zeila) in Somalia, where 120 survivors are captured and their ships are burned.[2]

- [January 27](/source/January_27) – [King Henri II](/source/Henry_II_of_France) of [France](/source/France) makes the Châtillon agreement, a contract for [betrothal](/source/Betrothal) for an arranged marriage between his four year old son, [Prince Francois](/source/Francis_II_of_France), to the five year old [Mary, Queen of Scots](/source/Mary%2C_Queen_of_Scots), to take place in 1558.[3]

- [January 28](/source/January_28) – ([Tenbun](/source/Tenbun) 17, 30th day of 12th month) [Nagao Kagetora](/source/Uesugi_Kenshin) (later Uesugi Kenshin) leads a triumphant entry into [Kasugayama Castle](/source/Kasugayama_Castle) in Japan, replacing his older brother [Nagao Harukage](/source/Nagao_Harukage) as the lead [samurai](/source/Samurai) in the [Nagao clan](/source/Nagao_clan) that rules the [Echigo Province](/source/Echigo_Province).[4]

- [February 2](/source/February_2) – On [Candlemas](/source/Candlemas) day in [Scotland](/source/Scottish_term_days#Pre-1886), during the [Rough Wooing](/source/Rough_Wooing) War with England, the [Byllye Castle](/source/Auchencrow#Billie_Mains_and_Tower) near [Auchencrow](/source/Auchencrow) is captured by a force of 11 English soldiers led by Thomas Carlile, and becomes a garrison for English troops.[5]

- [February 14](/source/February_14) – ([Tenbun](/source/Tenbun) 18, 4th day of 1st month) At the [Battle of Uedahara](/source/Battle_of_Uedahara), firearms are used for the first time on the battlefield in [Japan](/source/Japan), and [Takeda Shingen](/source/Takeda_Shingen) is defeated by [Murakami Yoshikiyo](/source/Murakami_Yoshikiyo).[6]

- [February 26](/source/February_26) – The Ottoman Navy, led by Admiral [Ahmed Muhiddin Piri](/source/Piri_Reis) (commonly known as Piri Reis), recaptures Aden.[2]

- [March 9](/source/March_9) – [Le Trung Tong](/source/L%C3%AA_Trung_T%C3%B4ng_(Revival_L%C3%AA_dynasty)) becomes the new [Emperor](/source/List_of_monarchs_of_Vietnam) of [Dai Viet](/source/Dai_Viet) (corresponding to northern Vietnam) upon the death of his father, [Lê Trang Tông](/source/L%C3%AA_Trang_T%C3%B4ng).[7]

### April–June

- [April 1](/source/April_1) – [Sigismund II Augustus](/source/Sigismund_II_Augustus) succeeds his father, [Sigismund I the Old](/source/Sigismund_I_the_Old), as [King of Poland](/source/King_of_Poland) and [Grand Duke of Lithuania](/source/Grand_Duke_of_Lithuania).[8]

- [April 15](/source/April_15) – General [Zhu Wan](/source/Zhu_Wan) of [Ming dynasty](/source/Ming_dynasty) [China](/source/China) dispatches a fleet of ships, commanded by [Lu Tang](/source/Lu_Tang), to destroy smugglers and pirates at [Shangyu](/source/Shangyu), a port on Liuheng Island.[9] The fleet sets off from [Wenzhou](/source/Wenzhou) and makes its attack in June.

- [May 15](/source/May_15) – - The [Diet of Augsburg](/source/Diet_of_Augsburg) approves a decree of [Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor](/source/Charles_V%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperor), the "Declaration of His Roman Imperial Majesty on the Observance of Religion Within the Holy Empire Until the Decision of the General Council", informally referred to as the [Augsburg Interim](/source/Augsburg_Interim), directing German Protestants to resume the doctrine of the [Roman Catholic Church](/source/Catholicism), including observance of the [Seven Sacraments](/source/Sacraments_of_the_Catholic_Church).[10] As a concession, the Emperor allows the continuation of some Protestant customs, including the right of Protestant clergy to marry and for believers to receive the Protestant [communion](/source/Eucharist) of bread and wine.[11] - [Ratan Singh of Amber](/source/Ratan_Singh_of_Amber), Raja of the Amber Kingdom in what is now the Indian state of Rajasthan, is poisoned by his younger brother [Askaran](/source/Askaran), Raja of Narwar.[12]

