# 1428

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Calendar year

Years Millennium 2nd millennium Centuries 14th century 15th century 16th century Decades 1400s 1410s 1420s 1430s 1440s Years 1425 1426 1427 1428 1429 1430 1431 v t e

October 17, 1428: England begins bombardment of the walls of the French city of Orleans on sixth day of [siege](/source/Siege_of_Orl%C3%A9ans_(1428%E2%80%931429)).

1428 by topic Arts and science Architecture Art Leaders Political entities State leaders Religious leaders Birth and death categories Births – Deaths Establishments and disestablishments categories Establishments – Disestablishments Art and literature 1428 in poetry v t e

1428 in various calendars Gregorian calendar 1428 MCDXXVIII Ab urbe condita 2181 Armenian calendar 877 ԹՎ ՊՀԷ Assyrian calendar 6178 Balinese saka calendar 1349–1350 Bengali calendar 834–835 Berber calendar 2378 English Regnal year 6 Hen. 6 – 7 Hen. 6 Buddhist calendar 1972 Burmese calendar 790 Byzantine calendar 6936–6937 Chinese calendar 丁未年 (Fire Goat) 4125 or 3918 — to — 戊申年 (Earth Monkey) 4126 or 3919 Coptic calendar 1144–1145 Discordian calendar 2594 Ethiopian calendar 1420–1421 Hebrew calendar 5188–5189 Hindu calendars - Vikram Samvat 1484–1485 - Shaka Samvat 1349–1350 - Kali Yuga 4528–4529 Holocene calendar 11428 Igbo calendar 428–429 Iranian calendar 806–807 Islamic calendar 831–832 Japanese calendar Ōei 35 / Shocho 1 (正長元年) Javanese calendar 1343–1344 Julian calendar 1428 MCDXXVIII Korean calendar 3761 Minguo calendar 484 before ROC 民前484年 Nanakshahi calendar −40 Thai solar calendar 1970–1971 Tibetan calendar མེ་མོ་ལུག་ལོ་ (female Fire-Sheep) 1554 or 1173 or 401 — to — ས་ཕོ་སྤྲེ་ལོ་ (male Earth-Monkey) 1555 or 1174 or 402

Year **1428** (**[MCDXXVIII](/source/Roman_numerals)**) was a [leap year starting on Thursday](/source/Leap_year_starting_on_Thursday) of the [Julian calendar](/source/Julian_calendar).

## Events

### January–March

- [January 4](/source/January_4) – [Friedrich II of the House of Wettin](/source/Frederick_II%2C_Elector_of_Saxony), nicknamed "Friedrich, der Sanftmütige" ("Frederick the Gentle") becomes the new [Elector of Saxony](/source/List_of_rulers_of_Saxony) at the age of 15, upon the death of his father "[Frederick the Warlike](/source/Frederick_I%2C_Elector_of_Saxony)".[1]

- [February 2](/source/February_2) – The [Catalonia earthquake](/source/1428_Catalonia_earthquake) takes place in the Catalonian region of Spain during [Candlemas](/source/Candlemas), estimated later at 6.5 magnitude, with extreme damage to the city of [Roussillon](/source/Roussillon) and to the village of [Queralbs](/source/Queralbs).[2] The quake collapses a church in [Puigcerdà](/source/Puigcerd%C3%A0), killing more than 100 people, and 1,000 overall.[3]

- [February 20](/source/February_20) – [Zhu Qizhen](/source/Emperor_Yingzong_of_Ming), son of China's Emperor [Xuanzong of Ming](/source/Xuande_Emperor), is named as the Crown Prince of Ming dynasty China by his father.[4] He will become the [Emperor Yingzong of Ming](/source/Emperor_Yingzong_of_Ming) in 1435.

