# 1385

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August 14: The [Battle of Aljubarrota](/source/Battle_of_Aljubarrota) is fought in Portugal to determine which of two claimants— King Juan of Castile or Joao, Master of Aviz— will become the King of Portugal.

Calendar year

Years Millennium 2nd millennium Centuries 13th century 14th century 15th century Decades 1360s 1370s 1380s 1390s 1400s Years 1382 1383 1384 1385 1386 1387 1388 v t e

1385 by topic Leaders Political entities State leaders Religious leaders Birth and death categories Births – Deaths Establishments and disestablishments categories Establishments – Disestablishments Art and literature 1385 in poetry v t e

1385 in various calendars Gregorian calendar 1385 MCCCLXXXV Ab urbe condita 2138 Armenian calendar 834 ԹՎ ՊԼԴ Assyrian calendar 6135 Balinese saka calendar 1306–1307 Bengali calendar 791–792 Berber calendar 2335 English Regnal year 8 Ric. 2 – 9 Ric. 2 Buddhist calendar 1929 Burmese calendar 747 Byzantine calendar 6893–6894 Chinese calendar 甲子年 (Wood Rat) 4082 or 3875 — to — 乙丑年 (Wood Ox) 4083 or 3876 Coptic calendar 1101–1102 Discordian calendar 2551 Ethiopian calendar 1377–1378 Hebrew calendar 5145–5146 Hindu calendars - Vikram Samvat 1441–1442 - Shaka Samvat 1306–1307 - Kali Yuga 4485–4486 Holocene calendar 11385 Igbo calendar 385–386 Iranian calendar 763–764 Islamic calendar 786–787 Japanese calendar Shitoku 2 (至徳２年) Javanese calendar 1298–1299 Julian calendar 1385 MCCCLXXXV Korean calendar 3718 Minguo calendar 527 before ROC 民前527年 Nanakshahi calendar −83 Thai solar calendar 1927–1928 Tibetan calendar ཤིང་ཕོ་བྱི་བ་ལོ་ (male Wood-Rat) 1511 or 1130 or 358 — to — ཤིང་མོ་གླང་ལོ་ (female Wood-Ox) 1512 or 1131 or 359

Year **1385** (**[MCCCLXXXV](/source/Roman_numerals)**) was a [common year starting on Sunday](/source/Common_year_starting_on_Sunday) of the [Julian calendar](/source/Julian_calendar).

## Events

### January–March

- [January 11](/source/January_11) – After learning that several of his cardinals had been debating whether to depose him on grounds that he is insane, [Pope Urban VI](/source/Pope_Urban_VI) orders the arrest of all of the cardinals within his reach. [Giovanni da Amelia](https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_da_Amelia), [Gentile di Sangro](https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentile_di_Sangro), [Adam Eston](/source/Adam_Eston), [Ludovico Donato](/source/Ludovico_Donato), [Bartolomeo da Cogorno](https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bartolomeo_da_Cogorno), and [Marino del Giudice](https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marino_del_Giudice) are all arrested and imprisoned and tortured at the castle of Nocera.[1] Except for Eston, the cardinals arrested are put to death in [Genoa](/source/Genoa) by the end of 1386.[2]

- [February 3](/source/February_3) – (2 [Muharram](/source/Muharram) [787 AH](/source/Islamic_calendar)) The [madrasa](/source/Sultan_Isa_Medrese) (a religious school) of the Emir of [Artuqid Empire](/source/Artuqids), [Majd al-Din Isa Al-Zahir](/source/Majd_al-Din_Isa_Al-Zahir), is dedicated and the date is placed on an inscription on the wall.[3] The building is now a historic landmark in the city of [Mardin](/source/Mardin), now located in Turkey.