- [June 1](/source/June_1) – - The Japanese city of [Uchiyama](/source/Uchiyama) in [Shinano Province](/source/Shinano_Province) (now in the [Nagano Prefecture](/source/Nagano_Prefecture)) is burned by the clan of [Murakami Yoshikiyo](/source/Murakami_Yoshikiyo) after the February defeat of the [Takeda clan](/source/Takeda_clan) at the Battle of Uedahara.[13] - [Bharmal](/source/Bharmal) becomes the new raja of the [Kingdom of Amber](/source/Kingdom_of_Amber), in territory now occupied by [India](/source/India)'s [Rajasthan](/source/Rajasthan) state, upon the overthrow of his nephew, [Askaran](/source/Askaran), Raja of [Narwar](/source/Narwar), who had reigned for only 16 days.[14]

- [June 10](/source/June_10) – (5th day of the waxing moon in the 8th month of the [910th year](/source/Thai_lunar_calendar) of the [Chula Sakarat](/source/Chula_Sakarat) Era): [Yotfa](/source/Yotfa), the 13-year-old ruler of the [Ayutthaya Kingdom](/source/Ayutthaya_Kingdom) of [Thailand](/source/Thailand) since 1546, is murdered with the consent of his mother, the regent [Si Sudachan](/source/Si_Sudachan), who installs her lover, [Worawongsathirat](/source/Worawongsathirat), on the throne. Yotfa's younger brother, Prince Sissin, is spared from execution. Worawongsathirat and Si Sudachan are both killed in a counter-coup in November.

- [June 11](/source/June_11) – [Suleiman the Magnificent](/source/Suleiman_the_Magnificent), the [Sultan of the Ottoman Empire](/source/Sultan_of_the_Ottoman_Empire) begins an invasion of [Safavid Iran](/source/Safavid_Iran) that will last for almost two years before he abandons it.[15]

- [June 16](/source/June_16) – The first of 8,000 French troops under the command of General [André de Montalembert](/source/Andr%C3%A9_de_Montalembert) arrive at the port of [Leith](/source/Leith) at the invitation of the King of Scotland, who seeks to drive out the occupying forces of the Army of England.[16]

- [June 30](/source/June_30) – The [Augsburg Interim](/source/Augsburg_Interim), approved May 15, is codified into law in the [Holy Roman Empire](/source/Holy_Roman_Empire).

- [June](/source/June) - [Ming Chinese](/source/Ming_Chinese) naval forces commanded by [Zhu Wan](/source/Zhu_Wan) destroy the pirate haven of [Shuangyu](/source/Shuangyu), frequented by Chinese, Japanese and Portuguese smugglers. - [John Dee](/source/John_Dee) starts to study at the [Old University of Leuven](/source/Old_University_of_Leuven).[17]

### July–September

- [July 7](/source/July_7) – A marriage treaty is signed between [Scotland](/source/Kingdom_of_Scotland) and [France](/source/Kingdom_of_France), whereby five-year-old [Mary, Queen of Scots](/source/Mary%2C_Queen_of_Scots), is betrothed to the future King [Francis II of France](/source/Francis_II_of_France).[18]

- [August 7](/source/August_7) – Mary, Queen of Scots, leaves for France.[19]

- [September 13](/source/September_13) – [Archduke Maximilian of Austria](/source/Maximilian_II%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperor), is married to his first cousin, [Maria of Spain](/source/Maria_of_Austria%2C_Holy_Roman_Empress), at the arrangement of [Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor](/source/Charles_V%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperor), Maria's father and Maximilian's uncle. Charles, who also serves as King of Spain, makes the arrangement in order to have the couple serve as his regents while he travels to Germany.[20]

### October–December

- [October 1](/source/October_1) – Archduke Maximilian and Princess Maria, who married 18 days earlier, become the co-regents of Spain as King Charles V departs for Germany to administer the affairs of the Holy Roman Empire. They serve until [Prince Philip](/source/Philip_II_of_Spain), the first regent, returns from battle on July 12, 1551.[21]

- [October 20](/source/October_20) – The [city](/source/City) of [La Paz](/source/La_Paz), [Bolivia](/source/Bolivia), is founded.[22]

- [October 31](/source/October_31) – At the first *[sejm](/source/Sejm)* of King [Sigismund II Augustus](/source/Sigismund_II_Augustus) of Poland, deputies demand that the king renounce his wife [Barbara Radziwiłł](/source/Barbara_Radziwi%C5%82%C5%82).[23]

- [November 11](/source/November_11) – [Worawongsathirat](/source/Worawongsathirat), ruler of the [Ayutthaya Kingdom](/source/Ayutthaya_Kingdom) of [Thailand](/source/Thailand) after usurping the throne on June 10, stages his coronation along with his wife, [Si Sudachan](/source/Si_Sudachan). Both husband and wife had after both conspired to murder her son, King Yofta, in June.[24] The King and Queen are assassinated on January 13, 1549.[25]