- [March 25](/source/March_25) – - China's Emperor [Xuanzong of Ming](/source/Xuande_Emperor) directs Admiral [Zheng He](/source/Zheng_He) to oversee the rebuilding of the [Porcelain Tower of Nanjing](/source/Porcelain_Tower_of_Nanjing).[5] The construction of the temple was completed in 1431.[6] - The Fifth Parliament of King Henry VI of England closes its session, as the King grants [royal assent](/source/Royal_assent) to the Commissioners of Sewers Act 1427, the Wages of Artificers Act granting the justices of peace power to "assign the wages of artificers and workmen by proclamation", and the Assizes Act and the Exigent on Indictment Act which both set statutes of limitation on certain proceedings.

- [March 27](/source/March_27) – [Casimir V, Duke of Pomerania](/source/Casimir_V%2C_Duke_of_Pomerania) becomes the sole ruler of Pomerania-Stettin in Germany upon the death of his brother, [Otto II](/source/Otto_II%2C_Duke_of_Pomerania), after the two had ruled jointly since 1413.[7]

### April–June

- [April 6](/source/April_6) – [Dano-Hanseatic War (1426–1435)](/source/Dano-Hanseatic_War_(1426%E2%80%931435)): The [bombardment of](/source/Bombardment_of_Copenhagen_(1428)) [Copenhagen](/source/Copenhagen), capital of Denmark, by ships of the Northern German [Hanseatic League](/source/Hanseatic_League) takes place and is repelled by the Danish Navy.

- [April 19](/source/April_19) – A truce is reached to halt the [Wars in Lombardy](/source/Wars_in_Lombardy) six months after the [Venetian Army](/source/Venetian_Republic) destroyed the [Milanese](/source/Duchy_of_Milan) town of [Maclodio](/source/Maclodio) on October 11. The Duchy of Milan [cedes](/source/Cession) the city of [Bergamo](/source/Bergamo) to the Republic of Venice and the war halts for two years.[8]

- [April 22](/source/April_22) – After an attack by the Ottoman Empire on Venetian outposts on the Greek island of [Euboea](/source/Euboea), the [Republic of Venice](/source/Republic_of_Venice), presided over by the Doge [Francesco Foscari](/source/Francesco_Foscari), authorizes Admiral [Andrea Mocenigo](https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrea_Mocenigo) to organize 15 warships to hunt and destroy the Ottoman raiders.[9]

- [April 29](/source/April_29) – The coronation of the Vietnamese rebel leader [Le Loi](/source/L%C3%AA_L%E1%BB%A3i) as the King of [Dai Viet](/source/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Vi%E1%BB%87t) takes place in [Hanoi](/source/Hanoi) (at the time referred to as Thang Long). King Le Loi renames the Viet capital as "Dong Kinh".[10]

- [May 13](/source/May_13) – [Joan of Arc](/source/Joan_of_Arc) makes her first attempt to reach the Armagnac court at Chinon, arriving at [Vaucouleurs](/source/Vaucouleurs) speaking to [Robert de Baudricourt](/source/Robert_de_Baudricourt), captain of the royal garrison, and tells him that [God](/source/God) told her in a vision that she had a mission to help restore [the Dauphin Charles](/source/Charles_VII_of_France) to the throne. Baudricourt initially declines her request to be given an escort to visit Charles in person.[11][12]

- [June 3](/source/June_3) – [Dan II](/source/Dan_II_of_Wallachia) leads an army against the Ottomans at [Golubac Fortress](/source/Golubac_Fortress), obtaining a treaty that will allow him a semi-peaceful rule in [Wallachia](/source/Wallachia), until [1432](/source/1432).

- [June 15](/source/June_15) – In [second bombardment of Copenhagen](/source/Bombardment_of_Copenhagen_(1428)#Second_attack_in_June_1428) by the Hanseatic League, all but three of the Danish Navy's ships are destroyed by the Hanseatic cannons, capable of shooting artillery at greater distances than Denmark is technologically capable of achieving.

