# İspir > Mediated Wiki article. Canonical URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/%C4%B0spir > Markdown URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/%C4%B0spir.md > Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0spir > Source revision: 1345672961 > License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/) District and municipality in Erzurum, Turkey İspir District and municipality İspir castle and the historic citadel mosque. Map showing İspir District in Erzurum Province İspir Location in Turkey Coordinates: 40°29′01″N 40°59′43″E / 40.48361°N 40.99528°E / 40.48361; 40.99528 Country Turkey Province Erzurum Government • Mayor Ahmet Coşkun (MHP) Area 2,129 km2 (822 sq mi) Population (2022)[1] 14,607 • Density 6.861/km2 (17.77/sq mi) Time zone UTC+3 (TRT) Postal code 25900 Area code 0442 Website www.ispir.bel.tr **İspir** ([Armenian](/source/Armenian_language): Սպեր, [romanized](/source/Romanization_of_Armenian): *Sper*; [Georgian](/source/Georgian_language): სპერი, [romanized](/source/Romanization_of_Georgian): sp'eri) is a municipality and [district](/source/Districts_of_Turkey) of [Erzurum Province](/source/Erzurum_Province), [Turkey](/source/Turkey).[2] Its area is 2,129 km2,[3] and its population is 14,607 (2022).[1] It is on the [Çoruh River](/source/%C3%87oruh_River). The mayor is Ahmet Coşkun ([MHP](/source/Nationalist_Movement_Party)). ## History Main article: [Speri (historical region)](/source/Speri_(historical_region)) İspir is known from the 3rd millennium BC. [*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*] The ancient kingdom of [Hayasa-Azzi](/source/Hayasa-Azzi) (2nd millennium BC) was located in the upper reaches of the rivers Euphrates and Chorokh, and included Sper. The name Sper is thought by some to be derived from [Saspers](/source/Saspers), or [Sasperi](/source/Saspeires), the name Sper with a [Georgian](/source/Georgian_language) prefix of place Sa-, which evolved into the term [Iberian](/source/Kingdom_of_Iberia).[4] The Saspers were mentioned by [Xenophon](/source/Xenophon);[5] The illustrious dynasty of the Bagrationi originated in the most ancient Georgian district – Speri (today İspir).[6] Through their farsighted, flexible policies, the Bagrationi achieved great influence from the sixth through eighth centuries. One of their branches moved out to [Armenia](/source/Armenia), the other to Georgian Kingdom of [Iberia](/source/Principality_of_Iberia), and both won for themselves the dominant position among the other rulers of Transcaucasia.[7] [*[clarification needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify)*] In the 4th-3rd centuries BC Sper was organized into a province of the [Iberian Kingdom](/source/Kingdom_of_Iberia_(antiquity)) as noted by [Strabo](/source/Strabo). [*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*] [Alexander the Great](/source/Alexander_the_Great) sent one of his generals Menon to conquer Sper, but Menon and his forces were defeated and killed. [*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*] The region was then a part of [Upper Armenia](/source/Upper_Armenia) ([Armenian](/source/Armenian_language): Բարձր Հայք, Bardzr Hayk'), a province of [Greater Armenia](/source/Kingdom_of_Armenia_(antiquity)), since the 2nd century BC to the 5th century AD. After this, Sper was an Armenian Bagratid domain in the 4th - 6th centuries, the territory of which also comprised the Bayburt plain until that was lost to the Byzantines (perhaps in 387).