- [December 17](/source/December_17) – [King João III](/source/John_III_of_Portugal) of [Portugal](/source/Portugal), creates a colonial government of Brazil, with a capital at [Bahia](/source/Bahia), in order to maintain unity among various Portuguese captaincies ([São Vicente](/source/Captaincy_of_S%C3%A3o_Vicente), [Nova Lusitania](/source/Captaincy_of_Pernambuco), [Ilhéus](https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitania_de_Ilh%C3%A9us) and [Porto Seguro](https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitania_de_Porto_Seguro)) scattered along the coast.[26] The document contains 48 articles governing the installation of the government, the organization of trade, measures for defense, treatment of the indigenous tribes, and policies toward foreigners. The King provides for a Governor-General, and appoints [Tomé de Sousa](/source/Tom%C3%A9_de_Sousa) as the first officeholder.[27]

- [December](/source/December) – [Siam](/source/Ayutthaya_Kingdom) attacks [Tavoy](/source/Tavoy), beginning the [Burmese–Siamese War of 1548](/source/Burmese%E2%80%93Siamese_War_(1548%E2%80%9349)).

## Births

[Francisco Suarez](/source/Francisco_Suarez)

[William V, Duke of Bavaria](/source/William_V%2C_Duke_of_Bavaria)

- [January 5](/source/January_5) – [Francisco Suárez](/source/Francisco_Su%C3%A1rez), Spanish priest, philosopher, theologian and saint (d. [1617](/source/1617))[28]

- [February 6](/source/February_6) – [Francesco Panigarola](/source/Francesco_Panigarola), Italian bishop (d. [1594](/source/1594))[29]

- [March 13](/source/March_13) – [Sasbout Vosmeer](/source/Sasbout_Vosmeer), Dutch Apostolic Vicar (d. [1614](/source/1614))[30]

- [March 17](/source/March_17) – [Honda Tadakatsu](/source/Honda_Tadakatsu), Japanese general (d. [1610](/source/1610))

- [March 18](/source/March_18) – [Cornelis Ketel](/source/Cornelis_Ketel), Dutch painter (d. [1616](/source/1616))[31]

- [April 15](/source/April_15) – [Pietro Cataldi](/source/Pietro_Cataldi), Italian mathematician (d. [1626](/source/1626))[32]

- May – [Carel van Mander](/source/Carel_van_Mander), Dutch painter and poet (d. [1606](/source/1606))[33]

- [May 8](/source/May_8) – [Giacomo Boncompagni](/source/Giacomo_Boncompagni), illegitimate son of [Pope Gregory XIII](/source/Pope_Gregory_XIII) (d. [1612](/source/1612))[34]

- [May 10](/source/May_10) – [Antonio Priuli](/source/Antonio_Priuli_(doge_of_Venice)), Doge of Venice (d. [1623](/source/1623))[35]

- [July 8](/source/July_8) – [Kim Jang-saeng](/source/Kim_Jang-saeng), Korean scholar and writer (d. [1631](/source/1631))[36]

- [July 15](/source/July_15) – [George III, Count of Erbach-Breuberg](/source/George_III%2C_Count_of_Erbach-Breuberg) (1564–1605) (d. [1605](/source/1605))[37]

- August – [Pari Khan Khanum](/source/Pari_Khan_Khanum), Persian princess (d. [1578](/source/1578))[38]

- [August 26](/source/August_26) – [Bernardino Poccetti](/source/Bernardino_Poccetti), Italian painter (d. [1612](/source/1612))[39]

- [September 2](/source/September_2) – [Vincenzo Scamozzi](/source/Vincenzo_Scamozzi), Italian architect (d. [1616](/source/1616))[40]

- [September 7](/source/September_7) – [Filippo Boncompagni](/source/Filippo_Boncompagni), Italian Catholic cardinal (d. [1586](/source/1586))[41]

- [September 29](/source/September_29) – [William V, Duke of Bavaria](/source/William_V%2C_Duke_of_Bavaria) (d. [1626](/source/1626))[42]

- [October 4](/source/October_4) – [Matsumae Yoshihiro](/source/Matsumae_Yoshihiro), Japanese daimyō of Ezochi (Hokkaidō) (d. [1616](/source/1616))

- [November 27](/source/November_27) – [Jacopo Mazzoni](/source/Jacopo_Mazzoni), Italian philosopher (d. [1598](/source/1598))[43]

- [December 30](/source/December_30) – [David Pareus](/source/David_Pareus), German theologian (d. [1622](/source/1622))[44]

- *approx. date –* [Ma Shouzhen](/source/Ma_Shouzhen), Chinese [Gējì](/source/G%C4%93j%C3%AC), painter, playwright and poet (d. [1604](/source/1604))[45]