### July–September

- [July 3](/source/July_3) – The [Treaty of Delft](/source/Treaty_of_Delft) is signed by the [Countess Jacqueline of Holland](/source/Jacqueline%2C_Countess_of_Hainaut) as a surrender to [Philip, Duke of Burgundy](/source/Philip_the_Good) to end the [siege of Gouda](/source/Siege_of_Gouda_(1428)) by the Cod Forces against Holland, Zeeland and Hainaut during the Hook and Cod Wars. Under the pact, Jacqueline retains her title and nominal powers, but Philip administers the government and the right to inherit control.[13]

- [July 12](/source/July_12) – King [James I of Scotland](/source/James_I_of_Scotland) gives [royal assent](/source/Royal_assent) to the Oath by Queen Act 1428 (*De juramento prestando Domine Regine*) passed by the [Parliament of Scotland](/source/Parliament_of_Scotland) at [Perth](/source/Perth%2C_Scotland).[14]

- [August 7](/source/August_7) – The [Valais witch trials](/source/Valais_witch_trials) begin in Swiss [Savoy](/source/Savoy).[15]

- [August 30](/source/August_30) – (20th day of the 7th month of [Shōchō 1](/source/Sh%C5%8Dch%C5%8D)) Japan's [Emperor Shōkō](/source/Emperor_Sh%C5%8Dk%C5%8D) dies at the age of 27.

- [September 7](/source/September_7) – (29th day of the 7th month of [Shōchō 1](/source/Sh%C5%8Dch%C5%8D)) [Emperor Go-Hanazono](/source/Emperor_Go-Hanazono_of_Japan), the 10-year old third cousin of the late Emperor Shoko accedes to the throne of [Japan](/source/Japan).[16]

### October–December

- [October 12](/source/October_12) – [English](/source/England) forces under [Thomas Montacute, 4th Earl of Salisbury](/source/Thomas_Montacute%2C_4th_Earl_of_Salisbury), [besiege Orléans](/source/Siege_of_Orl%C3%A9ans_(1428%E2%80%931429)). [Jean de Dunois](/source/Jean_de_Dunois), the Bastard of Orléans, commands the defenders. Bombardment starts on October 17 and troops attempt an assault on [17]

- [October 21](/source/October_21) – [Siege of Orléans](/source/Siege_of_Orl%C3%A9ans_(1428%E2%80%931429)): After four days of bombardment, English troops attempt an assault on the [boulevart](/source/Bastion) of the city walls but the French defenders hold the attackers back with missile fire, rope nets, scalding oil, hot coals and quicklime.[18] p.383 [17]

- [October 24](/source/October_24) – Thomas Montacute, 4th Earl of Salisbury, is mortally wounded in an unsuccessful assault on Orléans. He is succeeded in command by [William de la Pole, 4th Earl of Suffolk](/source/William_de_la_Pole%2C_1st_Duke_of_Suffolk).

- [November 11](/source/November_11) – The [Battle of Kratzau](/source/Battle_of_Kratzau) takes place in [Bohemia](/source/Bohemia) in what is now the city of [Chrastava](/source/Chrastava) in the [Czech Republic](/source/Czech_Republic), as the [Silesian](/source/Silesia) troops of the [Bohemian Crown Lands](/source/Bohemian_Crown_Lands) under of the [Holy Roman Empire](/source/Holy_Roman_Empire) ([Upper Lusatia](/source/Upper_Lusatia), the duchies of [Jawor](/source/Duchy_of_Jawor) and [Wroclaw](/source/Duchy_of_Wroclaw), Polenz, [Lower Lusatia](/source/Lower_Lusatia) and the [Duchy of Żagań](/source/Duchy_of_%C5%BBaga%C5%84), led by [Hans von Polenz](https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_von_Polenz), repel an attack by the [Sirotci](/source/Sirotci) [Hussites](/source/Hussites) led by [Jan Královec](https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Kr%C3%A1lovec_z_Hr%C3%A1dku).[19]

- [December 2](/source/December_2) – The [Appenzell Wars](/source/Appenzell_Wars) come to an end in Switzerland as [Frederick VII, Count of Toggenburg](/source/Frederick_VII%2C_Count_of_Toggenburg) and knights of the [Order of St. George's Shield](https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sankt_J%C3%B6rgenschild) defeat the rebel army of the [Canton of Appenzell](/source/Canton_of_Appenzell) in a battle on the field between [Gossau](/source/Gossau%2C_St._Gallen) and [Herisau](/source/Herisau).[20] In a truce the next year, Appenzell is forced to repay the back taxes owed to the Abbey of St. Gallbut is relieved from future obligations.