[5] In the 7th century it passed to the [Arab Caliphate](/source/Arab_Caliphate); in 885 [Bagratuni Kingdom of Armenia](/source/Bagratuni_Kingdom_of_Armenia). Under the medieval [Kingdom of Armenia](/source/Kingdom_of_Armenia_(Middle_Ages)), it was part of the province of [Upper Armenia](/source/Upper_Armenia) and was famous for its gold mines. In the 11th century it was conquered by the [Seljuqs](/source/Seljuqs). Ispir was under the control of the [Saltukids](/source/Saltukids) till 1124[8] when the [Georgians](/source/Kingdom_of_Georgia) took over power, governed by Zakare and Ivane [Zakarids](/source/Zakarid) as a fief. It was recaptured by Mughith ad Din Tughrul, son of the Seljuk sultan [Kilij Arslan II](/source/Kilij_Arslan_II), sometime between 1201 and 1225.[8] He built a mosque in the citadel which still survives.[8] It was conquered in 1242 by the [Mongols](/source/Mongols); was regained by Georgian Kingdom during the reign of [George V the Brilliant](/source/George_V_of_Georgia) (1314–1346), it remained part of the Kingdom before its disintegration, which then passed into the hands of [Georgian Atabegs](/source/Samtskhe-Saatabago) belonging to the [House of Jaqeli](/source/Jaqeli); it was conquered in 1502 by [Persia](/source/Safavid_dynasty) and was probably in 1515[8] taken by the [Ottoman Empire](/source/Ottoman_Empire) from the Georgian ruler of Samtskhe.[8] The town was occupied in 1916 by the Russians during [World War I](/source/World_War_I) and the [Armenian genocide](/source/Armenian_genocide), then was recaptured by the Turks in 1918. Historic sights in the town are the citadel, a mosque and a church in the citadel (probably 13th century), the originally 13th century *Çarsi* mosque's building being a recent structure.[8] The *Sultan Melik* mosque and [Madrasa](/source/Madrasa) built in the 13th century, the Madrasa of *Kadizade Mehmet* built in 1725/26, *Kadizade* was the Mufti of Erzurum from 1744 to 1759 and his father was the [Qadi](/source/Qadi) of Ispir.[8] There is also a tomb with a graveyard containing some Ottoman tombstones.[8] ## Climate The climate is described as [Humid continental](/source/Humid_continental_climate) by [Köppen](/source/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification), abbreviated as *Dfa*.[9] Climate data for İspir (1991–2020) Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 2.5 (36.5) 4.5 (40.1) 10.3 (50.5) 16.7 (62.1) 22.1 (71.8) 27.2 (81.0) 31.3 (88.3) 32.0 (89.6) 27.5 (81.5) 20.2 (68.4) 11.4 (52.5) 4.4 (39.9) 17.6 (63.7) Daily mean °C (°F) −2.6 (27.3) −1.0 (30.2) 4.4 (39.9) 10.0 (50.0) 14.7 (58.5) 19.3 (66.7) 23.3 (73.9) 23.7 (74.7) 18.9 (66.0) 12.5 (54.5) 4.9 (40.8) −0.6 (30.9) 10.7 (51.3) Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −6.5 (20.3) −5.4 (22.3) −0.6 (30.9) 4.2 (39.6) 8.3 (46.9) 12.1 (53.8) 16.0 (60.8) 16.4 (61.5) 11.2 (52.2) 6.3 (43.3) 0.1 (32.2) −4.3 (24.3) 4.9 (40.8) Average precipitation mm (inches) 28.0 (1.10) 30.43 (1.20) 42.97 (1.69) 54.84 (2.16) 59.51 (2.34) 37.65 (1.48) 25.24 (0.99) 15.9 (0.63) 21.24 (0.84) 42.4 (1.67) 36.43 (1.43) 33.4 (1.31) 428.01 (16.85) Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) 5.6 6.0 7.7 9.7 10.3 6.9 4.3 3.3 3.9 6.0 5.4 6.0 75.1 Average relative humidity (%) 69.2 65.7 59.4 57.8 58.1 53.5 49.4 49.4 51.2 60.2 64.8 71.5 59.1 Source: NOAA[9] ## Economy As of 1920, [coal](/source/Coal) was being produced in the area.