- *date unknown* - [Giordano Bruno](/source/Giordano_Bruno), Italian philosopher, astronomer, and occultist (d. [1600](/source/1600))[46] - [Luis Barahona de Soto](/source/Luis_Barahona_de_Soto), Spanish poet (d. [1595](/source/1595))[47] - [William Stanley](/source/William_Stanley_(Elizabethan)), English soldier (d. [1630](/source/1630))[48] - [Saitō Tatsuoki](/source/Sait%C5%8D_Tatsuoki), Japanese daimyō (d. [1573](/source/1573))[49] - [Sidonia von Borcke](/source/Sidonia_von_Borcke), German noble and alleged witch (d. [1620](/source/1620))[50] - [Tomás Luis de Victoria](/source/Tom%C3%A1s_Luis_de_Victoria), Spanish composer (d. [1611](/source/1611))[51] - [Fernando Ruiz de Castro Andrade y Portugal](/source/Fernando_Ruiz_de_Castro_Andrade_y_Portugal), Grandee of Spain (d. [1601](/source/1601))[52]

- *probable* - [Francesco Andreini](/source/Francesco_Andreini), Italian actor (d. [1624](/source/1624))[53] - [Francesco Soriano](/source/Francesco_Soriano), Italian composer (d. [1621](/source/1621))[54] - [Mariangiola Criscuolo](/source/Mariangiola_Criscuolo), Italian painter (d. [1630](/source/1630))[55] - [Simon Stevin](/source/Simon_Stevin), Flemish mathematician and engineer (d. [1620](/source/1620))[56]

## Deaths

King [Sigismund I the Old](/source/Sigismund_I_the_Old)

Saint [Juan de Zumarraga](/source/Juan_de_Zumarraga)

[Joao de Castro](/source/Joao_de_Castro)

- [January 9](/source/January_9) – [Matthäus Zell](/source/Matth%C3%A4us_Zell), German Lutheran pastor (b. [1477](/source/1477))[57]

- [January 23](/source/January_23) – [Bernardo Pisano](/source/Bernardo_Pisano), Italian composer (b. [1490](/source/1490))[58]

- [February 26](/source/February_26) – [Lorenzino de' Medici](/source/Lorenzino_de'_Medici), Italian writer and assassin (b. [1514](/source/1514))[59]

- [March 23](/source/March_23) – [Itagaki Nobukata](/source/Itagaki_Nobukata), Japanese retainer

- [March 24](/source/March_24) – [Gissur Einarsson](/source/Gissur_Einarsson), first Lutheran bishop in Iceland

- [April 1](/source/April_1) – King [Sigismund I the Old](/source/Sigismund_I_the_Old) of Poland (b. [1467](/source/1467))[8]

- [June 3](/source/June_3) – [Juan de Zumárraga](/source/Juan_de_Zum%C3%A1rraga), Spanish Catholic bishop of Mexico (b. [1468](/source/1468))[60]

- [June 6](/source/June_6) – [João de Castro](/source/Jo%C3%A3o_de_Castro), Portuguese explorer (b. [1500](/source/1500))[61]

- [June 14](/source/June_14) – [Carpentras](/source/Carpentras_(composer)), French composer (b. c. [1470](/source/1470))[62]

- [July 4](/source/July_4) – [Philip, Duke of Palatinate-Neuburg](/source/Philip%2C_Duke_of_Palatinate-Neuburg), German duke (b. [1503](/source/1503))[63]

- [July 29](/source/July_29) – [Gian Gabriele I of Saluzzo](/source/Gian_Gabriele_I_of_Saluzzo), Italian abbot, Marquess of Saluzzo (b. [1501](/source/1501))[64]

- [August 2](/source/August_2) – [Henry II, Duke of Münsterberg-Oels](/source/Henry_II%2C_Duke_of_M%C3%BCnsterberg-Oels) and Count of Glatz (b. [1507](/source/1507))[65]

- [September 5](/source/September_5) – [Catherine Parr](/source/Catherine_Parr), sixth and last Queen of [Henry VIII](/source/Henry_VIII) of England (b. c. [1512](/source/1512))[66]

- [September 8](/source/September_8) – [John III of Pernstein](/source/John_III_of_Pernstein), Bohemian land-owner, Governor of Moravia and Count of Kladsko (b. [1487](/source/1487))[67]

- [October 27](/source/October_27) – [Johannes Dantiscus](/source/Johannes_Dantiscus), Polish poet and Bishop of Warmia (b. [1485](/source/1485))[68]

- [November 16](/source/November_16) – [Caspar Creuziger](/source/Caspar_Creuziger), German humanist (b. [1504](/source/1504))[69]