- [February 14](/source/February_14) – [John of Gaunt](/source/John_of_Gaunt), Duke of Lancaster, son of the late King Edward III of England and uncle of King Richard II, flees London after learning during a [joust](/source/Joust) that he has been targeted for assassination by the King's advisors [Thomas Mowbray, 1st Duke of Norfolk](/source/Thomas_Mowbray%2C_1st_Duke_of_Norfolk) and [Robert de Vere, 9th Earl of Oxford](/source/Robert_de_Vere%2C_9th_Earl_of_Oxford); and [John de Montacute, Earl of Salisbury](/source/John_Montagu%2C_3rd_Earl_of_Salisbury) [4][5]

- [February](/source/February) – [Bugaya](/source/List_of_rulers_of_Kano#Sultanate_of_Kano) becomes the new [Sultan of Kano](/source/Sultanate_of_Kano) in what is now northern [Nigeria](/source/Nigeria), upon the death of his brother [Yaji I](/source/Yaji_I).[6]

- [March 13](/source/March_13) – Officials in the Kingdom of Scotland discover that 700 pounds sterling of [bullion](/source/Bullion) has been taken from the cusstoms collectors of [Edinburgh](/source/Edinburgh) by [John Stewart, the Earl of Carrick](/source/Robert_III_of_Scotland), who diverted the funds while acting as [Guardian of Scotland](/source/Guardian_of_Scotland).[7]

- [March 22](/source/March_22) – From the port of [Sluis](/source/Sluis) (now in the Netherlands), the Kingdom of France dispatches a fleet of ships, carrying an army of 1,315 soldiers, 300 crossbowmen and 200 assistants, to aid the Kingdom of Scotland in defense of an invasion by the Kingdom of England.[8] The fleet arrives at the Scottish port of [Leith](/source/Leith), near Scotland's capital, [Edinburgh](/source/Edinburgh), on March 25.

### April–June

- [April 6](/source/April_6) – At [Coimbra](/source/Coimbra), [João, Master of Aviz](/source/John_I_of_Portugal), son of the late [King Pedro I](/source/Peter_I_of_Portugal) of Portugal, is declared by the [Cortes of Coimbra](https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cortes_de_Coimbra_de_1385) to be the new King of Portugal.[9]

- [May 6](/source/May_6) – [Gian Galeazzo Visconti](/source/Gian_Galeazzo_Visconti) leads a coup d'etat against his uncle, [Bernabò Visconti](/source/Bernab%C3%B2_Visconti), [Lord of Milan](/source/Lord_of_Milan) and begins conquests to transform Milan into a [Duchy](/source/Duchy_of_Milan), with himself as the Duke of Milan.[10]

- [May 14](/source/May_14) – The two-day [Battle of Sluys](https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bataille_de_L%C3%89cluse_(1385)) concludes on the [North Sea](/source/North_Sea) off of the coast of the Netherlands as England's Royal Navy, led by the [Admiral](/source/Admiral_of_the_North), [Thomas Percy, 1st Earl of Worcester](/source/Thomas_Percy%2C_1st_Earl_of_Worcester) attempts to blockade the Flemish port of [Sluis](/source/Sluis) and more than 100 ships stationed there. [Jean de Vienne](/source/Jean_de_Vienne), Admiral of France, makes a successful counter-attack and the Royal Navy ships sail back to England to defend [London](/source/London).[11]

- [May 29](/source/May_29) – The [Battle of Trancoso](/source/Battle_of_Trancoso) is fought between the Kingdom of Portugal and the [Crown of Castile](/source/Crown_of_Castile) after a Castilian army pillages and burns the city of [Viseu](/source/Viseu). As the Castilians are marching back with their plundered loot and prisoners, they are met by the Portuguese Army, which kills more than 400 soldiers along with six of the seven Castilian officers, then recovers the stolen treasure and releases all of the Portuguese citizens taken prisoner.[12]