[10] ## Composition There are 101 [neighbourhoods](/source/Mahalle) in İspir District:[11] - [Ahlatlı](/source/Ahlatl%C4%B1%2C_%C4%B0spir) - [Akgüney](/source/Akg%C3%BCney%2C_%C4%B0spir) - [Akpınar](/source/Akp%C4%B1nar%2C_%C4%B0spir) - [Akseki](/source/Akseki%2C_%C4%B0spir) - [Aksu](/source/Aksu%2C_%C4%B0spir) - [Aktaş](/source/Akta%C5%9F%2C_%C4%B0spir) - [Alacabük](/source/Alacab%C3%BCk%2C_%C4%B0spir) - [Araköy](/source/Arak%C3%B6y%2C_%C4%B0spir) - [Ardıçlı](/source/Ard%C4%B1%C3%A7l%C4%B1%2C_%C4%B0spir) - [Armutlu](/source/Armutlu%2C_%C4%B0spir) - [Aşağıfındıklı](/source/A%C5%9Fa%C4%9F%C4%B1f%C4%B1nd%C4%B1kl%C4%B1%2C_%C4%B0spir) - Aşağıözbağ - [Atürküten](/source/At%C3%BCrk%C3%BCten%2C_%C4%B0spir) - [Avcıköy](/source/Avc%C4%B1k%C3%B6y%2C_%C4%B0spir) - [Bademli](/source/Bademli%2C_%C4%B0spir) - [Bahçeli](/source/Bah%C3%A7eli%2C_%C4%B0spir) - [Başçeşme](/source/Ba%C5%9F%C3%A7e%C5%9Fme%2C_%C4%B0spir) - [Başköy](/source/Ba%C5%9Fk%C3%B6y%2C_%C4%B0spir) - [Başpınar](/source/Ba%C5%9Fp%C4%B1nar%2C_%C4%B0spir) - [Bostancı](/source/Bostanc%C4%B1%2C_%C4%B0spir) - [Bozan](/source/Bozan%2C_%C4%B0spir) - [Çakmaklı](/source/%C3%87akmakl%C4%B1%2C_%C4%B0spir) - Çamlıca - Çamlıkaya - [Cankurtaran](/source/Cankurtaran%2C_%C4%B0spir) - [Çatakkaya](/source/%C3%87atakkaya%2C_%C4%B0spir) - [Çayırbaşı](/source/%C3%87ay%C4%B1rba%C5%9F%C4%B1%2C_%C4%B0spir) - [Çayırözü](/source/%C3%87ay%C4%B1r%C3%B6z%C3%BC%2C_%C4%B0spir) - [Cibali](/source/Cibali%2C_%C4%B0spir) - Çiçekli - [Değirmendere](/source/De%C4%9Firmendere%2C_%C4%B0spir) - [Değirmenli](/source/De%C4%9Firmenli%2C_%C4%B0spir) - [Demirbilek](/source/Demirbilek%2C_%C4%B0spir) - [Demirkaya](/source/Demirkaya%2C_%C4%B0spir) - [Devedağı](/source/Deveda%C4%9F%C4%B1%2C_%C4%B0spir) - [Duruköy](/source/Duruk%C3%B6y%2C_%C4%B0spir) - [Düzköy](/source/D%C3%BCzk%C3%B6y%2C_%C4%B0spir) - Elmalı - Gaziler - [Geçitağzı](/source/Ge%C3%A7ita%C4%9Fz%C4%B1%2C_%C4%B0spir) - [Göçköy](/source/G%C3%B6%C3%A7k%C3%B6y%2C_%C4%B0spir) - [Gölyurt](/source/G%C3%B6lyurt%2C_%C4%B0spir) - Gülhas - Güllübağ - [Gündoğdu](/source/G%C3%BCndo%C4%9Fdu%2C_%C4%B0spir) - [Güney](/source/G%C3%BCney%2C_%C4%B0spir) - [Halilpaşa](/source/Halilpa%C5%9Fa%2C_%C4%B0spir) - İkisu - [İncesu](/source/%C4%B0ncesu%2C_%C4%B0spir) - [Irmakköy](/source/Irmakk%C3%B6y%2C_%C4%B0spir) - [İyidere](/source/%C4%B0yidere%2C_%C4%B0spir) - [Karahan](/source/Karahan%2C_%C4%B0spir) - [Karakale](/source/Karakale%2C_%C4%B0spir) - [Karakamış](/source/Karakam%C4%B1%C5%9F%2C_%C4%B0spir) - [Karakaya](/source/Karakaya%2C_%C4%B0spir) - [Karaseydi](/source/Karaseydi%2C_%C4%B0spir) - Karşıyaka - [Kavaklı](/source/Kavakl%C4%B1%2C_%C4%B0spir) - [Kaynakbaşı](/source/Kaynakba%C5%9F%C4%B1%2C_%C4%B0spir) - [Kirazlı](/source/Kirazl%C4%B1%2C_%C4%B0spir) - [Kırık](/source/K%C4%B1r%C4%B1k%2C_%C4%B0spir) - [Kızılhasan](/source/K%C4%B1z%C4%B1lhasan%2C_%C4%B0spir) - [Koçköy](/source/Ko%C3%A7k%C3%B6y%2C_%C4%B0spir) - [Köprüköy](/source/K%C3%B6pr%C3%BCk%C3%B6y%2C_%C4%B0spir) - [Kümetaş](/source/K%C3%BCmeta%C5%9F%2C_%C4%B0spir) - [Leylekköy](/source/Leylekk%C3%B6y%2C_%C4%B0spir) - Madenköprübaşı - [Mescitli](/source/Mescitli%2C_%C4%B0spir) - Meydanlı - [Moryayla](/source/Moryayla%2C_%C4%B0spir) - [Mülkköy](/source/M%C3%BClkk%C3%B6y%2C_%C4%B0spir) - [Numanpaşa](/source/Numanpa%C5%9Fa%2C_%C4%B0spir) - [Ortaköy](/source/Ortak%C3%B6y%2C_%C4%B0spir) - [Ortaören](/source/Orta%C3%B6ren%2C_%C4%B0spir) - [Özlüce](/source/%C3%96zl%C3%BCce%2C_%C4%B0spir) - [Öztoprak](/source/%C3%96ztoprak%2C_%C4%B0spir) - [Petekli](/source/Petekli%2C_%C4%B0spir) - [Pınarlı](/source/P%C4%B1narl%C4%B1%2C_%C4%B0spir) - [Sandıklı](/source/Sand%C4%B1kl%C4%B1%2C_%C4%B0spir) - [Şenköy](/source/%C5%9Eenk%C3%B6y%2C_%C4%B0spir) - [Sırakonak](/source/S%C4%B1rakonak%2C_%C4%B0spir) - [Soğuksu](/source/So%C4%9Fuksu%2C_%C4%B0spir) - [Taşbaşı](/source/Ta%C5%9Fba%C5%9F%C4%B1%2C_%C4%B0spir) - [Taşlıca](/source/Ta%C5%9Fl%C4%B1ca%2C_%C4%B0spir) - [Tekpınar](/source/Tekp%C4%B1nar%2C_%C4%B0spir) - [Tepecik