- [December 27](/source/December_27) – [Francesco Spiera](/source/Francesco_Spiera), Italian Protestant jurist (b. [1502](/source/1502))[70]

- *date unknown* - [Juan Diego Cuauhtlatoatzin](/source/Juan_Diego_Cuauhtlatoatzin), Mexican Catholic saint (b. [1474](/source/1474))[71] - Chief Queen [Sri Suriyothai](/source/Suriyothai), consort of King [Maha Chakkrapat](/source/Maha_Chakkrapat) of [Ayutthaya](/source/Ayutthaya_Kingdom) (killed in battle)[72] - [Strongilah](/source/Strongilah), Jewish Ottoman businesswoman.[73]

## References

1. **[^](#cite_ref-1)** Brogini, Anne; Ghazali, Maria (2005). ["Un enjeu espagnol en Méditerranée : les présides de Tripoli et de La Goulette au XVIe siècle"](https://journals.openedition.org/cdlm/840). *Crises, Conflicts and Wars in the Mediterranean*. **1** (70): 87. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.4000/cdlm.840](https://doi.org/10.4000%2Fcdlm.840). Retrieved February 20, 2021.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Onalp_2-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Onalp_2-1) Ertuğrul Önalp (December 12, 2013). ["Pîrî Reis'in Hürmüz Seferi ve İdamı Hakkındaki Türk ve Portekiz Tarihçilerinin Düşünceleri"](https://web.archive.org/web/20131212065805/http://faculty.ksu.edu.sa/73454/DocLib21/Piri%20Reis%27in%20Hurmuz%20Seferi.pdf) [The Military Expedition of Piri Reis to Hormuz and the Considerations of Turkish and Portuguese Historians About his Execution] (PDF) (in Turkish). p. 5. Archived from [the original](http://faculty.ksu.edu.sa/73454/DocLib21/Piri%20Reis%27in%20Hurmuz%20Seferi.pdf) (PDF) on December 12, 2013. Retrieved March 25, 2024.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-3)** [Guy, John](/source/John_Guy_(historian)) (2004). *My Heart is My Own*. London: Fourth Estate. p. 47. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [9781841157528](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781841157528).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-4)** Goldsmith, Brian (2008). [*Amassing Economies: The Medieval Origins of Early Modern Japan, 1450–1700*](https://books.google.com/books?id=M6NEAQAAIAAJ). p. 183. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [9780549851158](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780549851158).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-5)** *Calendar State Papers Scotland*, vol.1 (1898), pages 68-70

1. **[^](#cite_ref-6)** Mitsuo Kure (November 25, 2014). [*Samurai: An Illustrated History*](https://books.google.com/books?id=EMbXBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT454). Tuttle Publishing. p. 454. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-4629-1490-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4629-1490-6).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-7)** [Trần Trọng Kim](/source/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_Tr%E1%BB%8Dng_Kim) (2005). *Việt Nam sử lược* (in Vietnamese). [Ho Chi Minh City](/source/Ho_Chi_Minh_City): Ho Chi Minh City General Publishing House. p. 248.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-pol_8-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-pol_8-1) [*The Cambridge history of Poland*](https://books.google.com/books?id=o64jAQAAIAAJ&q=%221%20april%201548%22). Cambridge University Press. 1978. p. 332. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-374-91250-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-374-91250-5). Retrieved September 29, 2023.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-9)** [Goodrich, L. Carrington](/source/Luther_Carrington_Goodrich); Fang, Chaoying, eds. (1976). *Dictionary of Ming Biography, 1368–1644*. Columbia University Press. p. 374. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-231-03801-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-231-03801-1).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-10)** Acton, John Emerich Edward Dalberg; [Benians, Ernest Alfred](/source/Ernest_Alfred_Benians); Ward, Sir Adolphus William; Prothero, George Walter (1904). [*The Cambridge Modern History*](https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_EXlVraG0hE8C). New York: Macmillan & Co., ltd. p. 264.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-11)** Kagan, Donald; Steven Ozment; Frank M. Turner (2002). [*The Western Heritage: Since 1300*](https://archive.org/details/westernheritagev00dona_2) (Eighth ed.). New York: Prentice Hall publishing. p. 367. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-13-182883-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-13-182883-5).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-12)** [Sarkar, Jadunath](/source/Jadunath_Sarkar) (1984). [*A History of Jaipur: C. 1503-1938*](https://books.google.com/books?id=O0oPIo9TXKcC&pg=PA33). Orient Longman Limited. p. 33. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [81-250-0333-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-250-0333-9).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-13)** Turnbull, Stephen (2013). *Kawanakajima 1553–64: Samurai power struggle*. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. p. 29. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-84603-652-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84603-652-1).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-14)** Hooja, Rima (2006). [*A history of Rajasthan*](https://books.google.com/books?id=tosMAQAAMAAJ). Rupa & Co. p. 482. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [9788129108906](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788129108906).