- [June 10](/source/June_10) – [English invasion of Scotland (1385)](/source/English_invasion_of_Scotland_(1385)): Preparing to lead invade [Scotland](/source/Scotland) as soon as the truce between England and Scotland expires on July 15, King [Richard II of England](/source/Richard_II_of_England) assembles an army at [Nottingham](/source/Nottingham).[13]

### July–September

- [July 8](/source/July_8) – [English invasion of Scotland (1385)](/source/English_invasion_of_Scotland_(1385)): King [Robert II of Scotland](/source/Robert_II_of_Scotland) sends two armies of Scottish soldiers and French mercenaries south from Edinburgh and raids the English county of [Northumberland](/source/Northumberland).[13]

- [July 16](/source/July_16) – King Richard II directs suppliers in Durham, Yorkshire, Northumberland, Cumberland and Westmorland to be prepared to supply food to the English Army, to be purchased "at a reasonable price for ready payment."[14]

- [July 17](/source/July_17) – [Charles VI of France](/source/Charles_VI_of_France) marries [Isabeau of Bavaria](/source/Isabeau_of_Bavaria); the wedding is celebrated with France's first court ball.

- [July 21](/source/July_21) – [King Juan of Castile](/source/John_I_of_Castile) asserts in his will that he is the King of Portugal by virtue of his marriage in 1383 to [Queen Beatriz of Portugal](/source/Beatrice_of_Portugal)[15]

- [August 6](/source/August_6) – - [English invasion of Scotland (1385)](/source/English_invasion_of_Scotland_(1385)): After setting off from [Berwick-upon-Tweed](/source/Berwick-upon-Tweed), the English Army invades Scotland.[16] The English soldiers quickly run out of food, since to supply lines have been created and the residents of the border towns in Scotland have fled, taking their food with them.[13] - [Edmund of Langley](/source/Edmund_of_Langley) is elevated to become the first [Duke of York](/source/Duke_of_York) in England.

- [August 11](/source/August_11) – [English invasion of Scotland (1385)](/source/English_invasion_of_Scotland_(1385)): The English Army reaches [Edinburgh](/source/Edinburgh), capital of Scotland, and finds it deserted as its civilian residents have fled and the Scottish and French soldiers have retreated to [Ettrick Forest](/source/Ettrick_Forest).[13] The frustrated English soldiers burn and loot the city.[17]|

- [August 14](/source/August_14) - [Battle of Aljubarrota](/source/Battle_of_Aljubarrota): John of Aviz defeats [John I of Castile](/source/John_I_of_Castile) in the decisive battle of the [1383–85 Crisis](/source/1383%E2%80%9385_Crisis) in Portugal. John of Aviz is crowned King [John I of Portugal](/source/John_I_of_Portugal), ending [Queen Beatrice](/source/Beatrice_of_Portugal)'s rule, and Portugal's independence from the [Kingdom of Castile](/source/Kingdom_of_Castile) is secured. - The [Union of Krewo](/source/Union_of_Krewo) establishes the [Jagiellonian dynasty](/source/Jagiellonian_dynasty) in Poland and [Lithuania](/source/Lithuania), through the proposed marriage of Queen regnant [Jadwiga of Poland](/source/Jadwiga_of_Poland) and Grand Duke [Jogaila](/source/Jogaila) of Lithuania, and sees the acceptance of [Roman Catholicism](/source/Roman_Catholic_Church) by the Lithuanian elite, and an end to the [Greater Poland Civil War](/source/Greater_Poland_Civil_War).