- [December 27](/source/December_27) – In the [Battle of](https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitwa_pod_Starym_Wielis%C5%82awiem) [Stary Wielisław](/source/Stary_Wielis%C5%82aw) (now in Poland), the [Hussites](/source/Hussites) are defeated in an attack by the Bohemian forces led by the Silesian Duke [John I of Münsterberg](/source/John_I_of_M%C3%BCnsterberg) (who is killed in the fighting) and [Půta III of Častolovice](/source/P%C5%AFta_III_of_%C4%8Castolovice), Governor of [Klodzko Land](/source/Klodzko_Land).[21]

### Date unknown

- The [Aztec Empire](/source/Aztec_Empire) is formed by the triple alliance of the [Aztec](/source/Aztec) city-states [Tenochtitlán](/source/Tenochtitl%C3%A1n), [Texcoco](/source/Texcoco_(Aztec_site)) and [Tlacopán](/source/Tlacop%C3%A1n) and defeats [Azcapotzalco](/source/Azcapotzalco_(altepetl)) to win control of the [Valley of Mexico](/source/Valley_of_Mexico). [Itzcóatl](/source/Itzc%C3%B3atl) becomes 1st emperor.

- A serious fire occurs at [Baynard's Castle](/source/Baynard's_Castle) in the [City of London](/source/City_of_London), [England](/source/Kingdom_of_England).[22]

- [Lam Sơn uprising](/source/Lam_S%C6%A1n_uprising): [Lê Lợi](/source/L%C3%AA_L%E1%BB%A3i), founder of the [Lê dynasty](/source/L%C3%AA_dynasty) in [Vietnam](/source/Vietnam), liberates [Annam](/source/Vietnam) (the territory occupied by [Ming dynasty](/source/Ming_dynasty) [China](/source/China) in [1407](/source/1407)) and restores the kingdom as [Đại Việt](/source/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Vi%E1%BB%87t).

## Births

- [February 3](/source/February_3) – [Helena Palaiologina](/source/Helena_Palaiologina), Queen of Cyprus (d. [1458](/source/1458))

- [April 7](/source/April_7) – [William Percy](/source/William_Percy_(bishop)), late medieval Bishop of Carlisle (d. [1462](/source/1462))

- [May 3](/source/May_3) – [Pedro González de Mendoza](/source/Pedro_Gonz%C3%A1lez_de_Mendoza), Spanish cardinal and statesman (d. [1495](/source/1495))

- [July 4](/source/July_4) – [Filippo Strozzi the Elder](/source/Filippo_Strozzi_the_Elder), Italian banker (d. [1491](/source/1491))

- [September 21](/source/September_21) – [Jingtai Emperor](/source/Jingtai_Emperor) of China (d. [1457](/source/1457))

- [November 2](/source/November_2) – [Yolande, Duchess of Lorraine](/source/Yolande%2C_Duchess_of_Lorraine) (d. [1483](/source/1483))

- [November 22](/source/November_22) – [Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick](/source/Richard_Neville%2C_16th_Earl_of_Warwick), English nobleman, known as "the Kingmaker" (d. [1471](/source/1471))[23]

- [December 4](/source/December_4) – [Bernard VII, Lord of Lippe](/source/Bernard_VII%2C_Lord_of_Lippe) (1429–1511) (d. [1511](/source/1511))

- *date unknown* – [Donato Acciaioli](/source/Donato_Acciaioli), Italian scholar (d. [1478](/source/1478)) - [Maria Ormani](/source/Maria_Ormani), Italian artist, scribe and illuminator