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1. **[^](#cite_ref-17)** Broecke, Steven Vanden (2003). *The Limits of Influence: Pico, Louvain, and the Crisis of Renaissance Astrology*. Leiden: Brill. p. 168. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [9789004131699](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004131699).

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1. **[^](#cite_ref-19)** Weir, Alison (December 18, 2007). [*Mary, Queen of Scots, and the Murder of Lord Darnley*](https://books.google.com/books?id=EzKzPflzIJkC&dq=mary+france+%227+august+1548%22&pg=PA12). Random House Publishing Group. p. 12. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-307-43147-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-307-43147-9). Retrieved September 29, 2023.

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1. **[^](#cite_ref-23)** Dworzaczek, Włodzimierz (1985). [*Hetman Jan Tarnowski: z dziejów możnowładztwa małopolskiego*](https://books.google.com/books?id=oHcdAAAAMAAJ&q=sejm+Barbara+Radziwi%C5%82%C5%82+%E2%80%9E31+pa%C5%BAdziernika+1548%E2%80%9D) (in Polish). Instytut Wydawniczy Pax. p. 148. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-83-211-0584-0](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-83-211-0584-0). Retrieved September 29, 2023.

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1. **[^](#cite_ref-28)** [*A Companion to Francisco Suárez*](https://books.google.com/books?id=wedTBQAAQBAJ&dq=Francisco+Su%C3%A1rez+%225+january+1548%22&pg=PA2). BRILL. November 6, 2014. p. 2. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-90-04-28393-0](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-28393-0). Retrieved September 29, 2023.

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1. **[^](#cite_ref-30)** [*Archief voor de geschiedenis van het Aartsbisdom Utrecht*](https://books.google.com/books?id=ct40tsKybboC&dq=Sasbout+Vosmeer+%2213+maart+1548%22&pg=PA324) (in Dutch). Van Rossum. 1915. p. 324. Retrieved September 30, 2023.

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1. **[^](#cite_ref-34)** ["BONCOMPAGNI, Giacomo"](https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/giacomo-boncompagni_(Dizionario-Biografico)/). *Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani*. Retrieved September 30, 2023.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-35)** Mosto, Andrea Da (1983). [*I dogi di Venezia nella vita pubblica e privata*](https://books.google.com/books?id=-UsiAQAAIAAJ&q=%2210%20maggio%201548%22) (in Italian). G. Martello. p. 347. Retrieved September 30, 2023.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-36)** Yehak, Chosŏn hugi (1996). [*韓國儒學思想論文選集*](https://books.google.com/books?id=KdGRAAAAIAAJ&q=%EA%B9%80%EC%9E%A5%EC%83%9D+%3C1548%EB%85%84+7%EC%9B%94+8%EC%9D%BC%3E) (in Korean). 불함문화사. p. 117. Retrieved September 30, 2023.

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1. **[^](#cite_ref-38)** [Pari Khan Khanum](https://teamqueens.org/pari-khan-khanum/)