- [August 15](/source/August_15) – [English invasion of Scotland (1385)](/source/English_invasion_of_Scotland_(1385)): With England's Army having left its borders undefended, Scottish and French troops invade England and plunder [Cumberland](/source/Cumberland) in retaliation for the burning of Edinburgh.[13]

- [August 17](/source/August_17) – [English invasion of Scotland (1385)](/source/English_invasion_of_Scotland_(1385)): Having accomplished nothing but destruction of property, the English Army begins its withdrawal from Scotland and returns to England.[18]

- [August 23](/source/August_23) – In celebration of the marriage of [Wilhelm the Courteous](/source/William%2C_Duke_of_Austria), [Duke of Austria](/source/List_of_rulers_of_Austria), to [Jadwiga](/source/Jadwiga_of_Poland), [Queen of Poland](/source/List_of_Polish_monarchs), the leaders of the city of [Kraków](/source/Krak%C3%B3w) grant amenesty to the prisoners in the city jail.[19]

- [August 31](/source/August_31) – King [Richard II of England](/source/Richard_II_of_England) begins [an invasion of Scotland](/source/English_invasion_of_Scotland_(1385)). The English burn [Holyrood](/source/Holyrood%2C_Edinburgh) and [Edinburgh](/source/Edinburgh), but return home without a decisive battle.[20]

- [September 7](/source/September_7) – Scottish and French troops unsuccesfully try to besiege the walled city of [Carlisle](/source/Carlisle) in England,[16] but [Sir Henry Percy](/source/Henry_Percy_(Hotspur)), nicknamed "Hotspur" breaks the siege and the attackers withdraw to Scotland, ending the war between the two kingdoms.[21]

- [September 18](/source/September_18) – [Battle of Savra](/source/Battle_of_Savra): [Serbian](/source/Serbian_Empire) forces under [Balša II](/source/Bal%C5%A1a_II) and [Ivaniš Mrnjavčević](/source/Mrnjav%C4%8Devi%C4%87_family) are defeated by [Ottoman](/source/Ottoman_Empire) commander Hayreddin Pasha, near [Berat](/source/Berat).

### October–December

- [October 15](/source/October_15) – [Battle of Valverde](/source/Battle_of_Valverde_(1385)): The armies of [Portugal](/source/Kingdom_of_Portugal) defeat [Castile](/source/Crown_of_Castile).

- [November 1](/source/November_1) – [Sigismund of Luxembourg](/source/Sigismund%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperor), [Margrave of Brandenburg](/source/List_of_margraves_and_electors_of_Brandenburg) and son of the late [Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor](/source/Charles_IV%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperor), enforces a 1373 agreement of betrothal and marries [Mary, Queen of Hungary](/source/Mary%2C_Queen_of_Hungary), citing an agreement that had been made by King [Louis I of Hungary](/source/Louis_I_of_Hungary).

- [December 31](/source/December_31) – [King Carlo III](/source/Charles_III_of_Naples), ruler of the [Kingdom of Naples](/source/Kingdom_of_Naples), is crowned as [King Károly II of Hungary](/source/List_of_Hungarian_monarchs) by the [Archbishop](/source/Archdiocese_of_Esztergom%E2%80%93Budapest) [Demeter](/source/Demetrius_of_Esztergom) of [Esztergom](/source/Esztergom) at [Székesfehérvár](/source/Sz%C3%A9kesfeh%C3%A9rv%C3%A1r) after a group of Hungarian nobles helps him overthrow [Queen Maria](/source/Mary%2C_Queen_of_Hungary).

### Date unknown

- [Tokhtamysh](/source/Tokhtamysh) of the [Golden Horde](/source/Golden_Horde) conquers parts of the [Jalayirid Sultanate](/source/Jalayirid_Sultanate) in western [Persia](/source/Persia), causing a rift between himself and [Timur](/source/Timur) of the Timurid Empire, who had also wanted to conquer Persia.

- [Olav IV of Norway](/source/Olav_IV_of_Norway) is elected as titular King of [Sweden](/source/Sweden), in opposition to the unpopular [King Albert](/source/Albert_of_Sweden).

- The [Hongwu Emperor](/source/Hongwu_Emperor) of China's [Ming dynasty](/source/Ming_dynasty) relents after eighteen tribute missions over the previous eight years, and agrees to invest King [U of Goryeo](/source/U_of_Goryeo).