- *probable* – [Didrik Pining](/source/Didrik_Pining), German explorer (approximate date)

## Deaths

- [January 4](/source/January_4) – [Frederick I, Elector of Saxony](/source/Frederick_I%2C_Elector_of_Saxony) (b. [1370](/source/1370))

- [February 3](/source/February_3) – [Ashikaga Yoshimochi](/source/Ashikaga_Yoshimochi), Japanese shōgun (b. [1386](/source/1386))

- [June 12](/source/June_12) – [Zawisza Czarny](/source/Zawisza_Czarny), Polish knight and diplomat

- [August 27](/source/August_27) – [John I of Münsterberg](/source/John_I_of_M%C3%BCnsterberg), Duke of Ziebice (b. [1370](/source/1370))

- [August 30](/source/August_30) – [Emperor Shōkō](/source/Emperor_Sh%C5%8Dk%C5%8D), emperor of Japan (b. [1401](/source/1401))

- Autumn – [Masaccio](/source/Masaccio), Italian painter (b. [1401](/source/1401))

- [November 3](/source/November_3) – [Thomas Montacute, 4th Earl of Salisbury](/source/Thomas_Montacute%2C_4th_Earl_of_Salisbury), English military leader (mortally wounded in battle) (b. [1388](/source/1388))[24]

- [November 4](/source/November_4) – [Sophia of Bavaria](/source/Sophia_of_Bavaria), Queen regent of Bohemia (b. [1376](/source/1376))

- *date unknown* - [Maxtla](/source/Maxtla), Tepanec ruler of Azcapotzalco - [Paul of Venice](/source/Paul_of_Venice), Catholic theologian - [Isabella, Countess of Foix](/source/Isabella%2C_Countess_of_Foix), French sovereign (b. [1361](/source/1361))

- *probable* – [John Purvey](/source/John_Purvey), English theologian (b. [1353](/source/1353))

## References

1. **[^](#cite_ref-1)** "Frederick II., Elector of Saxony", *Encyclopædia Britannica*. Vol. 11 (11th ed.), ed. by Hugh Chisholm, Hugh, (Cambridge University Pressk, 1911) p.60.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-2)** Banda, E.; Correig, A. M. (1984), "The Catalan earthquake of February 2, 1428", *Engineering Geology*, **20** (1–2), [Elsevier](/source/Elsevier): 89–97, [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[1984EngGe..20...89B](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1984EngGe..20...89B), [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1016/0013-7952(84)90045-0](https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0013-7952%2884%2990045-0)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-3)** Carmen Olivera, et al., *[Els terratrèmols dels segles XIV i XV a Catalunya](http://www.igc.cat/web/files/IGC_2006_sismologia_segles.pdf)* (The Earthquakes of the 14th and 14th century in Catalonia), (Institut Cartogràfic de Catalunya, 2006) [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [84-393-6961-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/84-393-6961-1)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-4)** [Goodrich, L. Carington](/source/Luther_Carrington_Goodrich); [Fang, Chaoying](/source/Fang_Chao-ying) (1976). *Dictionary of Ming Biography, 1368-1644*. New York: Columbia University Press. p. 289. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-231-03801-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-231-03801-1).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-5)** [Dreyer, Edward L.](/source/Edward_L._Dreyer) (2007). *Zheng He: China and the Oceans in the Early Ming Dynasty, 1405–1433*. New York: Pearson Longman. p. 142. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [9780321084439](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780321084439)..

1. **[^](#cite_ref-6)** [Dreyer, Edward L.](/source/Edward_L._Dreyer) (2007). *Zheng He: China and the Oceans in the Early Ming Dynasty, 1405–1433*. New York: Pearson Longman. pp. 135 & 144. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [9780321084439](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780321084439)..