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1. **[^](#cite_ref-40)** [*Biblioteca dell'"Archivum romanicum.": Storia, letteratura, paleografia*](https://books.google.com/books?id=nfRYAAAAMAAJ&q=%20%222%20settembre%201548%22) (in Italian). L. S. Olschki. 1977. p. 111. Retrieved September 30, 2023.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-41)** ["The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church - Biographical Dictionary - Consistory of June 2, 1572"](https://cardinals.fiu.edu/bios1572.htm#Boncompagni). *cardinals.fiu.edu*. Retrieved September 30, 2023.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-42)** WOLF, Joseph Heinrich (1844). [*Das Haus Wittelsbach. Bayern's Geschichte*](https://books.google.com/books?id=QWjKUMTzbGkC&dq=Wilhelm+V+%2229+september+1548%22&pg=PA280) (in German). Nuremberg: H. Zehsche Verlagshandlung. p. 280. Retrieved September 30, 2023.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-43)** Mazzoni, Jacopo (1982). [*Introduzione alla Difesa della "Commedia" di Dante*](https://books.google.com/books?id=_WqyAAAAIAAJ&q=%2227%20novembre%201548%22) (in Italian). Cappelli. p. 5. Retrieved September 30, 2023.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-44)** [*Realencyklopädie für protestantische Theologie und Kirche*](https://books.google.com/books?id=yqDNAAAAMAAJ&dq=David+Pareus+%2230+dezember+1548%22&pg=PA686) (in German). J.C. Hinrichs. 1904. p. 686. Retrieved September 30, 2023.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-45)** Foxhall, Lin; Neher, Gabriele (April 17, 2012). [*Gender and the City before Modernity*](https://books.google.com/books?id=OZXwXmvwfSUC&dq=Ma+Shouzhen+%221548%22&pg=PA140). John Wiley & Sons. p. 140. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-118-23445-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-118-23445-7). Retrieved September 30, 2023.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-46)** Janet Podell; Steven Anzovin (1993). [*Old Worlds to New: The Age of Exploration and Discovery*](https://books.google.com/books?id=tsiGwF1Pu8UC). Wilson. p. 230. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-8242-0838-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8242-0838-7).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-47)** Marín, Francisco Rodríguez (1903). [*Luis Barahona de Soto, estudio biográfico, bibliográfico y crítico*](https://books.google.com/books?id=dqtCAQAAMAAJ&q=1548%20%22san%20mateo%22) (in Spanish). Sucesores de Rivadeneyra. p. 13. Retrieved September 30, 2023.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-48)** ["Stanley, Sir William"](https://www.oxforddnb.com/display/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-26282). *[Oxford Dictionary of National Biography](/source/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography)* (online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1093/ref:odnb/26282](https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F26282). Retrieved October 1, 2023. (Subscription, [Wikipedia Library](https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/partners/88/) access or [UK public library membership](https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public) required.)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-49)** [*The East*](https://books.google.com/books?id=sxctAQAAIAAJ&q=Sait%C5%8D+Tatsuoki+%221548%22). East Publications. 2006. p. 39. Retrieved October 1, 2023.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-50)** Borcke, Wulf-Dietrich von (2002). [*Sidonia von Borcke: die Hexe aus dem Kloster Marienfliess; 1548-1620*](https://books.google.com/books?id=4SgvAAAAYAAJ&q=1548) (in German). Helms. p. 7. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-3-931185-45-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-931185-45-9). Retrieved October 1, 2023.