- Construction is completed on - [Castello Estense](/source/Castello_Estense) in [Ferrara](/source/Ferrara) (now in Italy) - [Bodiam Castle](/source/Bodiam_Castle) ([East Sussex](/source/East_Sussex), England)

## Births

- [June 23](/source/June_23) – [Stephen, Count Palatine of Simmern-Zweibrücken](/source/Stephen%2C_Count_Palatine_of_Simmern-Zweibr%C3%BCcken) (d. [1459](/source/1459))

- [August 1](/source/August_1) – [John FitzAlan, 13th Earl of Arundel](/source/John_FitzAlan%2C_13th_Earl_of_Arundel), English noble (d. [1421](/source/1421))

- [August 15](/source/August_15) – [Richard de Vere, 11th Earl of Oxford](/source/Richard_de_Vere%2C_11th_Earl_of_Oxford), English noble (d. [1417](/source/1417))

- *date unknown* - [Jean I, Duke of Alençon](/source/Jean_I%2C_Duke_of_Alen%C3%A7on) (d. [1415](/source/1415)) - [Jan van Eyck](/source/Jan_van_Eyck), Flemish painter (approximate date; d. [1441](/source/1441)) - [Margaret Holland, Duchess of Clarence](/source/Margaret_Holland%2C_Duchess_of_Clarence), English noble (d. [1429](/source/1429)) - [Mircea I of Wallachia](/source/Mircea_I_of_Wallachia) (d. [1418](/source/1418))

## Deaths

- [June 28](/source/June_28) – [Andronikos IV Palaiologos](/source/Andronikos_IV_Palaiologos), co-ruler of the [Byzantine Empire](/source/List_of_Byzantine_Emperors)

- [August 7](/source/August_7) – [Joan of Kent](/source/Joan_of_Kent), Dowager Princess of Wales, widow of [Edward the Black Prince](/source/Edward_the_Black_Prince) (b. [1328](/source/1328))

- [September 18](/source/September_18) – [Balša II](/source/Bal%C5%A1a_II), ruler of Zeta

- [October 15](/source/October_15) – [Dionysius I, Metropolitan of Moscow](/source/Dionysius_I%2C_Metropolitan_of_Moscow)

- [December 19](/source/December_19) – [Bernabò Visconti](/source/Bernab%C3%B2_Visconti), Lord of [Milan](/source/Milan) (b. [1319](/source/1319))

- *date unknown* - [Xu Da](/source/Xu_Da), Chinese military leader (b. [1332](/source/1332))

## References

1. **[^](#cite_ref-1)** Dietrich (von Nieheim) (1890). Georg Erler (ed.). [*Theoderici de Nyem De scismate libri tres*](https://books.google.com/books?id=tFVhAAAAMAAJ) (in Latin). Leipzig: Veit. pp. 77–79.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-2)** Eubel, Conradus, ed. (1913). [*Hierarchia catholica*](https://archive.org/details/hierarchiacathol01eubeuoft) (in Latin). Vol. Tomus I (second ed.). Münster: Libreria Regensbergiana. pp. 23–24.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-3)** Beyazit, Deniz (2016). [*Le décor architectural artuqide en pierre de Mardin placé dans son contexte regional: Contribution à l'histoire du décor géométrique et végétal du Proche-Orient des XIIe-XVe siècles*](https://books.google.com/books?id=94gxEAAAQBAJ&dq=mardin+zinciriye+muqarnas&pg=PA206) [*Artuqid Architectural Stone Decoration in Mardin Placed within its Regional Context: A Contribution to the History of Geometric and Vegetal Decoration in the Near East (12th–15th Centuries)*] (in French). Archaeopress Publishing Ltd. pp. 80–86. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-78491-123-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78491-123-2).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-4)** Goodman, Anthony (2013). *John of Gaunt: The Exercise of Princely Power in Fourteenth-Century Europe*. London: Routledge. p. 102. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-31789-480-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-31789-480-3).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-5)** Walsingham, Thomas (2005) [1863–1864]. Clark, J. G. (ed.). *The Chronica Maiora of Thomas Walsingham, 1376–1422*. Translated by Preest, D. Woodbridge: Boydell Press. p. 140. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-84383-144-0](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84383-144-0).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-6)** Hiskett, M. (1957). "The Kano Chronicle". *Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland* (1/2): 79–81. [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [0035-869X](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0035-869X). [JSTOR](/source/JSTOR_(identifier)) [25201990](https://www.jstor.org/stable/25201990).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-7)** Boardman, Stephen (2007), *The Early Stewart Kings: Robert II and Robert III, 1371–1406*, The Stewart Dynasty in Scotland Series, Edinburgh: John Donald, an imprint of Birlinn Ltd, pp. 135–136, [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-904607-68-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-904607-68-7)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-8)** Sadler, J. (2005). *Border Fury: England and Scotland at War, 1296–1598*. Harlow: Routledge. p. 271. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-13814-343-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-13814-343-2).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-9)** G. Mercer Adam ed., *The History of Nations: Spain and Portugal* (Philadelphia: John D. Morris and Company, 1906) p.174