](/source/Tepecik%2C_%C4%B0spir) - [Ulubel](/source/Ulubel%2C_%C4%B0spir) - [Ulutaş](/source/Uluta%C5%9F%2C_%C4%B0spir) - [Üzümbağı](/source/%C3%9Cz%C3%BCmba%C4%9F%C4%B1%2C_%C4%B0spir) - [Yağlı](/source/Ya%C4%9Fl%C4%B1%2C_%C4%B0spir) - [Yaylacık](/source/Yaylac%C4%B1k%2C_%C4%B0spir) - [Yedigöl](/source/Yedig%C3%B6l%2C_%C4%B0spir) - [Yedigöze](/source/Yedig%C3%B6ze%2C_%C4%B0spir) - [Yeşiltepe](/source/Ye%C5%9Filtepe%2C_%C4%B0spir) - [Yeşilyurt](/source/Ye%C5%9Filyurt%2C_%C4%B0spir) - [Yıldıztepe](/source/Y%C4%B1ld%C4%B1ztepe%2C_%C4%B0spir) - Yukarı - [Yukarıfındıklı](/source/Yukar%C4%B1f%C4%B1nd%C4%B1kl%C4%B1%2C_%C4%B0spir) - Yukarıözbağ - [Yunusköy](/source/Yunusk%C3%B6y%2C_%C4%B0spir) - [Zeyrek](/source/Zeyrek%2C_%C4%B0spir) ## References 1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-tuik_1-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-tuik_1-1) ["Address-based population registration system (ADNKS) results dated 31 December 2022, Favorite Reports"](https://biruni.tuik.gov.tr/medas/?kn=95&locale=en) (XLS). [TÜİK](/source/T%C3%9C%C4%B0K). Retrieved 12 July 2023. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-2)** [Büyükşehir İlçe Belediyesi](https://www.e-icisleri.gov.tr/Anasayfa/MulkiIdariBolumleri.aspx), Turkey Civil Administration Departments Inventory. Retrieved 12 July 2023. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-3)** ["İl ve İlçe Yüz ölçümleri"](https://www.harita.gov.tr/uploads/files-folder/il_ilce_alanlari.xlsx). General Directorate of Mapping. Retrieved 12 July 2023. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-4)** Rayfield, Donald (2013). [*Edge of Empires: A History of Georgia*](https://books.google.com/books?id=PxQpmg_JIpwC&dq=medes+conquered+urartu&pg=PA18). Reaktion Books. p. 18. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1780230702](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1780230702). 1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-A._Sinclair_1989,_p272_5-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-A._Sinclair_1989,_p272_5-1) T. A. Sinclair, "Eastern Turkey an Architectural and Archaeological Survey", Volume 2, 1989, p272 1. **[^](#cite_ref-6)** Centered on the modern-day district of İspir, northeastern [Turkey](/source/Turkey), this province is sometimes thought to have been the cradle of the [Georgian people](/source/Georgian_people) (Suny [1994], p. 11).[*[full citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include)*], It lay in what is frequently referred to as the *Armeno-Georgian marchlands* where the two communities coexisted and intermingled for several centuries, but the Georgian Speri and the Armenian [Sper](/source/Sper_(Armenia)) may not always be absolutely identical (cf. [Tayk](/source/Tayk) and [Tao](/source/Tao-Klarjeti), Rapp [2003], p. 14).[*[full citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include)*] 1. **[^](#cite_ref-7)** Berdzenishvili et al., *История Грузии*, p. 129, cited in: Suny (1994), p. 349[*[full citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include)*] 1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Eastern_Turkey_8-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Eastern_Turkey_8-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-Eastern_Turkey_8-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-Eastern_Turkey_8-3) [***e***](#cite_ref-Eastern_Turkey_8-4) [***f***](#cite_ref-Eastern_Turkey_8-5) [***g***](#cite_ref-Eastern_Turkey_8-6) [***h***](#cite_ref-Eastern_Turkey_8-7) Sinclair, T.A. (1989). *Eastern Turkey: An Architectural & Archaeological Survey, Volume I*. Pindar Press. pp. 265–266-267–281-283–289-290. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [9780907132325](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780907132325). 1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-WMONormals_9-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-WMONormals_9-1) ["World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991-2020 — İspir"](https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/2.2/data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/Turkiye/CSV/Ispir_17666.csv). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved January 15, 2024. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-Prothero72_10-0)** Prothero, W.G. (1920). [*Armenia and Kurdistan*](http://www.wdl.org/en/item/11768/view/1/72/). London: H.M. Stationery Office. p. 72. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-11)** [Mahalle](https://www.e-icisleri.gov.tr/Anasayfa/MulkiIdariBolumleri.aspx), Turkey Civil Administration Departments Inventory. Retrieved 12 July 2023. ## External links - [The website of the governor of İspir](http://www.ispir.gov.tr/) - [The website of the tourism info](http://www.kirazli.org/) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20070609223455/http://www.kirazli.org/) 2007-06-09 at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine) v t e İspir in Erzurum Province of Turkey Districts Aşkale Aziziye Çat Hınıs Horasan İspir Karaçoban Karayazı Köprüköy Narman Oltu Olur Palandöken Pasinler Pazaryolu Şenkaya Tekman Tortum Uzundere Yakutiye Districts of Erzurum List of provinces by region Istanbul Istanbul West Marmara Balıkesir Çanakkale Edirne Kırklareli Tekirdağ Aegean Afyonkarahisar Aydın Denizli İzmir Kütahya Manisa Muğla Uşak East Marmara Bilecik Bursa Düzce Eskişehir Kocaeli Sakarya Yalova West Anatolia Ankara Karaman Konya Mediterranean Adana Antalya Burdur Hatay Isparta Kahramanmaraş Mersin Osmaniye Central Anatolia Aksaray Kayseri Kırıkkale Kırşehir Nevşehir Niğde Sivas Yozgat West Black Sea Amasya Bartın Bolu Çankırı Çorum Karabük Kastamonu Samsun Sinop Tokat Zonguldak East Black Sea Artvin Giresun Gümüşhane Ordu Rize Trabzon Northeast Anatolia Ağrı Ardahan Bayburt Erzincan Erzurum Iğdır Kars Central East Anatolia Bingöl Bitlis Elazığ Hakkâri Malatya Muş Tunceli Van Southeast Anatolia Adıyaman Batman Diyarbakır Gaziantep Kilis Mardin Siirt Şanlıurfa Şırnak Metropolitan municipalities are bolded. v t e Neighbourhoods of İspir District Ahlatlı Akgüney Akpınar Akseki Aksu Aktaş Alacabük Araköy Ardıçlı Armutlu Aşağıfındıklı Aşağıözbağ Atürküten Avcıköy Bademli Bahçeli Başçeşme Başköy Başpınar Bostancı Bozan Çakmaklı Çamlıca Çamlıkaya Cankurtaran Çatakkaya Çayırbaşı Çayırözü Cibali Çiçekli Değirmendere Değirmenli Demirbilek Demirkaya Devedağı Duruköy Düzköy Elmalı Gaziler Geçitağzı Göçköy Gölyurt Gülhas Güllübağ Gündoğdu Güney Halilpaşa İkisu İncesu Irmakköy İyidere Karahan Karakale Karakamış Karakaya Karaseydi Karşıyaka Kavaklı Kaynakbaşı Kirazlı Kırık Kızılhasan Koçköy Köprüköy Kümetaş Leylekköy Madenköprübaşı Mescitli Meydanlı Moryayla Mülkköy Numanpaşa Ortaköy Ortaören Özlüce Öztoprak Petekli Pınarlı Sandıklı Şenköy Sırakonak Soğuksu Taşbaşı Taşlıca Tekpınar Tepecik Ulubel Ulutaş Üzümbağı Yağlı Yaylacık Yedigöl Yedigöze Yeşiltepe Yeşilyurt Yıldıztepe Yukarı Yukarıfındıklı Yukarıözbağ Yunusköy Zeyrek Authority control databases International VIAF WorldCat Geographic Pleiades --- Adapted from the Wikipedia article [İspir](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0spir) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0spir?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.