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1. **[^](#cite_ref-52)** ["Fernando Ruiz de Castro"](https://dbe.rah.es/biografias/15089/fernando-ruiz-de-castro). *dbe.rah.es*. Retrieved September 30, 2023.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-53)** Jaffe-Berg, Erith (March 9, 2016). [*Commedia dell' Arte and the Mediterranean: Charting Journeys and Mapping 'Others'*](https://books.google.com/books?id=xr21CwAAQBAJ&dq=Francesco+Andreini+%221548%22&pg=PA53). Routledge. p. 53. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-317-16402-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-16402-9). Retrieved October 1, 2023.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-54)** Sanders, Donald (March 20, 2012). [*Music at the Gonzaga Court in Mantua*](https://books.google.com/books?id=igZbXtl7HAAC&dq=Francesco+Soriano+%221548%22&pg=PA71). Lexington Books. p. 71. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-7391-6727-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-6727-4). Retrieved October 1, 2023.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-55)** [*The English Woman's Journal*](https://books.google.com/books?id=d7YEAAAAQAAJ&dq=Mariangiola+Criscuolo+%221548%22&pg=PA174). London: English Woman's Journal Company. 1858. p. 174. Retrieved October 1, 2023.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-56)** ["Simon Stevin"](https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Stevin/). *Maths History*. Retrieved October 1, 2023.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-57)** Zimmerling, Peter (2005). [*Evangelische Seelsorgerinnen: biografische Skizzen, Texte und Programme*](https://books.google.com/books?id=WRszwZLf7iUC&dq=Matth%C3%A4us+Zell+%229+januar+1548%22&pg=PA50) (in German). Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. p. 50. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-3-525-62380-0](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-525-62380-0). Retrieved October 1, 2023.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-58)** International Musicological Society. Congress (1970). [*Report*](https://books.google.com/books?id=0rMJAQAAMAAJ). Bärenreiter. p. 97.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-59)** Portigliotti, Ciuseppe (1925). [*Porpore Pugnali Etere*](https://books.google.com/books?id=TuVrx-JNYgkC&dq=Lorenzino+de%27+Medici+%2226+febbraio+1548%22&pg=PA168) (in Italian). Fratelli Treves Editori. p. 168. Retrieved October 1, 2023.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-60)** MULVIHILL, DANIEL JOSEPH (1954). [*JUAN DE ZUMARRAGA, FIRST BISHOP OF MEXICO*](https://books.google.com/books?id=f6e_SNlT27cC&q=Juan+de+Zum%C3%A1rraga+%223+june+1548%22). University of Michigan. p. 191. Retrieved October 1, 2023.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-61)** Asiatic Society of Bombay (1969). [*Journal*](https://books.google.com/books?id=Je07AQAAIAAJ). p. 207.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-62)** [*Bulletin de la Société française de musicologie*](https://books.google.com/books?id=QplNAQAAMAAJ&dq=%2214+juin+1548%22+de+Carpentras&pg=PA144) (in French). Librairie F. Alcan. 1918. p. 144. Retrieved October 1, 2023.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-63)** [*Bezirksamt Burglengenfeld*](https://books.google.com/books?id=kypAAAAAYAAJ&dq=Philipp+pfalz+%224+juli+1548%22&pg=PA30) (in German). R. Oldenbourg. 1906. p. 30. Retrieved October 1, 2023.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-64)** Beltrutti, Giorgio (1975). [*Rossana nella storia del Piemonte sud-occidentale*](https://books.google.com/books?id=NM5WAAAAYAAJ&q=%2229%20luglio%201548%22) (in Italian). L'artistica. p. 294. Retrieved October 1, 2023.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-65)** [*Zeitschrift des Vereins für Geschichte Schlesiens*](https://books.google.com/books?id=GYYVAAAAYAAJ&dq=Heinrich+II+%222+august+1548%22&pg=RA1-PA288) (in German). F. Hirt. 1906. p. 288. Retrieved October 1, 2023.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-66)** Susan Bassnett (1988). [*Elizabeth I: A Feminist Perspective*](https://books.google.com/books?id=hHZnAAAAMAAJ). Berg Publishers. p. 25. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-85496-167-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85496-167-2).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-67)** [*Notizen-Blatt der Historisch-Statistischen Section der Kais. Königl. Mährisch-Schlesischen Gesellschaft zur Beförderung des Ackerbaues, der Natur- und Landeskunde*](https://books.google.com/books?id=0xO1GyCNax0C&dq=Johann+IV+%228+september+1548%22&pg=RA1-PA40) (in German). Kaiserlich-Königliche Mährisch-Schlesische Gesellschaft zur Beförderung des Ackerbaues, der Natur- und Landeskunde Historisch-Statistische Section. 1872. p. 40. Retrieved October 1, 2023.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-68)** Peter G. Bietenholz; Thomas Brian Deutscher (January 1, 2003). [*Contemporaries of Erasmus: A Biographical Register of the Renaissance and Reformation*](https://books.google.com/books?id=hruQ386SfFcC&pg=PA377). University of Toronto Press. p. 377. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-8020-8577-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-8577-1).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-69)** [*Zeitschrift für die historische Theologie, herausg. von C.F. Illgen*](https://books.google.com/books?id=mfgDAAAAQAAJ&dq=Caspar+Creuziger+%2216+november+1548%22&pg=RA2-PA245) (in German). Historisch-theologische Gesellschaft zu Leipzig. 1840. p. 245. Retrieved October 1, 2023.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-70)** Prosperi, Adriano (2000). [*L'eresia del Libro grande: storia di Giorgio Siculo e della sua setta*](https://books.google.com/books?id=khFUnuBl8JYC&dq=Francesco+Spiera+%2227+dicembre+1548%22&pg=PA123) (in Italian). Feltrinelli Editore. p. 123. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-88-07-10297-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-07-10297-4). Retrieved October 1, 2023.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-71)** Chávez, Eduardo (2006). [*Our Lady of Guadalupe and Saint Juan Diego: The Historical Evidence*](https://books.google.com/books?id=CEM6yxXP9YAC&q=1548&pg=PR9). Rowman & Littlefield. p. 33. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-7425-5105-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-5105-3). Retrieved October 1, 2023.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-72)** Shaw, Susan M.; Barbour, Nancy Staton; Duncan, Patti; Freehling-Burton, Kryn; Nichols, Jane (January 4, 2018). [*Women's Lives around the World \[4 volumes\]: A Global Encyclopedia \[4 volumes\]*](https://books.google.com/books?id=sRjOEAAAQBAJ&dq=Suriyothai+december+1548&pg=RA2-PA328). Bloomsbury Publishing USA. p. 328. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-61069-712-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61069-712-5). Retrieved October 1, 2023.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-73)** Afyoncu, Erhan (June 7, 2013). [*Sahte Mesih; Osmanlı Belgeleri Işığında Dönmeliğin Kurucusu Sabatay Sevi ve Yahudiler (Yeditepe Yayınevi)*](https://books.google.com/books?id=OEnPEAAAQBAJ&dq=Strongilah+%221548%22&pg=PT25) (in Turkish). Yeditepe Yayınevi. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-625-8396-54-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-625-8396-54-6). Retrieved October 1, 2023. Strongilah remained in the palace. She became a Muslim and took the name Fatma Hatun in mid-April 1548 and died a few months later.

---
Adapted from the Wikipedia article [1548](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1548) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1548?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.