1. **[^](#cite_ref-10)** Black, Jane (2009). *Absolutism in Renaissance Milan. Plenitude of power under the Visconti and the Sforza 1329–1535*. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 52–53. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [9780199565290](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199565290).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-11)** Jean-Claude Castex, *Répertoire Des Combats Franco-anglais de la Guerre de Cent Ans (1337-1453)* [Directory of Franco-English Battles of the Hundred Years' War (1337–1453)](Vancouver: Les Éditions du Phare-Ouest, 2012) p.167

1. **[^](#cite_ref-12)** Pereira Felix, John *Abridgement of the History of Portugal* (BiblioBazaar, 2009) p.116 ISBN 978-1-1103-3516-9

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-hyw_13-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-hyw_13-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-hyw_13-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-hyw_13-3) [***e***](#cite_ref-hyw_13-4) Sumption, J. (2009). *The Hundred Years' War: Divided Houses*. Vol. III. London: Faber & Faber. pp. 545–548. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-57124-012-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-57124-012-8).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-14)** Sharp, B. (2016). *Famine and Scarcity in Late Medieval and Early Modern England: The Regulation of Grain Marketing, 1256–1631*. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 126–127. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-10712-182-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-10712-182-9).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-15)** J. P. Oliveira Martins (2001). [*The Golden Age of Prince Henry the Navigator*](https://books.google.com/books?id=3nBI7I_cxtAC&pg=PA2). Simon Publications LLC. p. 3. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-931313-99-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-931313-99-5).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Macdonald_16-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Macdonald_16-1) Macdonald, A. J. (2000). *Border Bloodshed: Scotland and England at War, 1369–1403*. East Linton: Tuckwell Press. pp. 89–90. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-86232-106-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86232-106-9).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-17)** Rait, R. S. (1901). *An Outline of the Relations between England and Scotland, 500–1707*. London: Blackie. p. 78. [OCLC](/source/OCLC_(identifier)) [746293364](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/746293364).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-18)** Saul, N. (1997). *Richard II*. Bury St Edmunds: Yale University Press. p. 145. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-300-07003-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-07003-3).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-19)** [Halecki, Oscar](/source/Oscar_Halecki) (1991). *Jadwiga of Anjou and the Rise of East Central Europe*. Polish Institute of Arts and Sciences of America. pp. 132–133. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-88033-206-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88033-206-9).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-20)** Palmer, Alan; Palmer, Veronica (1992). *The Chronology of British History*. London: Century Ltd. pp. 109–113. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-7126-5616-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7126-5616-2).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-21)** Bevan, B. (1990). *King Richard II*. London: Rubicon Press. p. 45. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-94869-517-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-94869-517-9).

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