1. **[^](#cite_ref-7)** "Otto II. und Casimir VI." in *[Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie](/source/Allgemeine_Deutsche_Biographie)* Vol. 25, ed. by Gottfried von Bülow (Leipzig: Duncker & Humblot, 1887) pp. 785–787

1. **[^](#cite_ref-8)** John Julius, *A History of Venice* (Vintage Books, 1989.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-9)** Kenneth M. Setton, *The Papacy and the Levant (1204–1571), Volume II: The Fifteenth Century* (Philadelphia: The American Philosophical Society, 1978) p.37

1. **[^](#cite_ref-10)** Kathlene Baldanza, *Ming China and Vietnam: Negotiating Borders in Early Modern Asia* (Cambridge University Press, 2016) ISBN 978-1-316-53131-0

1. **[^](#cite_ref-11)** Larissa Juliet Taylor, *The Virgin Warrior: The Life and Death of Joan of Arc* (Yale University Press, 2009)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-12)** DeVries, Kelly (1999). [*Joan of Arc: A Military Leader*](https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780750918053). Stroud: Sutton Publishing. pp. 40–1. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [9780750918053](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780750918053). [OCLC](/source/OCLC_(identifier)) [42957383](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/42957383).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-13)** [De Zoen van Delft (3 juli 1428)](https://www.nationaalarchief.nl/plaatsen/details.asp?actie=zoeken&page=2&pk=73) (The Treaty of Delft, Dutch National Archive)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-14)** David M. Walker, *A Legal History of Scotland* (W. Green, 1988), [vol 2](https://books.google.com/books?id=EOFKAQAAIAAJ), p.213

1. **[^](#cite_ref-15)** Burns, William E. (2003). [*Witch Hunts in Europe and America: An Encyclopedia*](https://books.google.com/books?id=Qr6_q-chR6MC&pg=PA296). Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 296. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [9780313321429](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780313321429).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-16)** [Isaac Titsingh](/source/Isaac_Titsingh), *[Nihon Odai Ichiran](/source/Nihon_Odai_Ichiran)*; ou, [*Annales des empereurs du Japon.*](https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&dq=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran) (Paris: Royal Asiatic Society, Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland, 1834) [OCLC 5850691](https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/5850691), pages 330-331

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Rankin_17-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Rankin_17-1) [*The First Biography of Joan of Arc: Translated and Annotated by Daniel Rankin and Claire Quintal*](https://books.google.com/books?id=-5AnyffsHu4C&pg=PA67). University of Pittsburgh Pre. 15 February 1964. p. 67. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-8229-7540-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8229-7540-3). {{[cite book](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book)}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility ([help](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#invalid_isbn_date))

1. **[^](#cite_ref-18)** J.H. Ramsay, *Lancaster and York: A century of English history (A.D. 1399–1485) Vol. 1* (Oxford: Clarendon, 1892)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-19)** [Eberhard Windeck](https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eberhard_Windeck): Kaiser Sigismunds Buch (1440–50)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-20)** "Appenzell Wars (1401-1429)" in *Historical Dictionary of Switzerland* online

1. **[^](#cite_ref-21)** *Słownik geograficzny Królestwa Polskiego i innych krajów słowiańskich, Tom VII* (in Polish). Warszawa. 1886. p. 813.{{[cite book](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book)}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ([link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher)) (Geographical Dictionary of the Kingdom of Poland and other Slavic countries, Volume VII)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-22)** Richardson, John (2000). [*The Annals of London: A Year-by-year Record of a Thousand Years of History*](https://archive.org/details/annalsoflondonye00rich). University of California Press. p. [63](https://archive.org/details/annalsoflondonye00rich/page/63). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [9780520227958](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520227958).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-23)** ["Richard Neville, 16th earl of Warwick | English noble | Britannica"](https://www.britannica.com/biography/Richard-Neville-16th-earl-of-Warwick). *www.britannica.com*. 10 April 2023. Retrieved 28 May 2023.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-24)** [*Wiltshire Notes and Queries*](https://books.google.com/books?id=5a9DAQAAMAAJ). 1905. p. 489.

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [1428](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1428) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1428?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.